메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 43-67

Organophosphate nerve agents

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 70349254910     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374484-5.00006-7     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (48)

References (203)
  • 1
    • 0023180872 scopus 로고
    • Acute and sub-acute inhalation of an organophosphate induced alteration of cholinergic muscarinic receptors
    • Aas P., Veiteberg T.A., Fonnum F. Acute and sub-acute inhalation of an organophosphate induced alteration of cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol 1987, 36:1261-1266.
    • (1987) Biochem. Pharmacol , vol.36 , pp. 1261-1266
    • Aas, P.1    Veiteberg, T.A.2    Fonnum, F.3
  • 4
    • 0027244371 scopus 로고
    • The cytoskeleton as a target for organophosphorous ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN)
    • Abou-Donia M.B. The cytoskeleton as a target for organophosphorous ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Chem. Biol. Interact. 1993, 87:383-393.
    • (1993) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.87 , pp. 383-393
    • Abou-Donia, M.B.1
  • 5
    • 3042688573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organophosphorous ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity
    • Abou-Donia M.B. Organophosphorous ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity. Arch. Environ. Health 2003, 58:484-497.
    • (2003) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.58 , pp. 484-497
    • Abou-Donia, M.B.1
  • 6
    • 84884798639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007). Medical Management Guidelines for Nerve Agents: Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) and VX. US Department. of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (updated 24 Sept 2007).
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007). Medical Management Guidelines for Nerve Agents: Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) and VX. US Department. of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (updated 24 Sept 2007). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg166.html.
  • 8
    • 24944511671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and long-lasting cardiac changes following a single whole-body exposure to sarin vapor in rats
    • Allon N., Rabinovitz I., Manistersky E., Weissman B.A., Grauer E. Acute and long-lasting cardiac changes following a single whole-body exposure to sarin vapor in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 87:385-390.
    • (2005) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.87 , pp. 385-390
    • Allon, N.1    Rabinovitz, I.2    Manistersky, E.3    Weissman, B.A.4    Grauer, E.5
  • 9
    • 84884745431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation toxicity of GF vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration and its potency comparison to GB. ECBC-TR-335. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Anthony, J.S., Haley, M.V., Manthei, J.H., Way, R.A., Burnett, D.C., Gaviola, B.D., Sommerville, D.R. et al. (2003). Inhalation toxicity of GF vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration and its potency comparison to GB. ECBC-TR-335. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (2003)
    • Anthony, J.S.1    Haley, M.V.2    Manthei, J.H.3    Way, R.A.4    Burnett, D.C.5    Gaviola, B.D.6    Sommerville, D.R.7
  • 10
    • 10744223853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation toxicity of cyclosarin (GF) vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration: potency comparison to sarin (GB)
    • Anthony J.S., Haley M., Manthei J., Way R., Burnett D., Gaviola B., Sommerville D., et al. Inhalation toxicity of cyclosarin (GF) vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration: potency comparison to sarin (GB). Inhal. Toxicol. 2004, 16:103-111.
    • (2004) Inhal. Toxicol. , vol.16 , pp. 103-111
    • Anthony, J.S.1    Haley, M.2    Manthei, J.3    Way, R.4    Burnett, D.5    Gaviola, B.6    Sommerville, D.7
  • 11
    • 35349018354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphate poisoning
    • Antonijevic B., Stojiljkovic M.P. Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphate poisoning. Clin. Med. Res. 2007, 5:71-82.
    • (2007) Clin. Med. Res. , vol.5 , pp. 71-82
    • Antonijevic, B.1    Stojiljkovic, M.P.2
  • 12
    • 35348858877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cholinesterase activities in the rat blood and brain after sarin intoxication pretreated with butyrylcholinesterase
    • Bajgar J., Bartosova L., Kuca K., Jun D., Fusek J. Changes in cholinesterase activities in the rat blood and brain after sarin intoxication pretreated with butyrylcholinesterase. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 30:351-359.
    • (2007) Drug Chem. Toxicol. , vol.30 , pp. 351-359
    • Bajgar, J.1    Bartosova, L.2    Kuca, K.3    Jun, D.4    Fusek, J.5
  • 13
    • 0029934887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single fibre electromyographic changes in man after organophosphate exposure
    • Baker D.J., Sedgwick E.M. Single fibre electromyographic changes in man after organophosphate exposure. Hum. Exp. Toxicol 1996, 15:369-375.
    • (1996) Hum. Exp. Toxicol , vol.15 , pp. 369-375
    • Baker, D.J.1    Sedgwick, E.M.2
  • 14
    • 0024220120 scopus 로고
    • Direct action of organophosphate anticholinesterases on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Bakry N.M., El-Rashidy A.H., Eldefawi A.T., Eldefawi M.E. Direct action of organophosphate anticholinesterases on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Biochem. Toxicol 1988, 3:235-259.
    • (1988) J. Biochem. Toxicol , vol.3 , pp. 235-259
    • Bakry, N.M.1    El-Rashidy, A.H.2    Eldefawi, A.T.3    Eldefawi, M.E.4
  • 15
    • 0034082675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of the Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents
    • K.S. Bakshi, S.N.J. Pang, R. Snyder (Eds.)
    • Review of the Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2000, 59:281-526. K.S. Bakshi, S.N.J. Pang, R. Snyder (Eds.).
    • (2000) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A , vol.59 , pp. 281-526
  • 16
    • 23744475047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity after long-term exposure to sarin vapors in rats
    • Bartosova-Sevelova L., Bajgar J. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity after long-term exposure to sarin vapors in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2005, 24:363-367.
    • (2005) Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , vol.24 , pp. 363-367
    • Bartosova-Sevelova, L.1    Bajgar, J.2
  • 18
    • 84884759156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level effects of VX vapor exposure on pupil size and cholinesterase levels in rats. Technical Report ECBC TR-428, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Benton, B.J., Sommerville, D.R., Scotto, J., Burnett, D.C., Gaviola, B.I., Crosier, R.B., Jakubowski, E.M., Jr. et al. (2005). Low-level effects of VX vapor exposure on pupil size and cholinesterase levels in rats. Technical Report ECBC TR-428, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (2005)
    • Benton, B.J.1    Sommerville, D.R.2    Scotto, J.3    Burnett, D.C.4    Gaviola, B.I.5    Crosier, R.B.6    Jakubowski Jr., E.M.7
  • 19
    • 84884797946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benton, B.J., Sommerville, D.R., Anthony, S., Crosier, R.B., Jakubowski, E.M., Whalley, C.E., Dabisch, P.A. et al. (2006a). Low-level effects of VX vapor exposure on pupil size and cholinesterase levels in rats. In Inhalation Toxicology, 2nd edition (H.A. Salem, S.A. Katz, eds), pp. 91-108. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
    • Benton, B.J., Sommerville, D.R., Anthony, S., Crosier, R.B., Jakubowski, E.M., Whalley, C.E., Dabisch, P.A. et al. (2006a). Low-level effects of VX vapor exposure on pupil size and cholinesterase levels in rats. In Inhalation Toxicology, 2nd edition (H.A. Salem, S.A. Katz, eds), pp. 91-108. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
  • 20
    • 33750043182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benton, B.J., McGuire, J.M., Sommerville, D.R., Dabisch, P.A., Jakubowski, E.M., Jr., Matson, K.L., Crouse, C.L. et al. (2006b). Effects of whole-body VX vapor exposure on lethality in rats. Inhal. Toxicol.18: 1091-9.
    • Benton, B.J., McGuire, J.M., Sommerville, D.R., Dabisch, P.A., Jakubowski, E.M., Jr., Matson, K.L., Crouse, C.L. et al. (2006b). Effects of whole-body VX vapor exposure on lethality in rats. Inhal. Toxicol.18: 1091-9.
  • 21
    • 84884773639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of whole-body VX vapor exposure on lethality in rats. Technical Report ECBC TR-525, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Benton, B.J., McGuire, J.M., Sommerville, D.R., Dabisch, P.A., Jakubowski, E.M., Jr., Crosier, R.B., Mioduszewski, R.J. et al. (2007). Effects of whole-body VX vapor exposure on lethality in rats. Technical Report ECBC TR-525, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (2007)
    • Benton, B.J.1    McGuire, J.M.2    Sommerville, D.R.3    Dabisch, P.A.4    Jakubowski Jr., E.M.5    Crosier, R.B.6    Mioduszewski, R.J.7
  • 22
    • 84884770092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation toxicity of aerosolized nerve agents. 1. VX revisited. Technical Report DRES TR 2000-063. Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, Alberta, Canada.
