(Pre)diabetes, brain aging, and cognition

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease

Volumn 1792, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 432-443

  S Roriz Filho, Jarbas ^a   Sá Roriz, Ticiana M ^a   Rosset, Idiane ^a   Camozzato, Ana L ^b   Santos, Antonio C ^a   Chaves, Márcia L F ^b   Moriguti, Júlio César ^a   Roriz Cruz, Matheus ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b Faculty of Medicine   (Brazil)

Author keywords

'Brain aging'; Cognition; Dementia; Diabetes; Insulin

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID; INSULIN; INSULINASE; PROTEIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TAU PROTEIN;

AGING; BRAIN; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NEUROIMAGING; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PREDIABETIC STATE; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 64249144009     PISSN: 09254439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (226)

1. Cole A.R., Astellb A., Greena C., and Sutherland C. Molecular connexions between dementia and diabetes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 31 (2007) 1046-1063
2. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., and King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1047-1053
3. Zhao Y., Ye W., Boye K.S., Holcombe J.H., Hall J.A., and Swindle R. Prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications and comorbidities and its impact on health care charges among patients with diabetic neuropathy. J. Diabetes Its Complicat. (2008 Oct 17)
4. Thomas V.S., Darvesh S., MacKnight C., and Rockwood K. Estimating the prevalence of dementia in elderly people: a comparison of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging and National Population Health Survey approaches. Int. Psychogeriatr. 13 Suppl 1 (2001) 169-175
5. Ott A., Stolk R.P., van Harskamp F., Pols H.A., Hofman A., and Breteler M.M. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 53 (1999) 1937-1942
6. Biessels G.J., Deary I.J., and Ryan C.M. Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective. Lancet Neurol. 7 (2008) 184-190
7. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Stern Y., Shea S., and Mayeux R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154 (2001) 635-641
8. Peila R., Rodriguez B.L., and Launer L.J. Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Diabetes 51 (2002) 1256-1262
9. MacKnight C., Rockwood K., Awalt E., and McDowell I. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment in the Canadian study of health and aging. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 14 (2002) 77-83
10. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., Evans D.A., and Bennett D.A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch. Neurol. 61 (2004) 661-666
11. Gispen W.H., and Biessels G.J. Cognition and synaptic plasticity in diabetes mellitus. Trends Neurosci. 23 (2000) 542-549
12. Watson G.S., and Craft S. Modulation of memory by insulin and glucose: neuropsychological observation in Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 97-113
13. Lazarus R., Prettyman R., and Cherryman G. White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and their relationship with vascular risk factors in memory clinic attenders. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20 (2005) 274-279
14. Dejgaard A., Gade A., Larsson H., Balle V., Parving A., and Parving H.H. Evidence for diabetic encephalopathy. Diabet. Med. 8 (1991) 162-167
15. Akisaki T., Sakurai T., Takata T., Umegaki H., Araki A., Mizuno S., Tanaka S., Ohashi Y., Iguchi A., Yokono K., and Ito H. Cognitive dysfunction associates with white matter hyperintensities and subcortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of the elderly diabetes mellitus Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial (J-EDIT). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 22 (2006) 376-384
16. Biessels G.J., Kappelle A.C., Bravenboer B., Erkelens D.W., and Gispen W.H. Cerebral function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 37 (1994) 643-650
17. den Heijer T., Vermeer S.E., van Dijk E.J., Prins N.D., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., and Breteler M.M. Type 2 diabetes and atrophy of medial temporal lobe structures on brain MRI. Diabetologia 46 (2003) 1604-1610
18. Jellinger K.A. The pathology of "vascular dementia": a critical update. J. Alzheimers Dis., May 14 1 (2008) 107-123
19. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Shea S., and Mayeux R. Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 63 (2004) 1187-1192
20. Yaffe K., Blackwell T., Kanaya A.M., Davidowitz N., Barrett-Connor E., and Krueger K. Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women. Neurology 63 (2004) 658-663
21. Matsuo Y., Hashizume T., Shioji S., and Akasaka T. Metabolic syndrome is strongly associated with chronic subclinical inflammation in patients achieving optimal low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circ. J. (2008 Oct 21)
22. Roriz-Cruz M., Rosset I., Wada T., Sakagami T., Ishine M., Roriz-Filho J.D.S., Cruz T.R.S., Hosseinkhani M., Rodrigues R.P., Sudoh S., Arai H., Wakatsuki Y., Souza A.C., Nakagawa M., Kita T., and Matsubayashi K. Cognitive impairment and the frontal-subcortical geriatric syndrome are associated with metabolic syndrome in a stroke-free population. Neurobiol. Aging 28 (2007) 1723-1736
23. Kodl C.T., and Seaquist E.R. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Rev. 29 4 (2008) 494-511
24. Biessels G.J., Van der Heide L.P., Kamal A., Bleys R.L., and Gispen W.H. Ageing and diabetes: implications for brain function. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 441 (2002) 1-14
25. Gasparini L., and Xu H. Potential roles of insulin and IGF-1 in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 404-406
