Suicidal function of DNA methylation in age-related genome disintegration

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 314-327

  Mazin, Alexander L ^a  

^a MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

DNA methylation; Genome disintegration; Mechanism of aging; Mutagenesis

Indexed keywords

5 METHYLCYTOSINE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CYTOSINE; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PROTEIN P53;

AGING; APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CPG ISLAND; DEAMINATION; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENZYME MODIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; GENE SILENCING; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PARASITE; RETROVIRUS; SHORT SURVEY; SOMATIC CELL;

5-METHYLCYTOSINE; AGING; APOPTOSIS; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; GENE SILENCING; HUMANS; MUTATION; RETROVIRIDAE;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 69049086542     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.04.005     Document Type: Short Survey

References (188)

1. Agius F., Kapoor A., and Zhu J.-K. Role of the Arabidopsis DNA glycosylase/lyase ROS1 in active DNA demethylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 11796-11801
2. Allegrucci C., Wu Y.-Z., Thurston A., Denning C.N., Priddle H., Mummery C.L., Oostwaard D.W., Andrews P.W., Stojkovic M., Smith N., et al. Restriction landmark genome scanning identifies culture-induced DNA methylation instability in the human embryonic stem cell epigenome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2007) 1252-1268
3. Araujo F.D., Knox J.D., Szyf M., Price G.B., and Zannis-Hadjopoulos M. Concurrent replication and methylation at mammalian origins of replication. Mol. Cell Biol. 18 (1998) 3475-3482
4. Arber W., and Linn S. DNA methylation and restriction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 38 (1969) 467-500
5. Bandaru B., Wyszynski M., and Bhagwat A.S. HpaII methyltransferase is mutagenic in Escherichia coli. J. Bact. 177 (1995) 2950-2952
6. Bandaru B., Gopal G., and Bhagwat A.S. Overproduction of DNA cytosine methyltransferases causes methylation and C > T mutations at non-canonical sites. J. Biol. Chem. 13 (1996) 7851-7859
7. Barker D., Schafer M., and White R. Restriction sites containing CpG show a higher frequency of polymorphism in human DNA. Cell 36 (1984) 131-138
8. Berdishev G.D., Korotaev G.K., Boyarskikh G.V., and Vanyushin B.F. Age and tissues specificity of 5-methylcytosine content in DNA of spawning salmon. Biokchem 32 (1967) 988-993 (in Russian with English abstract)
9. Bestor T.H. DNA methylation: evolution of a bacterial immune function into a regulator of gene expression and genome structure in higher eukaryotes. Phylos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 326 (1990) 179-187
10. Bestor T.H., Hellewell S.B., and Ingram V.M. Differentiation of two mouse cell lines is associated with hypomethylation of their genomes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4 (1984) 1800-18063
11. Biniszkiewicz D., Gribnau J., Ramsahoye B., Gaudet F., Eggan K., Humpherys D., Mastrangelo M.-A., Jun Z., Walter J., and Jaenisch R. Dnmt1 overexpression causes genomic hypermethylation, loss of imprinting, and embryonic lethality. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 2124-2135
12. Bird A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 16 (2002) 6-21
13. Bjornsson H.T., Sigurdsson M.I., Fallin M.D., Irizarry R.A., Aspelund T., Cui H., Yu W., Rongione M.A., Ekstrom T.J., Harris T.B., Launer L.L., et al. Intra-individual change over time in DNA methylation with family clustering. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 299 (2008) 2877-2883
14. Blount B.C., Mack M.M., Wehr C.M., MacGregor J.T., Hiatt R.A., Wang G., Wickramasinghe S.N., Everson R.B., and Ames B.N. Folate deficiency causes uracil misincorporation into human DNA and chromosome breakage: implications for cancer and neuronal damage. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 94 (1997) 3290-9295
15. Bock C., Walter J., Paulsen M., and Lengauer T. Inter-individual variation of DNA methylation and its implications for large-scale epigenome mapping. Nucl. Acid. 36 10 (2008) e55
16. Boland M.J., and Christman J.K. Characterization of Dnmt3b:thymine-DNA glycosylase interaction and stimulation of thymine glycosylase-mediated repair by DNA methyltransferase(s) and RNA. J. Mol. Biol. 379 (2008) 492-504
17. Bottema C.D., Bottema M.J., Ketterling R.P., Yoon H.S., Janco R.L., Phillips III J.A., and Sommer S.S. Why does the human factor IX gene have a G + C content of 40%?. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49 (1991) 839-850
18. Brena R.M., and Costello J.F. Genome-epigenome interactions in cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 R1 (2007) R96-R105 10.1093/hmg/ddi073
