Stem cell therapy for myocardial regeneration: Mechanisms and current clinical applications;La terapia con le cellule staminali per la rigenerazione del miocardio: Meccanismi d'azione e attuali applicazioni cliniche

Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 234-250

  Centola, Marco ^a,b   Schuleri, Karl H ^a   Lardo, Albert C ^a   Hare, Joshua M ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell transplantation; Heart failure; Myocardial infarction; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL FUSION; HEART CONTRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; STEM CELL MOBILIZATION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TISSUE REPAIR; ADULT; ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYTOLOGY; DISEASE MODEL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; FORECASTING; HEART; HEART MUSCLE; MYOBLAST; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REGENERATION; STEM CELL; SWINE; TRANSPLANTATION;

ADULT; ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUSION; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II AS TOPIC; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III AS TOPIC; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; FORECASTING; HEART; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIUM; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; REGENERATION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS; SWINE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 47049117435     PISSN: 18276806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Conti S, Farchi G, Capocaccia R, et al. La mortalità in Italia nell'anno 1998. Rapporti ISTISAN 02/31 2002: 1-185.
2. Le condizioni di salute della popolazione. Indagine multi-scopo sulle famiglie. Anni 1999-2000. Roma: ISTAT, 2001: 169.
3. American Heart Association. Heart and stroke statistics: 2005 update, http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/ 1105390918119HDSStats2005Update.pdf.
4. Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA. Ventricular enlargement and remodeling following acute myocardial infarction: mechanism and management. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 1D-6D.
5. Registro Nazionale degli Eventi Coronarici e Cerebrovascolari. Ital Heart J 2004; 5 (Suppl 3): 22S-37S.
6. Taylor DA. Cell-based myocardial repair: how should we proceed? Int J Cardiol 2004; 95 (Suppl 1): S8-S12.
7. Aulo Gelio. Notti Attiche 16.13.4: 159.
8. Wang JS, Shum-Tim D, Galipeau J, Chedrawy E, Eliopoulos N, Chiu RC. Marrow stromal cells for cellular cardiomyoplasty: feasibility and potential clinical advantages. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 120: 999-1005.
9. Bodine DM, Seidel NE, Gale MS, et al. Efficient retrovirus transduction of mouse pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells mobilized into the peripheral blood by treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and stem cell factor. Blood 1994; 84: 1482-91.
10. Leri A, Kajastura J, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 1373-416.
11. Gepstein L. Derivation and potential application of human embryonic stem cells. Circ Res 2002; 91: 866-76.
12. Council for Responsible Genetics. Genewatch. http://www.gene-watch.org
13. Doetschmann TC, Eistetter H, Katz M, et al. The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1995; 87: 27-45.
14. Wobus AM. Potential of embryonic stem cells. Mol Aspects Med 2001; 22: 149-64.
15. Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissue. Science 1997; 276: 71-4.
16. Fujii T, Yau TM, Weisel RD, et al. Cell transplantation to prevent heart failure: a comparison of cells types. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 2062-70.
17. Orlic D, Kajastura K, Chimenti S, et al. Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10344-9.
18. Strubing C, Ahnert-Hilger G, Shan J, et al. Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into the neuronal lineage in vitro gives rise to mature inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Mech Dev 1995; 53: 275-87.
19. Hescheler J, Fleischmann BK, Lentini S, et al. Embryonic stem cells: a model to study structural and functional properties in cardiomyogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 36: 149-62.
20. Kehat I, Gepstein A, Spira A, et al. High-resolution electrophysiological assessment of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: a novel in vitro model for the study of conduction. Circ Res 2002; 91: 659-61.
21. Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL, et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in post infarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 288-96.
22. Klug MG, Soonpaa MH, Koh GY, et al. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiating embryonic stem cells from stable intracardiac grafts. J Clan Invest 1996; 98: 216-24.
23. Laflamme MA, Gold J, Xu C, et al. Formation oh human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells. Am J Pathol 2005; 167: 663-71.
24. Xue T, Cho HC, Akar FG, et al. Functional integration of electrically active cardiac derivatives from genetically engineered human embryonic stem cells with quiescent recipient ventricular cardiomyocytes: insights into the development of cell-based pacemakers. Circulation 2005; 111: 11-20.
25. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998; 282: 1145-47.
26. Menard C, Hagege AA, Agbulut O, at al. Transplantation of cardiac-committed mouse embryonic stem cells to infarcted sheep myocardium: a preclinical study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1005-12.
27. Hodgson DM, Behfar A, Zingman LV, et al. Stable benefit of embryonic stem cell therapy in myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H471-H479.
