Molecular markers of heavy metal toxicity - A new paradigm for health risk assessment

Journal of Environmental Biology

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-14

  Yoon, Seokjoo ^a   Sang, Seop Han ^a   Rana, S V S ^b  

^a Korea Institute of Toxicology   (South Korea)

^b CH CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Health risk assessment; Heavy metals; Molecular markers; Toxicogenomics

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; CADMIUM; CHROMIUM; COPPER; HEAVY METAL; LEAD; MANGANESE; MERCURY; MOLECULAR MARKER; MOLYBDENUM; NICKEL; SELENIUM; ZINC;

GENE EXPRESSION; GENOMICS; HEALTH RISK; HEAVY METAL; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY;

CARDIOMYOPATHY; DNA LIBRARY; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENOME; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICOGENETICS; UPREGULATION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 38849162108     PISSN: 02548704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Afshari, C.A., E.F. Nuwaysir and J.C. Barrett: Application of complementary DNA microarray technology to carcinogen identification, toxicology, and drug safety evaluation. Cancer Res., 59, 4759-4760 (1999).
2. 2-treated tubular MDCK cells. Toxicology, 206, 137-151 (2005).
3. Andrew, A.S., M.R. Karagas and J.W. Hamilton: Decreased DNA repair gene expression among individuals exposed to arsenic in United States drinking water. Int. J. Cancer, 104, 263-268 (2003).
4. Argos, M., M.G. Kibriya, F. Parvez, F. Jasmine, M. Rakibuz-Zaman and H. Ahsan: Gene expression profiles in peripheral lymphocytes by arsenic exposure and skin lesion status in a Bangladeshi population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 1367-1375 (2006).
5. ATSDR.: Cadmium update. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington. D.C. (1998).
6. ATSDR.: Manganese: Atlanta agency for toxic substances and disease registry. pp. 1-199 (1997).
7. ATSDR.: Toxicological Profile for Lead. V.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington D.C. (1999).
8. ATSDR.: Toxicological Profile for Nickel, Public Health Service. V.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta GA. pp.1-262 (1997).
9. Ayensu, W.K. and P.B. Tchounwou: Microarray analysis of mercury-induced changes in gene expression in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells: Importance in immune responses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Hlth., 3, 141-173 (2006).
10. Bae, D.S., R.J. Handa, R.S. Yang and J.A. Campain: Gene expression patterns as potential molecular biomarkers for malignant transformation in human keratinocytes treated with MNNG, arsenic, or a metal mixture. Toxicol. Sci., 74, 32-42 (2003).
11. Bae, D.S., W.H. Hanneman, R.S. Yang and J.A. Campain: Characterization of gene expression changes associated with MNNG, arsenic, or metal mixture treatment in human keratinocytes: Application of cDNA microarray technology. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 110, 931-941 (2002).
12. Baek, S.Y., J.H. Cho, E.S. Kim, H.J. Kim, S. Yoon, B.S. Kim, J.B. Kim, C.R. Lee, C. Yoo, J.H. Lee, H. Lee, J. Park, J.W. Kim and Y. Kim: CDNA array analysis of gene expression profiles in brain of mice exposed to manganese. Ind. Hlth., 42, 315-320 (2004).
13. Ball, C.A., G. Sherlock and A. Brazma: Funding high-throughput data sharing. Nat. Biotechnol., 22, 1179-1183 (2004b).
14. Ball, C.A., A. Brazma, H. Causton, S. Chervitz, R. Edgar, P. Hingamp, J.C. Matese, H. Parkinson, J. Quackenbush, M. Ringwald, S.A. Sansone, G. Sherlock, P. Spellman, C. Stoeckert, Y. Tateno, R. Taylor, J. White and N. Winegarden: Submission of microarray data to public repositories. Plos. Biol., 2, E317 (2004a).