    • Bide, R.W., Risk, D.J. (2000). Inhalation toxicity of aerosolized nerve agents. 1. VX revisited. Technical Report DRES TR 2000-063. Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, Alberta, Canada.
    • (2000)
    • Bide, R.W.1    Risk, D.J.2
  • 23
    • 9644290814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min
    • Bide R.W., Risk D.J. Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2004, 24:459-467.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.24 , pp. 459-467
    • Bide, R.W.1    Risk, D.J.2
  • 24
    • 84884742254 scopus 로고
    • Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment
    • Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK, Human exposure to VX vapour. PTP 830
    • Bramwell E.C.B., Ladell W.S.S., Shephard R.J. Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment. Porton Down 1963, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK, Human exposure to VX vapour. PTP 830.
    • (1963) Porton Down
    • Bramwell, E.C.B.1    Ladell, W.S.S.2    Shephard, R.J.3
  • 25
    • 84884785556 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of octanol-water partition coefficients of organophosphates. Evaluation of structure-function relationships. Special Report 88-11. US Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.
    • Britton, K.B., Grant, C.L. (1988). Prediction of octanol-water partition coefficients of organophosphates. Evaluation of structure-function relationships. Special Report 88-11. US Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.
    • (1988)
    • Britton, K.B.1    Grant, C.L.2
  • 26
    • 2142823823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acute exposure guideline (AEGL) program: applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
    • Bruckner J.V., Keys D.A., Fisher J.W. The acute exposure guideline (AEGL) program: applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2004, 67:621-634.
    • (2004) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A , vol.67 , pp. 621-634
    • Bruckner, J.V.1    Keys, D.A.2    Fisher, J.W.3
  • 27
    • 84884757121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bucci, T.J., Parker, R.M., Crowell, J.A., Thurman, J.D., Gosnell, P.A. (1992a). Toxicity studies on agents GA (phase II): 90-day subchronic study of GA (tabun) in CD rats. Final report. Prepared by the National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, for the US Department of the Army, Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • Bucci, T.J., Parker, R.M., Crowell, J.A., Thurman, J.D., Gosnell, P.A. (1992a). Toxicity studies on agents GA (phase II): 90-day subchronic study of GA (tabun) in CD rats. Final report. Prepared by the National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, for the US Department of the Army, Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
  • 28
    • 84884789392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bucci, T.J., Parker, R.M., Gosnell, P.A. (1992b). Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD (phase II): 90-day subchronic study of GD (soman) in CD rats. Final report (FDA 224-85-0007). Prepared by the National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, for the US Department of the Army, Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • Bucci, T.J., Parker, R.M., Gosnell, P.A. (1992b). Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD (phase II): 90-day subchronic study of GD (soman) in CD rats. Final report (FDA 224-85-0007). Prepared by the National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, for the US Department of the Army, Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
  • 29
    • 84884735867 scopus 로고
    • Developmental toxicity study (segment II: teratology) of tabun in CD rats and New Zealand white rabbits. Prepared for the US Department of the Army, Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • Bucci, T.J., Fikes, J.D., Parker, R.M., Denny, K.H., Dacre, J.C. (1993). Developmental toxicity study (segment II: teratology) of tabun in CD rats and New Zealand white rabbits. Prepared for the US Department of the Army, Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • (1993)
    • Bucci, T.J.1    Fikes, J.D.2    Parker, R.M.3    Denny, K.H.4    Dacre, J.C.5
  • 31
    • 84884770857 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the concentration of nerve agent vapour required to produce measured degrees of miosis in rabbit and human eyes. Technical Paper No. 64
    • Callaway S., Dirnhuber P. Estimation of the concentration of nerve agent vapour required to produce measured degrees of miosis in rabbit and human eyes. Technical Paper No. 64. Chemical Defence Research Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK 1971.
    • (1971) Chemical Defence Research Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
    • Callaway, S.1    Dirnhuber, P.2
  • 32
    • 33750530352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acute treatment of nerve agent exposure
    • Cannard K. The acute treatment of nerve agent exposure. J. Neurol. Sci. 2006, 249:86-94.
    • (2006) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.249 , pp. 86-94
    • Cannard, K.1
  • 33
    • 0009726748 scopus 로고
    • Disposing of chemical weapons: a desired end in search of an acceptable means
    • Carnes S.A. Disposing of chemical weapons: a desired end in search of an acceptable means. Environ. Prof 1989, 11:279-290.
    • (1989) Environ. Prof , vol.11 , pp. 279-290
    • Carnes, S.A.1
  • 34
    • 84884741485 scopus 로고
    • Vapour toxicity of VE and VX to female mice. STP 121. Suffield Experimental Station, Alberta, Canada.
    • Carroll, N.C., Hoskin, F.C.G., McPhail, M.K., Myers, D.K. (1957). Vapour toxicity of VE and VX to female mice. STP 121. Suffield Experimental Station, Alberta, Canada.
    • (1957)
    • Carroll, N.C.1    Hoskin, F.C.G.2    McPhail, M.K.3    Myers, D.K.4
  • 36
    • 0033377727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The organophosphate sarin, at low concentrations, inhibits the evoked release of GABA in rat hippocampal slices
    • Chebabo S.R., Santos M.D., Albuquerque E.X. The organophosphate sarin, at low concentrations, inhibits the evoked release of GABA in rat hippocampal slices. Neurotoxicology 1999, 20:871-882.
    • (1999) Neurotoxicology , vol.20 , pp. 871-882
    • Chebabo, S.R.1    Santos, M.D.2    Albuquerque, E.X.3
  • 37
    • 84884767392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2003). Adoption of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). Policy Paper No. 20 (revised). Department of the Army and Federal Emergency Management Agency, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (February 2003). Accessible through.
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2003). Adoption of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). Policy Paper No. 20 (revised). Department of the Army and Federal Emergency Management Agency, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (February 2003). Accessible through. http://www.csepp-planners.net//CSEPP/hazard/hazard_aegl_policy_papers.as px.
  • 38
    • 84884756903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2006a). CSEPP Planning Guidance. IEM/TEC05-05. CSEPP Planning Guidance Steering Committee. Department of the Army and Department of Homeland Security, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (March 2006). Accessible through.
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2006a). CSEPP Planning Guidance. IEM/TEC05-05. CSEPP Planning Guidance Steering Committee. Department of the Army and Department of Homeland Security, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (March 2006). Accessible through. http://www.csepportal.net.
  • 39
    • 84884796766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2006b). CSEPP Programmatic Guidance. IEM/TEC05-05. CSEPP Planning Guidance Steering Committee. Department of the Army and Department of Homeland Security, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (March 2006). Accessible through.
    • Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) (2006b). CSEPP Programmatic Guidance. IEM/TEC05-05. CSEPP Planning Guidance Steering Committee. Department of the Army and Department of Homeland Security, Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (March 2006). Accessible through. http://www.csepportal.net.
  • 41
    • 84882830262 scopus 로고
    • Review of reactions of chemical agents in water
    • Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA
    • Clark D.N. Review of reactions of chemical agents in water. AD-A213 287 1989, Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA.
    • (1989) AD-A213 287
    • Clark, D.N.1
  • 42
    • 0036424558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sarin on temperature and activity of rats as a model for Gulf War Syndrome neuroregulatory function
    • Conn C.A., Dokladny K., Menache M.G., Barr E.B., Kozak W., Kozak A., Wachulec M., et al. Effects of sarin on temperature and activity of rats as a model for Gulf War Syndrome neuroregulatory function. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 184:77-81.
    • (2002) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.184 , pp. 77-81
    • Conn, C.A.1    Dokladny, K.2    Menache, M.G.3    Barr, E.B.4    Kozak, W.5    Kozak, A.6    Wachulec, M.7
  • 43
    • 33645719409 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the effects of exposure to nerve gas, I: Clinical observations and cholinesterase depression
    • Craig A.B., Woodson G.S. Observations on the effects of exposure to nerve gas, I: Clinical observations and cholinesterase depression. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1959, 238:13-17.
    • (1959) Am. J. Med. Sci. , vol.238 , pp. 13-17
    • Craig, A.B.1    Woodson, G.S.2
  • 44
    • 0017397857 scopus 로고
    • Environmental temperature and the percutaneous absorption of a cholinesterase inhibitor, VX
    • Craig F.N., Cummings E.G., Sim V.M. Environmental temperature and the percutaneous absorption of a cholinesterase inhibitor, VX. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1977, 68:357-361.
