메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 331-342

The Use of Benzodiazepines in Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Intoxication

Author keywords

Benzodiazepine dose recommendation; Benzodiazepine use in nerve agent intoxication; Diazepam and avizafone in sarin induced neuropathology; Diazepam and nerve agents; Lorazepam efficacy in status epilepticus

Indexed keywords


EID: 84881562013     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470060032.ch16     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (9)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 0037407779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence
    • Allison C and Pratt JA (2003). Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence. Pharmacol Ther, 98, 171-195.
    • (2003) Pharmacol Ther , vol.98 , pp. 171-195
    • Allison, C.1    Pratt, J.A.2
  • 2
    • 0017127497 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in disordered liver function
    • Andreasen PB, Hendel J, GreisenGet al. (1976). Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in disordered liver function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 10, 115-120.
    • (1976) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 115-120
    • Andreasen, P.B.1    Hendel, J.2    Greisen, G.3
  • 3
    • 0000209202 scopus 로고
    • Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders
    • In, AG Gilman, LS Goodman andAGilman, eds, New York, NY, USA: Macmillan
    • Baldessarini RJ (1980). Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Goodman and Gilman's, the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (AG Gilman, LS Goodman andAGilman, eds), pp. 391-447. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan.
    • (1980) Goodman and Gilman's, the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , pp. 391-447
    • Baldessarini, R.J.1
  • 4
    • 0014440923 scopus 로고
    • Zur Behandlung der schweren Parathion-(E 605)-Vergiftung mit dem Cholinesterase-Reaktivator Obidoxim (Toxogonin)
    • Barckow D, Neuhaus G and Erdmann WD (1969). Zur Behandlung der schweren Parathion-(E 605)-Vergiftung mit dem Cholinesterase-Reaktivator Obidoxim (Toxogonin). Arch Toxicol, 24, 133-146.
    • (1969) Arch Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 133-146
    • Barckow, D.1    Neuhaus, G.2    Erdmann, W.D.3
  • 5
    • 84883833135 scopus 로고
    • Poisoning by anticholinesterase organic phosphates: it significance in anaesthesia
    • Barr MA (1964). Poisoning by anticholinesterase organic phosphates: it significance in anaesthesia. Med J Aust, 00, 792-796.
    • (1964) Med J Aust , vol.0 , pp. 792-796
    • Barr, M.A.1
  • 6
    • 0014021868 scopus 로고
    • Further experience in the treatment of severe organic phosphate poisoning
    • Barr MA (1966). Further experience in the treatment of severe organic phosphate poisoning. Med J Aust, 00, 490-492.
    • (1966) Med J Aust , vol.0 , pp. 490-492
    • Barr, M.A.1
  • 7
    • 0031875719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacology of midazolam in infants and children
    • Blumer JL (1998). Clinical pharmacology of midazolam in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet, 35, 37-47.
    • (1998) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.35 , pp. 37-47
    • Blumer, J.L.1
  • 8
    • 0023196110 scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of oximes HI-6 and PAM-2 applied by osmotic minipumps in quinalphospoisoned rats
    • Bokonjić D, Jovanović D, Jokanović M et al. (1987). Protective effects of oximes HI-6 and PAM-2 applied by osmotic minipumps in quinalphospoisoned rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 288, 309-318.
    • (1987) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther , vol.288 , pp. 309-318
    • Bokonjić, D.1    Jovanović, D.2    Jokanović, M.3
  • 9
    • 77957174612 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of soman poisoning and its perspectives
    • Bošković B (1981). The treatment of soman poisoning and its perspectives. Fund Appl Toxicol, 1, 203-213.
    • (1981) Fund Appl Toxicol , vol.1 , pp. 203-213
    • Bošković, B.1
  • 11
    • 0002489329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in somanexposed guinea pigs
    • Capacio BR, Whalley CE, Byers CE et al. (2001). Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in somanexposed guinea pigs. J Appl Toxicol, 21, S67-S74.
    • (2001) J Appl Toxicol , vol.21
    • Capacio, B.R.1    Whalley, C.E.2    Byers, C.E.3
  • 12
    • 0030948363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children
    • Chamberlain JM, Altieri MA, Futterman C et al. (1997). A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care, 13, 92-94.