26. Craft S., and Watson G.S. Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 3 (2004) 169-178
27. Smith M.A., Sayre L.M., Monnier V.M., and Perry G. Radical AGEing in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 18 (1995) 172-176
28. Desrocher M., and Rovet J. Neurocognitive correlates of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 10 (2004) 36-52
29. Brands A.M., Kessels R.P., Hoogma R.P., Henselmans J.M., van der Beek Boter J.W., Kappelle L.J., de Haan E.H., and Biessels G.J. Cognitive performance, psychological well-being, and brain magnetic resonance imaging in older patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 55 (2006) 1800-1806
30. Ryan C.M., Williams T.M., Finegold D.N., and Orchard T.J. Cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus of long duration: effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia and other chronic complications. Diabetologia 36 (1993) 329-334
31. Ryan C.M., Geckle M.O., and Orchard T.J. Cognitive efficiency declines over time in adults with type 1 diabetes: effects of micro- and macrovascular complications. Diabetologia 46 (2003) 940-948
32. Weinger K., Jacobson A.M., Musen G., Lyoo I.K., Ryan C.M., Jimerson D.C., and Renshaw P.F. The effects of type 1 diabetes on cerebral white matter. Diabetologia 51 (2008) 417-425
33. Hershey T., Bhargava N., Sadler M., White N.H., and Craft S. Conventional versus intensive diabetes therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: effects on memory and motor speed. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1318-1324
34. Ryan C.M. Neurobehavioral complications of type I diabetes. Examination of possible risk factors. Diabetes Care 11 (1988) 86-93
35. Skenazy J.A., and Bigler E.D. Neuropsychological findings in diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Psychol. 40 (1984) 246-258
36. Northam E.A., Anderson P.J., Werther G.A., Warne G.L., Adler R.G., and Andrewes D. Neuropsychological complications of IDDM in children 2 years after disease onset. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 379-384
37. Schoenle E.J., Schoenle D., Molinari L., and Largo R.H. Impaired intellectual development in children with type I diabetes: association with HbA(1c), age at diagnosis and sex. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 108-114
38. Northam E.A., Anderson P.J., Jacobs R., Hughes M., Warne G.L., and Werther G.A. Neuropsychological profiles of children with type 1 diabetes 6 years after disease onset. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 1541-1546
39. Wessels A.M., Rombouts S.A., Remijnse P.L., Boom Y., Scheltens P., Barkhof F., Heine R.J., and Snoek F.J. Cognitive performance in type 1 diabetes patients is associated with cerebral white matter volume. Diabetologia 20 (2007) 1763-1769
40. Brands A.M., Biessels G.J., de Haan E.H., Kappelle L.J., and Kessels R.P. The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 726-735
41. Fox M.A., Chen R.S., and Holmes C.S. Gender differences in memory and learning in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) over a 4-year follow-up interval. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 28 (2003) 569-578
42. Dahlquist G., and Kallen B. School performance in children with type 1 diabetes-a population-based register study. Diabetologia 50 (2007) 957-964
43. Ryan C.M. Why is cognitive dysfunction associated with the development of diabetes early in life? The diathesis hypothesis. Pediatr. Diabetes 7 (2006) 289-297
44. Jacobson A.M., Musen G., Ryan C.M., Silvers N., Cleary P., Waberski B., Burwood A., Weinger K., Bayless M., Dahms W., and Harth J. Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (2007) 1842-1852
45. Holmes C.S. Neuropsychological profiles in men with insulin dependent diabetes. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 54 (1986) 386-389
46. Kaufman F.R., Epport K., Engilman R., and Halvorson M. Neurocognitive functioning in children diagnosed with diabetes before age 10 years. J. Diabetes Complications 13 (1999) 31-38
47. Perantie D.C., Lim A., Wu J., Weaver P., Warren S.L., Hayden T., Christ S., Sadler M., White N.H., and Hershey T. Severe hypoglycemia vs. hyperglycemia: unique effects on cognition in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM). Diabetes 56 Suppl 1 (2007) (Abstract 1887)
48. Cox D.J., Kovatchev B.P., Gonder-Frederick L.A., Summers K.H., McCall A., Grimm K.J., and Clarke W.L. Relationships between hyperglycemia and cognitive performance among adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 71-77
49. Rovet J., and Alvarez M. Attentional functioning in children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 803-810
50. Ferguson S.C., Blane A., Perros P., McCrimmon R.J., Best J.J., Wardlaw J., Deary I.J., and Frier B.M. Cognitive ability and brain structure in type 1 diabetes: relation to microangiopathy and preceding severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes 52 (2003) 149-156
51. Gregg E.W., Yaffe K., Cauley J.A., Rolka D.B., Blackwell T.L., Narayan K.M., Cummings S.R., and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women?. Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (2000) 174-180
52. Reaven G.M., Thompson L.W., Nahum D., and Haskins E. Relationship between hyperglycemia and cognitive function in older NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 13 (1990) 16-21
53. Munshi M., Grande L., Hayes M., Ayres D., Suhl E., Capelson R., Lin S., Milberg W., and Weinger K. Cognitive dysfunction is associated with poor diabetes control in older adults. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 1794-1799
54. Perlmuter L.C., Hakami M.K., Hodgson-Harrington C., Ginsberg J., Katz J., Singer D.E., and Nathan D.M. Decreased cognitive function in aging non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am. J. Med. 77 (1984) 1043-1048
55. Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. Neurobiol. Aging 26 Suppl 1 (2005) 26-30
56. Grodstein F., Chen J., Wilson R.S., and Manson J.E. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 1060-1065
57. Kanaya A.M., Barrett-Connor E., Gildengorin G., and Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: a 4-year prospective study of the Rancho Bernardo study cohort. Arch. Intern. Med. 164 (2004) 1327-1333
58. Fontbonne A., Berr C., Ducimetiere P., and Alperovitch A. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 366-370
59. Mooradian A.D., Perryman K., Fitten J., Kavonian G.D., and Morley J.E. Cortical function in elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, behavioral and electrophysiologic studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (1988) 2369-2372
60. Bruce D.G., Casey G.P., Grange V., Clarnette R.C., Almeida O.P., Foster J.K., Ives F.J., and Davis T.M. Cognitive impairment, physical disability and depressive symptoms in older diabetic patients: the Fremantle Cognition in Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 61 (2003) 59-67
61. Roriz-Cruz M., Rosset I., Wada T., et al. Stroke-independent association between metabolic syndrome and functional dependence, depression, and low quality of life in elderly community-dwelling Brazilian people. JAGS 55 (2007) 374-382
62. Awad N., Gagnon M., and Messier C. The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 26 8 (2004) 1044-1080
63. Allen K.V., Frier B.M., and Strachan M.W. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 169-175
64. Cukierman T., Gerstein H.C., and Williamson J.D. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes-systematic overview of prospective observational studies. Diabetologia, 48 (2005) 2460-2469
65. van den Berg E., de Craen A.J., Biessels G.J., Gussekloo J., and Westendorp R.G. The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study. Diabetologia; 49 (2006) 2015-2023
66. Biessels G.J., Staekenborg S., Brunner E., Brayne C., and Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 5 (2006) 64-74
67. Mair W., and Dillin A. Aging and survival: the genetics of life span extension by dietary restriction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 77 (2008) 727-754
68. Grossman H. Does diabetes protect or provoke Alzheimer's disease? Insights into the pathobiology and future treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Spectrum 8 (2003) 815-823
69. Cole G.M., and Frautschy S.A. The role of insulin and neurotrophic factor signaling in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Gerontol. 42 (2007) 10-21
70. Messier C. Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein Genotype. Exp. Gerontol. 38 (2003) 941-946
71. Watson G.S., and Craft S. The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 17 (2003) 27-45
72. Ryan C.M., and Geckle M.O. Circumscribed cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23 (2000) 1486-1493
73. Sommerfield A.J., Deary I.J., McAulay V., and Frier B.M. Short-term, delayed, and working memory are impaired during hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 390-396
74. Widom B., and Simonson D.C. Glycemic control and neuropsychologic function during hypoglycemia in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. 112 (1990) 904-912
75. Biessels G.J., ter Braak E., Erkelens D., and Hijman R. Cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 28 (2001) 11-22
76. Schmidt R., Launer L.J., Nilsson L., Pajak A., Sans S., Berger K., Breteler M.M., Ridder M., Dufouil C., Fuhrer R., Giampaoli S., and Hofman A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in diabetes. The cardiovascular determinants of dementia (CASCADE) study. Diabetes 53 (2004) 687-692
77. den Heijer T., Vermeer S.E., van Dijk E.J., Prins N.D., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., and Breteler M.M. Type 2 diabetes and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe structures. Diabetologia, 46 (2003) 1604-1610
78. Lognig B.M., Kromeke O., Optenhostert-Porstt C., and Wolf O.T. Hippocampal volume and cognitive performance in long-standing type 1 diabetic patients without macrovascular complications. Diabet. Med. 23 (2005) 32-39
79. Longstreth Jr. W.T., Bernick C., Manolio T.A., Bryan N., Jungreis C.A., and Price T.R. Lacunar infarcts defined by magnetic resonance imaging of 3660 elderly people: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch. Neurol. 55 (1998) 1217-1225
80. Vermeer S.E., den Heijer T., Koudstaal P.J., Oudkerk M., Hofman A., and Breteler M.M. Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 34 (2003) 392-396
81. Manschot S.M., Brands A.M., van der Grond J., Kessels R.P., Algra A., Kappelle L.J., and Biessels G.J. Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 55 (2006) 1106-1113
82. Gold S.M., Dziobek I., Sweat V., Tirsi A., Rogers K., Bruehl H., Tsui W., Richardson S., Javier E., and Convit A. Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50 4 (2007) 711-719
83. Musen G., Lyoo I.K., Sparks C.R., Weinger K., Hwang J., Ryan C.M., Jimerson D.C., Hennen J., Renshaw P.F., and Jacobson A.M. Effects of type 1 diabetes on gray matter density as measured by voxelbased morphometry. Diabetes 55 (2006) 326-333
84. Perantie D.C., Wu J., Koller J.M., Lim A., Warren S.L., Black K.J., Sadler M., White N.H., and Hershey T. Voxel-based morthometry detects brain volume changes due to hypo- and hyperglycemia in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM). Diabetes 56 Suppl 1 (2007) (Abstract 1886)
85. Perros P., Deary I.J., Sellar R.J., Best J.J., and Frier B.M. Brain abnormalities demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging in adult IDDM patients with and without a history of recurrent severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 1013-1018
