A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 1121-1143

  Ely, Robin ^a   Padavic, Irene ^b,c  

^a HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Harvard Business School ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348974565     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2007.26585842     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Acker, J. 1990. Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4: 139-158.
2. Alvesson, M., & Billing, Y. D. 1997. Understanding gender and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Alvesson, M., & Deetz, S. 1996. Critical theory and postmodernism approaches to organizational studies. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organizational studies: 191-217. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Ashcroft, K. L. 1999. Managing maternity leave: A qualitative analysis of temporary executive succession. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 240-280.
5. Austin, J. T., & Hanisch, K. A. 1990. Occupational attainment as a function of abilities and interests: A longitudinal analysis using Project TALENT data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 77-86.
6. Bailyn, L. 1993. Breaking the mold: Women, men, and time in the new corporate world. New York: Free Press.
7. Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J. K., & Kolb, D. 1997. Unexpected connections considering employees' personal lives can revitalize your business. Sloan Management Review, 38(4): 11-19.
8. Bell, E. L. 1992. Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill: A personal reflection. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 28: 394-399.
9. Bell, E. L., Meyerson, D. E., Nkomo, S. M., & Scully. M. 2003. Interpreting silence and voice in the workplace: A conversation about tempered radicalism among black and white women researchers. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 39: 381-414.
10. Bell, E. L. E., & Nkomo, S. M. 2001. Our separate ways: Black and white women and the struggle for professional identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
11. Benedict, M. E., & Levine, E. L. 1988. Delay and distortion: Tacit influences on performance appraisal effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 507-514.
12. Bordo, S. 1990. Feminism, postmodernism, and gender-skepticism. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/postmodernism: Thinking gender: 133-156. New York: Routledge.
13. Brenner, O. C., Tomkiewicz, J., & Schein, V. E. 1989. The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 662-669.
14. Brescoll, V., & LaFrance, M. 2004. The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences. Psychological Science, 15: 515-520.
15. Britton, D. M. 2003. At work in the iron cage: The prison as gendered organization. New York: New York University Press.
16. Brockner, J., & Adsit, L. 1986. The moderating impact of sex on the equity-satisfaction relationship: A field study. Journal of Applied Psychology. 71: 585-590.
17. Butler, J. P. 1990. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identify. New York: Routledge.
18. Butler, J. P. 1992. Contingent foundations: Feminism and the question of "postmodernism." In J. P. Butler & J. W. Scott (Eds.), Feminists theorize the political: 3-21. New York: Routledge.
19. Butler, J. P. 1993. Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. London: Routledge.
20. Calas, M. B. 1988. "Gendering" leadership: The differ(e/a)nce that matters. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
21. Calas, M. B., & Jacques, R. 1988. Diversity or conformity? Research by women on women in organizations. Paper presented at the Conference on Women in Organizations, Anaheim, CA.
22. Calás, M. B., & Smircich, L. 1991. Voicing seduction to silence leadership. Organization Studies, 12: 567-602.
23. Collins, P. H. 2000. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (revised 10th anniversary ed.). New York: Routledge.
24. Collins, P. H. 2004. Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.
25. Collins, P. H., & Thorne, B. 1995. On West and Festermaker's "Doing difference." Gender and Society, 9: 491-506.
26. Collinson, D., & Hearn, J. 1994. Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work and Organization, 1(1): 2-22.
27. Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
28. Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
29. Connell, R. W. 2002. Gender. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
30. Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. 2005. Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society 19(6): 1-31.
31. Covaleski, M. A., Dirsmith, M. W., Heian, J. B., & Samuel, S. 1998. The calculated and the avowed: Techniques of discipline and struggles over identity in big six public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 293-327.
32. Crosby, C. 1992. Dealing with differences. In J. P. Butler & J. W. Scott (Eds.), Feminists theorize the political: 130143. New York: Routledge.
33. Deaux, K., & Major, B. 1987. Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94: 369-389.
34. Deaux, K., & Stewart, A. 2001. Framing gender identity. In R. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender: 85-97. New York: Wiley.