    • (1977) J. Investig. Dermatol. , vol.68 , pp. 357-361
    • Craig, F.N.1    Cummings, E.G.2    Sim, V.M.3
  • 46
    • 20544472592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miotic tolerance to sarin vapor exposure: role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
    • Dabisch P.A., Miller D.B., Reutter S.A., Mioduszewski R.J., Thomson S.A. Miotic tolerance to sarin vapor exposure: role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 85:1041-1047.
    • (2005) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.85 , pp. 1041-1047
    • Dabisch, P.A.1    Miller, D.B.2    Reutter, S.A.3    Mioduszewski, R.J.4    Thomson, S.A.5
  • 47
    • 34547869211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabisch, P.A., To, F., Kerut, E.K, Horsmon, M.S., Mioduszewski, R.J. (2007a). Multiple exposures to sarin vapor result in parasympathetic dysfunction in the eye but not the heart. Toxicol. Sci.99: 354-61.
    • Dabisch, P.A., To, F., Kerut, E.K, Horsmon, M.S., Mioduszewski, R.J. (2007a). Multiple exposures to sarin vapor result in parasympathetic dysfunction in the eye but not the heart. Toxicol. Sci.99: 354-61.
  • 48
    • 35448951405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabisch, P.A., Horsmon, M.S., Muse, W.T., Mioduszewski, R.J., Thomson, S.A. (2007b). Muscarinic receptor dysfunction induced by exposure to low levels of soman vapor. Toxicol. Sci.100: 281-9.
    • Dabisch, P.A., Horsmon, M.S., Muse, W.T., Mioduszewski, R.J., Thomson, S.A. (2007b). Muscarinic receptor dysfunction induced by exposure to low levels of soman vapor. Toxicol. Sci.100: 281-9.
  • 49
    • 84884787347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabisch, P.A., Hulet, S.W., Kristovich, R., Mioduszewski, R.J. (2008a). Inhalation toxicology of nerve agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 233-46. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • Dabisch, P.A., Hulet, S.W., Kristovich, R., Mioduszewski, R.J. (2008a). Inhalation toxicology of nerve agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 233-46. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  • 50
    • 38849097646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabisch, P.A., Davis, E.A., Renner, J.A., Jakubowski, E.M., Mioduszewski, R.J., Thomson, S.A. (2008b). Biomarkers of low-level exposure to soman vapor: comparison of fluoride regeneration to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Inhal. Toxicol.20: 149-56.
    • Dabisch, P.A., Davis, E.A., Renner, J.A., Jakubowski, E.M., Mioduszewski, R.J., Thomson, S.A. (2008b). Biomarkers of low-level exposure to soman vapor: comparison of fluoride regeneration to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Inhal. Toxicol.20: 149-56.
  • 51
    • 0028132872 scopus 로고
    • Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning
    • Dawson R.M. Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1994, 14:317-331.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.14 , pp. 317-331
    • Dawson, R.M.1
  • 52
    • 0018159735 scopus 로고
    • Effect of 1-(AR)alkyl-2-hydroxyimino methyl-pyridium salts on reactivation and aging of actylcholinesterase inhibited by ethyl dimethylphosphor-amidocyanidate (tabun)
    • De Jong L.P.A., Wolring G.Z. Effect of 1-(AR)alkyl-2-hydroxyimino methyl-pyridium salts on reactivation and aging of actylcholinesterase inhibited by ethyl dimethylphosphor-amidocyanidate (tabun). Biochem. Pharmacol 1978, 27:2229-2235.
    • (1978) Biochem. Pharmacol , vol.27 , pp. 2229-2235
    • De Jong, L.P.A.1    Wolring, G.Z.2
  • 53
    • 84884783796 scopus 로고
    • Effects of GB on mammalian germ cells and reproductive performance. EB-TR-74087
    • Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
    • Denk J.R. Effects of GB on mammalian germ cells and reproductive performance. EB-TR-74087. US Department of the Army 1975, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (1975) US Department of the Army
    • Denk, J.R.1
  • 54
    • 84884794268 scopus 로고
    • Edgewood Arsenal Special Report, EO-SR-74001. US Department of the Army, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
    • Department of the Army (DA)
    • Department of the Army (DA) Edgewood Arsenal Special Report, EO-SR-74001. US Department of the Army, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Chemical Agent Data Sheets 1974, Vol. 1.
    • (1974) Chemical Agent Data Sheets , vol.1
  • 55
    • 84884787188 scopus 로고
    • Material safety data sheets: lethal nerve agents GA, GB, VX. US Department of the Army
    • Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Department of the Army (DA)
    • Department of the Army (DA) Material safety data sheets: lethal nerve agents GA, GB, VX. US Department of the Army. Edgewood Research 1992, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (1992) Edgewood Research
  • 56
    • 84884782666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of the Army (DA) (1990a). Occupational health guidelines for evaluation and control of occupational exposure to nerve agents GA, GB, GD and VX. DA Pam 40-8. US Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, DC.
    • Department of the Army (DA) (1990a). Occupational health guidelines for evaluation and control of occupational exposure to nerve agents GA, GB, GD and VX. DA Pam 40-8. US Department of the Army, Headquarters, Washington, DC.
  • 57
    • 84884767881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of the Army (DA) (1990b). Potential military chemical/biological agents and compounds. Field Manual FM 3-9 (NAVFAC P-467, AFR 355-7). Headquarters, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC.
    • Department of the Army (DA) (1990b). Potential military chemical/biological agents and compounds. Field Manual FM 3-9 (NAVFAC P-467, AFR 355-7). Headquarters, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC.
  • 58
    • 84884807913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of the Army (DA) (2005). Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds. Field Manual (FM) 3-11.9. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force Multiservice Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. Available at Army Knowledge Online.
    • Department of the Army (DA) (2005). Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds. Field Manual (FM) 3-11.9. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force Multiservice Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. Available at Army Knowledge Online. http://www.us.army.mil.
  • 59
    • 84884749080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Defense (DOD) (2008). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (as amended through March 4, 2008). JP 1-02.
    • Department of Defense (DOD) (2008). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (as amended through March 4, 2008). JP 1-02. http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jpl_02.pdf.
  • 60
    • 33646238375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of peripheral neurotoxicity
    • Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, Chapter 15, D.S. Lester, W. Slikker, P. Lazarovici (Eds.)
    • De WolffF.A., Treijtel N., Vermeulen M. Mechanisms of peripheral neurotoxicity. Site-Selective Neurotoxicity 2002, 282-303. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, Chapter 15. D.S. Lester, W. Slikker, P. Lazarovici (Eds.).
    • (2002) Site-Selective Neurotoxicity , pp. 282-303
    • De Wolff, F.A.1    Treijtel, N.2    Vermeulen, M.3
  • 61
    • 0001853113 scopus 로고
    • Methods for estimating oral reference doses (RfDs)
    • ILSI Press, Washington, DC, W. Mertz, C.O. Abernathy, S.S. Olin (Eds.)
    • Dourson M.L. Methods for estimating oral reference doses (RfDs). Risk Assessment of Essential Elements 1994, 51-61. ILSI Press, Washington, DC. W. Mertz, C.O. Abernathy, S.S. Olin (Eds.).
    • (1994) Risk Assessment of Essential Elements , pp. 51-61
    • Dourson, M.L.1
  • 62
    • 0024397299 scopus 로고
    • Progress in the medical defense against nerve agents
    • Dunn M.A., Sidell F.R. Progress in the medical defense against nerve agents. JAMA 1989, 262:649-652.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.262 , pp. 649-652
    • Dunn, M.A.1    Sidell, F.R.2
  • 63
    • 0342471381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretreatment for nerve agent exposure. In Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
    • Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, F.R. Sidell, E.T. Takafuji, D.R. Franz (Eds.)
    • Dunn M.A., Hackley B.E., Sidell F.R. Pretreatment for nerve agent exposure. In Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Office of the Surgeon General 1997, 181-196. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC. F.R. Sidell, E.T. Takafuji, D.R. Franz (Eds.).