86. Wessels A.M., Simsek S., Remijnse P.L., Veltman D.J., Biessels G.J., Barkhof F., Scheltens P., Snoek F.J., Heine R.J., and Rombouts S.A. Voxel-based morphometry demonstrates reduced grey matter density on brain MRI in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 2474-2480
87. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., and Mchugh P.R. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12 (1975) 189-198
88. Kalmijn S., Feskens E.J., Launer L.J., Stijnen T., and Kromhout D. Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and cognitive function in a general population of elderly men. Diabetologia 38 9 (1995) 1096-1102
89. Vanhanen M., Koivisto K., Karjalainen L., Helkala E.L., Laakso M., Soininen H., and Riekkinen Sr. P. Risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the normoglycaemic elderly is associated with impaired cognitive function. NeuroReport 8 (1997) 1527-1530
90. Convit A., Wolf O.T., Tarshish C., and de Leon M.J. Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 2019-2022
91. Vanhanen M., Koivisto K., Kuusisto J., Mykkanen L., Helkala E.L., Hanninen T., Riekkinen Sr. P., Soininen H., and Laakso M. Cognitive function in an elderly population with persistent impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 398-402
92. Kuusisto J., Koivisto K., Mykkanen L., Helkala E.L., Vanhanen M., Hanninen T., Kervinen K., Kesaniemi Y.A., Riekkinen P.J., and Laakso M. Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross-sectional population based study. BMJ 315 (1997) 1045-1049
93. Curb J.D., Rodriguez B.L., Abbott R.D., Petrovitch H., Ross G.W., Masaki K.H., Foley D., Blanchette P.L., Harris T., Chen R., and White L.R. Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance. Neurology 52 (1999) 971-975
94. Lindeman R.D., Romero L.J., LaRue A., Yau C.L., Schade D.S., Koehler K.M., Baumgartner R.N., and Garry P.J. A biethnic community survey of cognition in participants with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance: the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. Diabetes Care 24 9 (2001) 1567-1572
95. Kumari M., and Marmot M. Diabetes and cognitive function in a middle-aged cohort: findings from the Whitehall II study. Neurology 65 (2005) 1597-1603
96. Scott R.D., Kritz-Silverstein D., Barrett-Connor E., and Wiederholt W.C. The association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cognitive function in an older cohort. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 46 (1998) 1217-1222
97. Singleton J.R., and Smith A.G. Therapy insight: neurological complications of pre-diabetes. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. May 2 5 (2006) 276-282
98. Ferrannini E., Natali A., Bell P., Cavallo-Perin P., Lalic N., Mingrone G., and European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 100 (1997) 1166-1173
99. Smith D.O., and LeRoith D. Insulin resistance syndrome, prediabetes, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Cornerstone 6 (2004) 7-13
100. Whitmer R.A., Gustafson D.R., Barrett-Connor E., Haan M.N., Gunderson E.P., and Yaffe K. Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 71 14 (2008) 1057-1064
101. Taki Y., Kinomura S., Sato K., Inoue K., Goto R., Okada K., Uchida S., Kawashima R., and Fukuda H. Relationship between body mass index and gray matter volume in 1,428 healthy individuals. Obesity 16 (2008) 119-124
102. Magistretti P.J., and Pellerin L. Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism. Relevance to functional brain imaging and to neurodegenerative disorders. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 777 (1996) 380-387
103. Schulingkamp R.J., Pagano T.C., Hung D., and Raffa R.B. Insulin receptors and insulin action in the brain: review and clinical implications. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24 8 (2000) 855-872
104. Stewart R., and Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabet. Med. 16 (1999) 93-112
105. Strachan M.W.J., Deary I.J., Ewing F.M.E., and Frier B.M. Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 438-445
106. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414 (2001) 813-820
107. Gold G., Kovari E., Herrmann F.R., Canuto A., Hof P.R., Michel J.P., Bouras C., and Giannakopoulos P. Cognitive consequences of thalamic, basal ganglia, and deep white matter lacunes in brain aging and dementia. Stroke 36 (2005) 1184-1188
108. White L., Petrovitch H., Hardman J., Nelson J., Davis D.G., Ross G.W., Masaki K., Launer L., and Markesbery W.R. Cerebrovascular pathology and dementia in autopsied Honolulu-Asia Aging Study participants. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 977 (2002) 9-23
109. de la Torre J.C. Critically attained threshold of cerebral hypoperfusion: the CATCH hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Neurobiol. Aging 21 (2000) 331-342
110. Araki Y., Nomura M., Tanaka H., Yamamoto H., Yamamoto T., and Tsukaguchi I. MRI of the brain in diabetes mellitus. Neuroradiology 36 (1994) 101-103
111. Kamal A., Biessels G.-J., Duis S.E.J., and Gispen W.H. Learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: interaction of diabetes and ageing. Diabetologia 43 (2000) 500-506
112. Aragno M., Mastrocola R., Medana C., Restivo F., Catalano M.G., Pons N., Danni O., and Boccuzzi G. Up-regulation of advanced glycated products receptors in the brain of diabetic rats is prevented by antioxidant treatment. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 5561-5567
113. Kim H.B., Jang M.H., Shin M.C., Lim B.V., Kim Y.P., Kim K.J., Kim E.H., and Kim C.J. Treadmill exercise increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J. Diabetes Its Complicat. 17 (2003) 29-33
114. Beauquis J., Roig P., Homo-Delarche F., De Nicola A., and Saravia F. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and number of hilar neurones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: reversion by antidepressant treatment. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (2006) 1539-1546