    • (1997) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.13 , pp. 92-94
    • Chamberlain, J.M.1    Altieri, M.A.2    Futterman, C.3
  • 13
    • 0001325166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypnotics and sedatives
    • In: Goodman and Gilman's, the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Edition, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill
    • Charney DS, Mihic SJ and Harris RA (2001). Hypnotics and sedatives. In: Goodman and Gilman's, the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Edition, pp. 399-427. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
    • (2001) , pp. 399-427
    • Charney, D.S.1    Mihic, S.J.2    Harris, R.A.3
  • 14
    • 0023117762 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic systems influence local cerebral glucose use in specific anatomical areas diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate versus soman
    • Churchill L, Padzernik TL, Cross RS et al. (1987). Cholinergic systems influence local cerebral glucose use in specific anatomical areas diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate versus soman. Neuroscience, 20, 329-340.
    • (1987) Neuroscience , vol.20 , pp. 329-340
    • Churchill, L.1    Padzernik, T.L.2    Cross, R.S.3
  • 15
    • 0027729201 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain of rats
    • Clement JG and Broxup B (1993). Efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain of rats. Neurotoxicology, 14, 485-504.
    • (1993) Neurotoxicology , vol.14 , pp. 485-504
    • Clement, J.G.1    Broxup, B.2
  • 16
    • 0018333884 scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms in the receptor actions of benzodiazepines
    • Costa E and Guidotti A(1979). Molecular mechanisms in the receptor actions of benzodiazepines. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 19, 531-545.
    • (1979) Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.19 , pp. 531-545
    • Costa, E.1    Guidotti, A.2
  • 17
    • 0023680062 scopus 로고
    • The use of atropine and oximes in OP intoxications: a modified approach
    • De Kort WM, Kiestra SH and Sangster B (1988). The use of atropine and oximes in OP intoxications: a modified approach. Clin Toxicol, 26, 199-208.
    • (1988) Clin Toxicol , vol.26 , pp. 199-208
    • De Kort, W.M.1    Kiestra, S.H.2    Sangster, B.3
  • 18
    • 84890182331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-hospital guidelines for the emergency treatment of deliberate release of organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents
    • Department of Health,UK, London, UK: Department of Health
    • Department of Health,UK(2005). Pre-hospital guidelines for the emergency treatment of deliberate release of organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents. London, UK: Department of Health (www.dh.uk/policyAndGuidance/EmergencyPlanning/DeliberateReleaseChemical).
    • (2005)
  • 19
    • 0013927344 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of muscle relaxant drugs by head-drop and by decerebrate rigidity
    • Diamantis W and Kletzkin M (1966). Evaluation of muscle relaxant drugs by head-drop and by decerebrate rigidity. Int J Neuropharmacol, 5, 305-310.
    • (1966) Int J Neuropharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 305-310
    • Diamantis, W.1    Kletzkin, M.2
  • 20
    • 0021948502 scopus 로고
    • Effects of diazepam on soman-induced brain neuronal RNA depletion and lethality in rats
    • Doebler JA,Wall TJ, Martin LJ et al. (1985). Effects of diazepam on soman-induced brain neuronal RNA depletion and lethality in rats. Life Sci, 36, 1107-1115.
    • (1985) Life Sci , vol.36 , pp. 1107-1115
    • Doebler, J.A.1    Wall, T.J.2    Martin, L.J.3
  • 21
    • 84890251182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status epilepticus
    • In, SC Schachter and DLSchomer, eds, San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press
    • Drislane FW (1997). Status epilepticus. In: The Comprehensive Evaluation and Treatment of Epilepsy (SC Schachter andDLSchomer, eds), pp. 149-172. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press
    • (1997) The Comprehensive Evaluation and Treatment of Epilepsy , pp. 149-172
    • Drislane, F.W.1
  • 22
    • 0021722722 scopus 로고
    • Acute malathion toxicosis and related enzymatic alterations in Bubulus bubalis: antidotal treatment with atropine, 2-PAM, and diazepam
    • Gupta RC (1984). Acute malathion toxicosis and related enzymatic alterations in Bubulus bubalis: antidotal treatment with atropine, 2-PAM, and diazepam. J Toxicol Environ Health, 14, 291-303.
    • (1984) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.14 , pp. 291-303
    • Gupta, R.C.1
  • 23
    • 0023726495 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines
    • Haigh JR and Feely M (1988). Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 9, 361-366.
