Critically attained threshold of cerebral hypoperfusion: The CATCH hypothesis of Alzheimer's pathogenesis

Neurobiology of Aging

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 331-342

  De La Torre, J C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

A ; Aging; Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid precursor protein; Blood pressure; Brain; Capillaries; Cerebral blood flow; Cerebral hypoperfusion; Cognition; Endoplasmic reticulum; Familial Alzheimer's disease; Genetic mutations; Golgi complex; Hemodynamics; Hemorheology; Menopause; Metabolism; Presenilins; Protein synthesis; SPECT; Vascular dementia; Vascular risk factors

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; PRESENILIN 1;

AGE; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; ANIMAL MODEL; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN CAPILLARY; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN PERFUSION; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEPTH PERCEPTION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENERGY METABOLISM; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; GOLGI COMPLEX; HEMODYNAMICS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MENOPAUSE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MICROCIRCULATION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PARIETAL LOBE; POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RECEPTOR DENSITY; RISK FACTOR; SENILE PLAQUE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMANS;

EID: 0034603552     PISSN: 01974580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00111-1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (127)

1. Abdollahian N.P., Cada A., Gonzalez-Lima F., de la Torre J.C. Cytochrome oxidase a predictive marker of neurodegeneration . Gonzalez-Lima F. Cytochrome oxidase in neuronal metabolism and Alzheimer's disease. 1998;233-261 Plenum Press, New York.
2. Abe K., Aoki M., Kawagoe J., Yoshida T., Kogure K. Ischemic delayed neuronal death a mitochondrial hypothesis . Stroke. 26:1995;1478-1489.
3. Ajmani R.S., Rifkind J.M. Hemorheological changes during human aging. Gerontology. 44:1998;111-120.
4. Battisteslli S., Manasse G., Gandio R., Borgogni T., Forconi S. Circulating endothelin reactivity in the elderly. Clin Haemorheol. 16:1996;653-660.
5. Belfort M.A., Saade G.R., Snabes M., Dunn R., Moise K.J. Hormonal status affects the reactivity of the cerebral vasculature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 172:1995;1273-1278.
6. Bodsch W., Takahashi K., Barbier B., Ophoff G., Hossmann K.A. Cerebral proteins and ischemia. Progr Brain Res. 65:1985;197-210.
7. Borchelt D.R. Metabolism of presenilin 1 influence of presenilin 1 on amyloid precursor protein processing . Neurobiol Aging. 19:(suppl):1998;S15-S18.
8. Bots M.L., van Kooten F., Haverkate F., et al. Coagulation and fibrinolysis markers and risk of dementia. The Dutch vascular factors in dementia study. Haemostasis. 28:1998;216-222.
9. Breteler M.M. Epidemiological evidence of a connection between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 19:1998;S150.
10. Breteler M.M., Bots M.L., Ott A., Hofman. Risk factors for vascular disease and dementia. Haemostasis. 28:1998;167-173.
11. Brun A., Englund E. A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type a pathoanatomical study . Ann Neurol. 19:1986;253-262.
12. Buée L., Hof P.R., Bouras C., et al. Pathological alterations of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease and related demented disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 87:1994;469-480.
13. Celsis P., Agniel A., Cardebat D., Demonet J.F., Ousset P., Puel M. Age related cognitive decline a clinical entity? A longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow and memory performance . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 62:1997;601-608.
14. Checler F. Processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein and its regulation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 65:1995;1431-1444.
15. Chen Y., Weii S., Mourelatos Z., Gonatas J., Okamoto K., Gonatas N.K. The fragmented neuronal Golgi apparatus in ALS includes the trans-Golgi-network functional implications . Acta Neuropathol. 95:1998;245-253.
16. Chyung A.S.C., Greenberg B.D., Cook D.G., Doms R., Lee V. Novel beta-secretase cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein in the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment of NT2N cells. J Cell Biol. 138:1997;671-680.