19. Burden A.F., Manley N.C., Clark A.D., Gartler S.M., Laird C.D., and Hansen R.S. Hemimethylation and non-CpG methylation levels in a promoter region of human LINE-1 (L1) repeated elements. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 14413-14419
20. Cadieux B., Ching T.-T., VandenBerg S.R., and Costello J.F. Genome-wide hypomethylation in human glioblastomas associated with specific copy number alteration, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase allele status, and increased proliferation. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 8469-8476
21. Calvanese V., Lara E., Kahn A., and Fraga M.F. The role of epigenetics in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res. Rev. 8 (2009) 268-276
22. Carpenter M., Divvela P., Pingoud V., Bujnicki J., and Bhagwat A.S. Sequence-dependent enhancement of hydrolytic deamination of cytosines in DNA by the restriction enzyme PspGI. Nucleic. Acids Res. 34 (2006) 3762-3770
23. Cezar G.G., Bartolomei M.S., Fosberg E.J., First N.L., Bishop M.D., and Eilertsen K.J. Genome-wide epigenetic alterations in cloned bovine foetuses. Biol. Reprod. 68 (2003) 1009-1014
24. Chan M.F., van Amerongen R., Nijjar T., Cuppen E., Jones P.A., and Laird P.W. Reduced rates of gene loss, gene silencing, and gene mutation in Dnmt1-deficient ()embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (2001) 7587-75600
25. Chen J.-C., Rideout III W.M., and Jones P.A. High frequency mutagenesis by a DNA methyltransferase. Cell 71 (1992) 1073-1080
26. Chen J.-C., Rideout III W.M., and Jones P.A. The rate of hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine in double-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (1994) 972-976
27. Chen J.-C., Zingg J.M., Yang A.S., Schmutte C., and Jones P.A. A mutant HpaII methyltransferase functions as a mutator enzyme. Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (1995) 4275-4282
28. Chen R.Z., Petersson U., Jacjson-Grusby L., and Jaenisch R. DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates. Nature 395 (1998) 89-93
29. Chen J.-H., Hales C.N., and Ozanne S.E. DNA damage, cellular senescence and organismal ageing:causal or correlative?. Nucl. Acids Res. 35 (2007) 7417-7428
30. Choi S.W., Keyes M.K., and Horrocks P. LC/ESI-MS demonstrates the absence of 5-methyl-2′-desoxycytosine in Plasmodium falciparum genomic DNA. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 150 (2006) 350-352
31. Coulondre C., Miller J.H., Farabaugh P.J., and Gilbert W. Molecular basis of base substitution hotspots in Escherichia coli. Nature 274 (1985) 775-780
32. Cooper D.N., and Gerber-Huber S. DNA methylation and CpG suppression. Cell Differ. 17 (1985) 199-205
33. Cooper D.N., and Youssoufian H. The CpG dinucleotides and human genetic diseases. Hum. Genet. 78 (1988) 151-155
34. Cooper D.N., and Krawczak M. Cytosine methylation and the fate of CpG dinucleotides in vertebrate genomes. Hum. Genet. 83 (1989) 181-188
35. Curry J., Karnaoukhova L., Guenette G.C., and Glickman B.W. Influence of sex, smoking and age on human hprt mutation frequencies and spectra. Genetics 152 (1999) 1065-1077
36. DePinho R.A. The age of cancer. Nature 408 (2000) 248-254
37. Diamond J.M. Causes of death before birth. Nature 329 (1987) 487-488
38. Dias-Castillo C., and Golic K.G. Evolution of gene sequence in response to chromosomal location. Genetics 177 (2007) 359-374
39. Dodge J.E., Okano M., Dick F., Tsujimoto N., Chen T., Wang S., Ueda Y., Dyson N., and Li E. Inactivation of Dnmt3b in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in DNA hypomethylation, chromosomal instability, and spontaneous immortalization. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 17986-17991
40. Doerfler W. In pursuit of the first recognized epigenetic signal-DNA methylation: a 1976 to 2008 synopsis. Epigenetics 3 (2008) 125-133
41. Dolle M.E.T., and Vijg J. Genome dynamics in aging mice. Genome Res. 11 (2002) 1732-1738
42. Dolle M.E.T., Snyder W.K., Gossen J.A., Lohman P.H.M., and Vijg J. Distinct spectra of somatic mutations accumulated with age in mouse heart and small intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 8403-8409
43. Dudley K.J., Revill K., Whitby P., Clayton R.N., and Farrell W.E. Genome-wide analysis in a murine Dnmt1 knockdown model identifies epigenetically silenced genes in primary human pituitary tumors. Mol. Cancer. Res. 6 (2008) 1567-1574
44. Dunican D.S., Ruzov A., Hackett J.A., and Meehan R.R. xDnmt1 regulates transcriptional silencing in pre-MBT Xenopus embryos independently of its catalytic function. Development 135 (2008) 1295-1302
45. Ehrlich M. Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues and cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 10 (1982) 2709-2721
46. Ehrlich M., Norris K.F., Wang R.Y., Wang R.Y., Kuo K.C., and Gehrke C.W. DNA cytosine methylation and heat-induced deamination. Biosci. Rep. 6 (1986) 387-393