28. Campion D. The muscle satellite cell: a review. Int Rev Cytol 1984; 87: 225-51.
29. Suzuki K, Brand NJ, Smolenski RT, et al. Development of a novel method for cell transplantation through the coronary artery. Circulation 2000; 102 (Suppl 3): III359-III364.
30. Kessler PD, Byrne BJ. Myoblast cell grafting into heart muscle: cellular biology and potential applications. Annu Rev Physiol 1999; 61: 219-42.
31. Taylor DA, Atkins BZ, Hungspreugs P, et al. Regenerating functional myocardium: improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nat Med 1998; 4: 929-33.
32. Reinecke H, MacDonald GH, Hauschka SD, et al. Electromechanical coupling between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Implications for infarct repair. J Cell Biol 2000; 149: 731-40.
33. Tambara K, Sakakibara Y, Sakaguchi G, et al. Transplanted skeletal myoblasts can fully replace the infarcted myocardium when they survive in the host in large numbers. Circulation 2003; 108 (Suppl 1): II259-II263.
34. Scorsin M, Hagege A, Vilquin JT, et al. Comparison of the effects of fetal cardiomyocyte and skeletal myoblast transplantation on post infarction left ventricular function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 1169-75.
35. Murry CE, Wiseman RW, Schwartz SM, et al. Skeletal myoblast for myocardial regeneration. J Clan Invest 1996; 98: 2512-23.
36. Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine HD, et al. Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet 2003; 361: 45-6.
37. Jackson KA, Majka SM, Wang H, et al. Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. J Clan Invest 2001; 107: 1395-402.
38. Bel A, Messas E, Agbulut O, et al. Transplantation of autologous fresh bone marrow into infarcted myocardium: a word of caution. Circulation 2003; 108 (Suppl 1): II247-II252.
39. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, et al. Transplanted adult bone marrow cells repair myocardial infarcts in mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 938: 221-30.
40. Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 2004; 428: 664-8.
41. Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature hematopoietic fates in ischemic myocardium. Nature 2004; 428: 668-73.
42. Yin AH, Miraglia S, Zanjani ED, et al. AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 1997; 90: 5002-12.
43. Oh H, Bradfute SB, Gallardo TD, et al. Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 12313-8.
44. Schuster MD, Kocher AA, Seki T, et al. Myocardial neovascularization by bone marrow angioblasts results in cardiomyocyte regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H525-H532.
45. Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ, et al. Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone marrow derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nat Med 2001; 7: 430-6.
46. Laflamme MA, Myerson D, Saffitz JE, et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte repopulation by extracardiac progenitors in transplanted human hearts. Circ Res 2002; 90: 634-40.
47. Kogler G, Sensken S, Airey JA, et al. A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 123-35.
48. Ma N, Stamm C, Kaminski A, et al. Human cord blood cells induce angiogenesis following myocardial infarction in NOD/scid-mice. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 45-54.
49. Zimmet J, Hare JM. Emerging role of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial regenerative therapy. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100: 471-81.
50. Majumdar MK, Keane-Moore M, Buyaner D, et al. Characterization and functionality of cell surface molecules on human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10: 228-41.
51. Pittenger MF, Martin BJ. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential as cardiac therapeutics. Circ Res 2004; 95: 9-20.
52. MacKenzie TC, Flake AW. Human mesenchymal stem cells: insights from a surrogate in vivo assay system. Cells Tissues Organs 2002; 171: 90-5.
53. Wakitani S, Saito T, Caplan AI. Myogenic cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 5-azacytidine. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 1417-26.
54. Hakuno D, Fukuda K, Makino S, et al. Bone marrow-derived regenerated cardiomyocytes (CMG cells) express functional adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. Circulation 2002; 105: 380-6.
55. Davani S, Marandin A, Mersin N, et al. Mesenchymal progenitors cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density and improve heart function in a rat cellular cardiomyoplasty model. Circulation 2003; 108 (Suppl 1): II253-II258.
56. Amado LC, Saliaris AP, Schuleri KH, et al. Cardiac repair with intramyocardial injection of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells after myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 11474-9.
57. Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 2002; 105: 93-8.
58. Boyle AJ, Schulman SP, Hare JM. Is stem cell therapy ready for patients? Circulation 2006; 114: 339-52.
59. Amado LC, Schuleri KH, Saliaris AP, et al. Multi-modality non-invasive imaging demonstrates in-vivo cardiac regeneration following mesenchymal stem cell therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2116-24.
