메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 123-161

Machine learning in digital games: A survey

Author keywords

Computational intelligence; Digital games; Game aI; Machine learning

Indexed keywords

AGENT CONTROL; AUTOMATED GENERATION; COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE; DIGITAL GAMES; EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONS; GAME AI; MACHINE LEARNING; MACHINE LEARNING RESEARCH; MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES; PLAYING STYLE;

EID: 68949141647     PISSN: 02692821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10462-009-9112-y     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (124)
  • 5
    • 34547673977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a fair 'n square aimbot-using mixtures of experts to learn context aware weapon handling
    • El-Rhalibi A, Van Welden D (eds) Eurosis
    • Bauckhage C, Thurau C (2004) Towards a fair 'n square aimbot-using mixtures of experts to learn context aware weapon handling. In: El-Rhalibi A, Van Welden D (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on intelligent games and simulation. Eurosis, pp 20-24
    • (2004) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Games and Simulation , pp. 20-24
    • Bauckhage, C.1    Thurau, C.2
  • 6
    • 68949133093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Springer Berlin
    • Beyer H-G (2001) The theory of evolutionary strategies. Springer, Berlin
    • (2001)
    • Beyer, H.-G.1
  • 10
    • 27144539454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group utility functions: Learning equilibria between groups of agents in computer games by modifying the reinforcement signal
    • IEEE Press
    • Bradley J, Hayes G (2005b) Group utility functions: learning equilibria between groups of agents in computer games by modifying the reinforcement signal. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, pp 1914-1921
    • (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation , pp. 1914-1921
    • Bradley, J.1    Hayes, G.2
  • 11
    • 0030211964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bagging predictors
    • L Breiman 1996 Bagging predictors Mach Learn 24 2 123 140
    • (1996) Mach Learn , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-140
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 16
    • 68949083555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wordware Publishing Plano
    • Buckland M (2005) Programming game AI by example. Wordware Publishing, Plano
    • (2005)
    • Buckland, M.1
  • 17
    • 0000267975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The othello match of the year: Takeshi Murakami vs. Logistello
    • M Buro 1997 The othello match of the year: Takeshi Murakami vs. Logistello ICCA J 20 3 189 193
    • (1997) ICCA J , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 189-193
    • Buro, M.1
  • 20
    • 68949143305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing gameplay: Challenges for artificial intelligence in digital games
    • University of Utrecht, 4-6 November 2003
    • Charles D (2003) Enhancing gameplay: challenges for artificial intelligence in digital games. In: Proceedings of digital games research conference 2003. University of Utrecht, 4-6 November 2003
    • (2003) Proceedings of Digital Games Research Conference 2003
    • Charles, D.1
  • 22
  • 24
    • 38149092619 scopus 로고
    • D. Whitley (eds) Morgan Kaufmann San Mateo
    • DeJong KA, Sarma J (1992) Generation gaps revisited. In: Whitley D (eds) Foundations of genetic algorithms 2. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pp 19-28
    • (1992) Generation Gaps Revisited , pp. 19-28
    • Dejong, K.A.1    Sarma, J.2
  • 29
    • 26444565569 scopus 로고
    • Finding structure in time
    • JL Elman 1990 Finding structure in time Cog Sci 14 179 211
    • (1990) Cog Sci , vol.14 , pp. 179-211
    • Elman, J.L.1
  • 30
    • 68949106027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of AI in games: A personal view
    • R Evans 2001 The future of AI in games: a personal view Game Dev 8 46 49
    • (2001) Game Dev , vol.8 , pp. 46-49
    • Evans, R.1
  • 32
    • 24544450341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Fürnkranz M. Kubat (eds) Nova Science Publishers Huntington
    • Fürnkranz J (2001) Machine learning in games: a survey. In: Fürnkranz J, Kubat M (eds) Machines that learn to play games. Nova Science Publishers, Huntington, pp 11-59
    • (2001) Machine Learning in Games: A Survey , pp. 11-59
    • Fürnkranz, J.1
  • 36
    • 32144441704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Fu S. Henke J. Orkin (eds) AAAI Press Menlo Park
    • Geisler B (2004) Integrated machine learning for behavior modeling in video games. In: Fu D, Henke S, Orkin J (eds) Challenges in game artificial intelligence: papers from the 2004 AAAI workshop. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, pp 54-62
    • (2004) Integrated Machine Learning for Behavior Modeling in Video Games , pp. 54-62
    • Geisler, B.1
  • 37
    • 68949088617 scopus 로고
    • Addison-Wesley Reading
    • Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Reading
    • (1989)
    • Goldberg, D.E.1
  • 38
    • 0031287711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incremental evolution of complex general behavior
    • F Gomez R Miikkulainen 1997 Incremental evolution of complex general behavior Adapt Behav 5 317 342
    • (1997) Adapt Behav , vol.5 , pp. 317-342
    • Gomez, F.1    Miikkulainen, R.2
  • 42
    • 0028543366 scopus 로고
    • Training feed-forward networks with the Marquardt algorithm