15. Bermano, G., F. Nicol, J.A. Dyer, R.A. Sunde, G.J. Beckett, J.R. Arthur and J.E. Hesketh: Selenoprotein gene expression during selenium-repletion of selenium-deficient rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 51, 211-223 (1996).
16. Beyersmann, D.: Effects of carcinogenic metals on gene expression. Toxicol. Lett., 127, 63-68 (2002).
17. Bouton, C.M. and J. Pevsner: Effects of lead on gene expression. Neurotoxicology, 21, 1045-1055 (2000).
18. Bouton, C.M., L.P. Frelin, C.E. Forde, H. Arnold Godwin and J. Pevsner: Synaptotagmin I is a molecular target for lead. J. Neurochem., 76, 1724-1735 (2001).
19. Brazma, A., P. Hingamp, J. Quackenbush, G. Sherlock, P. Spellman, C. Stoeckert, J. Aach, W. Ansorge, C.A. Ball, H.C. Causton, T. Gaasterland, P. Glenisson, F.C. Holstege, I.F. Kim, V. Markowitz, J.C. Matese, H. Parkinson, A. Robinson, U. Sarkans, S. Schulze-Kremer, J. Stewart, R. Taylor, J. Vilo and M. Vingron: Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-Toward standards for microarray data. Nat. Genet., 29, 365-371 (2001).
20. Bridgewater, L.C., F.C. Manning and S.R. Patierno: Arrest of replication by mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and beta caused by chromium-DNA lesions. Mol. Carcinog., 23, 201-206 (1998).
21. Bright, P., P.S. Burge, S.P. O'Hickey, P.F. Gannon, A.S. Robertson and A. Boran: Occupational asthma due to chrome and nickel electroplating. Thorax, 52, 28-32 (1997).
22. Brysk, M.M., G. Lei, S. Rajaraman, P. Selvanayagam, C.H. Rassekh, H. Brysk, S.K. Tyring and I. Arany: Gene expression of zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein in normal human epidermal and buccal epithelia. In Vivo, 11, 271-274 (1997).
23. Bull, P.C., G.R. Thomas, J.M. Rommens, J.R. Forbes and D.W. Cox: The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene. Nat. Genet., 5, 327-337 (1993).
24. Calvo, A., N. Xiao, J. Kang, C.J. Best, I. Leiva, M.R. Emmert-Buck, C. Jorcyk and J.E. Green: Alterations in gene expression profiles during prostate cancer progression: Functional correlations to tumorigenicity and down-regulation of selenoprotein-P in mouse and human tumors. Cancer Res., 62, 5325-5335 (2002).
25. Chada, S., C. Whitney and P.E. Newburger: Post-transcriptional regulation of glutathione peroxidase gene expression by selenium in the HL-60 human myeloid cell line. Blood. 74, 2535-2541 (1989).
26. Chakraborti, T., K.A. Kim, G.G. Goldstein and J.P. Bressler: Increased AP-1 DNA binding activity in PC12 cells treated with lead. J. Neurochem., 73, 187-194 (1999).
27. Chalfic, M., T. Yu, G. Euskirchen, W.W. Ward and D.C. Prasher: Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science, 263, 802-805 (1994).
28. Chan, S., B. Gerson and S. Subramaniam: The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health, Clin. Lab. Med., 18, 673-685 (1998).
29. Chapman, L.M., J.A. Roling, L.K. Bingham, M.R. Herald and W.S. Baldwin: Construction of a subtractive library from hexavalent chromium treated winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) reveals alterations in non-selenium glutathione peroxidases. Aquat Toxicol., 67, 181-194 (2004).
30. Chelly, J., Z. Tumer, T. Tonnesen, A. Petterson, Y. Ishikawa-Brush, N. Tommerup, N. Horn and A.P. Monaco: Isolation of a candidate gene for Menkes disease that encodes a potential heavy metal binding protein. Nat. Genet., 3, 14-19 (1993).
31. Chen, X., G. Yang, J. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Wen and K. Ge: Studies on the relations of selenium and Keshan disease. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2, 91-107 (1980).