60. Anversa P, Kajstura J. Ventricular myocytes are not terminally differentiated in the adult mammalian heart. Circ Res 1998; 83: 1-14.
61. Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 2003; 114: 763-76.
62. Messina E, De Angelis L, Frati G, et al. Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ Res 2004; 95: 911-21.
63. Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC, et al. Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation 2007; 115: 896-908.
64. Urbanek K, Torella D, Sheikh F, et al. Myocardial regeneration by activation of multipotent cardiac stem cells in ischemic heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 8692-7.
65. Mouquet F, Pfister O, Jain M, et al. Restoration of cardiac progenitor cells after myocardial infarction by self proliferation and selective homing of bone marrow-derived stem cells. Circ Res 2005; 97: 1090-2.
66. Anversa P, Rota M, Urbanek K, et al. Myocardial aging - a stem cell problem. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100: 482-93.
67. Menasche P, Hagege AA, Vilquin JT, et al. Autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1078-83.
68. Beltrami AP, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, et al. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1750-7.
69. Perin EC, Dohmann HF, Borojevic R, et al. Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 2294-302.
70. Fuchs S, Satler LF, Kornowski R, et al. Catheter-based autologous bone marrow myocardial injection in no-option patients with advanced coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1721-4.
71. Wollert KC, Drexler H. Clinical applications of stem cells for the heart. Circ Res 2005; 96: 151-63.
72. Thompson CA, Reddy VK, Srinivasan A, et al. Left ventricular functional recovery with percutaneous, transvascular direct myocardial delivery of bone marrow-derived cells. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24: 1385-92.
73. Thompson CA, Nasseri BA, Makower J, et al. Percutaneous transvenous cellular cardiomyoplasty. A novel nonsurgical approach for myocardial cell transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1964-71.
74. Siminiak T, Fiszer D, Jerzykowska O, et al. Percutaneous trans-coronary-venous transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in the treatment of post-infarction myocardial contractility impairment: the POZNAN trial. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1188-95.
75. Assmus B, Schachinger V, Teupe C, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation 2002; 106: 3009-17.
76. Chen SI, Fang WW, Ye F, et al. Effect on left ventricular function of intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 92-5.
77. Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002; 106: 1913-8.
78. Assmus B, Honold J, Schachinger V, et al. Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1222-32.
79. Schachinger V, Assmus B, Britten B, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction: final one year results of TOPCAREAMI trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1690-9.
80. Fernandez-Aviles F, San Roman JA, Garcia-Frade J, et al. Experimental and clinical regenerative capability of human bone marrow cells after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2004; 95: 742-8.
81. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 141-8.
82. Lunde K, Solheim S, Aakhus S, et al. Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1199-209.
83. Janssens S, Dubois C, Bogaert J, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 113-21.
84. Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A, et al. Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2775-83.
85. Assmus B, Walter DH, Lehmann R, et al. Intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells is not associated with aggravated restenosis development or atherosclerotic disease progression in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2989-95.
86. Pittenger MF, Martin BJ. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential as cardiac therapeutics. Circ Res 2004; 95: 9-20.
87. Xu M, Uemura R, Dai Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of bone marrow stem cells on cardiac structure and function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 42: 441-8.
88. Yamaguchi J, Kusano KF, Masuo O, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 effects on ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cell recruitment for ischemic neovascularization. Circulation 2003; 107: 1322-8.
89. Kawada H, Fujita J, Kinjo K, et al. Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Blood 2004; 104: 3581-7.
90. Barbash IM, Chouraqui P, Baron J, et al. Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution. Circulation 2003; 108: 863-8.
91. Freed LE, Guilak F, Guo XE, et al. Advanced tools for tissue engineering: scaffolds, bioreactors, and signaling. Tissue Eng 2006; 12: 3285-305.
92. Sales VL, Engelmayr GC Jr, Mettler BA, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 modulates extracellular matrix production, proliferation, and apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells in tissue-engineering scaffolds. Circulation 2006; 114 (Suppl): I193-I199.
93. Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 53: 31-47.
94. Yeh ET, Zhang S, Wu HD, et al. Transdifferentiation of human peripheral blood CD34+-enriched cell population into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells in vivo. Circulation 2003; 108: 2070-3.
95. Shintani S, Murohara T, Ikeda H, et al. Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 103: 2776-9.
96. Kang HJ, Kim HS, Zhang SY, et al. Effects of intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem-cells mobilised with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on left ventricular systolic function and restenosis after coronary stenting in myocardial infarction: the MAGIC cell randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 751-6.