47. el-Deiry W. Regulation of p53 downstream genes. Semin. Cancer, Biol. 8 (1998) 345-347
48. Esteller M. Aberrant DNA methylation as a cancer-inducing mechanism. Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol. 45 (2005) 629-656
49. Fairweather D.S., Fox M., and Margison G.P. DNA methylation: a new theory of aging. Clin. Sci. 69. Suppl. 12 (1985) 53-54
50. Fairweather D.S., Fox M., and Margison G.P. The in vitro lifespan of MRC-5 cells is shortened by 5-azacytidine-induced deamination. Exper. Cell Res. 168 (1987) 153-159
51. Feinberg A.P. Epigenetic at the epicentre of modern medicine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 299 (2008) 1245-1350
52. Fisher O., Siman-Tov R., and Ankri S. Characterization of cytosine methylated regions and 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase (Ehmeth) in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Nucleic Acid. Res. 32 (2004) 287-297
53. Fraga M.F., Ballestar E., Paz M.F., Ropero S., Setien F., Ballestar M.L., Heine-Suñer A., Einat P., Einav U., Meiri E., et al. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 10604-10609
54. Gallais R., Demay F., Barath P., Finot L., Jurkowska R., Guével R.Le., Gay F., Jeltsch A., Métivier R., and Salbert G. Deoxyribonucleic acid methyl transferases 3a and 3b associate with the nuclear orphan receptor COUP-TFI during gene activation. Mol. Endocr. 21 (2007) 2085-2098
55. Gama-Sosa M.A., Slagel V.A., Trevin R.W., Oxenhandler R., Kuo K.C., Gerhrke C.W., and Ehrlich M. The 5-methylacytosine content of DNA from human tumours. Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (1983) 6883-6894
56. Gibbons R.J. Histone modifying and chromatin remodelling enzymes in cancer and dysplastic syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) R85-R92 10.1093/hmg/ddi106
57. Giraldo A.M., Hylan D.A., Ballard C.B., Purperam M.N., Vaught T.D., Lynn J.W., Godke R.A., and Bondioli K.R. Effect of epigenetic modification of donor somatic cells on the subsequent chromatin remodelling of cloned bovine embryos. Biol. Reprod. 78 (2008) 832-840
58. Gissot M., Choi S.-W., Thompson R.F., Greally J.M., and Kim K. Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum lack detectable DNA cytosine methylation. Eukaryot. Cell. 7 (2008) 537-540
59. Golbus G., Palella T.D., and Richardson B.C. Quantitative changes in T cell DNA methylation occur during differentiation and aging. Eur. J. Immunol. 20 (1990) 1869-1872
60. Gorbunova V., Seluanov A., Mao Z., and Hine C. Changes in DNA repair during aging. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2007) 7466-7474
61. Gray M.D., Jesch S.A., and Stein G.H. 5-azacytidine-induced demethylation of DNA to senescent level does not block proliferation of human fibroblasts. J. Cell Physiol. 149 (1991) 477-484
62. Gutierres A., and Sommer R.J. Evolution of dnmt-2 and mbd-2-like genes in the free-living nematodes Pristionchus pacificus, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Aenorhabditis briggsae. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (2004) 6388-6396
63. Hayflick L. The cellular bases for biological aging. In: Hayflick L., and Finch C.E. (Eds). Handbook of Biology and Aging (1977), Van Nosland Reinhold, New York 159-186
64. Heijmans B.T., Kremer D., Tobi E.W., Boomsma D.I., and Slagboom P.E. Heritable rather than age-related environmental and stochastic factors dominate variation in DNA methylation of the human IGF2/H19 locus. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2007) 547-554
65. Heijmans B.T., Tobi E.W., Stein A.D., Putter H., Blauw G.J., Susser E.S., Slagboom P.E., and Lumey L.H. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2008) 10.1073/pnas.0806560105
66. Hirasawa R., Chiba H., Kaneda M., Tajima S., Li E., Jaenisch R., and Sasaki H. Maternal and zygotic Dnmt1 are necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of DNA methylation imprints during preimplantation development. Genes Dev. 22 (2008) 1567-1571
67. Holliday R., and Pugh J.E. DNA modification mechanisms and the evolving role of DNA methylation in animals. Science 187 (1975) 226-232
68. Hotchkis R.D. The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by paper chromatography. J. Biol. Chem. 175 (1948) 315-332
69. Imamura T., Kerjean A., Heams T., Kupiec J.-J., Thenevin C., and Pàldi A. Dynamic CpG and non-CpG methylation of the Peg1/Mest gene in the mouse oocyte and preimplantated embryo. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 20171-20175
70. Jabbari K., Caccio S., de Barros J.P., and Bernardi G. Evolutionary changes in CpG and methylation levels in the genome of vertebrates. Gene 205 (1997) 109-118
71. Jacobson, M.D., McCarthy N.J., 2002. Apoptosis: In: Hames, B.D., Glover, D.M. (Ser. Eds.), The Molecular Biology of Programmed Cell Death, vol. 40. Frontiers in Molecular Biology Series. Oxford Univer. Press, Oxford, UK.