35. de Beauvoir, S. 1952. The second sex. New York: Knopf.
36. Di Stefano, C. 1990. Dealing with differences. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/postmodernism: Thinking gender: 63-82. New York: Routledge.
37. Dreher, G. F., & Ash, R. A. 1990. A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional, and technical positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 539-546.
38. Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. 1991. Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 60-74.
39. Dvir, T., Eden, D., & Banjo, M. L. 1995. Self-fulfilling prophecy and gender: Can women be Pygmalion and Galatea? Journal of Applied Psychology, 80: 253-270.
40. Eagly, A. H. 1987. Sex differences in social behavior: A socialrole interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
41. Eagly, A. H. 1995. The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist, 50: 145-158.
42. Eagly, A. H. 1998. Should psychologists study sex differences? On comparing women and men. In D. Anselmi & L. Law (Eds.), Questions of gender: Perspectives and paradoxes: 93-98. New York: McGraw-Hill.
43. Ely, R. J., & Meyerson, D. E. 2001. Theories of gender in organizations: A new approach to organizational analysis and change. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22: 103-151.
44. Ely, R. J., & Meyerson, D. E. 2006. Unmasking manly men: The organizational reconstruction of male identify. Working paper. Harvard Business School, Boston.
45. Epstein, C. F. 2007. Great divides: The cultural, cognitive, and social bases of the global subordination of women. American Sociological Review, 72(2): 1-22.
46. Fagenson, E. A. 1990. Perceived masculine and feminine attributes examined as a function of individual's sex and level in the organizational power hierarchy: A test of four theoretical perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 204-211.
47. Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C. & Lin, S. C. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 421-444.
48. Ferguson, K. E. 1991. Interpretation and genealogy in feminism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16: 322-339.
49. Fiske, S. T. 1993. Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48: 621-628.
50. Fiske, S. T. 2001. Effects of power on bias: Power explains and maintains individual, group, and societal disparities. In L. Annette & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives on the causes of corruption: 181-193. New York: Psychology Press.
51. Flax, J. 1990. Postmodernism and gender relations in feminist theory. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/postmodernism: Thinking gender: 39-62. New York: Routledge.
52. Fletcher, J. K. 2001. Disappearing acts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53. Fletcher, J. K. 2003. The greatly exaggerated demise of heroic leadership: Gender, power, and the myth of the female advantage. In R. J. Ely, E. G. Foldy, & M. A. Scully (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization: 204-210. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell.
54. Foucault, M. 1977. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Pantheon.
55. Franke, G. R., Crown, D. F., & Spake, D. F. 1997. Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 920-934.
56. Fraser, N., & Nicholson, L. J. 1990. Social criticism without philosophy: An encounter between feminism and postmodernism. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/postmodernism: Thinking gender: 19-38. New York: Routledge.
57. Genovese, E. D. 1974. Roll, Jordan, roll: The world the slaves made. New York: Pantheon.
58. Gerhart, B., & Rynes, S. 1991. Determinants and consequences of salary negotiations by graduating male and female MBAs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 256-262.
59. Gherardi, S. 1995. Gender, symbolism and organizational cultures. London: Sage.
60. Gilligan, C. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Glick, P., Diebold, J., Bailey-Werner, B., & Zhu, L. 1997. The two faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes toward women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 23: 1323-1334.
62. Goktepe, J. R., & Schneier, C. E. 1989. Role of sex, gender roles, and attraction in predicting emergent leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 165-167.
63. Gramsci, A. 1971. Selections from the prison notebooks. (Translated by Q. Hoare & G. Nowell-Smith.) New York: International.
64. Gutek, B., Cohen, A., & Konrad, A. 1990. Predicting social-sexual behavior at work: A contact hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 560-577.
65. Harding, S. G. 1986. The science question in feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
66. Hardy, C., & Clegg, S. 1996. Some dare call it power. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies: 633-642. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
67. Hare-Mustin, R. T., & Marecek, J. 1988. The meaning of difference: Gender theory, postmodernism, and psychology. American Psychologist, 43: 455-464.