97. Wang Y, Tagil K, Ripa RS, et al. Effect of mobilization of bone marrow stem cells by granulocyte colony stimulating factor on clinical symptoms, left ventricular perfusion and function in patients with severe chronic ischemic heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100: 477-83.
98. Anversa P. Cardiac regeneration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1769-76.
99. Condorelli G, Borello U, De Angelis L, et al. Cardiomyocytes induce endothelial cells to transdifferentiate into cardiac muscle: implications for myocardial regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10733-8.
100. Barile L, Chimenti I, Gaetani R, et al. Cardiac stem cells: isolation, expansion and experimental use for myocardial regeneration. Nat Clan Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007; 4 (Suppl 1): S9-S14.
101. Sachinidis A, Schwengberg S, Hippler-Altenburg R, et al. Identification of small signalling molecules promoting cardiac-specific differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 18: 303-14.
102. Valiunas V, Doronin S, Valiuniene L, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells make cardiac connexin and form gap junctions. J Physiol 2004; 555: 617-26.
103. Makino S, Fukuda K, Miyoshi S, et al. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 697-705.
104. Shake JG, Gruber PJ, Baumgartner, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftment and functional effects. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 1919-25.
105. Kawamoto A, Iwasaki H, Kusano K, et al. CD34-positive cells exhibit increased potency and safety for therapeutic neovascularization after myocardial infarction compared with total mononuclear cells. Circulation 2006; 114: 2163-9.
106. Nygren JM, Jovinge S, Breitbach M, et al. Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells generate cardiomyocytes at a low frequency through cell fusion, but not transdifferentiations. Nat Med 2004; 10: 494-501.
107. Ying QL, Nichols J, Evans EP, Smith AG. Changing potency by spontaneous fusion. Nature 2002; 416: 545-8.
108. Vieyra DS, Jackson KA, Goodell MA. Plasticity and tissue regenerative potential of bone marrow-derived cells. Stem Cell Rev 2005; l: 65-9.
109. Kajstura J, Rota M, Whang B, et al. Bone marrow cells differentiate in cardiac cell lineages after infarction independently of cell fusion. Circ Res 2005; 96: 127-37.
110. Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Bonaros N, et al. Myocardial homing and neovascularization by human bone marrow angioblasts is regulated by IL-8/ Gro CXC chemokines. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40: 442-5.
111. Schuster MD, Kocher AA, Seki T, et al. Myocardial neovascularization by bone marrow angioblasts results in cardiomyocyte regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H525-H532.
112. Tang YL, Zhao Q, Qin X, et al. Paracrine action enhances the effects of autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on vascular regeneration in rat model of myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 229-36.
113. Xu, Xu Z, Xu Y, et al. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on extracellular matrix after myocardial infarction in rats. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16: 245-55.
114. Xu, Xu Z, Xu Y, et al. Seletive down-regulation of extracellular matrix gene expression by bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation into infarcted myocardium. Circ J 2005; 69: 1275-83.
115. Berry MF, Engler AJ, Woo YJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290: H2196-H2203.
116. Abbott JD, Huang Y, Liu D, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha plays a critical role instem cell recruitment to the heart after myocardial infarction but is not sufficient to induce homing in the absence of injury. Circulation 2004; 110: 3300-5.
117. Peled A, Petit I, Kollet O, et al. Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science 1999; 283: 845-8.
118. Kinnaird T, Stabile E, Burnett MS, et al. Marrow-derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms. Circ Res 2004; 94: 678-85.
119. Torella D, Rota M, Nurzynska D, et al. Cardiac stem cell and myocyte aging, heart failure, and insulin-like growth factor-1 overexpression. Circ Res 2004; 94: 514-24.
120. Toker A, Yoeli-Lerner M. Akt signaling and cancer: surviving but not moving on. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 3963-6.
121. Gute N, Muraski J, Rubio M, et al. Akt promotes increased cardiomyocyte cycling and expansion of cardiac progenitor cell population. Circ Res 2006; 99: 381-8.
122. Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1195-201.
123. Mazhari R, Hare JM. Mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac repair: potential influences on the cardiac stem cell niche. Nat Clan Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007; 4 (Suppl 1): S21-S26.
124. Vandervelde S, van Luyn MJ, Tio RA, Harmsen MC. Signaling factors in stem cell-mediated repair of infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 39: 363-76.
125. Gnecchi M, He H, Liang OD, et al. Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med 2005; 11: 367-8.
126. Torella D, Ellison GM, Mendez-Ferrer S, et al. Resident human cardiac stem cells: role in cardiac cellular homeostasis and potential for myocardial regeneration. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006; 3 (Suppl 1): S8-S13.