72. Jeltsch A. Molecular enzymology of mammalian DNA methyltransferases. CTMI 301 (2006) 203-225
73. Jin B., Tao Q., Peng J., Soo H.M., Wu W., Ying J., Fields C.R., Delmas A.L., Liu X., Qiu J., and Robertson K.D. DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) mutations in ICF syndrome lead to altered epigenetic modifications and aberrant expression of genes regulating development, neurogenesis, and immune function. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 (2008) 690-709
74. Jones P.A. The DNA methylation paradox. Trends Genet. 15 (1999) 34-37
75. Josse J., Kaiser A.D., and Kornberg A. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. VIII. Frequency of nearest neighbour base sequences in deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 864-875
76. Jost J.-P., Oakeley E.J., Zhu B., Benjamin D., Thiry S., Siegmann M., and Jost Y.-C. 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase participates in the genome-wide loss of DNA methylation occurring during mouse myoblast differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (2001) 4452-4461
77. Jurkowski T.P., Meusburger M., Phalke S., Helm M., Nellen W., Reuter G., and Jeltsch A. Human DNMT2 methylates tRNA-Asp molecules using a DNA methyltransferase-like catalytic mechanism. RNA 14 (2008) 1663-1670
78. Kanai Y., and Hirohashi S. Alteration of DNA methylation with abnormalities of DNA methyltransferases in human cancers during transition from a precancerous to a malignant state. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 2434-2442
79. Kangaspeska S., Stride B., Metivier R., Polycarpou-Schwarz M., Ibberson D., Carmouche R.P., Benes V., Gannon F., and Reid G. Transient cyclical methylation of promoter DNA. Nature 452 (2008) 112-115
80. Kassis E.S., Zhao M., Hong J.A., Chen G.A., Nguyen D.M., and Schrump D.S. Depletion of DNA methyltransferase 1 and/or DNA methyltransferase 3b mediates growth arrest and apoptosis in lung and esophageal cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. J. Thorac. Card. Surg. 131 (2006) 298-306
81. Katoh M., Curk T., Xu Q., Zupan B., Kuspa A., and Shaulsky G. Developmentally regulated DNA methylation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Eukar. Cell. 5 (2006) 18-25
82. Keyes M.K., Jang H., Mason J.B., Liu Z., Crott J.W., Smith D., Friso S., and Choi S. Genomic and p16-specific DNA methylation of the mouse colon: elder age and dietary folate as interactive determinants. J. Nutrish. 137 (2007) 1713-1717
83. Kingma P.S., and Osheroff N. Apurinic sites are position-specific topoisomerase II poisons. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 1148-1155
84. Kirnos M.D., Volkova S.A., Ganicheva N.I., Kudryashova I.B., and Vanyushin B.F. Mitochondrial nature of newly synthesized DNA in aging coleoptiles of ethiolated wheat shoots. Biokchem. 48 (1983) 1587-1596 (in Russian with English abstract)
85. Klimasauscas S., and Roberts R.J. MHhaI binds tightly to substrates containing mismatches at the target base. Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (1995) 1388-1395
86. Kobayashi H., Sato A., Otsu E., Hiura H., Tomatsu C., Utsunimiya T., Sasaki H., Yaegashi N., and Arima T. Aberrant DNA methylation of imprint loci in sperm from oligospermic patients. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2007) 2542-2551
87. Kovalchuk I., Kovalchuk O., and Hohh B. Genome-wide variation of the somatic mutation frequency in transgenic plants. EMBO J. 19 (2000) 4431-4438
88. Kress C., Thomassin H., and Grande T. Local DNA demethylation in vertebrates: how could it be performed and targeted?. FEBS Lett. 494 (2001) 135-140
89. Kress C., Thomassin H., and Grange T. Active cytosine demethylation triggered by a nuclear receptor involves DNA strand breaks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 11112-11117
90. Kucharski R., Maleszka J., and Maleszka R. Nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybee via DNA methylation. Science 319 (2008) 1827-1830
91. Kwabi-Addo B., Chung W., Shen L., Ittmann M., Wheeler J.J., and Issa J.-P. Are-related DNA methylation changes in normal human prostate tissues. Clin. Canc. Res. 13 (2007) 3796-3802
92. Laird P.W. Cancer epigenetics. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 Suppl. (2005) R65-R76
93. Lee S.J., Jeon H.-S., Jang J.-S., Park S.H., Lee G.Y., Lee B.-H., Kim C.H., Kang Y.M., Lee W.K., Kam S., et al. DNMT3b polymorphisms and risk of primary lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 26 (2005) 403-409
94. Leng S., Stidley C.A., Bernauer A.M., Picchi M.A., Sheng X., Frasco M.A., Van Der Berg D., Gillilard F.D., Crowell R.E., and Belinsky S.A. Haplotypes of DNMT1 and DNMT3b are associated with mutagen sensitivity induced by benso[a]pyrene diol epoxide among smokers. Carcinogenesis 29 (2008) 1380-1385
