Tolerance development to toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors

Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 257-267

  Fonnum, Frode ^a   Sterri, Sigrun Hanne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT FFI   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847130805     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50020-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Aas P., Fonnum F. Presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1986, 127:335-342.
2. Adler M., Manley H.A., Purcell A.L., Deshpande S.S., Hamilton T.A., Kan R.K., Oyler G., Lockridge O., Duysen E.G., Sheridan R.E. Reduced acetylcholine receptor density, morphological remodeling, and butyrylcholinesterase activity can sustain muscle function in acetylcholinesterase knockout mice. Muscle Nerve 2004, 30:317-327.
3. Aldridge W.N. Two types of esterase (A and B) hydrolysing p-nitrophenyl acetate, propionate and butyrate, and a method for their determination. Biochem. J. 1953, 53:110-117.
4. Aldridge W.N., Reiner E. Enzyme Inhibitors as Substrates, Interaction of Esterases with Esters of Organophosphorus and Carbamic Acids 1972, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
5. Augustinsson K.-B. Electrophoresis studies on blood plasma esterases I. Mammalian plasmata. Acta Chem. Scand. 1959, 13:571-592.
6. Bakry N.M., el-Rashidy A.H., Eldefrawi A.T., Eldefrawi M.E. Direct actions of organophosphate anticholinesterases on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1988, 3:235-259.
7. Barnes J.M., Denz F.A. Experimental methods used in determining chronic toxicity: A critical review. Pharmacol. Rev. 1954, 6:191-242.
8. Barnes J.M., Denz F.A. The reaction of rats to diets containing octamethyl pyrophosphoramide (Schradan) and O, O-diethyl-S-ethylmercaptoethanol (Systox). Br. J. Ind. Med. 1954, 11:11-19.
9. Baumgold J., Cooperman B.B., White T.M. Relationship between desensitization and sequestration of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in two neuronal cell lines. Neuropharmacology 1989, 28:1253-1261.
10. Bonner T.I. New subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacolog. Sci. 1989, (Suppl.):11-15.
11. Boskovic B. The influence of 2-/o-cresyl/-4 H-1:3:2 benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (CBDP) on organophosphate poisoning and its therapy. Arch. Toxicol. 1979, 42:207-216.
12. 14C] release from rat cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 277:193-197.
13. Brodeur J., Dubois K.P. Studies on the mechanism of acquired tolerance by rats to O, O-diethyl-S-2-(ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate (Di-Syston). Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 1964, 149:560-570.
14. Broomfield C.A., Maxwell D.M., Solana R.P., Castro C.A., Finger A.V., Lenz D.E. Protection by butyrylcholinesterase against organophosphorus poisoning in nonhuman primates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1991, 259:633-638.
15. Bueters T.J., van Duivenvoorde L.M., Danhof M., IJzerman A.P., van Helden H.P. Cyclopentyladenosine and some of its low-efficacy derivatives inhibit striatal synaptosomal release of acetylcholine to a similar degree. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 481:141-146.
16. Burgen A.S.V., Hobbiger F. The inhibition of cholinesterase by alkylphosphates and alkylphenylphosphates. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1951, 6:593-605.
17. Bushnell P.J., Padilla S.S., Ward T., Pope C.N., Olszyk V.B. Behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats dosed repeatedly with diisopropylfluorophosphate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1991, 256:741-750.
18. Carlson C.G., Dettbarn W.D. A comparison of the effects of acute and chronic cholinesterase inactivation on spontaneous transmitter release. Brain Res. 1983, 264:285-292.
19. Casida J.E., Eto M., Baron R.L. Biological activity of a tri-o-cresyl phosphate metabolite. Nature (London) 1961, 191:1396-1397.
20. Chaudhuri J., Chakraborti T.K., Chanda S., Pope C.N. Differential modulation of organophosphate-sensitive muscarinic receptors in rat brain by parathion and chlorpyrifos. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1993, 8:207-216.
21. Christen P.J., Cohen E.M. Binding of 32P-sarin to esterases and other proteins in plasma from rat, man and guinea-pig. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 1969, 15:36-37.