17. Claus J.J., Breteler M.M., Hasan D. Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular risk factors in the elderly population. Neurobiol Aging. 19:1998;57-64.
18. Cook D.G., Forman M.S., Sung J.C., et al. Alzheimer's. A beta(1-42) is generated in the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment of NT2N cells. Nat Med. 3:1997;1021-1023.
19. Cosentino F., Katusic Z.S. Does endothelin-1 play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm? Stroke. 25:1994;904-908.
20. Cribbs D., Chen L., Cotman C., LaFeria F. Injury induces presenilin-1 gene expression in mouse brain. Neuroreport. 7:1996;1773-1776.
21. De Jong G.I., Farkas E., Plass J., de la Torre J.C., Luiten P.G.M. Cerebral hypoperfusion yields capillary damage in hippocampus CA1 that correlates to spatial memory impairment. Neuroscience. 91:1999;203-210.
22. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Saunders J., Butler K., Richard M. Experimental chronic brain hypoperfusion kills hippocampal neurons. Can J Neurol Sci. 17:1990;238.
23. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Saunders J., MacTavish J., Richard M. Phosphate energy metabolites after CBF arrest. Ann Neurol. 26:1989;132.
24. de la Torre J.C., Hachinski V. Cerebrovascular Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;1-519.
25. de la Torre J.C. Cerebromicrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Gerontology. 43:1997;26-43.
26. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T. A chronic physiological rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Behavior Brain Res. 63:1994;35-40.
27. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Saunders J. Correlates between NMR spectroscopy, diffusion weighted imaging and CA1 morphometry following chronic brain ischemia. J Neurol Sci Res. 41:1995;238-245.
28. de la Torre J.C., Cada A., Nelson N., Sutherland R.J., Gonzalez-Lima F. Reduced cytochrome oxidase and memory dysfunction after chronic brain ischemia in aged rats. Neurosci Lett. 223:1997;165-168.
29. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Saunders J., Butler K., Richard M. Loss of hippocampal neurons after chronic brain hypoperfusion in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging. 11:1990;328-329.
30. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Park G., Pappas B., Saunders J., Richard M. Brain blood-flow restoration "rescues" chronically damaged rat CA1 neurons. Brain Res. 623:1993;6-15.
31. de la Torre J.C., Mussivand T. Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer's disease? Neurol Res. 15:1993;146-153.
32. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Park G., et al. Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency induces dementia-like deficits in aged rats. Brain Res. 582:1992;186-195.
33. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Park G., et al. Aged but not young rats develop metabolic, memory deficits after chronic brain ischemia. Neurol Res. 14:(suppl.):1992;177-180.
34. de la Torre J.C. Hemodynamics of deformed microvessels in Alzheimer's disease brain. Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;75-91.
35. de la Torre J.C. Cerebrovascular changes in the aging brain. Adv Cell and Aging Gerontol. 2:1997;77-107.
36. de la Torre J.C. Impaired brain microcirculation may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Behav Rev. 18:1994;397-401.
37. de la Torre J.C., Pappas B.A., Fortin T., Keyes M., Davidson C. Progressive neurodegeneration in rat brain after chronic 3-VO or 2-VO. Fiskum G. Neurodegenerative diseases. 1996;77-84 Plenum Press, NY.
38. de la Torre J.C., Fortin T. Partial or global rat brain ischemia. The SCOT model. Brain Res Bull. 26:1991;365-372.
39. de la Torre J.C. Critical threshold cerebral hypoperfusion causes Alzheimer's disease. Acta neuropathol. 98:1999;1-8.
40. Duff K., Eckman C., Zehr C., Yu X., Prada C.M. Increased amyloid-beta 42(43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1. Nature. 383:1996;710-713.
