Development of acute exposure guideline levels for airborne exposures to hazardous substances

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 184-201

  Krewski, Daniel ^a   Bakshi, Kulbir ^b   Garrett, Roger ^c   Falke, Ernest ^c   Rusch, George ^d   Gaylor, David ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United States)

^c U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^d HONEYWELL   (United States)

^e Sciences International Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute exposures; Airborne contaminants; Exposure guideline levels; Hazardous substances; Health effects

Indexed keywords

TOXIC SUBSTANCE;

ACCIDENT; ATMOSPHERE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DANGEROUS GOODS; EARTHQUAKE; EXPOSURE; FIRE; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PLANNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; TERRORISM; TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642389897     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Allen B.C., Kavlock R.J., Kimmel C.A., Faustman E.M. Dose-response assessment for developmental toxicity. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 23:1994;487-495.
2. Ashford N. Low-level chemical sensitivity: implications for research and social policy. Toxicol. Indust. Health. 15:1999;421-427.
3. Ashford N., Miller C. Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes. second ed. 1998;Wiley, New York.
4. Barnes D.G., Dourson M.L. Reference dose (RfD): description and use in health risk assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8:1988;471-486.
5. Baird S.J.S., Cohen J.R., Graham J.D., Shlyakher A.I., Evans J.S. Noncancer risk assessment: a probabilistic alternative to current practice. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 2:1996;79-102.
6. Brown N.A., Fabro S. The value of animal teratology testing for predicting human risk. Clin. Obst. Gynecol. 26:1983;467-477.
7. Calabrese E.J. Uncertainty factors and interindividual variation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 5:1985;190-196.
8. Calabrese E.J., Blain R.B. The single exposure carcinogen database: assessing the circumstances under which a single exposure to a carcinogen can cause cancer. Toxicol. Sci. 50:1999;169-185.
9. Chen J.J., Kodell R.L., Gaylor D.W. Using the biological two-stage model to assess risk from short-term exposures. Risk Anal. 8:1988;223-230.
10. Crump K.S. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 4:1984;854-871.
11. Crump K.S., Howe R.B. The multistage model with a time-dependent dose pattern: applications to carcinogen risk assessment. Risk Anal. 4:1984;163-179.
12. Cullen M.R. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup. Med. 2:1987;655-661.
13. Done A.K. Developmental pharmacology. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 5:1964;432-479.
14. Dourson M.L., Stara J.F. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 3:1983;224-238.
15. Dourson M.L., Felter S.P., Robinson D. Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 24:1996;108-120.
16. Dourson M.L., Knauf L.A., Swartout J.C. On reference dose (RfD) and its underlying toxicity database. Toxicol. Indust. Health. 8:1992;171-189.
17. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry. EPA/600/8-90/066F. Off. Research Dev., U.S. EPA. Research Traiangle Park, NC
18. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. NCEA-F-0644, Risk Assessment Forum, U.S.EPA, Washington, DC
19. Flury F. Uber kampfgasvergiftungen. I. Uber reizgase. Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 13:1921;1.
20. Fowles J.R., Alexeeff G.V., Dodge D. The use of benchmark dose methodology with acute inhalation lethality data. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29:1999;262-278.
21. Gaylor D.W. Incidence of developmental defects at the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 15:1992;151-160.
22. Gaylor D.W., Kodell R.L. A procedure for developing risk-based reference doses. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35:2002;137-141.
23. 50 values in newborn and adult animals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 18:1971;185-207.
24. Haber F. Zur geschichte des gaskrieges. Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren 1920-1923. 1924;76-92 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
25. Hattis D., Erdreich L., Ballew M. Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals: a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers. Risk Anal. 7:1987;415-426.
26. Hattis D., Banati P., Goble R. Distributions of individual susceptibility among humans for toxic effects - for what fraction of which kinds of chemicals and effects does the traditional 10-fold factor provide how much protection? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 895:1999;286-316.
27. Kodell R.L., Gaylor D.W., Chen J.J. Using average lifetime dose rate for intermittent exposures to carcinogens. Risk Anal. 7:1987;339-345.
28. Krewski D., Gaylor D.W., Szyszkowicz M. A model-free approach to low dose extrapolation. Environ. Health Perspect. 90:1991;279-285.
29. Leisenring W., Ryan L. Statistical properties of the NOAEL. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 15:1992;161-171.
30. Murdoch D.J., Krewski D. Carcinogenic risk assessment with time-dependent exposure patterns. Risk Anal. 8:1988;521-530.
31. NRC (National Research Council), 1992. Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
32. NRC (National Research Council), 1993a. Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
33. NRC (National Research Council), 1993b. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
34. NRC (National Research Council), 2000. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, vol. 1. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
35. NRC (National Research Council), 2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
36. NRC (National Research Council), 2003. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, vol. 31. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
37. Renwick A.G. Data derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Food Addit. Contam. 10:1993;275-305.
38. Sheehan D.M., Gaylor D.W. Divisions of reproductive and developmental toxicology and biometry (abstract). Teratology. 41:1990;590-591.
39. Slob W., Pieters M.N. A probabilistic approach for deriving acceptable human intake limits and human health risks from toxicological studies: general framework. Risk Analysis. 18:1998;787-798.
40. ten Berge W.F., Zwart A., Appelman L.M. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. J. Hazard. Mater. 13:1986;301-309.
41. Weil C. Statistics versus safety factors and scientific judgment in the evaluation of safety for man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 21:1972;454-463.