    • MT Hagan M Menhaj 1994 Training feed-forward networks with the Marquardt algorithm IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5 6 989 993
    • (1994) IEEE Trans Neural Netw , vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp. 989-993
    • Hagan, M.T.1    Menhaj, M.2
  • 43
    • 68949083554 scopus 로고
    • Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle River
    • Haykin S (1994) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
    • (1994)
    • Haykin, S.1
  • 45
    • 68949125485 scopus 로고
    • MIT Press Cambridge
    • Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control and artificial intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge
    • (1975)
    • Holland, J.H.1
  • 46
    • 68949116490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press Princeton
    • Hsu F-H (2002) Behind deep blue: building the computer that defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press, Princeton
    • (2002)
    • Hsu, F.-H.1
  • 49
    • 0020068152 scopus 로고
    • Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps
    • T Kohonen 1982 Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps Biol Cybern 43 59 69
    • (1982) Biol Cybern , vol.43 , pp. 59-69
    • Kohonen, T.1
  • 50
    • 68949106026 scopus 로고
    • MIT Press Cambridge
    • Koza JP (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge
    • (1992)
    • Koza, J.P.1
  • 52
    • 0035363385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human level AI's killer application: Interactive computer games
    • JE Laird M Van Lent 2001 Human level AI's killer application: interactive computer games AI Mag 22 15 25
    • (2001) AI Mag , vol.22 , pp. 15-25
    • Laird, J.E.1    Van Lent, M.2
  • 53
    • 4344567750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning with case-injected genetic algorithms
    • SJ Louis J McDonnell 2004 Learning with case-injected genetic algorithms IEEE Trans Evol Comput 8 316 327
    • (2004) IEEE Trans Evol Comput , vol.8 , pp. 316-327
    • Louis, S.J.1
  • 54
    • 29244458175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing to learn: Case-injected genetic algorithms for learning to play computer games
    • SJ Louis C Miles 2005 Playing to learn: case-injected genetic algorithms for learning to play computer games IEEE Trans Evol Comput 9 669 681
    • (2005) IEEE Trans Evol Comput , vol.9 , pp. 669-681
    • Louis, S.J.1    Miles, C.2
  • 57
    • 33644970285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary computation and games
    • February
    • Lucas SM, Kendall G (2006) Evolutionary computation and games. IEEE Comput Intell Mag. February, pp 10-18
    • (2006) IEEE Comput Intell Mag , pp. 10-18
    • Lucas, S.M.1    Kendall, G.2
  • 60
    • 9444265558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating socially interactive non player characters: The μ-SIC system
    • B MacNamee P Cunningham 2003 Creating socially interactive non player characters: the μ-SIC system Int J Intell Games Simul 2 28 35
    • (2003) Int J Intell Games Simul , vol.2 , pp. 28-35
    • Cunningham, P.1
  • 63
    • 84976659185 scopus 로고
    • Artificial life meets entertainment: Lifelike autonomous agents
    • P Maes 1995 Artificial life meets entertainment: lifelike autonomous agents Commun ACM 38 108 114
    • (1995) Commun ACM , vol.38 , pp. 108-114
    • Maes, P.1
  • 64
    • 68949085512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Rabin (eds) 1 Charles River Media Hingham
    • Manslow J (2002) Learning and adaptation. In: Rabin S (eds) AI game programming wisdom, 1st edn. Charles River Media, Hingham
    • (2002) Learning and Adaptation
    • Manslow, J.1
  • 72
    • 84883108035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Young J. Laird (eds) AAAI Press Menlo Park
    • Orkin J (2005) Agent architecture considerations for real-time planning in games. In: Young M, Laird J (eds) Proceedings of the 1st artificial intelligence and interactive digital entertainment conference. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, pp 105-110
    • (2005) Agent Architecture Considerations for Real-time Planning in Games , pp. 105-110
    • Orkin, J.1
  • 79
    • 34547283297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a queue genetic algorithm to evolve xpilot control strategies on a distributed system
    • IEEE Press
    • Parker M, Parker GB (2006c) Using a queue genetic algorithm to evolve xpilot control strategies on a distributed system. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, pp 1202-1207
    • (2006) Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation , pp. 1202-1207
    • Parker, M.1    Parker, G.B.2
  • 84
    • 84874014150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical reinforcement learning with deictic representation in a computer game
    • Schobbens P-Y, Vanhoof W, Schwanen G (eds) University of Namur
    • Ponsen M, Spronck P, Tuyls K (2006) Hierarchical reinforcement learning with deictic representation in a computer game. In: Schobbens P-Y, Vanhoof W, Schwanen G (eds) Proceedings of the 18th Belgium-Netherlands conference on artificial intelligence. University of Namur, pp 251-258
    • (2006) Proceedings of the 18th Belgium-Netherlands Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pp. 251-258
    • Ponsen, M.1    Spronck, P.2    Tuyls, K.3
  • 85
    • 68949133092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Future of AI in games
    • D Pottinger 2000 The Future of AI in games Game Dev 8 36 39
    • (2000) Game Dev , vol.8 , pp. 36-39
    • Pottinger, D.1
  • 88