    • (1988) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.9 , pp. 361-366
    • Haigh, J.R.1    Feely, M.2
  • 24
    • 0016300946 scopus 로고
    • Diazepam metabolism in normal man 1. Serumconcentrations and clinical effects after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration
    • Hillestad L, Hansen T, Melsom H et al. (1974). Diazepam metabolism in normal man 1. Serumconcentrations and clinical effects after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration. Clin Pharm Therap, 16, 479-484.
    • (1974) Clin Pharm Therap , vol.16 , pp. 479-484
    • Hillestad, L.1    Hansen, T.2    Melsom, H.3
  • 25
    • 0016264685 scopus 로고
    • Maximum dose atropine treatment in severe organophosphate poisoning. Author's translation
    • Hopmann G and Wanke H (1974). (Maximum dose atropine treatment in severe organophosphate poisoning). (Author's translation)). Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 99, 2106-2108.
    • (1974) Dtsch Med Wochenschr , vol.99 , pp. 2106-2108
    • Hopmann, G.1    Wanke, H.2
  • 26
    • 0017091574 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants
    • Hvidberg EF and Dam M (1976). Clinical pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants. Clin Pharmacokin, 1, 161-188.
    • (1976) Clin Pharmacokin , vol.1 , pp. 161-188
    • Hvidberg, E.F.1    Dam, M.2
  • 27
    • 0020577156 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of bispyridinium derivatives in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in the guinea-pig
    • Inns RH and Leadbeater L (1983). The efficacy of bispyridinium derivatives in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in the guinea-pig. J Pharm Pharmacol, 35, 427-433.
    • (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 427-433
    • Inns, R.H.1    Leadbeater, L.2
  • 28
    • 0016174351 scopus 로고
    • Reduction by diazepam of repetitive electrical activity and toxicity resulting from soman
    • Johnson DD and Lowndes HE (1974). Reduction by diazepam of repetitive electrical activity and toxicity resulting from soman. Eur J Pharmacol, 28, 245-250.
    • (1974) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 245-250
    • Johnson, D.D.1    Lowndes, H.E.2
  • 29
    • 0016797504 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mechanism of the protective and antidotal actions of diazepam in organophosphate poisoning
    • Johnson DD and Wilcox WC (1975). Studies on the mechanism of the protective and antidotal actions of diazepam in organophosphate poisoning. Eur J Pharmacol, 34, 127-132.
    • (1975) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.34 , pp. 127-132
    • Johnson, D.D.1    Wilcox, W.C.2
  • 30
    • 0000259812 scopus 로고
    • Clinical management of acute organophosphate poisoning: an overview
    • In, B Ballantyne andTCMarrs, eds, Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Johnson MK and Vale JA (1992). Clinical management of acute organophosphate poisoning: an overview. In: Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates, (B Ballantyne andTCMarrs, eds), pp. 528-535. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
    • (1992) Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates , pp. 528-535
    • Johnson, M.K.1    Vale, J.A.2
  • 31
    • 0029665318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABAA receptor pharmacology
    • Johnston GAR (1996). GABAA receptor pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther, 69, 173-198.
    • (1996) Pharmacol Ther , vol.69 , pp. 173-198
    • Johnston, G.A.R.1
  • 32
    • 0036635367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines in the rat Li-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus
    • Jones DM, Esmaeil N, Maren S et al. (2002). Characterization of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines in the rat Li-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res, 50, 301-312.
    • (2002) Epilepsy Res , vol.50 , pp. 301-312
    • Jones, D.M.1    Esmaeil, N.2    Maren, S.3
  • 33
    • 0025364442 scopus 로고
    • A case of unusual suicidal poisoning by the organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate
    • Jovanović D, Randjelović S and Joksović DC (1990). A case of unusual suicidal poisoning by the organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate. Human Exp Toxicol, 9, 49-51.
    • (1990) Human Exp Toxicol , vol.9 , pp. 49-51
    • Jovanović, D.1    Randjelović, S.2    Joksović, D.C.3
  • 34
    • 0346125388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of organophosphorus compound poisoning
    • In, L Karalliedde, S Feldman, J Henry et al., eds, London, UK: Imperial College Press
    • Karalliedde L and Szinicz L (2001). Management of organophosphorus compound poisoning. In: Organophosphates and Health (L Karalliedde, S Feldman, J Henry et al., eds), pp. 257-293. London, UK: Imperial College Press.