41. Erecinska M., Silver I. ATP and brain function. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab. 9:1989;2-12.
42. Fioravanti M., Ricciardi T., Cottinelli M., Sarasso B., Fontana I. Hemorheologic alterations and acute-phase reaction are related to recent-onset patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol Aging. 19:(4S):1998;S246-S247.
43. Funk J.L., Mortel K.F., Meyer J.S. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on cerebral perfusion and cognition among postmenopausal women. Dementia. 2:1991;268-272.
44. Greenfield J.P., Tsai J., Gouras G.K., Hai B., Thinakaran G., Checler F., Sisodia S.S. Endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network generate distinct populations of Alzheimer β-amyloid peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 96:1999;742-747.
45. Guo Z., Viitanen M., Fratiglioni L., Winblad B. Blood pressure and dementia in the elderly epidemiologic perspectives . Biomed Pharmacother. 51:1997;68-73.
46. Hammerschlag R., Stone G.C. Membrane delivery by fast axonal transport. Trends Neurosci. 5:1982;12-15.
47. Hartmann T., Bieger S.C., Bruhl B., Tienari P.J., Ida N. Distinct sites of intracellular production of Alzheimer's disease A beta40/42 amyloid peptides. Nat Med. 3:1997;1016-1020.
48. Henderson B., de la Torre J.C. Reversal of chronic ischemia in the adult rat common carotid anastomosis and improvement in memory dysfunction . Soc Neurosci Abstr. 25:1999;55.
49. Henrion D., Iglarz M., Levy B.I. Chronic endothelin-1 improves nitric oxide-dependent flow-induced dilation in resistance arteries from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 19:1999;2148-2153.
50. Hofman A., Breteler M.M., Bots M.L., Slooter A.J., van Harskamp F. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet. 349:1997;151-154.
51. 17beta- estradiol . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 15:1995;666-672.
52. Johnson K.A., Lopera F., Jones K., Becker A., Sperling R.A. Presenilin 1- associated abnormalities in regional cerebral perfusion. Neurobiol Aging. 19:(4S):1998;S83.
53. Johnson K.A., Jones K., Holman B.L., Becker J., Spiers P.A., Satlin A., Albert M.S. Preclinical prediction of Alzheimer's disease using SPECT. Neurology. 50:1998;1563-1571.
54. Joutel A., Corpechot C., Ducros A. Notch3 mutations in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a Mendelian condition causing stroke and vascular dementia. Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;217.
55. Kalaria RN, Ince P, editors. Vascular factors in Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci, in press.
56. Kalaria R.N., Hedera P. Differential degeneration of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport. 6:1995;477-480.
57. Kalaria R.N., Harik S.E. Reduced glucose transporter at the blood-brain barrier and in the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 53:1989;1083-1088.
58. Kalmijn S., Launer L.J., Ott A. Dietary fat intake and risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol. 42:1997;776-782.
59. Kilander L., Nyman H., Boberg M., Hansson L., Lithell H. Hypertension is related to cognitive impairment a 20 year-follow-up of 999 men . Hypertension. 31:1998;780-786.
60. Kilander L., Andren B., Nyman H., Lind L., Boberg M., Lithell H. Atrial fibrillation is an independent determinant of low cognitive function a cross-sectional study in elderly men . Stroke. 29:1998;1816-1820.
61. Kluytmans M., van der Grond J., van Everdingen K.J., Klijn C., Kapelle L.J., Viergerver M. Cerebral hemodynamics in relation to patterns of collateral flow. Stroke. 30:1999;1432-1439.
62. Kogure D., Matsuda H., Ohnishi T., et al. Longitudinal evaluation of early dementia of Alzheimer type using brain perfusion SPECT. Kaku Igaku. 36:1999;91-101.
63. Kondo Y., Suzuki K., Sakuma Y. Estrogen alleviates cognitive dysfunction following transient brain ischemia in ovariectomized gerbils. Neurosci Lett. 238:1997;45-48.