32. Cotter, P. A. and R.P. Gunsalus: Oxygen, nitrate, and molybdenum regulation of dmsABC gene expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 171, 3817-3823 (1989).
33. Cousins, R.J.: Zinc, present knowledge in nutrition (Eds.: E.E. Ziedler and L.J. Filer). ILSI. Press. Washington, D.C. (1996).
34. Cox, B., T. Kislinger and A. Emili: Integrating gene and protein expression data: Pattern analysis and profile mining. Methods, 35, 303-314 (2005).
35. Das, K., V. Jacob and J.M. Bouquegneau: White-sided dolphin metallothioneins: purification, characterisation and potential role. Comp. Biochem. Physiol-C, 131, 245-251 (2002).
36. De Hoog, C.L. and M. Mann: Proteomics. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 5, 267-293 (2004).
37. DeRisi, J., L. Penland, P.O. Brown, M.L. Bittner, P.S. Meltzer, M. Ray, Y. Chen, Y.A. Su and J.M. Trent: Use of cDNA microarray to analyse gene expression patterns in human cancer. Nat. Genet., 14, 457-460 (1996).
38. Dhar, S.K., Y. Xu, Y. Chen and D.K. St Clair: Specificity protein 1-dependent p53-mediated suppression of human manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 21698-21709 (2006).
39. Duan, H., H.J. Zhang, J.Q. Yang, L.W. Oberley, B.W. Futscher and F.E. Domann: Mn-SOD up-regulates maspin tumor suppressor gene expression in human breast and prostate cancer cells. Antioxid. Redox. Signal., 5, 677-688 (2003).
40. Dubrovskaya, V.A. and K.E. Wetterhahn: Effects of Cr(VI) on the expression of the oxidative stress genes in human lung cells. Carcinogenesis, 19, 1401-1407 (1998).
41. EPA.: Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Vol I-IV. EPA-600/8-83/028f V.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (1986).
42. EPA.: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for Cadmium. Office of the Health and Environmental Assessment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. D.C. (1997).
43. Esworthy, R.S., M.A. Baker and F.F. Chu: Expression of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in human breast tumor cell lines. Cancer Res., 55, 957-962 (1995).
44. Fay, J.C., H.L. McCullough, P.D. Sniegowski and M.B. Eisen: Population genetic variation in gene expression is associated with phenotypic variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genome Biol., 5, R26 (2004).
45. Fishbein, L.: Sources, transport and alterations of metal compounds: An overview. I. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 40, 43-64 (1981).
46. Fletcher, N., D. Wahlstrom, R. Lundberg, C.B. Nilsson, K.C. Nilsson, K. Stockling, H. Hellmold and H. Hakansson: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters the mRNA expression of critical genes associated with cholesterol metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, and bile transport in rat liver. A microarray study. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 207, 1-24 (2005).
47. Flora, S.J.S., S. Bhadauria, G.M. Kanan and Nutan Singh: Arsenic induced oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant supplementation during chelation: A review. J. Environ. Biol., 28, 333-347 (2007).
48. Friberg, L., C.F. Eliner, T. Kjellstron and G.F. Nordberg: Cadmium and Health: A toxicological and epidemiological appraisal. Vol.II Effects and response. CRC Press. Boca Raton. pp. 1-307(1985).
49. Ganter, B., S. Tugendreich, C.I. Pearson, E. Ayanoglu, S. Baumhueter, K.A. Bostian, L. Brady, L.J. Browne, J.T. Calvin and G.J. Day: Development of a large-scale chemogenomics database to improve drug candidate selection and to understand mechanisms of chemical toxicity and action. J. Biotechnol., 119, 219-244 (2005).
50. Garbis, S., G. Lubec and M. Fountoulakis: Limitations of current proteomics technologies. J. Chromatogr., A1077, 1-18 (2005).