95. Li E., Bestor T.H., and Jaenisch R. Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality. Cell 69 (1992) 915-926
96. Li Y.-Q., Zhou P.-Z., Zheng X.-D., Walsh C.P., and Xu G.-L. Association of Dnmt3a and thymine DNA glycosylase links DNA methylation with base-excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2007) 390-400
97. Liang G., Chan M.F., Tomigahara Y., Tsai Y.C., Gonzales F.A., Li E., Laird P.W., and Jones P.A. Cooperativity between DNA methyltransferases in the maintenance of repetitive elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 480-491
98. Lin I.G., Han L., Taghva A., O'Brien L.E., and Hsieh C.-L. Murine de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3a demonstrates strand asymmetry and site preference in the methylation DNA in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 704-723
99. Longo V.D., Mitteldorf J., and Skulachev V.P. Programmed and altruistic ageing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (2005) 866-872
100. Lyko F., Ramsahoye B.H., and Jaenisch R. Development: DNA methylation in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 408 (2000) 538-540
101. Macintyre G., Atwood C.V., and Cupples C.G. Lowering S-adenosylmethyonine levels in Escherichia coli modulates C > T transition mutations. J. Bact. 183 (2001) 921-927
102. Malone C.S., Miner M.D., Doerr J.R., Jackson J.P., Jacobsen S.E., Wall R., and Teitell M. CmC(A/T)GG DNA methylation in mature B cell lymphoma gene silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2001) 10.1073/pnas.181206898
103. Mattick J.S., and Makunin I.V. Small regulatory RNAs in mammals. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) R121-R132 10.1093/hmg/ddi101
104. Mazin A.L. Genome loses all 5-methylcytosine during lifespan. How is this related to accumulation of mutations with aging?. Molek. Biol. 27 (1993) 160-173. http://www.dnageing.net/ (English translation from Russian, www.DNAgeing.net)
105. Mazin A.L. Review: Replicative and postreplicative DNA methylation as a generator of mutations in the cell. Molek. Biol. 27 (1993) 956-979. http://www.dnageing.net/ (English translation from Russian, www.DNAgeing.net)
106. Mazin A.L. The loss of all genomic 5-methylcytosine coincides with the Hayflic limit of aging cells lineages. Molek. Biol. 27 (1993) 895-907 (English translation from Russian)
107. Mazin A.L. Methylation of the factor IX gene is the main cause of mutations responsible for hemophilia B. Molek. Biol. 29 (1994) 71-90. http://www.dnageing.net/ (English translation from Russian, www.DNAgeing.net)
108. Mazin A.L. Review: Enzymatic DNA methylation as a mechanism of aging. Molek. Biol. 28 (1994) 21-51. http://www.dnageing.net/ (English translation from Russian, www.DNAgeing.net)
109. Mazin A.L. Life span prediction from the rate of age-related DNA demethylation in normal and cancer cell lines. Exp. Gerontol. (1995) 475-484. http://www.dnageing.net/ (www.DNAgeing.net)
110. Mazin A.L., and Sulimova G.E. The correlation between G + C and 5-methylcytosine content in plant DNA. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR 211 (1973) 985-988. http://www.dnageing.net/ (in Russian with English abstract, www.DNAgeing.net)
111. Mazin A.L., and Vanyushin B.F. CpG-suppression in DNA. I. Methylated and non-methylated genome compartments in eukaryotes with different content of 5-methylcytosine in DNA. Molek. Biol. 21 (1987) 543-551 (English translation from Russian)
112. Mazin A.L., and Vanyushin B.F. CpG-suppression in DNA. V. The fingerprints of relict methylation in Drosophila genome. Molek. Biol. 22 (1988) 1399-1404 (English translation from Russian)
113. Mazin A.L., Vasilyev V.K., Vanyushin B.F., and Belozersky A.N. The Correlation between G + C and 5-methylcytosine contents in animal DNA. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR. 210 (1973) 963-966 (in Russian with English abstract)
114. Mazin A.L., Muchovatova L.M., Shuppe N.G., and Vanyushin B.F. Absence of 5-methylcytosine in DNA of Drosophila melanogaster and D. virilis. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR. 276 (1984) 760-762 (in Russian with English abstract)
115. Mazin A.L., Gimatutdinov O.A., Turkin C.I., Burtseva N.N., and Vanyushin B.F. Non-enzymatic DNA methylation by S-adenosylmethyonine results in formation of minor thymine and 5-methylcytosine residues from cytosine. Molek. Biol. 19 (1985) 903-914 (English translation from Russian)
116. Metivier R., Gallais R., Tiffoche C., Peron C.L., Jurkowska R.Z., Carmouche R.P., Ibberson D., Barath P., Demay F., Reid G., Benes V., Jeltsch A., Gannon F., and Salbert G. Cyclical DNA methylation of a transcriptionally active promoter. Nature 452 (2008) 45-50