115. Saravia F.E., Beauquis J., Revsin Y., Homo-Delarche F., de Kloet E.R., and De Nicola A.F. Hippocampal neuropathology of diabetes mellitus is relieved by estrogen treatment. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 26 (2006) 943-957
116. Li Z.G., Zhang W., Grunberger G., and Sima A.A. Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in type 1 diabetes. Brain Res. 946 (2002) 221-231
117. Magariños A.M., Jain K., Blount E.D., Reagan L., Smith B.H., and McEwen B.S. Peritoneal implantation of microencapsulated porcine pancreatic islets in diabetic rats ameliorates severe hyperglycemia and prevents retraction and simplification of hippocampal dendrites. Brain Res. 902 (2001) 282-287
118. Kamal A., Biessels G.J., Urban I.J., and Gispen W.H. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: impairment of long-term potentiation and facilitation of long-term depression. Neuroscience 90 (1999) 737-745
119. Welsh B., and Wecker L. Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on acetylcholine metabolism in rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 16 (1991) 453-460
120. Ramakrishnan R., Sheeladevi R., and Suthanthirarajan N. PKC-mediated alterations of indoleamine contents in diabetic rat brain. Brain. Res. Bull 64 (2004) 189-194
121. Biessels G.-J., Kamal A., Urban I.J., Spruijt B.M., Erkelens D.W., and Gispen W.H. Water maze learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: effects of insulin treatment. Brain Res. 800 (1998) 125-135
122. McCall A.L. The impact of diabetes on the CNS. Diabetes 41 (1992) 557-570
123. Patrick A.W., and Campbell I.W. Fatal hypoglycaemia in insulintreated diabetes mellitus: clinical features and neuropathological changes. Diabet. Med. 7 (1990) 349-354
124. Auer R.N. Hypoglycemic brain damage. Metab. Brain Dis. 19 (2004) 169-175
125. Auer R.N. Hypoglycemic brain damage. Forensic Sci. Int. 146 (2004) 105-110
126. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive insulin treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (1993) 977-986
127. Cryer P.E. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 937-948
128. McAulay V., Deary I.J., and Frier B.M. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes. Diabet. Med. 18 (2001) 690-705
129. Deary I.J. Effects of hypoglycaemia on cognitive function. In: Frier B.M., and Fisher B.M. (Eds). Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes: Clinical and Physiological Aspects (1993), Edward Arnold, London 80-92
130. Warren R.E., and Frier B.M. Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 7 (2005) 493-503
131. Deary I.J. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia and effects on mental performance and emotions. In: Frier B.M., and Fisher M. (Eds). Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes. 2nd edn (2007), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 25-48
132. Comi G. Evoked potentials in diabetes mellitus. Clin. Neurosci. 4 (1997) 374-379
133. Jauch-Chara K., Hallschmid M., Gais S., Schmid S.M., Oltmanns K.M., Colmorgen C., Born J., and Schultes B. Hypoglycemia during sleep impairs consolidation of declarative memory in type 1 diabetic and healthy humans. Diabetes Care 30 (2007) 2040-2045
134. Bendtson I., Gade J., Theilgaard A., and Binder C. Cognitive function in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients after nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 35 (1992) 898-903
135. Matyka K.A., Wigg L., Pramming S., Stores G., and Dunger D.B. Cognitive function and mood after profound nocturnal hypoglycaemia in prepubertal children with conventional insulin treatment for diabetes. Arch. Dis. Child 81 (1999) 138-142
136. Wright R.J., and Frier B.M. Vascular disease and diabetes: is hypoglycaemia an aggravating factor?. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 24 (2008) 353-363
137. Hillen T., Coshall C., Tilling K., Rudd A.G., McGovern R., and Wolfe C.D. Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the South London Stroke Register. Stroke 34 (2003) 1457-1463
138. Johnston S.C., Sidney S., Bernstein A.L., and Gress D.R. A comparison of risk factors for recurrent TIA and stroke in patients diagnosed with TIA. Neurology 60 (2003) 280-285
139. Hankey G.J., Jamrozik K., Broadhurst R.J., Forbes S., Burvill P.W., Anderson C.S., and Stewart-Wynne E.G. Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 29 (1998) 2491-2500
140. Alter M., Sobel E., McCoy R.L., Francis M.E., Davanipour Z., Shofer F., Levitt L.P., and Meehan E.F. Stroke in Lehigh Valley: risk factors for recurrent stroke. Neurology 37 (1987) 503-507
141. Alter M., Lai S.M., Friday G., Singh V., Kumar V.M., and Sobel E. Stroke recurrence in diabetics: does control of blood glucose reduce risk?. Stroke 28 (1997) 1153-1157
142. Air E.L., and Kissela B.M. Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ischemic stroke: epidemiology and possible mechanisms. Diabetes Care 30 12 (2007) 3131-3140
143. Brohall G., Oden A., and Fagerberg B. Carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabet. Med. 23 (2006) 609-616
144. Matsumoto K., Sera Y., Nakamura H., Ueki Y., and Miyake S. Correlation between common carotid arterial wall thickness and ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 51 (2002) 244-247
145. Chlumsky J., Charvat J., Empana J.P., Zureik M., Gariepy J., Courbon D., Dartigues J.F., Ritchie K., Tzourio C., Alperovitch A., Ducimetiere P., Brohall G., Oden A., Fagerberg B., Tsivgoulis G., Vemmos K.N., Spengos K., Papamichael C.M., Cimboneriu A., Zis V., Zakopoulos N., Mavrikakis M., Matsumoto K., Sera Y., Nakamura H., Ueki Y., and Miyake S. Echocardiography and carotid sonography in diabetic patients after cerebrovascular attacks. J. Int. Med. Res. 34 (2006) 689-694