    • (1997) Office of the Surgeon General , pp. 181-196
    • Dunn, M.A.1    Hackley, B.E.2    Sidell, F.R.3
  • 64
    • 33646243140 scopus 로고
    • Median lethal concentration by inhalation in pigeons, rabbits, rats, and mice. 2
    • Toxicity studies on GD. 1MDRR 8, CMLEM-52. Chemical Corps, Medical Division, Army Chemical Center, MD (ADE 470029 058)
    • Dutreau C.W., McGrath F.P., Bray E.H. Median lethal concentration by inhalation in pigeons, rabbits, rats, and mice. 2. Median detectable concentration by odor for man 1950, Toxicity studies on GD. 1MDRR 8, CMLEM-52. Chemical Corps, Medical Division, Army Chemical Center, MD (ADE 470029 058).
    • (1950) Median detectable concentration by odor for man
    • Dutreau, C.W.1    McGrath, F.P.2    Bray, E.H.3
  • 65
    • 33646249525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organophosphorous-induced delayed neuropathy
    • Humana Press, Totowa, Chapter 2, E.J. Massaro (Ed.) NJ
    • Ehrich M., Jortner B.S. Organophosphorous-induced delayed neuropathy. Handbook of Neurotoxicity 2002, Vol. 1:17-25. Humana Press, Totowa, Chapter 2. E.J. Massaro (Ed.).
    • (2002) Handbook of Neurotoxicity , vol.1 , pp. 17-25
    • Ehrich, M.1    Jortner, B.S.2
  • 66
    • 84890132026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oximes
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.)
    • Eyer P.A., Worek F. Oximes. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment 2007, 305-329. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 2nd edition. T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.).
    • (2007) Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment , pp. 305-329
    • Eyer, P.A.1    Worek, F.2
  • 67
    • 84884789384 scopus 로고
    • Detection of the G gases by smell. PTP 74, Chemical Defence Research Establishment
    • Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
    • Fairley A., Mumford S.A. Detection of the G gases by smell. PTP 74, Chemical Defence Research Establishment. Porton Down 1948, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
    • (1948) Porton Down
    • Fairley, A.1    Mumford, S.A.2
  • 68
    • 33847130805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance development to toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, R.C. Gupta (Ed.)
    • Fonnum F., Sterri S.H. Tolerance development to toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds 2006, 257-267. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA. R.C. Gupta (Ed.).
    • (2006) Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds , pp. 257-267
    • Fonnum, F.1    Sterri, S.H.2
  • 69
    • 0019540638 scopus 로고
    • The use of therapeutic mixtures in the treatment of cholinesterase inhibition
    • Gall D. The use of therapeutic mixtures in the treatment of cholinesterase inhibition. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1981, 1:214-216.
    • (1981) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.1 , pp. 214-216
    • Gall, D.1
  • 70
    • 84884739083 scopus 로고
    • Fluorophosphates and other phosphorous-containing compounds. In NDRC (National Defense Research Committee) Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Part I-II (Conant, J.B., Tolman, R.C., Chair and vice-Chair)
    • Division 9, Washington, DC, pp. 131-55
    • Gates M., Renshaw B. Fluorophosphates and other phosphorous-containing compounds. In NDRC (National Defense Research Committee) Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Part I-II (Conant, J.B., Tolman, R.C., Chair and vice-Chair). National Defense Research Committee 1946, Vol. 1. Division 9, Washington, DC, pp. 131-55.
    • (1946) National Defense Research Committee , vol.1
    • Gates, M.1    Renshaw, B.2
  • 71
    • 84884762670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating performance effects of low-level inhalation exposure to nerve agents in rats. Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held in Orlando, FL, on November 29-December 2, 2004 (8 pp.).
    • Genovese, R.F., Shippee, S.J., Bonnell, J., Benton, B.J., Mioduszewski, R.J. (2004). Evaluating performance effects of low-level inhalation exposure to nerve agents in rats. Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held in Orlando, FL, on November 29-December 2, 2004 (8 pp.).
    • (2004)
    • Genovese, R.F.1    Shippee, S.J.2    Bonnell, J.3    Benton, B.J.4    Mioduszewski, R.J.5
  • 73
    • 33847107158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and biochemical evaluation of sub-lethal inhalation exposure to VX in rats
    • Genovese R.F., Benton B.J., Lee E.H., Shippe S.J., Jakubowski E.M. Behavioral and biochemical evaluation of sub-lethal inhalation exposure to VX in rats. Toxicology 2007, 232:109-118.
    • (2007) Toxicology , vol.232 , pp. 109-118
    • Genovese, R.F.1    Benton, B.J.2    Lee, E.H.3    Shippe, S.J.4    Jakubowski, E.M.5
  • 75
    • 84884795415 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD. DTIC (AD A187841). Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research, Prepared for the US Department of the Army, Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • Goldman, M., Klein, A.K., Kawakami, T.G., Rosenblatt, L.S. (1987). Toxicity studies on agents GB and GD. DTIC (AD A187841). Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research, Prepared for the US Department of the Army, Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • (1987)
    • Goldman, M.1    Klein, A.K.2    Kawakami, T.G.3    Rosenblatt, L.S.4
  • 78
    • 78751662875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid decontamination of chemical warfare agents
    • Elsevier, San Diego, CA, R. Gupta (Ed.)
    • Gordon R.K. Rapid decontamination of chemical warfare agents. Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 2009, Elsevier, San Diego, CA. R. Gupta (Ed.).
    • (2009) Handbook of the Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents
    • Gordon, R.K.1
  • 79
    • 0001710385 scopus 로고
    • The manifestations and treatment of poisoning due to nerve gas and other organic phosphate anticholinesterases compounds
    • Grob D. The manifestations and treatment of poisoning due to nerve gas and other organic phosphate anticholinesterases compounds. Arch. Intern. Med. 1956, 98:221-239.
    • (1956) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.98 , pp. 221-239
    • Grob, D.1
  • 80
    • 0002569266 scopus 로고
    • The effects and treatment of nerve gas poisoning
    • Grob D., Harvey A.M. The effects and treatment of nerve gas poisoning. Am. J. Med. 1953, 14:52-63.
    • (1953) Am. J. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 52-63
    • Grob, D.1    Harvey, A.M.2
  • 81
    • 84961027135 scopus 로고
    • Effects in man of the anticholinesterase compound sarin (isopropyl methyl phosphonofluoridate)
    • Grob D., Harvey J.C. Effects in man of the anticholinesterase compound sarin (isopropyl methyl phosphonofluoridate). J. Clin. Invest 1958, 37:350-368.
    • (1958) J. Clin. Invest , vol.37 , pp. 350-368
    • Grob, D.1    Harvey, J.C.2
  • 82
    • 0018183972 scopus 로고
    • Effects of 1,1-oxydimethylene-bis-(4-tert-butyl pyridinium chloride) (SAD-128) and decamethonium on reactivation of soman-and sarin-inhibited cholinesterase by oximes
    • Harris L.W., Heyl W.C., Stitcher D.L., Broomfield C.A. Effects of 1,1-oxydimethylene-bis-(4-tert-butyl pyridinium chloride) (SAD-128) and decamethonium on reactivation of soman-and sarin-inhibited cholinesterase by oximes. Biochem. Pharmacol 1978, 27:757-761.
    • (1978) Biochem. Pharmacol , vol.27 , pp. 757-761
    • Harris, L.W.1    Heyl, W.C.2    Stitcher, D.L.3    Broomfield, C.A.4
  • 83
    • 0005402376 scopus 로고
    • Clinical observations on volunteers exposed to concentrations of GB. Medical Laboratories Research Report No. 114, Publication Control No. 5030-114 (CMLRE-ML-52)
    • Harvey J.C. Clinical observations on volunteers exposed to concentrations of GB. Medical Laboratories Research Report No. 114, Publication Control No. 5030-114 (CMLRE-ML-52). Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD 1952.
    • (1952) Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD
    • Harvey, J.C.1
  • 84
    • 0001268055 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitors
    • Holmstedt B. Pharmacology of organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitors. Pharmacol. Rev. 1959, 11:567-688.
    • (1959) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.11 , pp. 567-688
    • Holmstedt, B.1
  • 85
    • 30344459393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hulet, J.S., Sommerville, D.R., Crosier, R.B., Dabisch, P.A., Miller, D.B., Benton, B.J., Forster, J.S. et al. (2006a). Comparison of low-level sarin and cyclosarin vapor exposure on pupil size of the Göttingen minipig: effects of exposure concentration and duration. Inhal. Toxicol.18: 143-53.