64. Korczyn A.D. High blood pressure and dementia. Lancet. 348:1996;65.
65. Kovacs D., Fausett H., Page K., Kim T. Alzheimer-associated presenilins 1 and 2 neuronal expression in brain and localization to intracellular membranes in mammalian cells . Nat Med. 2:1996;224-229.
66. Kuhn T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Second ed. 1970;The Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
67. Kulczycki J. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by neuroimaging methods. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 33:(suppl 1):1999;63-71.
68. Levitan D, Greenwald I. Facilitation of lin-12-mediated signaling by sel-12, a Caenorhabditis elegans S182 Alzheimer's disease gene. Nature 1995.
69. Liao J.K., Zulueta J.J., Yu F.S., Peng H.B., Cote C.G., Hassoun P.M. Regulation of bovine endothelial constituitive nitric oxide synthase by oxygen. J Clin Invest. 96:1995;2661-2666.
70. Malek A.M., Izumo S., Alper S.L. Modulation by pathophysiological stimuli of the shear stress-induced up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cells. Neurosurgery. 45:1999;334-345.
71. Mancardi G.L., Perdelli F., Leonardi A., Bugiani O. Thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 49:1980;79-83.
72. Martin A.J., Friston K.J., Colebatch J.G., Frackowiak R. Decreses in regional cerebral blood flow with normal aging. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab. 11:1991;684-689.
73. Meyer J.S., Terayama Y., Konno S., Akiyama H. Risk factors for cerebral degenerative changes and dementia. Eur Neurol. 39:(suppl 1):1998;7-16.
74. Moody D.M., Brown W.R., Challa V.R., Ghazi-Birri H., Reboussin D. Cerebral microvascular alterations in aging, leukoaraiosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;103-116.
75. Morrison R.A., McGrath A., Davidson G., Brown J.J., Murray G.D., Lever A.F. Low blood pressure in Down's syndrome a link with Alzheimer's disease? Hypertension. 28:1996;569-575.
76. Mufson E.J., Kroin J.S., Sendera T.J., Sobreviela T. Distribution and retrograde transport of trophic factors in the central nervous system functional implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease . Progr Neurobiol. 57:1999;451-484.
77. Ni J.W., Ohta H., Matsumoto K., Watanabe H. Progressive cognitive impairment following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries in rats. Brain Res. 653:1994;231-236.
78. Ohkura T., Isse K., Akazawa K., Hamamoto M., Yaoi Y., Hagino N. Evaluation of estrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Endocrine J. 41:1994;361-371.
79. Ott A., Stolk R.P., Hofman A., van Harskamp F., Grobbee D.E., Breteler M.M. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia the Rotterdam Study . Diabetologia. 39:1996;1392-1397.
80. Ott A., Slooter A.J., Hofman A., van Harskamp F., Witteman J.C. Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study the Rotterdam Study . Lancet. 351:1998;1840-1843.
81. Ouchi Y., Tsukada H., Kakiuchi T., Nishiyama S., Futatsubachi M. Changes in cerebral blood flow and postsynaptic muscarinic activity in rats with bilateral carotid artery ligation. J Nucl Med. 39:1998;198-202.
82. Palmon S.C., Williams M.J., Littleton M.T., Traytsman R., Kosk D., Hurn D. Estrogen increases cGMP in selected brain regions and in cerebral microvessels. J Cerb blood flow Metab. 18:1998;1248-1252.
83. Pappas B.A., de la Torre J.C., Davidson C., Keyes M., Fortin T. Chronic reduction of cerebral blood flow in the adult rat late emerging CA1 cell loss and memory dysfunction . Brain Res. 708:1996;50-58.
84. Pappas B.A., Davidson C., Bennett S.A.L., de la Torre J.C., Fortin T., Tenniswood M. Chronic ischemia memory impairment and neural pathology in the rat . Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;498-501.
85. 2+ ATPase. Brain Res. 834:1999;32-41.