22. Christen P.J., Schot P.K., Cohen E.M. Interaction of some cholinesterase inhibitors with aliesterase from rat plasma. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 1969, 15:397-398.
23. Cohen E.M., Christen P.J., Mobach E. The inactivation by oximes of sarin and soman in plasma from - various species I. The influence of diacetylmonoxime on the hydrolysis of sarin. J.A. Cohen Memorial Issue Proc. K. Ned. Wet. C. 1971, 113-131. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
24. Correia-de-Sa P., Ribeiro J.A. Tonic adenosine A2A receptor activation modulates nicotinic autoreceptor function at the rat neuromuscular junction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 271:349-355.
25. 3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic receptors in disulfoton-tolerant mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981, 60:441-450.
26. Coult D.B., Marsh D.J., Read G. Dealkylation studies on inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Biochem. J. 1966, 98:869-873.
27. Dettbarn W.-D., Gupta R.C. Role of esterases as false targets in organophosphorus compounds toxicity. Enzymes Hydrolyzing Organophosphorus Compounds 1989, 165-179. Horwood/Wiley, Chichester, UK/New York. E. Reiner, W.N. Aldridge, F.C.G. Hoskin (Eds.).
28. Dettbarn W.-D., Yang Z.P., Milatovic D. Different role of carboxylesterases in toxicity and tolerance to paraoxon and DFP. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1999, 120:445-454.
29. Dirnhuber P., French M.C., Green D.M., Leadbeater L., Stratton J.A. Protection of primates against soman poisoning by pretreatment with pyridostigmine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1979, 31:295-299.
30. Doctor B.P., Blick D.W., Caranto G., Castro C.A., Gentry M.K., Larrison R., Maxwell D.M., Murphy M.R., Schutz M., Waibel K., Wolfe A.D. Cholinesterases as scavengers for organophosphorus compounds: Protection of primate performance against soman toxicity. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1993, 87:285-293.
31. Dolezal V., Wecker L. Muscarinic receptor blockade increases basal acetylcholine release from striatal slices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 252:739-743.
32. Dolezal V., Wecker L. Modulation of acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices: Interaction between 4-aminopyridine and atropine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1991, 258:762-766.
33. Duysen E.G., Stribley J.A., Fry D.L., Hinricks S.H., Lockridge O. Rescue of the acetylcholinesterase knock out mouse by feeding a liquid diet, phenotype of the adult acetylcholinesterase deficient mouse. Brain Res. Dev. 2002, 137:43-54.
34. 3H]cis methyldioxolane. Life Sci. 1980, 26:961-967.
35. Eldefrawi M.E., Schweizer G., Bakry N.M., Valdes J.J. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by diisopropylfluorophosphate. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1988, 3:21-32.
36. Fonnum F., Sterri S.H. Factors modifying the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds including soman and sarin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1981, 1:143-147.
37. Fonnum F., Sterri S.H., Aas P., Johnsen H. Carboxylesterases, importance for detoxification of organophosphorus anticholinesterases and trichothecenes. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1985, 5:S29-S38.
38. Fukamauchi F., Saunders P.A., Hough C., Chuang D.M. Agonist-induced down-regulation and antagonist-induced up-regulation of m2-and m3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA and protein in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 1993, 44:940-949.
39. Gazit H., Silman I., Dudai Y. Administration of an organophosphate causes a decrease in muscarinic receptor levels in rat brain. Brain Res. 1979, 174:351-356.
40. Glow P.H., Rose S., Richardson A. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with diisopropyl fluorophosphates on cholinesterase activities of some tissues of the rat. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1966, 44:73-86.
41. Gordon C.J. Behavioral thermoregulatory response to chlorpyrifos in the rat. Toxicology 1997, 124:165-171.
42. Gordon J.J., Leadbeater L., Maidment M.P. Protection of animals against organophosphate poisoning by pretreatment with a carbamate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978, 43:207-216.
43. Goutier R. Etude electrophoretique des esterases seriques et de la fixation du DF32P dans le serum, chez le lapin et le cobaye. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1956, 19:524-534.
44. Grubic Z., Sket D., Brzin M. Iso-OMPA-induced potentiation of soman toxicity in rat correlates with the inhibition of plasma carboxylesterases. Arch. Toxicol. 1988, 62:398-399.