51. Garrett, S.H., V. Phillips, S. Somji, M.A. Sens, R. Dutta, S. Park, D. Kim and D. A. Sens: Transient induction of metallothionein isoform 3 (MT-3), c-fos, c-jun and c-myc in human proximal tubule cells exposed to cadmium. Toxicol. Lett., 126, 69-80 (2002).
52. Goering, P.L.: Lead-protein interactions as a basis for lead toxicity. Neurotoxicology, 14, 45-60(1993).
53. Goldstein, G.W.: Evidence that lead acts as a calcium substitute in second messenger metabolism. Neurotoxicology, 14, 97-101 (1993).
54. Goyer, R.A.: Lead toxicity: Current concerns. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 100, 177-187 (1993).
55. Goyer, R.A: Toxic effects of metals. In: Casarett and doull's toxicology: The basic science of poisons (Ed.: C.D. Klaasen). Mc Graw Hill, New York. pp. 691-736 (1996).
56. Grunstein, M. and D.S. Hogness: Colony hydridization: A method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 3961-3965 (1975).
57. Guilarte, T.R.: Glutamatergic system and developmental lead neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 18, 665-672 (1997).
58. Hamilton, J.W. and K.E. Wetterhahn: Differential effects of chromium (VI) on constitutive and inducible gene expression in chick embryo liver in vivo and correlation with chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage. Mol. Carcinog., 2, 274-286 (1989).
59. Hamilton, J.W., R.C. Kaltreider, O.V. Bajenova, M.A. Ihnat, J. McCaffrey, B.W. Turpie, E.E. Rowell, J. Oh, M.J. Nemeth, C.A. Pesce and J.P. Lariviere: Molecular basis for effects of carcinogenic heavy metals on inducible gene expression. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 106, 1005-1015 (1998).
60. Haugen, A.C., R. Kelley, J.B. Collins, C.J. Tucker, C. Deng, C.A. Afshari, J.M. Brown, T. Ideker and B. Van Houten: Integrating phenotypic and expression profiles to map arsenic-response networks. Genome Biol., 5, R95 (2004).
61. Hayes, K.R. and C.A. Bradfield: Advances in toxicogenomics. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 18, 403-414 (2005).
62. Hiranuma, K., K. Hirata, T. Abe, T. Hirano, K. Matsuno, H. Hirano, K. Suzuki and K. Higashi: Induction of mitochondrial chaperonin, hsp60, by cadmium in human hepatoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 194, 531-536 (1993).
63. Huang, W.C., P.C. Chen, S.B. Jou and J.T. Cheng: Protein kinase C and changes in manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression in cultured glial cells. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 28, 822-825 (2001).
64. Huang, Y., T. He and F.E. Domann: Decreased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in transformed cells is associated with increased cytosine methylation of the SOD2 gene. DNA Cell Biol., 18, 643-652 (1999).
65. Hucka, M., A. Finney, H.M. Sauro, H. Bolouri, J.C. Doyle, H. Kitano, A.P. Arkin, B.J. Bornstein, D. Bray, A. Cornish-Bowden, A. Cuellar, S. Dronov, E. D. Gilles, M. Ginkel, V. Gor, I. I. Goryanin, W. J. Hedley, T. C. Hodgman, J.-H. Hofmeyr, P. J. Hunter, N. S. Juty, J. L. Kasberger, A. Kremling, U. Kummer, N. Le Novère, L. M. Loew, D. Lucio, P. Mendes, E. Minch, E. D. Mjolsness, Y. Nakayama, M. R. Nelson, P. F. Nielsen, T. Sakurada, J. C. Schaff, B. E. Shapiro, T. S. Shimizu, H. D. Spence, J. Stelling, K. Takahashi, M. Tomita, J. Wagner, and J. Wang: The systems biology markup language (SBML): A medium for representation and exchange of biochemical network models Bioinformatics, 19, 524-531 (2003).