68. Hartsock, N. C. M. 1985. Money, sex, and power: Toward a feminist historical materialism. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
69. Heilman, M. E., Simon, M. C., & Repper, D. P. 1987. Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? The impact of gender based preferential selection on self-perception and self-evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 62-68.
70. Hochschild, A. R. 1997. The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Metropolitan Books.
71. Hollway, W. 1984. Gender difference and the production of subjectivity. In J. Henriques, W. Hollway, C. Urwin, C. Venn, & V. Wakerdine (Eds.), Changing the subject: Psychology, social regulation and subjectivity: 227-263. London: Methuen.
72. House, J. S. 1981. Social structure and personality. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives: 525-561. New York: Basic Books.
73. House, R., Rousseau, D. M., & Thomas-Hunt, M. 1995. MESO: An integration of macro and micro OB. Research in Organizational Behavior, 17: 71-114.
74. Hurtado, A. 1989. Relating to privilege: Seduction and rejection in the subordination of white women and women of color. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14: 833-855.
75. Ibarra, H. 1992. Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 422-447.
76. Ibarra, H., & Andrews, S. 1993. Power, social influence and sensemaking: Effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 277-303.
77. Jackson, L. A., Gardner, P. D., & Sullivan, L. A. 1992. Explaining gender differences in self-pay expectations: Social comparison standards and perceptions of fair pay. Journal of Applied Psychology. 77: 651-663.
78. Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co., 392 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2004).
79. Johnson, J. L., & Podsakoff, P. M. 1994. Journal influence in the field of management: An analysis using Salancik's index in a dependency network. Academy of Management Journal. 37: 1392-1407.
80. Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
81. Kanter, R. M., & Roessner, J. 2003. Deloitte & Touche (B): Changing the workplace. Case No. 9-300-013. Boston: Harvard Business School Case Services.
82. Kellogg, K. 2005. Challenging operations: Changing interactions, identities, and institutions in a surgical teaching hospital. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.
83. Kennedy, D. 1993. Sexy dressing, etc. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
84. Kent, R. L., & Moss, S. E. 1994. Effects of sex and gender role on leader emergence. Academy of Management Journal. 37: 1335-1346.
85. Kilduff, M., & Mehra, A. 1997. Postmodernism and organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 22: 453-481.
86. Kirchmeyer, C. 2002. Change and stability in managers' gender roles. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87: 929-939.
87. Kondo, D. K. 1990. Crafting selves: Power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
88. Knights, D., & Vurdubakis, T. 1994. Foucault, power, resistance and all that. In J. Jermier, D. Knights, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Resistance and power in organizations: 167-198. London: Routledge.
89. Larrick, R. P., Nisbett, R. E., & Morgan, J. N. 1993. Who uses the cost-benefit rules of choice? Implications for the normative status of microeconomic theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56: 331-347.
90. Lee, F. 1997. When the going gets tough, do the tough ask for help? Help seeking and power motivation in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72: 336-363.
91. Lefkowitz, J. 1994. Sex-related differences in job attitudes and dispositional variables: Now you see them. Academy of Management Journal. 37: 323-349.
92. Lorber, J. 1994. Paradoxes of gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
93. Lorber, J. 2005. Breaking the bowls: Degendering and feminist change. New York: Norton.
94. Maier, M., & Messerschmidt, J. W. 1998. Commonalities, conflicts and contradictions in organizational masculinities: Exploring the gender genesis of the Challenger disaster. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 35: 325-344.
95. Mainiero, L. A. 1986. Coping with powerlessness: The relationship of gender and job dependency to empowerment strategy usage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 633-653.
96. Martin, J. 1990. Deconstructing organizational taboos: The suppression of gender conflict in organizations. Organization Science, 1: 339-359.
97. Martin, J., Knopoff, K., & Beckman, C. 1998. An alternative to bureaucratic impersonality and emotional labor: Bounded emotionality at the Body Shop. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 429-469.