117. Meunier J., Khelifi A., Navratil V., and Duret L. Homology-dependent methylation in primate repetitive DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 5471-5476
118. Meyer P., Niedenhof I., and Lohuis M.T. Evidence for cytosine methylation on non-symmetrical sequences in transgenic Petunia hybrida. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 2084-2088
119. Militello K.T., Wang P., Jayakar S.K., Pietrasik R.L., Dupont C.D., Dodd K., King A.M., and Valenti P.R. African tripanosomes contain 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA. Eukar. Cell. 7 (2008) 2012-2016
120. Milutinovic S., Zhuang Q., Niveleau A., and Szyf M. Epigenomic stress response. Knockdown of DNA methyltransferases 1 triggers an intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication and induction of stress response genes. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 14985-14995
121. Monk M., Boubelik M., and Lehnert S. Temporal and regional changes in DNA methylation in the embryonic, extraembryonic, and germ cell lineages during mouse embryo development. Development 99 (1987) 371-382
122. Morgan H.D., Dean W., Coker H.A., Reik W., and Petersen-Mahrt S.K. Activation-induced cytosine deaminase deaminates 5-methylcytosine in DNA and is expressed in pluripotent tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 52353-52360
123. Morgan H.D., Santos F., Green K., Dean W., and Reik W. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) R47-R58 10.1093/hmg/ddi114
124. Mortusewitcz O., Schermelleh L., Walter J., Cardosa M.C., and Leonhardt H. Recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 to DNA repair sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 8905-8909
125. Nishiyama R., Qi L., Lacey M., and Ehrlich M. Both hypomethylation and hypermethylation in a 0.2-kb region of a DNA repeat in cancer. Mol. Canc. Res. 3 (2005) 617-626
126. Oakes C.C., Smiraglia D.J., Plass C., Trasler J.M., and Robaire B. Aging results in hypermethylation of ribosomal DNA in sperm and liver of male rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 1775-1780
127. Oliver M., Eeles R., Hollstein M., Khan M.A., Harris C.C., and Hainaut P. The IARC TP53 Mutation Database. Hum. Mutat. 19 (2002) 607-614
128. O'Neill J.P., and Finette B.A. Transition mutations at CpG dinucleotides are the most frequent in vivo spontaneous single-base substitution mutation in the human HPRT gene. Environ. Mol. Mut. 32 (1998) 188-191
129. Ooi S.K., and Bestor T.H. The colorful history of active DNA demethylation. Cell 133 (2008) 1145-1148
130. Orgel L.E. The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing. Proc. Natl. Aacad. Sci. U.S.A. 67 (1970) 1476-1480
131. Palii S.S., Van Emburgh B.O., Sankpal U.T., Brown K.D., and Robertson K.D. DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine induces reversible genome-wide DNA damage that is distinctly influenced by DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3b. Mol. Cell Biol. 28 (2008) 752-771
132. Ponger L. Evolution diversification of DNA methyltransferases in eukaryotic genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (2005) 1119-1128
133. Prelutsky A., Osterholm A.M., Hou S.M., Hofmaier A., and Lambert B. Spectrum of point mutations in the coding region of the hprt gene in human T-lymphocytes in vivo. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 557-566
134. Rai K., Nadauld L.D., Chidester S., Manos E.J., James S.R., Karpf A.R., Cairns B.R., and Jones D.A. Zebra fish Dnmt1 and Suv39h1 regulate organ-specific terminal differentiation during development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (2006) 7077-7085
135. Rai K., Chidester S., Zavala C.V., Manos E.J., James S.R., Karpf A.R., Jones D.A., and Cairns B.R. Dnmt2 functions in the cytoplasm to promote liver, brain, and retina development in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 21 (2007) 261-266
136. Ramsahoye B.H., Biniszkiewicz D., Lyko F., Clark V., Bird A.P., and Jaenisch R. Non-CpG methylation is prevalent in embryonic stem cells and may be mediated by DNA methyltransferase 3a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 5237-5242
137. Ray D., Wu A., Wilkinson J.E., Murphy H.S., Lu Q., Kluve-Beckerman B., Liepnieks J.J., Benson M., Yung R., and Richardson B. Aging in heterozygous Dnmt1-deficient mice: effects on survival, the DNA methylation genes, and the development of amyloidosis. J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61 (2006) 115-124
138. Richardson B.C. Impact of aging on DNA methylation. Ageing Res. Rev. 2/3 (2003) 245-261
139. Rideout III W.M., Coetzee G.A., Olumi A.F., and Jones P.A. 5-methylcytosine as an endogenous mutagen in the human LDL receptor and p53 genes. Science 249 (1990) 1288-1290