    • (2001) Organophosphates and Health , pp. 257-293
    • Karalliedde, L.1    Szinicz, L.2
  • 35
    • 0025347837 scopus 로고
    • On the use of diazepam and pro-diazepam (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-N-methyl-N-lysylglycin anilide), as adjunct antidotes in the treatment of organophosphorus intoxication in the guinea-pig
    • Karlsson B, Lindgren B, Millquist E et al. (1990). On the use of diazepam and pro-diazepam (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-N-methyl-N-lysylglycin anilide), as adjunct antidotes in the treatment of organophosphorus intoxication in the guinea-pig. J Pharm Pharmacol, 42, 247-251.
    • (1990) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.42 , pp. 247-251
    • Karlsson, B.1    Lindgren, B.2    Millquist, E.3
  • 36
    • 0036447187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of oximes in the antidotal treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agent
    • Kassa J (2002). Review of oximes in the antidotal treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agent. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 40, 803-816.
    • (2002) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.40 , pp. 803-816
    • Kassa, J.1
  • 37
    • 84890141628 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Stressogenic Effect of Dichlorvos
    • Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy, Univerzity Hradci Králove, Czech Republic
    • Kassa J and Bajgar J (1994).Treatment of Stressogenic Effect of Dichlorvos. Treatment of Stressogenic effect of dichlorvous. Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy, Univerzity Hradci Králove, Czech Republic.
    • (1994) Treatment of Stressogenic effect of dichlorvous
    • Kassa, J.1    Bajgar, J.2
  • 38
    • 84890213542 scopus 로고
    • Wptyw wybranych lekow przeciwpadaczkowych na toksycznosc ostra estra dwuizopropylowego kwasu fluorofosforowego u myszy
    • Kleinrok Z and Jagiełło-Wojtowicz E (1977). Wptyw wybranych lekow przeciwpadaczkowych na toksycznosc ostra estra dwuizopropylowego kwasu fluorofosforowego u myszy. Ann Univers Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 34, 127-132.
    • (1977) Ann Univers Mariae Curie-Skłodowska , vol.34 , pp. 127-132
    • Kleinrok, Z.1    Jagiełło-Wojtowicz, E.2
  • 39
    • 0016430689 scopus 로고
    • The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man
    • Klotz U, Avant GR, Hoyumpa A et al. (1975). The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. J Clin Invest, 55, 347-359.
    • (1975) J Clin Invest , vol.55 , pp. 347-359
    • Klotz, U.1    Avant, G.R.2    Hoyumpa, A.3
  • 40
    • 0017181881 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of diazepam in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat
    • Klotz U, Antonin KH and Bieck PR (1976a). Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of diazepam in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. J Pharmacol Exper Therap, 199, 67-73.
    • (1976) J Pharmacol Exper Therap , vol.199 , pp. 67-73
    • Klotz, U.1    Antonin, K.H.2    Bieck, P.R.3
  • 41
    • 0017161833 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after single and subchronic doses
    • Klotz U, Antonin KH and Bieck PR (1976b). Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after single and subchronic doses. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 10, 121-126.
    • (1976) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 121-126
    • Klotz, U.1    Antonin, K.H.2    Bieck, P.R.3
  • 42
    • 0022410471 scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of diazepam and midazolam on paraoxon toxicity in rats
    • Krutak-Krol H and Domino EF (1985). Comparative effects of diazepam and midazolam on paraoxon toxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 81, 545-550.
    • (1985) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.81 , pp. 545-550
    • Krutak-Krol, H.1    Domino, E.F.2
  • 43
    • 0019943574 scopus 로고
    • Substituted benzophenones as possible anticonvulsants and tranquillizers
    • Kulkarni YD, Sharma VL, Dua PR et al. (1982). Substituted benzophenones as possible anticonvulsants and tranquillizers. Ind J Pharm Sci, 44, 1-4.
    • (1982) Ind J Pharm Sci , vol.44 , pp. 1-4
    • Kulkarni, Y.D.1    Sharma, V.L.2    Dua, P.R.3
  • 44
    • 0026026479 scopus 로고
    • H-6 in man: efficacy of the oxime in poisoning by organophosphorous insecticides
    • Kusić R, Jovanović D, Randjelović S et al. (1991). H-6 in man: efficacy of the oxime in poisoning by organophosphorous insecticides. Human Exp Toxicol, 10, 113-118.
