메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 175, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 96-103

Aβ1-42 reduces synapse number and inhibits neurite outgrowth in primary cortical and hippocampal neurons: A quantitative analysis

Author keywords

A 1 42; Primary neurons; Quantitative synapse assay; Synaptogenesis

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; ASPARTYLLYSYLLEUCYLVALYLPHENYLALANYLPHENYLALANYLALANINAMIDE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; SYNAPSIN I; SYNAPSIN II; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN (1 42); AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN (1-42); PEPTIDE FRAGMENT; SYNAPSIN;

EID: 52049088941     PISSN: 01650270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 0032551528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid β-protein is internalized selectively by hippocampal field CA1 and causes neurons to accumulate amyloidogenic carboxyterminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein
    • Bahr B.A., Hoffman K.B., Yang A.J., Hess U.S., Glabe C.G., and Lynch G. Amyloid β-protein is internalized selectively by hippocampal field CA1 and causes neurons to accumulate amyloidogenic carboxyterminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein. J Comp Neurol 397 (1998) 139-147
    • (1998) J Comp Neurol , vol.397 , pp. 139-147
    • Bahr, B.A.1    Hoffman, K.B.2    Yang, A.J.3    Hess, U.S.4    Glabe, C.G.5    Lynch, G.6
  • 2
    • 0037989761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysosomal activation is a compensatory response against protein accumulation and associated synaptopathogenesis-an approach for slowing Alzheimer disease?
    • Bendiske J., and Bahr B.A. Lysosomal activation is a compensatory response against protein accumulation and associated synaptopathogenesis-an approach for slowing Alzheimer disease?. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62 (2003) 451-463
    • (2003) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 451-463
    • Bendiske, J.1    Bahr, B.A.2
  • 3
    • 0024826393 scopus 로고
    • Synapsin I, a neuron-specific phosphoprotein interacting with small synaptic vesicles and F-actin
    • Benfenati F., Valtorta F., Bahler M., and Greengard P. Synapsin I, a neuron-specific phosphoprotein interacting with small synaptic vesicles and F-actin. Cell Biol Int Rep 13 (1989) 1007-1021
    • (1989) Cell Biol Int Rep , vol.13 , pp. 1007-1021
    • Benfenati, F.1    Valtorta, F.2    Bahler, M.3    Greengard, P.4
  • 4
    • 0242600546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microtubule reduction in Alzheimer's disease and aging is independent of tau filament formation
    • Cash A.D., Aliev G., Siedlak S.L., Nunomura A., Fujioka H., Zhu X., et al. Microtubule reduction in Alzheimer's disease and aging is independent of tau filament formation. Am J Pathol 162 (2003) 1623-1627
    • (2003) Am J Pathol , vol.162 , pp. 1623-1627
    • Cash, A.D.1    Aliev, G.2    Siedlak, S.L.3    Nunomura, A.4    Fujioka, H.5    Zhu, X.6
  • 7
    • 0029022960 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of axonal development and of synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons of synapsin I-deficient mice
    • Chin L., Li L., Ferreira A., Kosik K.S., and Greengard P. Impairment of axonal development and of synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons of synapsin I-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 9230-9234
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 9230-9234
    • Chin, L.1    Li, L.2    Ferreira, A.3    Kosik, K.S.4    Greengard, P.5
  • 8
    • 0037200117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-β peptides differentially affect neuronal viability
    • Dahlgren K.N., Manelli A.M., Stine Jr. W.B., Baker L.K., Krafft G.A., and LaDu M.J. Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-β peptides differentially affect neuronal viability. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 32046-32053
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 32046-32053
    • Dahlgren, K.N.1    Manelli, A.M.2    Stine Jr., W.B.3    Baker, L.K.4    Krafft, G.A.5    LaDu, M.J.6
  • 9
    • 0023106967 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative morphometric analysis of the neuronal and synaptic content of the frontal and temporal cortex in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Davies C.A., Mann D.M., Sumpter P.Q., and Yates P.O. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the neuronal and synaptic content of the frontal and temporal cortex in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 78 (1987) 151-164
    • (1987) J Neurol Sci , vol.78 , pp. 151-164
    • Davies, C.A.1    Mann, D.M.2    Sumpter, P.Q.3    Yates, P.O.4
  • 10
    • 52049086544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De Felice FG, Wu D, Lambert MP, Fernandez SJ, Velasco PT, Lacor PN, et al. Alzheimer's disease-type neuronal tau hyperphosphorylation induced by Aβ oligomers. Neurobiol Aging; in press.
    • De Felice FG, Wu D, Lambert MP, Fernandez SJ, Velasco PT, Lacor PN, et al. Alzheimer's disease-type neuronal tau hyperphosphorylation induced by Aβ oligomers. Neurobiol Aging; in press.