66. Hughes, T.R., C.J. Roberts, H. Dai, A.R. Jones, M.R. Meyer, D. Slade, J. Burchard, S.Dow, T.R. Ward, M.J. Kidd, S.H. Friend and M.J. Marton: Widespread aneuploidy revealed by DNA microarray expression profiling. Nat. Genet., 25, 333-337 (2000).
67. IARC: Monograph on the evaluation of risks to humans. Vol. 58. Cadmium, mercury, beryllium and the glars industry, Lyon, France (1994).
68. IARC: Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 47, Lyons, France (1989).
69. Izzotti, A., C. Cartiglia, R. Balansky, F. D'Agostini, M. Longobardi and S. De Flora: Selective induction of gene expression in rat lung by hexavalent chromium. Mol. Carcinog., 35, 75-84 (2002).
70. Jin, P. and N. R. Ringertz: Cadmium induces transcription of proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-myc in rat L6 myoblasts. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 14061-14064 (1990).
71. Joshi, N., L. L. Johnson, W. Q. Wei, C. C. Abnet, Z. W. Dong, P. R. Taylor, P. J. Limburg, S. M. Dawsey, E. T. Hawk, Y. L. Qiao and I. R. Kirsch: Selenomethionine treatment does not alter gene expression in normal squamous esophageal mucosa in a high-risk Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev., 15, 1046-1047 (2006).
72. Kaltreider, R. C., C. A. Pesce, M. A. Ihnat, J. P. Lariviere and J. W. Hamilton: Differential effects of arsenic (III) and chromium(VI) on nuclear transcription factor binding. Mol. Carcinog., 25, 219-229 (1999).
73. Kane, M.D., T.A. Jatkoe, C.R. Stumpf, J. Lu, J.D. Thomas and S.J. Madore: Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of oligonucleotide (50 mer) microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res., 28, 4552-4557 (2000).
74. Karin, M., A. Haslinger, H. Holtgreve, R. I. Richards, P. Krauter, H. M. Westphal and M. Beato: Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein-IIA gene. Nature, 308, 513-519 (1984).
75. Kell, D.B.: Metabolomics and systems biology: Makig sense of the soup. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 7, 296-307 (2004).
76. Kim, K.A., T. Chakraborti, G.W. Goldstein and J.P. Bressler: Immediate early gene expression in PC12 cells exposed to lead: Requirement for protein kinase C. J. Neurochem., 74, 1140-1146 (2000).
77. Koizumi, S. and H. Yamada: DNA microarray analysis of altered gene expression in cadmium-exposed human cells. J. Occup. Hlth., 45, 331-334 (2003).
78. Koizumi, S.: Analysis of heavy metal induced gene expression. In: Handbook of human toxicology (Ed.: E.J. Massaro). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 103-108 (1997).
79. Kolesnikow, T., I. Schroder and R.P. Gunsalus: Regulation of narK gene expression in Escherichia coli in response to anaerobiosis, nitrate, iron, and molybdenum. J. Bacteriol., 174, 7104-7111 (1992).
80. nd. (Eds.: L. Frieberg, G.F. Nordberg and V.B. Vouk) Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 15-210 (1986).
81. Lashkari, D.A., J.L. DeRisi, J.H. McCusker, A.F. Namath, C. Genetic, S.Y., Hwang, P. O. Brown and R. W. Davis: Yeast microarrays for genome wide parallel genetic and gene expression analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 13057-13062 (1997).
82. Levander, O.A. and R.F. Burk: Selenium. In: Present knowledge in nutrition (Eds.: E.F. Ziegler and L.J. Filer). ILSI. Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 320-328 (1996).
83. Liang, R., H. Igarashi, T. Tsuzuki, Y. Nakabeppu, M. Sekiguchi, K.S. Kasprzak and Y. H. Shiao: Presence of potential nickel-responsive element(s) in the mouse MTH1 promoter. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., 31, 91-98 (2001).
84. Lin, X. H., M. Sugiyama and M. Costa: Differences in the effect of vitamin E on nickel sulfide or nickel chloride-induced chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells. Mutat. Res., 260, 159-164 (1991).