146. Wagenknecht L.E., D'Agostino Jr. R., Savage P.J., O'Leary D.H., Saad M.F., and Haffner S.M. Duration of diabetes and carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Stroke 28 (1997) 999-1005
147. Yngen M., Ostenson C.G., Hu H., Li N., Hjemdahl P., and Wallén N.H. Enhanced P-selectin expression and increased soluble CD40 ligand in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microangiopathy: evidence for platelet hyperactivity and chronic inflammation. Diabetologia 47 (2004) 537-540
148. Vestra M.D., Mussap M., Gallina P., Bruseghin M., Cernigoi A.M., Saller A., Plebani M., and Fioretto P. Acute-phasemarkers of inflammation and glomerular structure in patients with Type 2 diabete. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (2005) 78-82
149. van Hecke M.V., Dekker J.M., Nijpels G., Moll A.C., Heine R.J., Bouter L.M., Polak B.C., and Stehouwer C.D. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with retinopathy: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 48 (2005) 1300-1306
150. Schram M.T., Chaturvedi N., Schalkwijk C.G., Fuller J.H., Stehouwer C.D., and EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Markers of inflammation are cross-sectionally associated with microvascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes - the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 48 (2005) 370-378
151. Schalkwijk C.G., Poland D.C.W., van Dijk W., Kok A., Emeis J.J., Dräger A.M., Doni A., van Hinsbergh V.W., and Stehouwer C.D. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein is increased in Type 1 diabetic patients without clinical macroangiopathy and correlates with markers of endothelial dysfunction: evidence for chronic inflammation. Diabetologia 42 (1999) 351-357
152. Targher G., Bertolini L., Zoppini G., Zenari L., and Falezza G. Increased plasma markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and their association withmicrovascular complications in Type 1 diabetic patients without clinically manifest macroangiopathy. Diabet. Med.; 22 (2005) 999-1004
153. van Exel E., Gussekloo J., de Craen A.J., Frölich M., Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A., Westendorp R.G., and Leiden 85 Plus Study. Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51 (2002) 1088-1092
154. Johnson P.C., Brendel K., and Meezan E. Thickened cerebral cortical capillary basement membranes in diabetics. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 106 (1982) 214-217
155. Deckert T., Poulsen J.E., and Larsen M. Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before age 31. Diabetologia 14 (1978) 463-477
156. Corrall R.J.M., Webber R.G., and Frier B.M. Increase in coagulation factor VIII activity in man following acute hypoglycaemia: mediation via an adrenergic mechanism. Br. J. Haematol. 44 (1980) 301-305
157. Ibbotson S.H., Catto A., Davies J.A., and Grant P.J. The effect of insulin induced hypoglycaemia on Factor VIII: C concentrations and thrombin activity in subjects with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Thromb. Haemost. 73 (1995) 243-246
158. Monnier L., Mas E., Ginet C., Michel F., Villon L., Cristol J.P., and Colette C. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 295 (2006) 1681-1687
159. Li P.A., Shuaib A., Miyashita H., He Q.P., Siesjo B.K., and Warner D.S. Hyperglycemia enhances extracellular glutamate accumulation in rats subjected to forebrain ischemia. Stroke 31 (2000) 183-192
160. Coyle J.T., and Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 262 (1993) 689-695
161. Romano M., Guagnano M.T., Pacini G., Vigneri S., Falco A., Marinopiccoli M., Manigrasso M.R., Basili S., and Davi G. Association of inflammation markers with impaired insulin sensitivity and coagulative activation in obese healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003) 5321-5326
162. Ballantyne C.M., Hoogeveen R.C., Bang H., Coresh J., Folsom A.R., Chambless L.E., Myerson M., Wu K.K., Sharrett A.R., and Boerwinkle E. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and risk for incident ischemic stroke in middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (2005) 2479-2484
163. Engstrom G., Stavenow L., Hedblad B., Lind P., Eriksson K.F., Janzon L., and Lindgarde F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study. Diabetes 52 (2003) 442-447
164. Aoki I., Shimoyama K., Aoki N., Homori M., Yanagisawa A., Nakahara K., Kawai Y., Kitamura S.I., and Ishikawa K. Platelet-dependent thrombin generation in patients with diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control on coagulability in diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27 (1996) 560-566
165. Meigs J.B., Mittleman M.A., Nathan D.M., Tofler G.H., Singer D.E., Murphy-Sheehy P.M., Lipinska I., D'Agostino R.B., and Wilson P.W. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired hemostasis: the Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA 283 (2000) 221-228
166. Davi G., Gennaro F., Spatola A., Catalano I., Averna M., Montalto G., Amato S., and Notarbartolo A. Thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in type II diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Its Complicat. 6 (1992) 7-11
167. Mertens I., and Van Gaal L.F. Obesity, haemostasis and the fibrinolytic system. Obes. Rev. 3 (2002) 85-101
168. Mandal S., Sarode R., Dash S., and Dash R.J. Hyperaggregation of platelets detected by whole blood platelet aggregometry in newly diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 100 (1993) 103-107
169. Tschoepe D., Roesen P., Kaufmann L., Schauseil S., Kehrel B., Ostermann H., and Gries F.A. Evidence for abnormal platelet glycoprotein expression in diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 20 (1990) 166-170