    • (1991) Human Exp Toxicol , vol.10 , pp. 113-118
    • Kusić, R.1    Jovanović, D.2    Randjelović, S.3
  • 45
    • 0031050175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam or atropine/HI-6/prodiazepam in primate intoxicated by soman
    • Lallement G, Clarencon D, Brochier G et al. (1997). Efficacy of atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam or atropine/HI-6/prodiazepam in primate intoxicated by soman. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 56, 325-332.
    • (1997) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.56 , pp. 325-332
    • Lallement, G.1    Clarencon, D.2    Brochier, G.3
  • 46
    • 0033793814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-induced electroencephalographic disturbances and neuropathology in primates: relationship to plasmic benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics
    • Lallement G, Renault F, Baubichon D et al. (2000). Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-induced electroencephalographic disturbances and neuropathology in primates: relationship to plasmic benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics. Arch Toxicol, 74, 480-486.
    • (2000) Arch Toxicol , vol.74 , pp. 480-486
    • Lallement, G.1    Renault, F.2    Baubichon, D.3
  • 47
    • 33745709891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime-pro-diazepam packed as a freeze-dried form
    • Lallement G, Masqueliez C, Baubichon D et al. (2004). Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime-pro-diazepam packed as a freeze-dried form. J Med Chem Def, 2, 1-11.
    • (2004) J Med Chem Def , vol.2 , pp. 1-11
    • Lallement, G.1    Masqueliez, C.2    Baubichon, D.3
  • 48
    • 0022486587 scopus 로고
    • Asevere organophosphate poisoning requiring the use of an atropine drip
    • LeBlanc FN, Benson BE and Gilg AD(1986).Asevere organophosphate poisoning requiring the use of an atropine drip. Clin Toxicol, 24, 69-76.
    • (1986) Clin Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 69-76
    • LeBlanc, F.N.1    Benson, B.E.2    Gilg, A.D.3
  • 49
    • 0015335799 scopus 로고
    • Effect of diazepam upon somaninduced seizure activity and convulsions
    • Lipp JA (1972). Effect of diazepam upon somaninduced seizure activity and convulsions. Electroenceph Clin Neurophys, 32, 557-560.
    • (1972) Electroenceph Clin Neurophys , vol.32 , pp. 557-560
    • Lipp, J.A.1
  • 50
    • 0015607829 scopus 로고
    • Effect of benzodiazepine derivatives on soman-induced seizure activity and convulsionsin the monkey
    • Lipp JA (1973). Effect of benzodiazepine derivatives on soman-induced seizure activity and convulsionsin the monkey. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 202, 244-251.
    • (1973) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther , vol.202 , pp. 244-251
    • Lipp, J.A.1
  • 51
    • 0016270575 scopus 로고
    • Effect of small doses of clonazepam upon soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions
    • Lipp JA (1974). Effect of small doses of clonazepam upon soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions. Arch Int Pharmacody Ther, 210, 49-54.
    • (1974) Arch Int Pharmacody Ther , vol.210 , pp. 49-54
    • Lipp, J.A.1
  • 52
    • 0023037129 scopus 로고
    • Enduring effects of prenatal diazepam on the behavior, EEG and brain receptors of the adult cat progeny
    • Livezey GT, Marczynski TJ and Isaac L (1986). Enduring effects of prenatal diazepam on the behavior, EEG and brain receptors of the adult cat progeny. Neurotoxicology, 7, 319-334.
    • (1986) Neurotoxicology , vol.7 , pp. 319-334
    • Livezey, G.T.1    Marczynski, T.J.2    Isaac, L.3
  • 53
    • 0028990169 scopus 로고
    • Biological functions of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity
    • Lüddens H and Korpi ER (1995). Biological functions of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor heterogeneity. J Psychiatr Res, 29, 77-94.
    • (1995) J Psychiatr Res , vol.29 , pp. 77-94
    • Lüddens, H.1    Korpi, E.R.2
  • 54
    • 0017858621 scopus 로고
    • Gamma aminobutyric acid metabolism in different areas of rat brain at the onset of soman-induced convulsions
    • Lundy PM, Magor G and Shaw RK (1978). Gamma aminobutyric acid metabolism in different areas of rat brain at the onset of soman-induced convulsions. Arch Int Pharmacodyn, 234, 64-73.