98. Martins, L. L., Eddleston, K. A., & Veiga, J. F. 2002. Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 399-409.
99. Meyerson, D. E., & Ely, R. J. 2003. Using difference to make a difference. In D. Rhode (Ed.), Women and leadership: 129-143. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
100. Meyerson, D. E., & Kolb, D. 2000. Moving out of the "armchair": Developing a framework to bridge the gap between feminist theory and practice. Organization, 7: 589-608.
101. Moore, G. 1990. Structural determinants of men's and women's personal networks. American Sociological Review, 55: 726-735.
102. Mumby, D. K., & Putnam, L. L. 1992. The politics of emotion: A feminist reading of bounded rationality. Academy of Management Review, 17: 465-485.
103. Nicholson, L. J. (Ed.). 1990. Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge.
104. Omi, M., & Winant, H. 1994. Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
105. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998).
106. Padavic, I. 1991. The re-creation of gender in the male work place. Symbolic interaction, 14: 279-294.
107. Padavic, I., & Reskin, B. F. 2002. Women and men at work (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
108. Parsons, T., & Bales, R. F. 1955. Family, socialization and interaction process. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
109. Rapoport, R., & Bailyn, L. 1996. Relinking life and work: Toward a better future. New York: Ford Foundation.
110. Reskin, B. F. 1988. Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work. Gender and Society, 2: 58-81.
111. Ridgeway, C. L. 1997. Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment. American Sociological Review, 63: 218-235.
112. Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. 2000. Limiting inequality through interaction: The end(s) of gender. Contemporary Sociology, 29: 110-120.
113. Riger, S., & Galligan, P. 1980. Women in management: An exploration of competing paradigms. American Psychologist. 35: 902-910.
114. Ruddick, S. 1989. Maternal thinking: Toward a politics of peace. Boston: Beacon Press.
115. Scott, J. W. 1992. Experience. In J. Butler & J. W. Scott (Eds.), Feminists theorize the political: 22-40. New York: Routledge.
116. Shaffer, G. S. 1987. Patterns of work and nonwork satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 115-124.
117. Shore, L., & Thornton, G. 1986. Effects of gender on self- and supervisory ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 115-129.
118. Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. 1978. Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.
119. Staw, B. M., & Sutton, R. I. 1993. Macro organizational psychology. In J. K. Murnighan (Ed.), Social psychology in organizations: Advances in theory and research: 350-384. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
120. Stevens, C. K., Bavetta, A. G., & Gist, M. E. 1993. Gender differences in the acquisition of salary negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology. 78: 723-735.
121. Stombler, M., & Padavic, I. 1997. Sister acts: Resisting men's domination in black and white fraternity little sister programs. Social Problems, 44: 257-275.
122. Sutton, R. I., & Staw, B. M. 1995. What theory is not. Administrative Science Quarterly. 40: 371-384.
123. Tannen, D. 1990. You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Morrow.
124. Terborg, J. R. 1977. Women in management: A research review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62: 647-664.
125. Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. 1992. Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 549-579.
126. Turban, D. B., & Dougherty, T. W. 1994. Role of protege personality in receipt of mentoring and career success. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 688-702.
127. U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. 2006. Darlene Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co. D.C. No. CV 01-0401 ECR Opinion.
128. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., & Ackerman, P. L. 2000. A longitudinal field investigation of gender differences in individual technology adoption decision-making processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83: 33-60.
129. Wajcman, J. 1998. Managing like a man: Women and men in corporate management. Cambridge: Polity Press.
130. West, C., & Fenstermaker, S. 1995. Doing difference. Gender and Society, 9: 8-37.
131. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. 1987. Doing gender. Gender and Society. 1: 125-151.
132. Williams, C. L. 1995. Still a man's world: Men who do "women's work." Berkeley: University of California Press.
133. Witt, L. A., & Nye, L. G. 1992. Gender and the relationship between perceived fairness of pay or promotion and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology. 77: 910-917.
134. Zaccaro, S. J., Craig, B., & Quinn, J. 1991. Prior absenteeism, supervisory style, job satisfaction, and personal characteristics: An investigation of some mediated and moderated linkages to work absenteeism. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50: 24-44.