170. Halushka P.V., Rogers R.C., Loadholt C.B., and Colwell J.A. Increased platelet thromboxane synthesis in diabetes mellitus. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 97 (1981) 87-96
171. Trovati M., Mularoni E.M., Burzacca S., Ponziani M.C., Massucco P., Mattiello L., Piretto V., Cavalot F., and Anfossi G. Impaired insulin-induced platelet antiaggregating effect in obesity and in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes 44 (1995) 1318-1322
172. Hogikyan R.V., Galecki A.T., Pitt B., Halter J.B., Greene D.A., and Supiano M.A. Specific impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in subjects with type 2 diabetes independent of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (1998) 1946-1952
173. Steinberg H.O., Chaker H., Leaming R., Johnson A., Brechtel G., and Baron A.D. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction: implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996) 2601-2610
174. Maejima K., Nakano S., Himeno M., Tsuda S., Makiishi H., Ito T., Nakagawa A., Kigoshi T., Ishibashi T., Nishio M., and Uchida K. Increased basal levels of plasma nitric oxide in type 2 diabetic subjects: relationship to microvascular complications. J. Diabetes Its Complicat. 15 (2001) 135-143
175. Gasparini L., and Xu H. Potential roles of insulin and IGF-1 in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 404-406
176. Gerozissis K. Brain insulin and feeding: a bi-directional communication. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 59-70
177. Ling X., Martins R.N., Racchi M., Craft S., and Helmerhorst E. Amyloid beta antagonizes insulin promoted secretion of the amyloid beta protein precursor. J. Alzheimers Dis. 4 (2002) 369-374
178. Farris W., Mansourian S., Chang Y., Lindsley L., Eckman E.A., Frosch M.P., Eckman C.B., Tanzi R.E., Selkoe D.J., and Guenette S. Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the betaamyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (2003) 4162-4167
179. Zhao W., and Alkon D.L. Role of insulin and insulin receptor in learning and memory. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 177 (2001) 125-134
180. Banks W.A. The source of cerebral insulin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 5-12
181. Steen E., Terry B.M., Rivera E.J., Cannon J.L., Neely T.R., Tavares R., Xu X.J., Wands J.R., and de la Monte S.M. Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease-is this type 3 diabetes?. J. Alzheimers Dis. 7 (2005) 63-80
182. Bondy C.A., and Cheng C.M. Signaling by insulin-like growth factor 1 in brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 25-31
183. Kahn C.R., and White M.F. The insulin receptor and the molecular mechanism of insulin action. J. Clin. Invest. 82 (1988) 1151-1156
184. White M.F., and Kahn C.R. The insulin signaling system. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 1-4
185. Withers D.J., and White M. Perspective: the insulin signaling system - a common link in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology 141 (2000) 1917-1921
186. Zhao W.Q., Chen H., Quon M.J., and Alkon D.L. Insulin and the models of learning and memory. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 490 (2004) 71-81
187. Saltiel A.R., and Kahn C.R. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414 (2001) 799-806
188. Alessi D.R., and Cohen P. Mechanism of activation and function of protein kinase B. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8 (1998) 55-62
189. Vanhaesebroeck A., and Alessi D.R. The PIK3K-PDK1 connection: more than just a road to PKB. Biochem. J. 346 (2000) 561-576
190. Lizcano J.M., and Alessi D.R. The insulin signalling pathway. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) R236-R238
191. Cross D.A., Alessi D.R., Cohen P., Andjelkovich M., and Hemmings B.A. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 378 (1995) 785-789
192. Skoog I. Vascular aspects in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 59 (2000) 37-43
193. Woodgett J.R. Molecular cloning and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3/factor A. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 2431-2438
194. Hansen L., Arden K.C., Rasmussen S.B., Viars C.S., Vestergaard H., Hansen T., Moller A.M., Woodgett J.R., and Pedersen O. Chromosomal mapping and mutational analysis of the coding region of the glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha and beta isoforms in patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 40 (1997) 940-946
195. Shaw P.C., Davies A.F., Lau K.F., Garcia-Barcelo M., Waye M.M., Lovestone S., Miller C.C., and Anderton B.H. Isolation and chromosomal mapping of human glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha and -3 beta encoding genes. Genome 41 (1998) 720-727
196. Hooper C., Killick R., and Lovestone S. The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 104 (2008) 1433-1439
197. Hoshi M., Takashima A., Noguchi K., Murayama M., Sato M., Kondo S., Saitoh Y., Ishiguro K., Hoshino T., and Imahori K. Regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 (1996) 2719-2723
198. Turenne G.A., and Price B.D. Glycogen synthase kinase3 beta phosphorylates serine 33 of p53 and activates p53's transcriptional activity. BMC Cell Biol. 2 (2001) 12
199. de la Monte S.M., and Wands J.R. Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 7 (2005) 45-61
200. Alvarez A.R., Godoy J.A., Mullendorff K., Olivares G.H., Bronfman M., and Inestrosa N.C. Wnt-3a overcomes h-amyloid toxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Exp. Cell Res. 297 (2004) 186-196
201. Atwood C.S., Moir R.D., Huang X., Scarpa R.C., Bacarra N.M.E., Romano D.M., Hartshorn M.A., Tanzi R.E., and Bush A.I. Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer Ah by Cu (II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12817-12826