    • (1978) Arch Int Pharmacodyn , vol.234 , pp. 64-73
    • Lundy, P.M.1    Magor, G.2    Shaw, R.K.3
  • 55
    • 0007701740 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of the conversion of peptideaminobenzophenone pro-drug of diazepam in guinea-pig and rhesus monkeys
    • Maidment MP and Upshall DG (1990). Pharmacokinetics of the conversion of peptideaminobenzophenone pro-drug of diazepam in guinea-pig and rhesus monkeys. J Biopharm Sci, 1, 19-32.
    • (1990) J Biopharm Sci , vol.1 , pp. 19-32
    • Maidment, M.P.1    Upshall, D.G.2
  • 57
    • 1642567469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diazepam in the treatment of organophosphorus ester pesticide poisoning
    • Marrs TC (2003). Diazepam in the treatment of organophosphorus ester pesticide poisoning. Toxicol Rev, 22, 75-81.
    • (2003) Toxicol Rev , vol.22 , pp. 75-81
    • Marrs, T.C.1
  • 58
    • 17544378124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of diazepam in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in a civilian population
    • Marrs TC (2004). The role of diazepam in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in a civilian population. Toxicol Rev, 23, 145-157.
    • (2004) Toxicol Rev , vol.23 , pp. 145-157
    • Marrs, T.C.1
  • 59
    • 0022343224 scopus 로고
    • Uso del diacepam en la intoxicacion por insecticidas organofosforados
    • Marti J, Reverte C, Roig M et al. (1985). Uso del diacepam en la intoxicacion por insecticidas organofosforados. An Esp Pediatr, 23, 299-301.
    • (1985) An Esp Pediatr , vol.23 , pp. 299-301
    • Marti, J.1    Reverte, C.2    Roig, M.3
  • 60
    • 0021916090 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on somaninduced brain lesion formation
    • Martin LJ, Doebler JA, Shih T-M et al. (1985). Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on somaninduced brain lesion formation. Brain Res, 325, 287-289.
    • (1985) Brain Res , vol.325 , pp. 287-289
    • Martin, L.J.1    Doebler, J.A.2    Shih, T.-M.3
  • 61
    • 0036966709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal diazepam exposure functionally alters the GABAA receptor that modulates [3H] noradrenaline release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes
    • Martire M, Altobello D, Cannizzaro C et al. (2002). Prenatal diazepam exposure functionally alters the GABAA receptor that modulates [3H] noradrenaline release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes. Dev Neurosci, 24, 71-78.
    • (2002) Dev Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 71-78
    • Martire, M.1    Altobello, D.2    Cannizzaro, C.3
  • 62
    • 0020617865 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam and fat-emulsion diazepam as intramuscular premedication. A double-blind clinical trial
    • Mattila MA, Suurinkeroinen S, Saila K et al. (1983). Midazolam and fat-emulsion diazepam as intramuscular premedication. A double-blind clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 27, 345-348.
    • (1983) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.27 , pp. 345-348
    • Mattila, M.A.1    Suurinkeroinen, S.2    Saila, K.3
  • 63
    • 0032517750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-dependent decrease in the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs during the course of selfsustaining status epilepticus
    • Mazarati AM, Baldwin RA, Sankar R et al. (1998). Time-dependent decrease in the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs during the course of selfsustaining status epilepticus. Brain Res, 814, 179-185.
    • (1998) Brain Res , vol.814 , pp. 179-185
    • Mazarati, A.M.1    Baldwin, R.A.2    Sankar, R.3
  • 64
    • 0028941725 scopus 로고
    • Protection against nerve agent induced neuropathology, but not cardiac pathology, is associated with anticonvulsant action of drug treatment
    • McDonough JH, Dochterman LW, Smith CD et al. (1995). Protection against nerve agent induced neuropathology, but not cardiac pathology, is associated with anticonvulsant action of drug treatment. Neurotoxicology, 16, 123-132.
    • (1995) Neurotoxicology , vol.16 , pp. 123-132
    • McDonough, J.H.1    Dochterman, L.W.2    Smith, C.D.3
  • 65
    • 0033404731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman-induced seizures
    • McDonough JH, McMonagle J, Copeland T et al. (1999). Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman-induced seizures. Arch Toxicol, 73, 473-478.
    • (1999) Arch Toxicol , vol.73 , pp. 473-478
    • McDonough, J.H.1    McMonagle, J.2    Copeland, T.3
  • 66
    • 0028535285 scopus 로고
    • The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation
    • McEllhatton PR (1994). The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol, 8, 461-475.