45. 14C]valine into protein in the development of tolerance to diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1986, 84:551-560.
46. Gupta R.C., Patterson G.T., Dettbarn W.-D. Mechanisms of toxicity and tolerance to diisopropylphosphorofluoridate at the neuromuscular junction of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1986, 84:541-550.
47. HuffR.A., Corcoran J.J., Anderson J.K., bou-Donia M.B. Chlorpyrifos oxon binds directly to muscarinic receptors and inhibits cAMP accumulation in rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 269:329-335.
48. Jansz H.S., Posthumus C.H., Cohen J.A. On the active site of horse-liver ali esterase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1959, 33:387-403.
49. Jett D.A., Hill E.F., Fernando J.C., Eldefrawi M.E., Eldefrawi A.T. Down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1993, 39:395-415.
50. Jett D.A., Fernando J.C., Eldefrawi M.E., Eldefrawi A.T. Differential regulation of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain regions by repeated injections of parathion. Toxicol. Lett. 1994, 73:33-41.
51. Jin S., Fredholm B.B. Adenosine A receptor stimulation increases release of acetylcholine from rat hippocampus but not striatum and does not affect cathecholamine release. Nau. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1997, 355:38-56.
52. Karanth S., Pope C. Carboxylesterase and A-esterase activities during maturation and aging: Relationship to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and parathion in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 58:282-289.
53. Katz E.J., Cortes V.I., Eldefrawi M.E., Eldefrawi A.T. Chlorpyrifos, parathion, and their oxons bind to and desensitise nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Relevance to their toxicities. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997, 146:227-236.
54. Kirkpatrick K.A., Richardson P.J. Adenosine receptor-mediated modulation of acetylcholine release from rat striatal synaptosomes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 110:949-954.
55. Kitaichi K., Day J.C., Quirion R. A novel muscarinic M(4) receptor antagonist provides further evidence of an autoreceptor role for the muscarinic M(2) receptor subtype. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 383:53-56.
56. Krejci A., Michal P., Jakubik J., Ricny J., Dolezal V. Regulation of signal transduction at M2 muscarinic receptor. Physiol. Res. 2004, 53(Suppl. 1):131-140.
57. Li W.F., Costa L.G., Richter R.J., Hagen T., Shih D.M., Tward A., Lusis A.J., Furlong C.E. Catalytic efficiency determines the in-vivo efficacy of PON1 for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds. Pharmacogenetics 2000, 10:767-779.
58. Liu J., Oliver K., Pope C.N. Comparative neurochemical effects of repeated methyl parathion or chlorpyrifox exposures in neanatal and adult rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1999, 158:186-196.
59. Maxwell D.M. The specificity of carboxylesterase protection against the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992, 114:306-312.
60. Maxwell D.M., Brecht K.M. Carboxylesterase: Specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger for organophosphorus compounds. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001, 21:S103-S107.
61. Maxwell D.M., Vlahacos C.P., Lenz D.E. A pharmacodynamic model for soman in the rat. Toxicol. Lett. 1988, 43:175-188.
62. Maxwell D.M., Wolfe A.D., Ashani Y., Doctor B.P. Cholinesterases and carboxylesterases as scavengers for organophosphorus agents. Cholinesterases: Structure, Function, Mechanism, Genetics and Cell Biology 1991, 206-209. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. J. Massoulie, F. Bacou, E. Barnard, A. Chatonnet, B.P. Doctor, D.M. Quinn (Eds.).
63. Maxwell D.M., Castro C.A., De La Hoz D.M., Gentry M.K., Gold M.B., Solana R.P., et al. Protection of rhesus monkeys against soman and prevention of performance decrement by pretreatment with acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992, 115:44-49.
64. McDonald B.E., Costa L.G., Murphy S.D. Spatial memory impairment and central muscarinic receptor loss following prolonged treatment with organophosphates. Toxicol. Lett. 1988, 40:47-56.
65. McKay D.H., Jardine R.V., Adie P.A. The synergistic action of 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide with soman and physostigmine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971, 20:474-479.