  • 11
    • 34249672242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aβ oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine
    • De Felice F.G., Velasco P.T., Lambert M.P., Viola K., Fernandez S.J., Ferreira S.T., et al. Aβ oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine. J Biol Chem 282 (2007) 11590-11601
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 11590-11601
    • De Felice, F.G.1    Velasco, P.T.2    Lambert, M.P.3    Viola, K.4    Fernandez, S.J.5    Ferreira, S.T.6
  • 12
    • 0025269152 scopus 로고
    • Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive severity
    • DeKosky S.T., and Scheff S.W. Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive severity. Ann Neurol 27 (1990) 457-464
    • (1990) Ann Neurol , vol.27 , pp. 457-464
    • DeKosky, S.T.1    Scheff, S.W.2
  • 13
    • 33745268224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different conformations of amyloid β induce neurotoxicity by distinct mechanisms in human cortical neurons
    • Deshpande A., Mina E., Glabe C., and Busciglio J. Different conformations of amyloid β induce neurotoxicity by distinct mechanisms in human cortical neurons. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 6011-6018
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 6011-6018
    • Deshpande, A.1    Mina, E.2    Glabe, C.3    Busciglio, J.4
  • 14
    • 0036240395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain Aβ burden in Alzheimer's disease model
    • Dodart J.C., Bales K.R., Gannon K.S., Greene S.J., DeMattos R.B., Mathis C., et al. Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain Aβ burden in Alzheimer's disease model. Nat Neurosci 5 (2002) 452-457
    • (2002) Nat Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 452-457
    • Dodart, J.C.1    Bales, K.R.2    Gannon, K.S.3    Greene, S.J.4    DeMattos, R.B.5    Mathis, C.6
  • 15
    • 0035159785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular mechanisms of amyloid accumulation and pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease
    • Glabe C. Intracellular mechanisms of amyloid accumulation and pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 17 (2001) 137-145
    • (2001) J Mol Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 137-145
    • Glabe, C.1
  • 16
    • 0037248301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer disease therapy: can the amyloid cascade be halted?
    • Golde T.E. Alzheimer disease therapy: can the amyloid cascade be halted?. J Clin Invest 111 (2003) 11-18
    • (2003) J Clin Invest , vol.111 , pp. 11-18
    • Golde, T.E.1
  • 17
    • 0014036452 scopus 로고
    • The contribution of altered synapses in the senile plaque: an electron microscopic study in Alzheimer's dementia
    • Gonatas N.K., Anderson W., and Evangelista I. The contribution of altered synapses in the senile plaque: an electron microscopic study in Alzheimer's dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26 (1967) 25-39
    • (1967) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.26 , pp. 25-39
    • Gonatas, N.K.1    Anderson, W.2    Evangelista, I.3
  • 18
    • 0024595972 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
    • Hamos J.E., DeGennaro L.J., and Drachman D.A. Synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology 39 (1989) 355-361
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , pp. 355-361
    • Hamos, J.E.1    DeGennaro, L.J.2    Drachman, D.A.3
  • 19
    • 0031914718 scopus 로고
    • Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes
    • Holcomb L., Gordon M.N., McGowan E., Yu X., Benkovic S., Jantzen P., et al. Accelerated Alzheimer-type phenotype in transgenic mice carrying both mutant amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes. Nat Med 4 (1989) 97-100
    • (1989) Nat Med , vol.4 , pp. 97-100
    • Holcomb, L.1    Gordon, M.N.2    McGowan, E.3    Yu, X.4    Benkovic, S.5    Jantzen, P.6
  • 20
    • 24744472049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-Amyloid-induced dynamin 1 depletion in hippocampal neurons. A potential mechanism for early cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease
    • Kelly B.L., Vassar R., and Ferreira A. β-Amyloid-induced dynamin 1 depletion in hippocampal neurons. A potential mechanism for early cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 31746-31753
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 31746-31753
    • Kelly, B.L.1    Vassar, R.2    Ferreira, A.3
  • 21
    • 0035297712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting small Abeta oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer's disease conundrum?