85. Lindon, J.C., J.K. Nicholson, E. Holmes, H. Antti, M.E. Bollard, H. Keun, O. Beckonert, T.M. Ebbels, M.D. Reily and D. Robertson, G. J. Stevens, P. Luke, A. P. Breau, G. H. Cantor, R. H. Bible, U. Niederhauser, H. Senn, G. Schlotterbeck, U. G. Sidelmann, S. M. Laursen, A. Tymiak, B. D. Car, L. Lehman-McKeeman, J. Colet, A. Loukaci and C. Thomas: Contemporary issues in toxicology the role of metabonomics in toxicology and its evaluation by the COMET project. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 187, 137-146 (2003).
86. Lipshutz, R.Z., S.P. Fodor, T.R. Gingeras and D.J. Lockhart: High density synthetic oligonucleotide arrays. Nat. Genet., 21, 20-24 (1999).
87. Liu, J., T. Jin, G. Nordberg and M. Nordberg: Metallothionein gene expression in peripheral lymphocytes from cadmium-exposed workers. Cell Stress Chaperones, 6, 97-104 (2001).
88. Liu, J., Y. Xie, J. M. Ward, B.A. Diwan and M. P. Waalkes: Toxicogenomic analysis of aberrant gene expression in liver tumors and nontumorous livers of adult mice exposed in vitro to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol. Sci., 77, 249-257 (2004).
89. Lockhart, D.J., H. Dong, M.C. Byrne, M.T. Follettie, M.V. Gallo, M.S. Chee, M. Mittmann, C. Wang, M. Kobayashi, H. Horton and E.L. Brown.: Expression monitoring by hydridization to high density oligonucleotide arrays. Nat. Biotechnol., 14, 1675-1680 (1996).
90. Mah, N., A. Thelin, T. Lu, S. Nikolaus, T. Kuhbacher, Y. Gurbuz, H. Eickhoff, G. Kloppel, H. Lehrach, B. Mellgard, C.M. Costello and S. Schreiber: A comparison of oligonucleotide and cDNA based microarray systems. Physiol. Genomics, 16, 361-370 (2004).
91. Majumder, S., K. Ghoshal, D. Summers, S. Bai, J. Datta and S.T. Jacob: Chromium (VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 26216-26226 (2003).
92. Mallakin, A., L.W. Kutcher, S.A. McDowell, S. Kong, R. Schuster, A.B. Lentsch, B. J. Aronow, G. D. Leikauf and S. E. Waltz: Gene expression profiles of Mstlr-deficient mice during nickel-induced acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 34, 15-27 (2006).
93. Maples, N.L. and L.J. Bain: Trivalent chromium alters gene expression in the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 626-631 (2004).
94. 4+ T cells subsets. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 111, 13-23 (1991).
95. McCoy, H. and M.A. Kenney: A review of biointeractions of Ni and Mg. II. Immune system and oncology. Magnes. Res., 5, 223-232 (1992)
96. McDowell, S.A., K. Gammon, B. Zingarelli, C.J. Bachurski, B.J. Aronow, D.R. Prows and G.D. Leikauf: Inhibition of nitric oxide restores surfactant gene expression following nickel-induced acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 28, 188-198 (2003).
97. Mercer, J.F., J. Livingston, B. Hall, J.A. Paynter, C. Begy, S. Chandrasekharappa, P. Lockhart, A. Grimes, M. Bhave, D. Siemieniak and T.W. Glover: Isolation of a partial candidate gene for Menkes disease by positional cloning. Nat. Genet., 3, 20-25 (1993).
98. Miles, A. T., G.M. Hawksworth, J. H. Beattie and V. Rodilla: Induction, regulation, degradation, and biological significance of mammalian metallothioneins. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 35, 35-70 (2000).