127. Limana F, Germani A, Zacheo A, et al. Exogenous high-mobility group box 1 protein induces myocardial regeneration after infarction via enhanced cardiac C-kit+ cell proliferation and differentiation. Circ Res 2005; 97: e73-e83.
128. Yoon YS, Lee N, Scadova H. Myocardial regeneration with bone-marrow-derived stem cells. Biol Cell 2005; 97: 253-63.
129. Petzsch M, Ince H, Kleine HD, et al. No restenosis after GCSF in acute myocardial infarction: insights from FIRSTLINE-AMI (Front-Integrated Revascularization and Stem Cell Liberation in Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor). (abstr) Circulation 2004; 110 (Suppl III): 238.
130. Ince H, Petzsch M, Kleine HD, et al. Prevention of left ventricular remodeling with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the Front-Integrated Revascularization and Stem Cell Liberation in Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (FIRSTLINE-AMI) Trial. Circulation 2005; 112 (Suppl): I73-I80.
131. Valgimigli M, Rigolin GM, Cittanti C, et al. Use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor during acute myocardial infarction to enhance bone marrow stem cell mobilization in humans: clinical and angiographic safety profile. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1838-45.
132. Zohlnhofer D, Ott I, Mehilli J, et al. Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 1003-10.
133. Ripa RS, Jorgensen E, Wang Y, et al. Stem cell mobilization induced by subcutaneous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to improve cardiac regeneration after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: result of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled stem cells in myocardial infarction (STEMMI) trial. Circulation 2006; 113: 1983-92.
134. Engelmann MG, Theiss HD, Hennig-Theiss C, et al. Autologous bone marrow stem cell mobilization induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after subacute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing late revascularization: final results from the G-CSF-STEMI (Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 1712-21.
135. Kornowski R, Hong MK, Tio FO, et al. In-stent restenosis: contributions of inflammatory responses and arterial injury to neointimal hyperplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 224-30.
136. Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clan Invest 2001; 108: 391-7.
137. Mundy G, Garrett R, Harris S, et al. Stimulation of bone formation in vitro and in rodents by statins. Science 1999; 286: 1946-9.
138. Poglajen G, Zidar N, Gregoric ID. Stem cell therapy for ischemic heart failure. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32: 339-47.
139. Liu Z, Wu Y, Chen BG. Myoblast therapy: from bench to bedside. Cell Transplant 2006; 15: 455-62.
140. Hagege AA, Marolleau JP, Vilquin JT, et al. Skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischemic heart failure: long-term follow-up of the first phase I cohort of patients, Circulation 2006; 114 (Suppl): I108-I113.
141. Theiss HD, David R, Engelmann MG, et al. Circulation of CD34+ progenitor cell populations in patients with idiopathic dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy (DCM and ICM). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1258-64.
142. Chien KR. Lost and found: cardiac stem cell therapy revisited. J Clan Invest 2006; 116: 1838-40.
143. Engelmann MG, Franz WM. Stem cell therapy after myocardial infarction: ready for clinical application? Curr Opin Mol Ther 2006; 8: 396-414.
144. Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Wijns W, et al. Bone-marrow-derived cells for cardiac stem cell therapy: safe or still under scrutiny? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007; 4 (Suppl 1): S100-S105.
145. Anversa P, Kajastura J, Leri A. If I can stop one heart from breaking. Circulation 2007; 115: 829-32.
146. Perin EC, Lopez J. Methods of stem cell delivery in cardiac diseases. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006; 3 (Suppl 1): S110-S113.
147. Povsic TJ, Peterson ED. Stem cells for the ischaemic heart. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6: 427-42.
148. Zhou R, Acton PD, Ferrari VA. Imaging stem cells implanted in infarcted myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2094-106.
149. Bengel FM. Nuclear imaging in cardiac cell therapy. Heart Fail Rev 2006; 11: 325-32.
150. Chang GY, Xie X, Wu JC. Overview of stem cells and imaging modalities for cardiovascular diseases. J Nucl Cardiol 2006; 13: 554-69.
151. Rosenzweig A. Cardiac cell therapy - mixed results from mixed cells. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1274-7.
152. Bartunek J, Dimmeler S, Drexler H, et al. The consensus of the task force of the European Society of Cardiology concerning the clinical investigation of the use of autologous adult stem cells for repair of the heart. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1338-40.
153. Dimmeler S. Viewpoint: stem cells in cardiology. Circulation 2006; 113: f69-f70.
154. Linee guida sui prodotti per la terapia cellulare. Notiziario dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 2004; 17: 9-14.