    • (1994) Reprod Toxicol , vol.8 , pp. 461-475
    • McEllhatton, P.R.1
  • 67
    • 84890200578 scopus 로고
    • Beitrag zur Toxikologie der Alkylphosphate
    • Menzel G, Wessel. G (1962b). Beitrag zur Toxikologie der Alkylphosphate. Dtsch Gesundheitsw, 17, 1297-I304.
    • (1962) Dtsch Gesundheitsw , vol.17
    • Menzel, G.1    Wessel, G.2
  • 68
    • 0020417483 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged toxicity of organophosphate poisoning
    • Merrill DG and Mihm FG (1982). Prolonged toxicity of organophosphate poisoning. Crit Care Med, 10, 550-551.
    • (1982) Crit Care Med , vol.10 , pp. 550-551
    • Merrill, D.G.1    Mihm, F.G.2
  • 69
    • 84912331328 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of the distribution of 14C-diazepam and its metabolites in various areas of cat brain
    • In, S Garattini, E Mussini and LO Randall, eds, New York, NY, USA: Raven Press
    • Morselli PL, Cassano GB, Placidi GF et al. (1974). Kinetics of the distribution of 14C-diazepam and its metabolites in various areas of cat brain. In: The Benzodiazepines (S Garattini, E Mussini and LO Randall, eds), pp. 259-270. New York, NY, USA: Raven Press.
    • (1974) The Benzodiazepines , pp. 259-270
    • Morselli, P.L.1    Cassano, G.B.2    Placidi, G.F.3
  • 70
    • 0029848513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack
    • Okumura T, Takasu N, Ishimatsu S et al. (1996). Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med, 28, 129-135.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.28 , pp. 129-135
    • Okumura, T.1    Takasu, N.2    Ishimatsu, S.3
  • 71
    • 0028796049 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors
    • Ortells MO and Lunt GG (1995). Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors. Trends Neurosci, 18, 121-127.
    • (1995) Trends Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 121-127
    • Ortells, M.O.1    Lunt, G.G.2
  • 72
    • 0022870612 scopus 로고
    • Effects of antidotes on soman-induced brain changes
    • Pazdernik TL, Nelson SR, Cross R et al. (1986). Effects of antidotes on soman-induced brain changes. Arch Toxicol (Supplement), 9, 333-336.
    • (1986) Arch Toxicol , vol.9 , Issue.SUUPL. , pp. 333-336
    • Pazdernik, T.L.1    Nelson, S.R.2    Cross, R.3
  • 75
    • 0036815820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in treatment of status epilepticus: a review
    • Rosenow F, Arzimanoglou A and Baulac M (2002). Recent developments in treatment of status epilepticus: a review. Epileptic Disord (Supplement 2), S41-S51.
    • (2002) Epileptic Disord , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Rosenow, F.1    Arzimanoglou, A.2    Baulac, M.3
  • 76
    • 0042338743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve agent attacks on children: Diagnosis and management
    • Rotenberg JS and Newmark J (2003). Nerve agent attacks on children: Diagnosis and management. Pediatrics, 112, 648-658.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , pp. 648-658
    • Rotenberg, J.S.1    Newmark, J.2
  • 77
    • 0015944343 scopus 로고
    • Investigations on the effects of diazepam in acute experimental intoxications with fluostigmine
    • Rump S and Grudzinska E (1974). Investigations on the effects of diazepam in acute experimental intoxications with fluostigmine. Arch Toxikol, 31, 223-232.
    • (1974) Arch Toxikol , vol.31 , pp. 223-232
    • Rump, S.1    Grudzinska, E.2
  • 78
    • 0015699932 scopus 로고
    • Effects of diazepam on epileptiform patterns of bioelectrical activity or the rabbit's brain induced by fluostigmine mine
    • Rump S, Grudzinska E and Edelwejn Z (1973). Effects of diazepam on epileptiform patterns of bioelectrical activity or the rabbit's brain induced by fluostigmine mine. Neuropharmacology, 12, 813-817.
    • (1973) Neuropharmacology , vol.12 , pp. 813-817
    • Rump, S.1    Grudzinska, E.2    Edelwejn, Z.3
  • 79
    • 0017115459 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of repeated pharmacotherapy in experimentalacute poisonings with fluostigmine
    • Rump S, Faff J, Szymanska T et al. (1976). Efficacy of repeated pharmacotherapy in experimentalacute poisonings with fluostigmine. Arch Toxicol, 35, 275-280.