    • Hulet, J.S., Sommerville, D.R., Crosier, R.B., Dabisch, P.A., Miller, D.B., Benton, B.J., Forster, J.S. et al. (2006a). Comparison of low-level sarin and cyclosarin vapor exposure on pupil size of the Göttingen minipig: effects of exposure concentration and duration. Inhal. Toxicol.18: 143-53.
  • 86
    • 84884789257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hulet, S.W., Sommerville, D.R., Jakubouwski, E.M., Benton, B.J., Forster, J.S., Dabisch, P.A., Scotto, J.A. et al. (2006b). Estimating lethal and severe toxic effects in minipigs following 10, 60, and 180 minutes of whole-body GB vapor exposure. ECBC-TR-451. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Research and Technology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Hulet, S.W., Sommerville, D.R., Jakubouwski, E.M., Benton, B.J., Forster, J.S., Dabisch, P.A., Scotto, J.A. et al. (2006b). Estimating lethal and severe toxic effects in minipigs following 10, 60, and 180 minutes of whole-body GB vapor exposure. ECBC-TR-451. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Research and Technology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
  • 89
    • 0020577156 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of bispyridinium derivatives in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in the guinea pig
    • Inns R.H., Leadbeater L. The efficacy of bispyridinium derivatives in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in the guinea pig. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1983, 35:427-433.
    • (1983) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , vol.35 , pp. 427-433
    • Inns, R.H.1    Leadbeater, L.2
  • 90
    • 0024411383 scopus 로고
    • Variability in soman toxicity in the rat: correlation with biochemical and behavioral measures
    • Jimmerson V.R., Shih T.-M., Mailman R.B. Variability in soman toxicity in the rat: correlation with biochemical and behavioral measures. Toxicology 1989, 57:241-254.
    • (1989) Toxicology , vol.57 , pp. 241-254
    • Jimmerson, V.R.1    Shih, T.-M.2    Mailman, R.B.3
  • 91
    • 84884776187 scopus 로고
    • The effect of low concentrations of GB on the human eye. Research Report No. 100, Publication Control No. 5030-100 (CMLRE-ML-52)
    • Johns R.J. The effect of low concentrations of GB on the human eye. Research Report No. 100, Publication Control No. 5030-100 (CMLRE-ML-52). Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD 1952.
    • (1952) Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD
    • Johns, R.J.1
  • 92
    • 0035051868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic effects of sarin in rats at three months following single and repeated low-level inhalation exposure
    • Kassa J., Pecka M., Tichý M., Bajgar J., Koupilová M., Herink J., KrocÏová Z. Toxic effects of sarin in rats at three months following single and repeated low-level inhalation exposure. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2001, 88:209-212.
    • (2001) Pharmacol. Toxicol. , vol.88 , pp. 209-212
    • Kassa, J.1    Pecka, M.2    Tichý, M.3    Bajgar, J.4    Koupilová, M.5    Herink, J.6    KrocÏová, Z.7
  • 93
    • 3142755107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of sarin on various physiological functions in rats following single or repeated low-level inhalation exposure
    • Kassa J., KrecÏová Z., Skopec F., Herink J., Bajgar J., Ševelová L., Tichý M., et al. The influence of sarin on various physiological functions in rats following single or repeated low-level inhalation exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 2004, 16:517-530.
    • (2004) Inhal. Toxicol. , vol.16 , pp. 517-530
    • Kassa, J.1    KrecÏová, Z.2    Skopec, F.3    Herink, J.4    Bajgar, J.5    Ševelová, L.6    Tichý, M.7
  • 94
    • 0011317599 scopus 로고
    • Anticholinesterase agents
    • Macmillan, New York, NY, L.S. Goodman, A. Gilman (Eds.)
    • Koelle G.B. Anticholinesterase agents. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 1975, 445-466. Macmillan, New York, NY. 5th edition. L.S. Goodman, A. Gilman (Eds.).
    • (1975) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , pp. 445-466
    • Koelle, G.B.1
  • 95
    • 0019540247 scopus 로고
    • Organophosphate poisoning -an overview
    • Koelle G.B. Organophosphate poisoning -an overview. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 1981, 1:129-134.
    • (1981) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , vol.1 , pp. 129-134
    • Koelle, G.B.1
  • 96
    • 0028210465 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of organophosphates
    • Koelle G.B. Pharmacology of organophosphates. J. Appl. Toxicol 1994, 14:105-109.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Toxicol , vol.14 , pp. 105-109
    • Koelle, G.B.1
  • 98
    • 84884783651 scopus 로고
    • Progress report on the toxicity of VX vapor to mice and goats. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories Report, No. TM 24-37. Army Chemical Center, MD.
    • Koon, W.S., Crook, J.W., Oberst, F.W. (1960). Progress report on the toxicity of VX vapor to mice and goats. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories Report, No. TM 24-37. Army Chemical Center, MD.
    • (1960)
    • Koon, W.S.1    Crook, J.W.2    Oberst, F.W.3
  • 99
    • 1642389897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of acute exposure guideline levels for airborne exposures to hazardous substances
    • Krewski D., Bakshi K., Garrett R., Falke E., Rusch G., Gaylor D. Development of acute exposure guideline levels for airborne exposures to hazardous substances. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004, 39:184-201.
    • (2004) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.39 , pp. 184-201
    • Krewski, D.1    Bakshi, K.2    Garrett, R.3    Falke, E.4    Rusch, G.5    Gaylor, D.6
  • 100
    • 84884776857 scopus 로고
    • Developmental toxicity study of agent GB-DCSM Types I and II in CD rats and NZW rabbits. Final Report. AD-A168 331. National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR.
    • Laborde, J.B., Bates, H.K. (1986). Developmental toxicity study of agent GB-DCSM Types I and II in CD rats and NZW rabbits. Final Report. AD-A168 331. National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR.
    • (1986)
    • Laborde, J.B.1    Bates, H.K.2
  • 102
    • 0026316988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lallement, G., Carpenteir, P., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D., Collet, A., Blanchet, G. (1991a). Involvement of the different rat hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in development of seizures induced by soman. Neurotoxicology4: 655-64.
    • Lallement, G., Carpenteir, P., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D., Collet, A., Blanchet, G. (1991a). Involvement of the different rat hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in development of seizures induced by soman. Neurotoxicology4: 655-64.
  • 103
    • 0025950484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lallement, G., Carpenteir, P., Collet, A., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D., Blanchet, G. (1991b). Effects of soman-induced seizures on different extracellular amino acid levels and on glutamate uptake in rat hippocampus. Brain Res.563: 234-340.
    • Lallement, G., Carpenteir, P., Collet, A., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D., Blanchet, G. (1991b). Effects of soman-induced seizures on different extracellular amino acid levels and on glutamate uptake in rat hippocampus. Brain Res.563: 234-340.
  • 104
    • 0033793814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-induced electroencephalographic disturbances and neuropathology in primates: relationship to plasmic benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics
    • Lallement G., Reanault F., Baubichon D., et al. Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-induced electroencephalographic disturbances and neuropathology in primates: relationship to plasmic benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics. Arch. Toxicol. 2000, 74:480-486.
    • (2000) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.74 , pp. 480-486
    • Lallement, G.1    Reanault, F.2    Baubichon, D.3
  • 105
    • 33745709891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime pro-diazepam packed as freeze-dried form
    • Lallement G., Masqueliez C., Baubichon D., et al. Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime pro-diazepam packed as freeze-dried form. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 2:1-11.
    • (2004) J. Med. Chem. , vol.2 , pp. 1-11
    • Lallement, G.1    Masqueliez, C.2    Baubichon, D.3
  • 109
    • 84884743789 scopus 로고
    • United States Medical Delegation to Japan. Trip Report (25 April 1995). From S.R. Lillibridge, Acting Chief, Disaster Assessment and Epidemiology Section, to R.J. Jackson, Director, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
    • Lillibridge, S. (1995). United States Medical Delegation to Japan. Trip Report (25 April 1995). From S.R. Lillibridge, Acting Chief, Disaster Assessment and Epidemiology Section, to R.J. Jackson, Director, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
    • (1995)
    • Lillibridge, S.1
  • 110
    • 80052319984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicology of organophosphate nerve agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 191-221. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • Marrs, T.C. (2007). Toxicology of organophosphate nerve agents. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 191-221. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • (2007)
    • Marrs, T.C.1
  • 111
    • 84881562013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of benzodiazepines in organophosphate nerve agent intoxication. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 331-41. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • Marrs, T.C., Sellström, Å. (2007). The use of benzodiazepines in organophosphate nerve agent intoxication. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 331-41. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • (2007)
    • Marrs, T.C.1    Sellström, Å.2
  • 112
    • 34247152147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of oximes in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in civilian casualties
    • Marrs T.C., Rice P., Vale J.A. The role of oximes in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in civilian casualties. Toxicol. Rev. 2006, 25:297-323.