86. Parvathy S., Hussain I., Karran E.H., Turner A.J., Hooper N.M. Cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by α-secretase occurs at the surface of neuronal cells. Biochemistry. 38:1999;9728-9734.
87. Paschen W., Gissel K.C., Linden T., Althausen S., Doutheil J. Activation of gadd153 expression through transient cerebral ischemia evidence that ischemia causes endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction . Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 18:1998;115-122.
88. Paschen W., Doutheil J. Disturbances of the functioning of endoplasmic reticulum a key mechanism underlying neuronal cell injury? J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab. 19:1999;1-18.
89. Pasquier F., Leys D., Scheltens P. Why are stroke patients prone to develop dementia? J Neurol. 244:1997;135-142.
90. Pasquier F., Leys D. Presion arterielle et la maladie d'Alzheimer. Rev Neurol (Paris). 154:1998;743-751.
91. Passant U., Warkentin S., Gustafson L. Orthostatic hypotension and low blood pressure in organic dementia a study of prevalence and related clinical characteristics . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 12:1997;395-403.
92. Pavics L., Grunwald F., Reichmann K., Kitschenberg A., Hartmann A. Regional cerebral blood flow SPECT with 99m Tc-HMPAO and the acetazolamide test in the evaluation of vascular and Alzheimer's dementia. Eur J Nucl Med. 26:1999;239-245.
93. Pellegrino D.A., Santizo R., Baughman V.L., Wang Q. Cerebral vasodilating capacity during transient forebrain ischemia effects of chronic estrogen depletion and repletion and the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase . NeuroReport. 9:1998;3285-3291.
94. Pennypacker K.R., Hernandez H., Benkovic S., Morgan D.G., Willing A., Sanberg P.R. Induction of presenilins in the rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res Bull. 48:1999;539-543.
95. Perlmutter L.S., Myers M.A., Barron E. Vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer's disease. Micros Res Tech. 28:1994;204-215.
96. Pike C.J., Overman M.J., Cotman C. Amino-terminal deletions enhance aggregation of β-amyloid peptides in vitro. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;23895-23898.
97. Rifkind J.M., Ajmani R.S., Jaykumar R., Ingram D.K., Spangler E., Abugo O. Hemodynamic changes during aging associated with cerebral blood flow and impaired cognitive function. Neurobiol Aging. 21:2000;257-269.
98. Resnick S.M., Maki P.M., Golski S., Kraut M.A., Zonderman A.B. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological performance. Horm Behav. 34:1998;171-182.
99. 17 beta-estradiol reduces stroke injury in estrogen-deficient female animals. Stroke. 30:1999;1665-1670.
100. Scheibel A.B., Duong T., Tomiyasu O. Microvascular changes in Alzheimer's disease. The biological substrates of Alzheimer's disease. 1986;77-192 Academic Press, NY.
101. Scheller R.H., Hall Z.W. Chemical messengers at synapses. Hall Z.H. Molecular neurobiology. 1992;119-147 Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
102. Shi J., Simpkins J.W. 17 beta-estradiol modulation of glucose transporter 1 expression in blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;E1016-E1022.
103. Simpkins J.W., Rajakamar G., Zhang W.Q., Simpkins C.E., Greenwald D. Estrogens may reduce mortality and ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the female rat. J Neurosurg. 87:1997;724-730.
104. Skoog I. The interaction between vascular disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Iqbal K., Swaab B., Winblad B., Wisniewski H.M. Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. 1998;523-530 Wiley & Sons, NY.
105. Skoog I. The relationship between blood pressure and dementia a review . Biomed Pharmacother. 51:1997;367-375.
106. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S. A 15-year longitudinal study on blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996;347:1141-7. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51:367-75.
107. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S. A 15-year longitudinal study on blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996;347:1141-7. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51:367-75.
108. Smith C.U.M. Elements of molecular neurobiology. 1996;Wiley & Sons, NY.
109. Smith-Swintowski V., Pettigrew L., Craddock S., Culwell A., Rydel R., Mattson M. Secreted forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein protect against ischemic brain injury. J Neurochem. 63:1994;781-784.