140. Riggs A.D. X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation. Cytol. Cell Genet. 14 (1975) 9-25
141. Robertson K.D., Uzvolgyi E., Liang G., Talmadge C., Sumegi J., Gonzales F.A., and Jones P.A. The human methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumours. Nucleic Acids Res. 27 (1999) 2291-2298
142. Rodriguez J., Vives L., Jorda M., Morales C., Munoz M., Vendrell E., and Peinado M.A. Genome-wide tracking of unmethylated DNA Alu repeats in normal and cancer cells. Nucleic Acids. Res. 36 (2008) 770-784
143. Rollins R.A., Haghighi F., Edwards J.R., Das R., Zhang M.Q., Ju J., and Bestor T.H. Large-scale structure of genomic methylation patterns. Genome Res. 16 (2006) 157-163
144. Rusmintratip V., and Bowers L.C. An unexpectedly high excision capacity for mispaired 5-hydroxymethyluracil in human cell extracts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 14183-14187
145. Sandovici I., Kassovska-Bratinova S., Loredo-Osti J.C., Leppert M., Suarez A., Stewart R., Bautista F.D., Schiraldi M., and Sapienza C. Interindividual variability and pattern of origin DNA methylation differences at specific human Alu elements. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 2135-2143
146. Sharath A.N., Weinhold E., and Bhagwat A.S. Reviving a dead enzyme: cytosine deamination promoted by an inactive DNA methyltransferase and an S-adenosylmethionine analogue. Biochemistry 28 (2000) 14611-14616
147. Schmitt F., Oakeley E.J., and Jost J.-P. Antibiotics induce genome-wide hypermethylation in cultured Nicotiana tobacum plants. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 1534-1540
148. Selker E.U., and Stevens J.N. DNA methylation at asymmetric sites is associated with numerous transition mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (1985) 8114-8118
149. Selker E.U., Tountas N.A., Cross S.H., Margolin B.S., Murphy J.G., Bird A.P., and Freitag M. The methylated component of the Neurospora crassa genome. Nature 422 (2003) 893-897
150. Shane B.S., deBoer J.G., Glickman B.W., and Cunningham M.L. Opazepam is mutagenic in vivo in Big Blue transgene mice. Carcinogenesis 20 (1999) 1315-1321
151. Sinclair D.A., and Oberdoerffer P. The ageing epigenome: damaged beyond repair?. Ageing Res. Rev. 8 (2009) 189-198
152. Singer M.J., Marcotte B.A., and Selker E.U. DNA methylation associated with repeat-induced point mutations in Neurospora crassa. Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (1995) 5586-5597
153. Skulachev V.P. Aging and the programmed death phenomena. Topics in Current Genetics. In: Nystrom T., and Osiewacz H.D. (Eds). Model systems in ageing vol. 3 (2003), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 191-238
154. Stancheva I., and Meehan R.R. Transient depletion of xDnmt1 leads to premature gene activation in Xenopus embryos. Genes Dev. 14 (2000) 313-327
155. Suzuki M.M., Kerr A.R.W., De Sousa D., and Bird A. CpG methylation is targeted to transcription units in an invertebrate genome. Genome Res. 17 (2007) 625-631
156. Szyf M. The dynamic epigenome and its implications in toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 100 (2007) 7-23
157. Takai D., and Jones P.A. Comprehensive analysis of CpG islands in human chromosomes 21 and 22. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 3740-3745
158. Takebayashi S., Tamura T., Matsuoka C., and Okano M. Major and essential role for the DNA methylation mark in mouse embryogenesis and stable association of DNMT1 with newly replicated regions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (2007) 8243-8258
159. Tanay A., O'Donnell A., Damelin M., and Bestor T.H. Hyperconserved CpG domains underlie Polcomb-binding sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007) 5521-5526
160. Tsumura A., Hayakawa T., Kumaki Y., Shin-ichiro T., Morito S., Chisa M., Kunitada S., Fuyuki I., En L., Hiroki R.U., et al. Maintenance of self-renewal ability of mouse embryonic stem cells in the absence of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b. Gen. Cell. 11 (2006) 805-814
161. Turner J.D., Pelascini L.P.L., Macedo J.A., and Muller C.P. Highly individual methylation patterns of alternative glucocorticoid receptor promoters suggest individualized epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (2008) 7207-7218
162. Tweedie S., Charlton J., Clark V., and Bird A. Methylation of genome and genes at the invertebrate-vertebrate boundary. Mol. Cell Biol. 17 (1997) 1469-1475
163. Urieli-Shoval S., Gruenbaum Y., Sedat J., and Razin A. The absence of detectable methylated bases in Drosophila melanogaster DNA. FEBS Lett. 146 (1982) 148-153