    • (2006) Toxicol. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 297-323
    • Marrs, T.C.1    Rice, P.2    Vale, J.A.3
  • 113
    • 0021916090 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on soman-induced brain lesion formation
    • Martin L.J., Doebler J.A., Shih T.-M., et al. Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on soman-induced brain lesion formation. Brain Res. 1985, 325:287-289.
    • (1985) Brain Res. , vol.325 , pp. 287-289
    • Martin, L.J.1    Doebler, J.A.2    Shih, T.-M.3
  • 114
    • 0013300287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carboxylesterase: specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger for organophosphate compounds
    • Maxwell D.M., Brecht K.M. Carboxylesterase: specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger for organophosphate compounds. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001, 21:S103-S107.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.21
    • Maxwell, D.M.1    Brecht, K.M.2
  • 115
    • 0023633188 scopus 로고
    • The effect of carboxylesterase inhibition on interspecies differences in soman toxicity
    • Maxwell D.M., Brecht K.M., O'Neill B.M. The effect of carboxylesterase inhibition on interspecies differences in soman toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 1987, 39:35-42.
    • (1987) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.39 , pp. 35-42
    • Maxwell, D.M.1    Brecht, K.M.2    O'Neill, B.M.3
  • 120
    • 0029096096 scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic transdermal treatment with physiostigmine and scopoloamine against soman intoxication in guinea-pigs
    • Meshulam Y., Davidovici R., Wengier A., Levy A. Prophylactic transdermal treatment with physiostigmine and scopoloamine against soman intoxication in guinea-pigs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1995, 15:263-266.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.15 , pp. 263-266
    • Meshulam, Y.1    Davidovici, R.2    Wengier, A.3    Levy, A.4
  • 121
    • 84884748038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of airborne exposure limits for G-agents: occupational and general population exposure criteria. ERDEC-TR-489. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Reutter, S.A., Miller, L.L., Olajos, E.J., Thomson, S.A. (1998). Evaluation of airborne exposure limits for G-agents: occupational and general population exposure criteria. ERDEC-TR-489. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (1998)
    • Mioduszewski, R.J.1    Reutter, S.A.2    Miller, L.L.3    Olajos, E.J.4    Thomson, S.A.5
  • 122
    • 84884748436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECBC low level operational toxicology program: Phase I-B inhalation toxicity of sarin vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration. ECBC-TR-183. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Anthony, J., Durst, D., Sommerville, D., Crosier, R., Thomson, S., Crouse, C. (2001). ECBC low level operational toxicology program: Phase I-B inhalation toxicity of sarin vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration. ECBC-TR-183. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • (2001)
    • Mioduszewski, R.J.1    Manthei, J.2    Way, R.3    Burnett, D.4    Gaviola, B.5    Muse, W.6    Anthony, J.7    Durst, D.8    Sommerville, D.9    Crosier, R.10    Thomson, S.11    Crouse, C.12
  • 123
    • 84884770461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Thomson, S. et al. (2002a). Low-level sarin vapor exposure in rats: effect of exposure concentration and duration on pupil size. ECBC-TR-235. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Thomson, S. et al. (2002a). Low-level sarin vapor exposure in rats: effect of exposure concentration and duration on pupil size. ECBC-TR-235. Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
  • 124
    • 0036204587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Thomson, S. et al. (2002b). Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats. Toxicol. Sci.66: 176-84.
    • Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Thomson, S. et al. (2002b). Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats. Toxicol. Sci.66: 176-84.
  • 126
    • 0028354565 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: implications for public protection
    • Munro N.B., Ambrose K.R., Watson A.P. Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: implications for public protection. Environ. Health Perspect 1994, 102:18-38.
    • (1994) Environ. Health Perspect , vol.102 , pp. 18-38
    • Munro, N.B.1    Ambrose, K.R.2    Watson, A.P.3
  • 128
    • 84884788549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Dose for Chemical Warfare Agents
    • National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Dose for Chemical Warfare Agents Review of the US Army's Health Risk Assessment for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical Warfare Agents 1999, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1999) Review of the US Army's Health Risk Assessment for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical Warfare Agents
  • 129
    • 84882925017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
    • National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals 2001, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2001) Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals
  • 130
    • 84884765298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (NRC)
    • National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals 2003, Vol. 3. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, Commission on Life Sciences.
    • (2003) Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals , vol.3
  • 131
    • 84884805651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (NRC)
    • National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals 2007, Vol. 5. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, Commission on Life Sciences.
    • (2007) Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals , vol.5
  • 132
    • 84884771363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Response Team (NRT) (2008). Chemical Quick Reference Guides. US National Response Team (February 2008).
    • National Response Team (NRT) (2008). Chemical Quick Reference Guides. US National Response Team (February 2008). http://www.nrt.org/.
  • 134
    • 0030696033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between pupil size and acetylcholinesterase activity in patients exposed to sarin vapor
    • Nozaki H., Hori S., Shinozawa Y., Fujishima S., Takuma K., Kimura H., Suzuki M., et al. Relationship between pupil size and acetylcholinesterase activity in patients exposed to sarin vapor. Intensive Care Med. 1997, 23:1005-1007.
    • (1997) Intensive Care Med. , vol.23 , pp. 1005-1007
    • Nozaki, H.1    Hori, S.2    Shinozawa, Y.3    Fujishima, S.4    Takuma, K.5    Kimura, H.6    Suzuki, M.7
  • 136
    • 0037381955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxic esterase: not so toxic?
    • O'Callahan J.P. Neurotoxic esterase: not so toxic?. Nat. Genet. 2003, 33:1-2.
    • (2003) Nat. Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 1-2
    • O'Callahan, J.P.1
  • 137
    • 84884745536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation of Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESL) for Chemical Warfare Agents. Memorandum signed by Raymond J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army
    • Army Pentagon, Washington, DC, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (OASA) (1999)
    • Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (OASA) (1999) Derivation of Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESL) for Chemical Warfare Agents. Memorandum signed by Raymond J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army. Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary (Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health) May 28, 1999, Army Pentagon, Washington, DC.
    • (1999) Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary (Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health)
  • 138
    • 0030915320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway
    • Ohbu S., Yamashina A., Takasu N. Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway. South. Med. J 1997, 90:587-593.
    • (1997) South. Med. J , vol.90 , pp. 587-593
  • 140
    • 77949878599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dark morning: the experiences and lessons learned from the Tokyo subway sarin attack
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.), Ohbu S., Yamashina A., Takasu N.
    • Okumura T., Nomura T., Suzuki T., Sugita M., Takeuchi Y., Naito T., Okumora S., et al. The dark morning: the experiences and lessons learned from the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment 2007, 277-303. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 2nd edition. T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.).
    • (2007) Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment , pp. 277-303
    • Okumura, T.1    Nomura, T.2    Suzuki, T.3    Sugita, M.4    Takeuchi, Y.5    Naito, T.6    Okumora, S.7
  • 143
    • 84884742156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel medical countermeasure of organophosphorous intoxication: connection to Alzheimer's disease and dementia. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 219-32. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • Pereira, E.F.R., Burt, D.R., Aracava, Y., Kan, R.K., Hamilton, T.A., Romano, J.A., Jr., Adler, M. et al. (2008). Novel medical countermeasure of organophosphorous intoxication: connection to Alzheimer's disease and
    • (2008)
    • Pereira, E.F.R.1    Burt, D.R.2    Aracava, Y.3    Kan, R.K.4    Hamilton, T.A.5    Romano Jr., J.A.6    Adler, M.7
  • 144
    • 57649142901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butyrylcholinesterase and its synthetic C-terminal peptide confer in vitro suppression of amyloid fibril formation
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, J.A. Romano, B.J. Lukey, H. Salem (Eds.)
    • Podoly E., Diamant S., Friedler A., Livnah O., Soreq H. Butyrylcholinesterase and its synthetic C-terminal peptide confer in vitro suppression of amyloid fibril formation. Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics 2008, 203-218. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. J.A. Romano, B.J. Lukey, H. Salem (Eds.).