    • 0001201756 scopus 로고
    • Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers
    • AL Samuel 1959 Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers IBM J Res Dev 3 3 211 229
    • (1959) IBM J Res Dev , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-229
    • Samuel, A.L.1
  • 89
    • 0001201757 scopus 로고
    • Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. ii - Recent progress
    • AL Samuel 1967 Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. ii - recent progress IBM J Res Dev 11 6 601 617
    • (1967) IBM J Res Dev , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 601-617
    • Samuel, A.L.1
  • 90
    • 68949129208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Springer Berlin
    • Schaeffer J (1997) One jump ahead: challenging human supremacy in checkers. Springer, Berlin
    • (1997)
    • Schaeffer, J.1
  • 91
    • 0000302898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Zelkowitz (eds) Academic Press San Diego
    • Schaeffer J (2000) The games computers (and people) play. In: Zelkowitz M (eds) Advances in computers: 50. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 189-266
    • (2000) The Games Computers (And People) Play , pp. 189-266
    • Schaeffer, J.1
  • 92
    • 0036145791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Games, computers, and artificial intelligence
    • J Schaeffer HJ Vanden Herik 2002 Games, computers, and artificial intelligence Artif Intell 134 1 7
    • (2002) Artif Intell , vol.134 , pp. 1-7
    • Schaeffer, J.1    Vanden Herik, H.J.2
  • 93
    • 68949137187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 Charles River Media Hingham
    • Schwab B (2004) AI game engine programming, 1st edn. Charles River Media, Hingham
    • (2004)
    • Schwab, B.1
  • 97
    • 0036594106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving neural networks through augmenting topologies
    • KO Stanley R Miikkulainen 2002 Evolving neural networks through augmenting topologies Evol Comput 10 99 127
    • (2002) Evol Comput , vol.10 , pp. 99-127
    • Stanley, K.O.1    Miikkulainen, R.2
  • 100
    • 33847202724 scopus 로고
    • Learning to predict by the method of temporal differences
    • RS Sutton 1988 Learning to predict by the method of temporal differences Mach Learn 3 9 44
    • (1988) Mach Learn , vol.3 , pp. 9-44
    • Sutton, R.S.1
  • 102
    • 68949088616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MIT Press Cambridge
    • Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Reinforcement learning: an introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge
    • (1998)
    • Sutton, R.S.1    Barto, A.G.2
  • 103
    • 33845344721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning tetris using noisy cross-entropy method
    • I Szita A Lõrincz 2006 Learning tetris using noisy cross-entropy method Neural Comput 18 2936 2941
    • (2006) Neural Comput , vol.18 , pp. 2936-2941
    • Szita, I.1    Lõrincz, A.2
  • 104
    • 38349162555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning to play using low-complexity rule-based policies: Illustrations through Ms. Pac-Man
    • I Szita A Lõrincz 2007 Learning to play using low-complexity rule-based policies: illustrations through Ms. Pac-Man J Artif Intell Res 30 659 684
    • (2007) J Artif Intell Res , vol.30 , pp. 659-684
    • Szita, I.1    Lõrincz, A.2
  • 105
    • 0029276036 scopus 로고
    • Temporal difference learning and td-gammon
    • G Tesauro 1995 Temporal difference learning and td-gammon Commun ACM 38 3 58 68
    • (1995) Commun ACM , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 58-68
    • Tesauro, G.1
  • 111
    • 68949112288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. DeLoura (eds) Charles River Media Hingham
    • Tozour P (2001) Influence mapping. In: DeLoura M (eds) Game programming gems, vol. 2. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 287-297
    • (2001) Influence Mapping , pp. 287-297
    • Tozour, P.1
  • 112
    • 33744816623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Rabin (eds) 1 Charles River Media Hingham
    • Tozour P (2002) The evolution of game AI. In: Rabin S (eds) AI game programming wisdom, 1st edn. Charles River Media, Hingham
    • (2002) The Evolution of Game AI
    • Tozour, P.1
  • 116
    • 33745288991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game AI: The state of the industry
    • S Woodcock 1998 Game AI: the state of the industry Game Dev 5 28 35
    • (1998) Game Dev , vol.5 , pp. 28-35
    • Woodcock, S.1
  • 117
    • 33745288991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game AI: The state of the industry
    • S Woodcock 1999 Game AI: The state of the industry Game Dev 6 34 43
    • (1999) Game Dev , vol.6 , pp. 34-43
    • Woodcock, S.1
  • 118
    • 0004673181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game AI: The state of the industry
    • S Woodcock 2000 Game AI: the state of the industry Game Dev 7 24 32
    • (2000) Game Dev , vol.7 , pp. 24-32
    • Woodcock, S.1
  • 119
    • 21244495834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game AI: The state of the industry 2000-2001
    • S Woodcock 2001 Game AI: the state of the industry 2000-2001 Game Dev 8 36 44
    • (2001) Game Dev , vol.8 , pp. 36-44
    • Woodcock, S.1
  • 120
    • 21244495834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Game AI: The state of the industry 2001-2002
    • S Woodcock 2002 Game AI: the state of the industry 2001-2002 Game Dev 9 26 31
    • (2002) Game Dev , vol.9 , pp. 26-31
    • Woodcock, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.