164. Ushijima T., Watanabe N., Okochi E., Kaneda A., Sugimura T., and Miyamoto K. Fidelity of the methylation pattern and its variation in the genome. Genome Res. 13 (2003) 868-874
165. Ushijima T., Watanabe N., Shimizu K., Miyamoto K., Sugimura T., and Kaneda A. Decreased fidelity in replicating CpG methylation patterns in cancer cells. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 11-17
166. Vanyushin B.F. Replicative DNA methylation in animals and higher plants. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 108 (1984) 99-114
167. Vanyushin B.F. DNA methylation in plants. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 301 (2006) 67-122
168. Vanyushin B.F., Mazin A.L., Vasilyev V.K., and Belozersky A.N. The content of 5-methylcytosine in animal DNA: the species and tissues specificity. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 299 (1973) 397-403
169. Varriale A., and Bernardi G. DNA methylation and body temperature in fishes. Gene 385 (2006) 111-121
170. Veres D.A., Wilkins L., Coble D.W., and Lyon S.B. DNA methylation and differentiation of human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 93 (1989) 687-690
171. Vijg J., Busuttil R.A., Bahar R., and Dolle M.E.T. Aging and genome maintenance. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1055 (2005) 35-47
172. Vilkaitis G., Suetake I., Klimasauskas S., and Tajima S. Processive methylation of hemimethylated CpG sites by mouse Dnmt1 DNA methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 64-72
173. Wada Y., Ohya H., Yamaguchi Y., Koizumi N., and Sano H. Preferential de novo methylation of cytosine residues in non-CpG sequences by a domains rearranged DNA methyltransferase from tobacco plants. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 42386-42393
174. Walsh C.P., and Xu G.L. Cytosine methylation and DNA repair. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 301 (2006) 283-315
175. Wilson V.L., and Jones P.A. DNA methylation decreases in aging but not in immortal cells. Science 220 (1983) 1055-1057
176. Wilson V.L., Smith R.A., Ma S., and Cutler R.G. Genomic 5-methylcytosine decreases with age. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 9948-9951
177. Wilson V.L., Power B.E., and Molloy P.L. DNA hypomethylation and human diseases. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1775 (2007) 138-162
178. Wyatt G.R. Recognition and estimation of 5-methylcytosine in nucleic acids. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 48 (1951) 581-584
179. Yang A.S., Shen J.C., Zingg J.M., Mi S., and Jones P.A. HhaI and HpaII DNA methyltransferases bind DNA mismatches, methylate uracil and block DNA repair. Nucl. Acids. Res. 23 (1995) 1380-1387
180. Yang A.S., Gonzalgo M.L., Zingg J.M., Millar R.P., Buckley J.D., and Jones P.A. The rate of CpG mutations in ALU repetitive elements within the p53 tumour suppressor gene in the primate germ-line. J. Mol. Biol. 258 (1996) 240-250
181. Yegnasubramanian S., Haffner M.C., Zhang Y., Gurel B., Cornish T.C., Wu Z., Irizarry R.A., Morgan J., Hicks J., DeWeese T.L., Isaacs W.B., Bova G.S., De Marzo A.M., and Nelson W.G. DNA hypomethylation arises later in prostate cancer progression than CpG island hypermethylation and contributes to metastatic tumour heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 68 (2008) 8954-8967
182. Yoder J.A., Walsh C.P., and Bestor T.H. Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends Genet. 13 (1997) 335-340
183. Yung R., Ray D., Eisenbraun J.K., Deng C., Attwood J., Eisenbraun M.D., Johnson K., Miller R.A., Hanash S., and Richardson B. Unexpected effect of a heterozygous Dnmt1 null mutation on age-dependent DNA hypomethylation and autoimmunity. J. Geront. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56 (2001) B268-B276
184. Zhang X., and Mathews C.K. Effect of DNA cytosine methylation upon deamination-induced mutagenesis in a natural target sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 7066-7072
185. Zhang S., Glickman B.W., and Boer J.G. Spontaneous mutation of the lacI transgene in rodent: absence of species, strands, and insertion-site influence. Environ. Mol. Mutat. 37 (1995) 141-146
186. Zhang Y., and Herman B. Ageing and apoptosis. Mech. Ageing Dev. 123 (2002) 245-260
187. Zhao Y., and Epstein R.J. Programmed genetic instability: a tumor-permissive mechanism for maintaining the evolvability of higher species through methylation-dependent mutation of DNA repair genes in the male germ line. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (2008) 1737-1749
188. Zingg J.-M., Chen J.-C., Yang A.S., Rapoport H., and Jones P.A. Methylation inhibitors can increase the rate of cytosine deamination by (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (1996) 3267-3275