    • Klein W.L., Krafft G.A., and Finch C.E. Targeting small Abeta oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer's disease conundrum?. Trends Neurosci 24 (2001) 219-224
    • (2001) Trends Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 219-224
    • Klein, W.L.1    Krafft, G.A.2    Finch, C.E.3
  • 23
    • 33846633336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aβ oligomer-induced aberrations in synapse composition, shape, and density provide a molecular basis for loss of connectivity in Alzheimer's disease
    • Lacor P.N., Buniel M.C., Furlow P.W., Clemente A.S., Velasco P.T., Wood M., et al. Aβ oligomer-induced aberrations in synapse composition, shape, and density provide a molecular basis for loss of connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 798-807
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 798-807
    • Lacor, P.N.1    Buniel, M.C.2    Furlow, P.W.3    Clemente, A.S.4    Velasco, P.T.5    Wood, M.6
  • 26
    • 0029059605 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of synaptic vesicle clustering and of synaptic transmission, and increased seizure propensity, in synapsin I-deficient mice
    • Li L., Chin L.S., Shupliakov O., Brodin L., Sihra T.S., Hvalby O., et al. Impairment of synaptic vesicle clustering and of synaptic transmission, and increased seizure propensity, in synapsin I-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 9235-9239
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , pp. 9235-9239
    • Li, L.1    Chin, L.S.2    Shupliakov, O.3    Brodin, L.4    Sihra, T.S.5    Hvalby, O.6
  • 27
    • 33745058712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel tricyclic pyrone compound ameliorates cell death associated with intracellular amyloid-β oligomeric complexes
    • Maezawa I., Hong H.-S., Wu H.-C., Battina S.K., Rana S., Iwamoto T., et al. A novel tricyclic pyrone compound ameliorates cell death associated with intracellular amyloid-β oligomeric complexes. J Neurochem 98 (2006) 57-67
    • (2006) J Neurochem , vol.98 , pp. 57-67
    • Maezawa, I.1    Hong, H.-S.2    Wu, H.-C.3    Battina, S.K.4    Rana, S.5    Iwamoto, T.6
  • 28
    • 0032590054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease
    • McLean C.A., Cherny R.A., Fraser F.W., Fuller S.J., Smith M.J., Beyreuther K., et al. Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 46 (1999) 860-866
    • (1999) Ann Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 860-866
    • McLean, C.A.1    Cherny, R.A.2    Fraser, F.W.3    Fuller, S.J.4    Smith, M.J.5    Beyreuther, K.6
  • 29
    • 0028262485 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of synapsin I gene expression during the establishment and restoration of functional synapses in the rat hippocampus
    • Melloni Jr. R.H., Apostolides P.J., Hamos J.E., and DeGennaro L.J. Dynamics of synapsin I gene expression during the establishment and restoration of functional synapses in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 58 (1994) 683-703
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.58 , pp. 683-703
    • Melloni Jr., R.H.1    Apostolides, P.J.2    Hamos, J.E.3    DeGennaro, L.J.4
  • 30
    • 0033525520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain
    • Moechars D., Dewachter I., Lorent K., Reversé D., Baekelandt V., Naidu A., et al. Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 6483-6492
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 6483-6492
    • Moechars, D.1    Dewachter, I.2    Lorent, K.3    Reversé, D.4    Baekelandt, V.5    Naidu, A.6
  • 32
    • 0038117796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid β-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline
    • Näslund J., Haroutunian V., Mohs R., Davis K.L., Davies P., Greengard P., et al. Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid β-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline. J Am Med Assoc 283 (2000) 1571-1577
    • (2000) J Am Med Assoc , vol.283 , pp. 1571-1577
    • Näslund, J.1    Haroutunian, V.2    Mohs, R.3    Davis, K.L.4    Davies, P.5    Greengard, P.6
  • 33
    • 0025992417 scopus 로고
    • In vitro aging of beta-amyloid protein causes peptide aggregation and neurotoxicity
    • Pike C.J., Walencewicz A.J., Glabe C.G., and Cotman C.W. In vitro aging of beta-amyloid protein causes peptide aggregation and neurotoxicity. Brain Res 563 (1991) 311-314
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.563 , pp. 311-314
    • Pike, C.J.1    Walencewicz, A.J.2    Glabe, C.G.3    Cotman, C.W.4
  • 34
    • 0027447286 scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration induced by β-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state
    • Pike C.J., Burdick D., Walencewicz A.J., Glabe C.G., and Cotman C.W. Neurodegeneration induced by β-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state. J Neurosci 13 (1993) 1676-1687
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 1676-1687
    • Pike, C.J.1    Burdick, D.2    Walencewicz, A.J.3    Glabe, C.G.4    Cotman, C.W.5
  • 35
    • 0030049915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filament heterogeneity within the dystrophic neurites of senile plaques suggests blockage of fast axonal transport in Alzheimer's disease
    • Praprotnik D., Smith M.A., Richey P.L., Vinters H.V., and Perry G. Filament heterogeneity within the dystrophic neurites of senile plaques suggests blockage of fast axonal transport in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 91 (1996) 226-235