99. Miller, A.C., K. Brooks, J. Smith and N. Page: Effect of the militarily-relevant heavy metals, depleted uranium and heavy metal tungsten-alloy on gene expression in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). Mol Cell Biochem., 255, 247-256 (2004).
100. Monetti, C., D. Vigetti, M. Prati, E. Sabbioni, G. Bernardini and R. Gornati: Gene expression in Xenopus embryos after methylmercury exposure: A search for molecular biomarkers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2731-2736 (2002).
101. Muller, T., H. Feichtinger, H. Berger and W. Muller: Endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis: An ecogenetic disorder. Lancet, 347, 877-880 (1996).
102. Nazaret, S., W.H. Jeffrey, E. Saouter, R. Von Haven and T. Barkay: MerA gene expression in aquatic environments measured by mRNA production and Hg(II) volatilization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 4059-4065 (1994).
103. Nebor, E. and J.O. Hriagu: Nickel and human health current perspectives. Wiley, New York. pp. 1-680 (1992).
104. Nielson, F.: Other trace elements. In: Present knowledge in nutrition (Eds: E.E. Ziegler and L.J. Filer). ILSI, Washington D.C. pp. 353-377 (1996). NRC: Copper in drinking water. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-145 (2000).
105. NRC: Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children and Other Sensitive Populations. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1993).
106. Nuwaysir, E.F., M. Bittner, J. Trent, J.C. Barrett and C.A. Afshari: Microarrays and toxicology: The advent of toxicogenomics. Mol. Carcinog., 24, 153-159 (1999).
107. O'Flaherty, E.J.: Chromium toxicokinetics. In: Toxicology of metals, biochemical aspects (Eds.: R.A. Goyer and M.G. Cherian). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 318-328 (1995).
108. Ogunseitan, O.A.: Protein method for investigating mercuric reductase gene expression in aquatic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 695-702 (1998).
109. O'Halloran, T.V.: Transition metals in control of gene expression. Science, 261, 715-725 (1993).
110. Oh, W.J., E.K. Kim, K.D. Park, S.H. Hahn and O.J. Yoo: Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the Wilson disease gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 259, 206-211 (1999).
111. Oliver, T.: Lead Poisoning from the Industrial Medical and Social point of view. Lewis, London. pp. 1-294 (1914).
112. Pizzarro, F., M. Olivares, R. Uauy, P. Contreras, A. Rebelo and V. Gidi: Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 107, 117-121 (1999).
113. Pollard, K.M., D.H. Kono, M. Arnush and P. Hultman: Autoimmunity induced by xenobiotics. The Scripps Research Institute - Scientific Report (2004).
114. Prows, D.R., S.A. McDowell, J. Aronow, G.D. Leikauf: Genetic susceptibility to nickel induced acute lung injury. Chemosphere, 51, 1139-1148 (2003).
115. Quackenbush, J.: Microarray data normalization and transformation. Nat. Genet., 32, 496-501 (2002).
116. Raz, E., G. Zlokarnik, R.Y. Tsien and W. Driever: Beta-lactamase as a marker for gene expression in live zebrafish embryos. Dev. Biol., 203, 290-294 (1998).
117. Rea, M.A., J.P. Gregg, Q. Qin, M.A. Phillips and R.H. Rice: Global alteration of gene expression in human keratinocytes by inorganic arsenic. Carcinogenesis, 24, 747-756 (2003).
118. Rockett, J.C. and D.J. Dix: Application of DNA arrays to toxicology. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 107, 681-685 (1999).
119. Schena, M., D. Shalon, R.W. Davis and P.O. Brown: Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science, 270, 467-470 (1995).
120. Schena, M., R.A. Heller, T.P. Theriault, K. Konrad, E. Lachenmeier, R.W. Davis: Microarrays: Biotechnology's discovery platform for functional genomics. Trends Biotechnol., 16, 301-306 (1998).
121. Schmidt, C.J., M.F. Jubier and D.H. Hamer: Structure and expression of two human metallothionein-I isoform genes and a related pseudogene. J. Biol. Chem., 260, 7731-7 (1985).