    • (1976) Arch Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 275-280
    • Rump, S.1    Faff, J.2    Szymanska, T.3
  • 80
    • 0022492742 scopus 로고
    • Intrauterine diazepam exposures: effects on physical and neurobehavioral development in the rat
    • Ryan CL and Pappas BA (1986). Intrauterine diazepam exposures: effects on physical and neurobehavioral development in the rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol, 8, 279-286.
    • (1986) Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol , vol.8 , pp. 279-286
    • Ryan, C.L.1    Pappas, B.A.2
  • 81
    • 0004664245 scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsants in anticholinesterase poisoning
    • In, B Ballantyne and TC Marrs, eds, Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Sellström A (1992). Anticonvulsants in anticholinesterase poisoning. In: Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates (B Ballantyne and TC Marrs, eds), pp. 578-586. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
    • (1992) Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates , pp. 578-586
    • Sellström, A.1
  • 82
    • 0037446246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of nerve agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival
    • Shih TM, Duniho SM and McDonough JH (2003). Control of nerve agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 188, 69-80.
    • (2003) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.188 , pp. 69-80
    • Shih, T.M.1    Duniho, S.M.2    McDonough, J.H.3
  • 83
    • 0036673411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subunit composition, distribution and function of GABAA receptor subtypes
    • SieghartWand Sperk G (2002). Subunit composition, distribution and function of GABAA receptor subtypes. Curr Top Medicinal Chem, 2, 795-816.
    • (2002) Curr Top Medicinal Chem , vol.2 , pp. 795-816
    • Sieghart, W.1    Sperk, G.2
  • 84
    • 0032890607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental, neuro and immunotoxic effect of perinatal diazepam treatment in rats
    • Silva FR and Palermo-Neto J (1999). Developmental, neuro and immunotoxic effect of perinatal diazepam treatment in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 21, 247-265.
    • (1999) Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol , vol.21 , pp. 247-265
    • Silva, F.R.1    Palermo-Neto, J.2
  • 85
    • 0030849914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of exitotoxicity in organophosphorous nerve agents central poisoning
    • Solberg Y and Belkin M (1997). The role of exitotoxicity in organophosphorous nerve agents central poisoning. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 18, 183-185.
    • (1997) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.18 , pp. 183-185
    • Solberg, Y.1    Belkin, M.2
  • 86
    • 0013999155 scopus 로고
    • On a case of occupational poisoning by mevinphos. Author's translation
    • Stoeckel H and Meinecke KH (1966). (On a case of occupational poisoning by mevinphos). (Author's translation). Arch Toxikol, 21, 284-288.
    • (1966) Arch Toxikol , vol.21 , pp. 284-288
    • Stoeckel, H.1    Meinecke, K.H.2
  • 87
    • 0038060690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarininduced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs; influence of atropine dose
    • Taysse L, Calvet JH, Buee J et al. (2003). Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarininduced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs; influence of atropine dose. Toxicology, 188, 197-209.
    • (2003) Toxicology , vol.188 , pp. 197-209
    • Taysse, L.1    Calvet, J.H.2    Buee, J.3
  • 88
    • 0016357105 scopus 로고
    • Organophosphorus poisoning
    • Vale JA and Scott GW(1974). Organophosphorus poisoning. Guy's Hosp Rep, 123, 13-25.
    • (1974) Guy's Hosp Rep , vol.123 , pp. 13-25
    • Vale, J.A.1    Scott, G.W.2
  • 90
    • 0026544768 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ageing on plasma albumin and plasma protein binding of diazepam, salicylic acid and digitoxin in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment
    • Viani A, Rizzo G, Carrai M et al. (1992). The effects of ageing on plasma albumin and plasma protein binding of diazepam, salicylic acid and digitoxin in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 299-304.
    • (1992) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.33 , pp. 299-304
    • Viani, A.1    Rizzo, G.2    Carrai, M.3
  • 91
    • 0019721790 scopus 로고
    • Intoxications aigües par les insecticides organophosphor é
    • Yacoub M, Skouri H, Amamou M et al. (1981). Intoxications aigües par les insecticides organophosphor é. J Toxicol Med, 1, 165-188.
    • (1981) J Toxicol Med , vol.1 , pp. 165-188
    • Yacoub, M.1    Skouri, H.2    Amamou, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.