    • (2008) Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics , pp. 203-218
    • Podoly, E.1    Diamant, S.2    Friedler, A.3    Livnah, O.4    Soreq, H.5
  • 145
    • 0033369584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organophosphorous pesticides: do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity?
    • Pope C. Organophosphorous pesticides: do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity?. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B 1999, 2:161-181.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B , vol.2 , pp. 161-181
    • Pope, C.1
  • 146
  • 147
    • 84966753436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency medical response to a chemical terrorist attack
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, J.A. Romano, B.J. Lukey, H. Salem (Eds.)
    • Pulley S.A., Jones M.R. Emergency medical response to a chemical terrorist attack. Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics 2008, 675-711. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. J.A. Romano, B.J. Lukey, H. Salem (Eds.).
    • (2008) Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics , pp. 675-711
    • Pulley, S.A.1    Jones, M.R.2
  • 148
    • 84884801891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russian VX: toxicity, risk exposure and hygienic regulations
    • Elsevier, San Diego, CA, R. Gupta (Ed.)
    • Radilov A., et al. Russian VX: toxicity, risk exposure and hygienic regulations. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 2009, 69-91. Elsevier, San Diego, CA. R. Gupta (Ed.).
    • (2009) Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents , pp. 69-91
    • Radilov, A.1
  • 149
    • 0023119439 scopus 로고
    • Noncompetitive blockade of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex by an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
    • Rao K.S., Aracava Y., Rickett D.L., Albuquerque E.X. Noncompetitive blockade of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex by an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 1987, 240:337-344.
    • (1987) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.240 , pp. 337-344
    • Rao, K.S.1    Aracava, Y.2    Rickett, D.L.3    Albuquerque, E.X.4
  • 151
    • 0032468107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of low level doses of cholinesterase inhibitors in cultured neurons and hippocampal slices of rats
    • Rocha E.S., Chebabo S.R., Santos M.D., Aracava Y., Albuquerque E.X. An analysis of low level doses of cholinesterase inhibitors in cultured neurons and hippocampal slices of rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol 1998, 21(Suppl. 1):191-200.
    • (1998) Drug Chem. Toxicol , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 191-200
    • Rocha, E.S.1    Chebabo, S.R.2    Santos, M.D.3    Aracava, Y.4    Albuquerque, E.X.5
  • 152
    • 0033566755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low concentrations of the organophosphate VX affect spontaneous and evoked transmitter release from hippocampal neurons: toxicological relevance of cholinesterase-dependent actions
    • Rocha E.S., Santos M.D., Chebabo S.R., Aracava Y., Albuquerque E.X. Low concentrations of the organophosphate VX affect spontaneous and evoked transmitter release from hippocampal neurons: toxicological relevance of cholinesterase-dependent actions. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1999, 159:31-40.
    • (1999) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , vol.159 , pp. 31-40
    • Rocha, E.S.1    Santos, M.D.2    Chebabo, S.R.3    Aracava, Y.4    Albuquerque, E.X.5
  • 153
    • 0000749061 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sarin on dark adaptation in man: threshold changes
    • Rubin L.S., Goldberg M.N. Effect of sarin on dark adaptation in man: threshold changes. J. Appl. Physiol 1957, 11:439-444.
    • (1957) J. Appl. Physiol , vol.11 , pp. 439-444
    • Rubin, L.S.1    Goldberg, M.N.2
  • 154
    • 0011955139 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sarin on dark adaptation in man: mechanism of action
    • Rubin L.S., Krop S., Goldberg M.N. Effect of sarin on dark adaptation in man: mechanism of action. J. Appl. Physiol 1957, 11:445-449.
    • (1957) J. Appl. Physiol , vol.11 , pp. 445-449
    • Rubin, L.S.1    Krop, S.2    Goldberg, M.N.3
  • 158
    • 40649110142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretreatment for nerve agent poisoning. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 343-53. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • Scott, L. (2007). Pretreatment for nerve agent poisoning. In Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 343-53. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (2007)
    • Scott, L.1
  • 159
    • 84884773121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level inhalation exposure to chemical nerve agent vapor induces expression of neuronal apoptosis and regeneration genes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Army Science Conference, November 29-December 2, 2004, Orlando, FL.
    • Sekowski, J.W., Orehek, M.A., Bucher, J. et al. (2004). Low-level inhalation exposure to chemical nerve agent vapor induces expression of neuronal apoptosis and regeneration genes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Army Science Conference, November 29-December 2, 2004, Orlando, FL.
    • (2004)
    • Sekowski, J.W.1    Orehek, M.A.2    Bucher, J.3
  • 160
    • 0037446246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of nerve-agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival
    • Shih T.-M., Doniho S.M., McDonough J.H. Control of nerve-agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003, 188:69-80.
    • (2003) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.188 , pp. 69-80
    • Shih, T.-M.1    Doniho, S.M.2    McDonough, J.H.3
  • 162
    • 0001930287 scopus 로고
    • Clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication
    • Academic Press, New York, NY, S.M. Somani (Ed.)
    • Sidell F.R. Clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication. Chemical Warfare Agents 1992, 155-194. Academic Press, New York, NY. S.M. Somani (Ed.).
    • (1992) Chemical Warfare Agents , pp. 155-194
    • Sidell, F.R.1
  • 163
    • 0029844494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical agent terrorism
    • Sidell F.R. Chemical agent terrorism. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1996, 28:223-224.
    • (1996) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.28 , pp. 223-224
    • Sidell, F.R.1
  • 164
    • 0004064018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
    • Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, Nerve agents, F.R. Sidell, E.T. Takafuji, D.R. Franz (Eds.)
    • Sidell F.R. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Office of the Surgeon General 1997, 129-179. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, Nerve agents. F.R. Sidell, E.T. Takafuji, D.R. Franz (Eds.).
    • (1997) Office of the Surgeon General , pp. 129-179
    • Sidell, F.R.1
  • 165
    • 0015964160 scopus 로고
    • The reactivatibility of cholinesterase inhibited by VX and sarin in man
    • Sidell F.R., GroffW.A. The reactivatibility of cholinesterase inhibited by VX and sarin in man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1974, 27:241-252.
    • (1974) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , vol.27 , pp. 241-252
    • Sidell, F.R.1    Groff, W.A.2
  • 167
    • 84884784649 scopus 로고
    • Compounds formed from the chemical decontamination of HD, GB, and VX and their environmental fate. Technical Report 8304 (DTIC: AD A149515). US Department of the Army, Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • Small, M.J. (1984). Compounds formed from the chemical decontamination of HD, GB, and VX and their environmental fate. Technical Report 8304 (DTIC: AD A149515). US Department of the Army, Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, MD.
    • (1984)
    • Small, M.J.1
  • 168
    • 85152350091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, S.M. Somani, J.A. Romano (Eds.)
    • Somani S.M., Husain K. Low-level nerve agent toxicity under normal and stressful conditions. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels 2001, 83-120. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. S.M. Somani, J.A. Romano (Eds.).
    • (2001) Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels , pp. 83-120
    • Somani, S.M.1    Husain, K.2
  • 170
    • 0034618652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure limits for 30 organophosphate pesticides based on inhibition of red blood cell cholinesterase
    • Storm J.E., Rozman K.K., Doull J. Occupational exposure limits for 30 organophosphate pesticides based on inhibition of red blood cell cholinesterase. Toxicology 2000, 150:1-29.
    • (2000) Toxicology , vol.150 , pp. 1-29
    • Storm, J.E.1    Rozman, K.K.2    Doull, J.3
  • 171
    • 0022763367 scopus 로고
    • Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases
    • Ten Berge W.F., Zwart A., Appelman L.M. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J. Hazard. Mater. 1986, 13:301-309.
    • (1986) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.13 , pp. 301-309
    • Ten Berge, W.F.1    Zwart, A.2    Appelman, L.M.3
  • 173
    • 34548324557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological and chemical aspects of sarin terrorism in Japan in 1994 and 1995
    • Tu A.T. Toxicological and chemical aspects of sarin terrorism in Japan in 1994 and 1995. Toxin Rev. 2007, 26:231-274.