66. Melchers B.P., van Helden H.P. On the development of behavioral tolerance to organophosphates: II. Neurophysiological aspects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1990, 35:321-325.
67. Mendel B., Myers D.K. Aliesterase inhibition by tri-ortho-cresy-phosphate. Biochem. J. 1953, 53:xvi.
68. Mesulam M.M., Guillozet A., Shaw P., Levey A., Duysen E.G., Lockridge O. Acetylcholinesterase knockouts establish central cholinergic pathways and can use butyrylcholinesterase to hydrolyze acetylcholine. Neuroscience 2002, 110:627-639.
69. Milatovic D., Dettbarn W.-D. Modification of acetylcholinesterase during adaptation to chronic, subacute paraoxon application in rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996, 136:20-28.
70. Millard C.B., Lockridge O., Broomfield C.A. Design and expression of organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase activity in human butyrylcholinesterase. Biochemistry 1995, 34:15925-15933.
71. Molenaar P.C., Polak R.L. Acetylcholine synthesizing enzymes in frog skeletal muscle. J. Neurochem. 1980, 35:1021-1025.
72. Murphy S.D., Cheever K.L., Chow A.Y.K., Brewster M. Organophosphate insecticide potentiation by carboxylesterase inhibitors. Proc. Eur. Soc. Toxicol. 1976, 17:292-300.
73. Myers D.K. Competition of the aliesterase in rat serum with the pseudo cholinesterase for diisopropyl fluorophosphonate. Science 1952, 115:568-570.
74. Myers D.K. Mechanism of the prophylactic action of diacetylmonoxime against sarin poisoning. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1959, 34:555-557.
75. Nordstrom O., Bartfai T. Muscarinic autoreceptor regulates acetylcholine release in rat hippocampus: In vitro evidence. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1980, 108:347-353.
76. Nordstrom O., Bartfai T. 8-Br-cyclic GMP mimics activation of muscarinic autoreceptor and inhibits acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 1981, 213:467-471.
77. Overstreet D.H., Yamamura H.I. Receptor alterations and drug tolerance. Life Sci. 1979, 25:1865-1877.
78. Polak R.L., Cohen E.M. The influence of tri-orthocresyl phosphate on the distribution of 32P in the body of the rat after the injection of 32P-sarin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1969, 18:813-820.
79. Polak R.L., Cohen E.M. The binding of sarin in the blood plasma of the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1970, 19:877-881.
80. Quirion R., Wilson A., Rowe W., Aubert I., Richard J., Doods H., Parent A., White N., Meaney M.J. Facilitation of acetylcholine release and cognitive performance by an M(2)-muscarinic receptor antagonist in aged memoryimpaired. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:1455-1462.
81. Raveh L., Ashani Y., Levy D., DeLaHoz D., Wolfe A.D., Doctor B.P. Acetylcholinesterase prophylaxis against organo-phosphate poisoning-Quantitative correlation between protection and blood-enzyme level in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989, 38:529-534.
82. Raveh L., Grauer E., Grunwald J., Cohen E., Ashani Y. The stoichiometry of protection against soman and VX toxicity in monkeys pretreated with human butyrylcholinesterase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997, 145:43-53.
83. Rider J.A., Ellinwood L.E., Coon J.M. Production of tolerance in the rat to octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1952, 81:455-459.
84. Russel R.W., Overstreet D.H., Cotman C.W., Carson V.G., Churchill L., Dalglish F.W., Vasques B.J. Experimental tests of hypotheses about neurochemical mechanisms underlying behavioral tolerance to the anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1975, 192:73-85.
85. 3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate associated with chronically low acetylcholinesterase activity. Life Sci. 1979, 24:1159-1163.
86. Schwab B.W., Hand H., Costa L.G., Murphy S.D. Reduced muscarinic receptor binding in tissues of rats tolerant to the insecticide disulfoton. Neurotoxicology 1981, 2:635-647.
87. Soli N.E., Karlsen R.L., Opsahl M., Fonnum F. Correlations between acetylcholinesterase activity in guineapig iris and pupillary function: A biochemical and pupillographic study. J. Neurochem. 1980, 35:723-728.