    • (1996) Acta Neuropathol. , vol.91 , pp. 226-235
    • Praprotnik, D.1    Smith, M.A.2    Richey, P.L.3    Vinters, H.V.4    Perry, G.5
  • 36
    • 0035875690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosis
    • Praticò D., Uryu K., Leight S., Trojanoswki J.Q., and Lee V.M. Increased lipid peroxidation precedes amyloid plaque formation in an animal model of Alzheimer amyloidosis. J Neurosci 21 (2001) 4183-4187
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 4183-4187
    • Praticò, D.1    Uryu, K.2    Leight, S.3    Trojanoswki, J.Q.4    Lee, V.M.5
  • 37
    • 1342347277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional alteration of synapsin I in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's disease patients
    • Qin S., Hu X.Y., Xu H., and Zhou J.N. Regional alteration of synapsin I in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol 107 (2004) 209-215
    • (2004) Acta Neuropathol , vol.107 , pp. 209-215
    • Qin, S.1    Hu, X.Y.2    Xu, H.3    Zhou, J.N.4
  • 38
    • 0035066332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy
    • Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 81 (2001) 741-766
    • (2001) Physiol Rev. , vol.81 , pp. 741-766
    • Selkoe, D.J.1
  • 39
    • 0037174618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure
    • Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 298 (2002) 789-791
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 789-791
    • Selkoe, D.J.1
  • 41
    • 0014193263 scopus 로고
    • Fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in senile plaques in Alzheimer's presenile dementia
    • Suzuki K., and Terry R.D. Fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in senile plaques in Alzheimer's presenile dementia. Acta Neuropathol 8 (1967) 276-284
    • (1967) Acta Neuropathol , vol.8 , pp. 276-284
    • Suzuki, K.1    Terry, R.D.2
  • 42
    • 1842732209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligomerization of Alzheimer's β-amyloid within processes and synapses of cultured neurons and brain
    • Takahashi R.H., Almeida C.G., Kearney P.F., Yu F., Lin M.T., Milner T.A., et al. Oligomerization of Alzheimer's β-amyloid within processes and synapses of cultured neurons and brain. J Neurosci 24 (2004) 3592-3599
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 3592-3599
    • Takahashi, R.H.1    Almeida, C.G.2    Kearney, P.F.3    Yu, F.4    Lin, M.T.5    Milner, T.A.6
  • 43
    • 34547110577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internalized antibodies to the Aβ domain of APP reduce neuronal Aβ and protect against synaptic alterations
    • Tampellini D., Magrané J., Takahashi R.H., Li F., Lin M.T., Almeida C.G., et al. Internalized antibodies to the Aβ domain of APP reduce neuronal Aβ and protect against synaptic alterations. J Biol Chem 282 (2007) 18895-18906
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 18895-18906
    • Tampellini, D.1    Magrané, J.2    Takahashi, R.H.3    Li, F.4    Lin, M.T.5    Almeida, C.G.6
  • 44
    • 0025987048 scopus 로고
    • Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment
    • Terry R.D., Masliah E., Salmon D.P., Butters N., DeTeresa R., Hill R., et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 30 (1991) 572-580
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.30 , pp. 572-580
    • Terry, R.D.1    Masliah, E.2    Salmon, D.P.3    Butters, N.4    DeTeresa, R.5    Hill, R.6
  • 45
    • 0034609516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oligomerization of amyloid β-protein begins intracellularly in cells derived from human brain
    • Walsh D.M., Tseng B.P., Rydel R.E., Podlisny M.B., and Selkoe D.J. The oligomerization of amyloid β-protein begins intracellularly in cells derived from human brain. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 10831-10839
    • (2000) Biochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 10831-10839
    • Walsh, D.M.1    Tseng, B.P.2    Rydel, R.E.3    Podlisny, M.B.4    Selkoe, D.J.5
  • 46
    • 0037041426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo
    • Walsh D.M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J.V., Cullen W.K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M.S., et al. Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 416 (2002) 535-539
    • (2002) Nature , vol.416 , pp. 535-539
    • Walsh, D.M.1    Klyubin, I.2    Fadeeva, J.V.3    Cullen, W.K.4    Anwyl, R.5    Wolfe, M.S.6
  • 47
    • 0024990330 scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides
    • Yankner B.A., Duffy L.K., and Kirschner D.A. Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides. Science 250 (1990) 279-292
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 279-292
    • Yankner, B.A.1    Duffy, L.K.2    Kirschner, D.A.3
  • 49
    • 0037407910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic and synaptic pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Zhu B., Luo L., Moore G.R., Paty D.W., and Cynader M.S. Dendritic and synaptic pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 162 (2003) 1639-1650
    • (2003) Am J Pathol , vol.162 , pp. 1639-1650
    • Zhu, B.1    Luo, L.2    Moore, G.R.3    Paty, D.W.4    Cynader, M.S.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.