202. Craft S., Peskind E., Schwartz M.W., Schellenberg G.D., Raskind M., and Porte Jr. D. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer's disease: relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology 50 (1998) 164-168
203. Craft S., Asthana S., Cook D.G., Baker L.D., Cherrier M., Purganan K., Wait C., Petrova A., Latendresse S., Watson G.S., Newcomer J.W., Schellenberg G.D., and Krohn A.J. Insulin dose-response effects on memory and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease: interactions with apolipoprotein E genotype. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (2003) 809-822
204. Rivera E.J., Goldin A., Fulmer N., Tavares R., Wands J.R., and de la Monte S.M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and function deteriorate with progression of Alzheimer's disease: link to brain reductions in acetylcholine. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 8 (2005) 247-268
205. Schubert M., Gautam D., Surjo D., Ueki K., Baudler S., Schubert D., Kondo T., Alber J., Galldiks N., Kustermann E., Arndt S., Jacobs A.H., Krone W., Kahn C.R., and Bruning J.C. Role for neuronal insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 3100-3105
206. Frolich L., Blum-Degen D., Bernstein H.G., Engelsberger S., Humrich J., Laufer S., Muschner D., Thalheimer A., Türk A., Hoyer S., Zöchling R., Boissl K.W., Jellinger K., and Riederer P. Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Transm. 105 (1998) 423-438
207. Qiu W.Q., Walsh D.M., Ye Z., Vekrellis K., Zhang J., Podlisny M.B., Rosner M.R., Safavi A., Hersh L.B., and Selkoe D.J. Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein by degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 32730-32738
208. Perez M., Rojo A.I., Wandosell F., Diaz-Nido J., and Avila J. Prion peptide induces neuronal cell death through a pathway involving glycogen synthase kinase 3. Biochem. J. 372 (2003) 129-136
209. Cook D.G., Leverenz J.B., McMillan P.J., Kulstad J.J., Ericksen S., Roth R.A., Schellenberg G.D., Jin L.W., Kovacina K.S., and Craft S. Reduced hippocampal insulin-degrading enzyme in late-onset Alzheimer's disease is associated with the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. Am. J. Pathol. 162 (2003) 313-319
210. Caccamo A., Oddo S., Sugarman M.C., Akbari Y., and LaFerla F.M. Age- and region-dependent alterations in Abeta-degrading enzymes: implications for Abeta-induced disorders. Neurobiol Aging 26 (2005) 645-654
211. Qiu W.Q., Ye Z., Kholodenko D., Seubert P., and Selkoe D.J. Degradation of amyloid beta-protein by a metalloprotease secreted by microglia and other neural and non-neural cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 6641-6646
212. Corder E.H., Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., Schmechel D.E., Gaskell P.C., Small G.W., Roses A.D., Haines J.L., and Pericak-Vance M.A. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261 (1993) 921-923
213. Craft S., Asthana S., Schellenberg G., Cherrier M., Baker L.D., Newcomer J., Plymate S., Latendresse S., Petrova A., Raskind M., Peskind E., Lofgreen C., and Grimwood K. Insulin metabolism in Alzheimer's disease differs according to apolipoprotein E genotype and gender. Neuroendocrinology 70 (1999) 146-152
214. Craft S., Asthana S., Schellenberg G., Baker L., Cherrier M., Boyt A.A., Martins R.N., Raskind M., Peskind E., and Plymate S. Insulin effects on glucose metabolism, memory, and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease differ according to apolipoprotein-E genotype. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 903 (2000) 222-228
215. Nielson K.A., Nolan J.H., Berchtold N.C., Sandman C.A., Mulnard R.A., and Cotman C.W. Apolipoprotein-E genotyping of diabetic dementia patients: is diabetes rare in Alzheimer's disease?. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 44 (1996) 897-904
216. Newcomer J.W. Metabolic syndrome and mental illness. Am. J. Manag. Care. 13 (2007) S170-S177
217. Taylor D.M., and McAskill R. Atypical antipsychotics and weight gain-a systematic review. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 101 (2000) 416-432
218. Spelman L.M., Walsh P.I., Sharifi N., Collins P., and Thakore J.H. Impaired glucose tolerance in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Diabet. Med. 24 (2007) 481-485
219. Cohn T.A., Remington G., Zipursky R.B., Azad A., Connolly P., and Wolever T.M. Insulin resistance and adiponectin levels in drug-free patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Can. J. Psychiatry 51 (2006) 382-386
220. Venkatasubramanian G., Chittiprol S., Neelakantachar N., Naveen M.N., Thirthall J., Gangadhar B.N., and Shetty K.T. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 abnormalities in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 164 (2007) 1557-1560
221. Mukherjee S., Schnur D.B., and Reddy R. Family history of type 2 diabetes in schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1 (1989) 495
222. Fernandez-Egea E., Bernardo M., Parellada E., Justicia A., Garcia-Rizo C., Esmatjes E., Conget I., and Kirkpatrick B. Glucose abnormalities in the siblings of people with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 103 (2008) 110-113
223. Strachan M.W. Insulin and cognitive function. Lancet 18 (2003) 1253
224. Reger M.A., Watson G.S., Green P.S., Wilkinson C.W., Baker L.D., Cholerton B., Fishel M.A., Plymate S.R., Breitner J.C., DeGroodt W., Mehta P., and Craft S. Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates beta-amyloid in early AD. Neurology 70 (2008) 440-448
225. Reger M.A., Watson G.S., Frey W.H., Baker L.D., Cholerton B., Keeling M.L., Belongia D.A., Fishel M.A., Plymate S.R., Schellenberg G.D., Cherrier M.M., and Craft S. Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype. Neurobiol. Aging 27 (2006) 451-458
226. Taylor V.H., and MacQueen G.M. Cognitive dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes. Rev. 8 (2007) 409-418