110. Solerte S.B., Ferrari E., Fioravanti M. Hemorheologic changes and overproduction of cytokines in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type adverse effects on cerebrovascular system and therapeutic approach with pentoxifylline . Neurobiol Aging. 21:2000;271-281.
111. Sparks D.L. Neuropathologic links between Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease. Iqbal K., Swaab B., Winblad B., Wisniewski H.M. Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. 1999;153-163 Wiley & Sons, NY.
112. Sparks D.L. Coronary artery disease, hypertension, ApoE, and cholesterol a link to Alzheimer's disease? Ann NY Acad Sci. 826:1997;128-146.
113. Sparks D.L., Gross D.R., Hunsaker J.C. III. Neuropathology of mitral valve prolapse in man and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in adolescent Yorkshire pigs. Neurobiol Aging. 21:2000;363-372.
114. Sperling R.A., Jones K.J., Rentz D., Albert M.S., Holman D.L. SPECT cerebral113. perfusion and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology. 50:1998;A438-A439.
115. Stieber A., Mourelatos Z., Gonatas N.K. In Alzheimer's disease the Golgi apparatus of a population of neurons without neurofibrillary tangles is fragmented and atrophic. Am J Path. 148:1996;415-426.
116. Stieber A., Chen Y., Wei S., Mourelatos Z., Gonatas J., Okamoto K., Gonatas N.K. The fragmented neuronal Golgi apparatus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis includes the trans-Golgi-network functional implications . Acta neuropathol. 95:1998;245-253.
117. Sudo S., Wen T.C., Desaki J., Matsuda S., Tanaka J. Beta-estradiol protects hippocampal CA1 neurons against transient forebrain ischemia in gerbil. Neurosci Res. 29:1997;345-354.
118. Takami K., Terai K., Matsuo A., Walker D.G., McGeer P.L. Expression of presenilin-1 and-2 mRNAs in rat and Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res. 748:1997;122-130.
119. Tanaka K., Wada N., Hori K., Asanuma M., Nomura M., Ogawa N. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion disrupts discriminative behavior in acquired-learning rats. J Neurosci Meth. 84:1998;63-68.
120. Tanimukai H., Imaizumi K., Kudo T., Katayama T. Alzheimer-associated presenilin-1 gene is induced in gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 54:1998;212-218.
121. Tsuchiya M., Sako K., Yura S., Yonemasu Y. Local cerebral glucose utilization following acute and chronic bilateral carotid artery ligation in Wistar rats relation to changes in local cerebral blood flow . Exp Brain Res. 95:1993;1-7.
122. van der Cammen T.J., Verschoor C.J., van Loon C.P., van Harskamp F. Risk of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease with APOE4 allele. J Am Geriatr Soc. 46:1998;962-967.
123. Waldemar G., Bruhn P., Kristenesn M., Johnsen A., Paulson O.B., Lassen N.A. Heterogeneity of neocortical ceerebral blood flow deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer type a [99m Tc]-d,l-HMPAO SPECT study . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 57:1994;285-295.
124. Wang Q., Santizo R., Baughman V.L., Pellegrino D.A. Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats. Stroke. 30:1999;630-637.
125. Waring S.C., Rocca W.A., Petersen R.C., O'Brien O.C., Tangalos E.G., Kokmen E. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and risk of AD a population-based study . Neurology. 52:1999;965-970.
126. Wiekzorek I., Haynes W.G., Webb D.J., Ludlam C.A., Fox K.A. Raised plasma endothelin in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction relation to cardiovascular outcome . Brit Heart J. 72:1994;436-441.
127. Xie Y., Mies G., Hossmann K.A. Ischemic threshold of brain protein synthesis after unilateral carotid artery occlusion in gerbils. Stroke. 20:1989;620-626.