88. Stavinoha W.B., Ryan L.C., Smith P.W. Biochemical effects of an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor on the rat brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1969, 160:378-382.
89. Sterri S.H., Lyngaas S., Fonnum F. Toxicity of soman after repetitive injection of sublethal doses in rat. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1980, 46:1-7.
90. Sterri S.H. Factors modifying the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds including dichlorovos. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1981, 49(Suppl. 5):67-71.
91. Sterri S.H. The importance of carboxylesterase detoxification of nerve agents. FOA report C 40266-4.6,4.7 1989, 235-240. FOA ABC-skydd, Ume.
92. Sterri S.H., Fonnum F. Carboxylesterase-The soman scavenger in rodents: Heterogeneity and hormonal influence. Enzymes Hydrolyzing Organophosphorus Compounds 1989, 155-164. Horwood Wiley, Chichester, UK/New York. E. Reiner, W.N. Aldridge, F.C.G. Hoskin (Eds.).
93. Sterri S.H., Fonnum F. Detoxification of organophosphorus compounds. Cholinesterases 1984, 389-400. de Gruyter, Berlin. M. Brzin, E.A. Barnard, D. Sket (Eds.).
94. Sterri S.H., Fonnum F. Carboxylesterases in guinea-pig plasma and liver: Tissue specific reactivation by diacetylmonoxime after soman inhibition in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987, 36:3937-3942.
95. Sterri S.H., Lyngaas S., Fonnum F. Toxicity of soman after repetitive injection of sublethal doses in guineapig and mouse. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1981, 49:8-13.
96. Sterri S.H., Valdal G., Lyngaas S., Odden E., Malthe-Sorenssen D., Fonnum F. The mechanism of soman detoxification in perfused rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32:1941-1943.
97. Sterri S.H., Berge G., Fonnum F. Esterase activities and soman toxicity in developing rat. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1985, 57:136-140.
98. van Helden H.P., Groen B., Moor E., Westerink B.H., Bruinzeel P.T. New generic approach to the treatment of organophosphate treatment: Adenosine receptor mediated inhibition of ach-r. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1998, 21:171-181.
99. Volpicelli-Daley L.A., Hrabovska A., Duysen E.G., Ferguson S.M., Blakely R.D., Lockridge O., Levey A.I. Altered striatal function and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in acetylcholinesterase knockout mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 64:1309-1316.
100. Wang S.Z., Hu J.R., Long R.M., Pou W.S., Forray C., el-Falahany E.E. Agonist-induced down-regulation of m1 muscarinic receptors and reduction of their mRNA level in a transfected cell line. FEBS Lett. 1990, 276:185-188.
101. Ward T.R., Ferris D.J., Tilson H.A., Mundy W.R. Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 122:300-307.
102. Wecker L., Mobley P.L., Dettbarn W.-D. Central cholinergic mechanisms underlying adaptation to reduced cholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977, 26:633-637.
103. Wolfe A.D., Rush R.S., Doctor B.P., Koplovitz I., Jones D. Acetylcholinesterase prophylaxis against organophosphate toxicity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1987, 9:266-270.
104. Wu Y.J., Harp P., Yan X.R., Pope C.N. Nicotinic autoreceptor function in rat brain during maturation and aging: Possible differential sensitivity to organophosphate anticholinesterases. Chem.-Biol. Intelact. 2003, 142:255-268.
105. Xie W., Stribley J.A., Chatonnet A., Wilder P.J., Rizzino A., Taylor P., Hinricks S.H., Lockridge O. Postnatal development delay and supersensitivity to organophosphate in gene targeted mice lacking acetylcholinesterase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 293:896-902.
106. Yagle K., Costa L.G. Effects of organophosphate exposure on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mRNA levels in the adult rat. Neurotoxicology 1996, 17:523-530.
107. Yang Z.P., Dettbarn W.-D. Prevention of tolerance to the organophosphorus anticholinesterase paraoxon with carboxylesterase inhibitors. biochem. Pharmacol. 1998, 55:1419-1426.
108. Zhang W., Bassile A.S., Gombeza J., Volpicelli A., Levy A.I., Wess J. Characterization of central inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors by the use of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knock-out mice. Neuroscience 2002, 22.