    • (2007) Toxin Rev. , vol.26 , pp. 231-274
    • Tu, A.T.1
  • 174
    • 84884803345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facility restoration following chemical contamination -Operational Technology Demonstration (OTD) overview. Proceedings of 2008 Annual Chemical and Biological/R&D Technologies Conference, San Antonio, TX, January 28-February 1, 2008.
    • Tucker, M., Raber, E. (2008). Facility restoration following chemical contamination -Operational Technology Demonstration (OTD) overview. Proceedings of 2008 Annual Chemical and Biological/R&D Technologies Conference, San Antonio, TX, January 28-February 1, 2008.
    • (2008)
    • Tucker, M.1    Raber, E.2
  • 175
    • 84884751963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) (1999). Derivation of health-based environmental screening levels for chemical warfare agents: a technical evaluation. US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) (1999). Derivation of health-based environmental screening levels for chemical warfare agents: a technical evaluation. US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
  • 176
    • 84884731494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) (2004). Chemical exposure guidelines for deployed military personnel. USACHPPM Technical Guide 230 (v. 1.3, with January 2004 addendum). US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) (2004). Chemical exposure guidelines for deployed military personnel. USACHPPM Technical Guide 230 (v. 1.3, with January 2004 addendum). US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
  • 177
    • 56349086895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-based chemical vapor concentration levels for future systems acquisition and development. USACHPPM Technical Report No. 64-FF-07Z2-07
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM)
    • US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) Health-based chemical vapor concentration levels for future systems acquisition and development. USACHPPM Technical Report No. 64-FF-07Z2-07. US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2008.
    • (2008) US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
  • 178
    • 84884783653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund, Vol. 1. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, Washington, DC.
    • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund, Vol. 1. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, USEPA, Washington, DC.
  • 179
    • 84884776108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and 28-day delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorous substances. EPA 712-C-98-237. Office of Prevention
    • US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Health effects test guidelines: OPPTS 870.6100, US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
    • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Acute and 28-day delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorous substances. EPA 712-C-98-237. Office of Prevention. Pesticides and Toxic Substances 1998, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Health effects test guidelines: OPPTS 870.6100.
    • (1998) Pesticides and Toxic Substances
  • 180
    • 84884754960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Pesticide Programs science policy on the use of data on cholinesterase inhibition for risk assessment of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Office of Pesticide Programs
    • US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
    • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs science policy on the use of data on cholinesterase inhibition for risk assessment of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Office of Pesticide Programs. DC 2000, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
    • (2000) DC
  • 181
    • 84890142794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing civilian casualties affected by nerve agents
    • John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.)
    • Vale J.A., Rice P., Marrs T.C. Managing civilian casualties affected by nerve agents. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment 2007, 249-276. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 2nd edition. T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell (Eds.).
    • (2007) Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment , pp. 249-276
    • Vale, J.A.1    Rice, P.2    Marrs, T.C.3
  • 184
    • 0842344492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapour in air: lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for miosis
    • Van Helden, H.P.M., Trap, H.C., Kuipers, W.C., Oostdijk, J.P., Benschop H.P., Langenberg, J.P. (2004a). Low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapour in air: lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for miosis. J. Appl. Toxicol. 24: 59-68.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 59-68
    • Van Helden, H.P.M.1    Trap, H.C.2    Kuipers, W.C.3    Oostdijk, J.P.4    Benschop, H.P.5    Langenberg, J.P.6
  • 187
    • 0026067801 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of serine esterases in different rat tissues following inhalation of soman
    • Walday P., Aas P., Fonnum F. Inhibition of serine esterases in different rat tissues following inhalation of soman. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1991, 41:151-153.
    • (1991) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.41 , pp. 151-153
    • Walday, P.1    Aas, P.2    Fonnum, F.3
  • 188
    • 33646254888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and application of acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for chemical warfare nerve and sulfur mustard agents
    • Watson, A., Opresko, D., Young, R., Hauschild, V. (2006a). Development and application of acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for chemical warfare nerve and sulfur mustard agents. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B. 9: 173-263.
    • (2006) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B , vol.9 , pp. 173-263
    • Watson, A.1    Opresko, D.2    Young, R.3    Hauschild, V.4
  • 189
    • 33846782965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Watson, A.P., Bakshi, K., Opresko, D., Young, R., Hauschild, V., King, J. (2006b). Cholinesterase inhibitors as chemical warfare agents: community preparedness guidelines. In Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds (R. Gupta, ed.), pp. 47-68. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
    • Watson, A.P., Bakshi, K., Opresko, D., Young, R., Hauschild, V., King, J. (2006b). Cholinesterase inhibitors as chemical warfare agents: community preparedness guidelines. In Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds (R. Gupta, ed.), pp. 47-68. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  • 190
    • 84884784196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of 1999 Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESLs) for Chemical Warfare Agents. ORNL/TM-2007/080. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 (May 2007).
    • Watson, A.P., Dolislager, F.G. (2007). Reevaluation of 1999 Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESLs) for Chemical Warfare Agents. ORNL/TM-2007/080. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 (May 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Watson, A.P.1    Dolislager, F.G.2
  • 192
    • 0028584225 scopus 로고
    • Continuous administration of low dose ranges of physostigmine and hyoscine to guinea pigs prevents the toxicity and reduces the incapacitation produced by soman poisoning
    • Wetherell J.R. Continuous administration of low dose ranges of physostigmine and hyoscine to guinea pigs prevents the toxicity and reduces the incapacitation produced by soman poisoning. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1994, 46:1023-1038.
    • (1994) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , vol.46 , pp. 1023-1038
    • Wetherell, J.R.1
  • 193
    • 0036745179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physostigmine and hyoscine improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent poisoning in the guinea pig
    • Wetherell J., Hall T., Passingham S. Physostigmine and hyoscine improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent poisoning in the guinea pig. Neurotoxicology 2002, 23:341-345.
    • (2002) Neurotoxicology , vol.23 , pp. 341-345
    • Wetherell, J.1    Hall, T.2    Passingham, S.3
  • 194
    • 34047099192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of next generation medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning
    • Wetherell J., Price M., Mumford H., Armstrong S., Scott L. Development of next generation medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning. Toxicology 2007, 233:120-127.
    • (2007) Toxicology , vol.233 , pp. 120-127
    • Wetherell, J.1    Price, M.2    Mumford, H.3    Armstrong, S.4    Scott, L.5
  • 197
    • 0021249567 scopus 로고
    • Delayed neuropathy by the organophosphorous nerve agents soman and tabun
    • Willems J.L., Narcaise M., DeBisschop H.C. Delayed neuropathy by the organophosphorous nerve agents soman and tabun. Arch. Toxicol 1984, 55:76-77.
    • (1984) Arch. Toxicol , vol.55 , pp. 76-77
    • Willems, J.L.1    Narcaise, M.2    DeBisschop, H.C.3
  • 200
    • 0037380036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of neuropathy target esterase in mice links organophosphate exposure to hyperactivity
    • Winrow C.J., Hemming M.L., Allen D.A., et al. Loss of neuropathy target esterase in mice links organophosphate exposure to hyperactivity. Nat. Genet. 2003, 33:477-485.
    • (2003) Nat. Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 477-485
    • Winrow, C.J.1    Hemming, M.L.2    Allen, D.A.3
  • 201
    • 33750511285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-tem effects
    • Yanagisawa N., Morita H., Nakajima T. Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-tem effects. J. Neurolog. Sci. 2006, 249:76-85.
    • (2006) J. Neurolog. Sci. , vol.249 , pp. 76-85
    • Yanagisawa, N.1    Morita, H.2    Nakajima, T.3
  • 202
    • 0032901947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical detoxification of nerve agent VX
    • Yang Y.-C. Chemical detoxification of nerve agent VX. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32:109-115.
    • (1999) Acc. Chem. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 109-115
    • Yang, Y.-C.1
  • 203
    • 26444491193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deriving toxicity values for organophosphorous nerve agents. A position paper in support of the procedures and rationale for deriving oral RfDs for chemical warfare agents
    • Young R.A., Opresko D.M., Watson A.P., Ross R.H., King J., Choudhury H. Deriving toxicity values for organophosphorous nerve agents. A position paper in support of the procedures and rationale for deriving oral RfDs for chemical warfare agents. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1999, 5:589-634.
    • (1999) Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , vol.5 , pp. 589-634
    • Young, R.A.1    Opresko, D.M.2    Watson, A.P.3    Ross, R.H.4    King, J.5    Choudhury, H.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.