122. Sethi, S., S. Grover and M. B. Khodaskar: Role of copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Ann. Trop. Paediatr., 13, 3-5 (1993).
123. Shi, L., W. Tong, F. Goodsaid, F.W. Frueh, H. Fang, T, Han, J.C. Fuscoe and D.A. Casciano: Challenges and pitfalls facing the microarray community and regulatory agencies. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 4, 761-777 (2004).
124. Shimada, A., E. T. Yamamoto, M. Morita, J.S. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, Satoh and C. Tohyama: Ultrastructural demonstration of mercury granules in the placenta of metallothionein-null pregnant mice after exposure to mercury vapor. Toxicol. Pathol., 32, 519-526 (2004).
125. Shimada, H., N.Tominaga, S. Kohra, H. Ishibashi, Y. Mitsui, K. Ura, K. Arizono: Metallothionein gene expression in the larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans is a potential biomarker for cadmium and mercury. Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 20, 240-243 (2003).
126. Shimizu, M., J. F. Hochadel, B. A. Fulmer and M. P. Waalkes: Effect of glutathione depletion and metallothionein gene expression on arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and c-myc expression in vitro. Toxicol. Sci., 45, 204-211 (1998).
127. Shin, H. J., B. H. Lee, M. G. Yeo, S. H. Oh, J. D. Park, K. K. Park, J. H. Chung, C. K. Moon and M. O. Lee: Induction of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 gene expression and its role in cadmium-induced apoptosis in lung. Carcinogenesis, 25, 1467-1475 (2004).
128. Simons, T. J.: Lead-calcium interactions in cellular lead toxicity. Neurotoxicology, 14, 77-85 (1993).
129. Singh, J., D.L. Carlisle, D.E. Pritchard and S.R. Patierno: Chromium-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis: Relationship to chromium carcinogenesis (Review). Oncol. Rep., 5, 1307-1318 (1998).
130. Singh, N., D. Kumar and A.P. Sahu: Arsenic in the environment: Effects on human health and possible prevention. J. Environ. Biol., 28, 359-365 (2007).
131. Singh, S. and S.V.S. Rana: Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J. Environ. Biol., 28, 377-384 (2007).
132. Solis-Heredia, M.J., B. Quintanilla-Vega, A. Sierra-Santoyo, J.M. Hernandez, E. Brambila, M.E. Cebrian and A. Albores: Chromium increases pancreatic metallothionein in the rat. Toxicology, 142, 111-117 (2000).
133. Southern, E.M.: Blotting at 25. Trends Biochem. Sci., 25, 585-588 (2000).
134. Southern, E.M.: Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol., 98, 503-517 (1975).
135. Spee, B., P.J. Mandigers, B. Arends, P. Bode, T.S. van den Ingh, G. Hoffmann, J. Rothuizen and L.C. Penning: Differential expression of copper-associated and oxidative stress related proteins in a new variant of copper toxicosis in Doberman pinschers. Comp. Hepatol., 4, 3 (2005).
136. Spellman, P.T., M. Miller, J. Stewart, C. Troup, U. Sarkans, S. Chervitz, D. Bernhart, G. Sherlock, C. Ball and M. Lepage: Design and implementation of microarray gene expression markup language (MAGE-ML). Genome Biol., 3, RESEARCH0046.1 (2002).
137. Stowe, H. D. and R. A. Goyer: Reproductive ability and progeny of F 1 lead-toxic rats. Fertil Steril., 22, 755-760 (1971).
138. Sugimoto, M., T. Oikawa, N. Esaki, H. Tanaka and K. Soda: Chemical synthesis and expression of copper metaloothioneien gene of Neurospora crassa. J. Biochem (Tokyo), 104, 924-926(1988).
139. Sunderman, F. W. Jr.: Mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Hlth., 15, 1-12 (1989).
140. Tabata, M. and B. Sarkar: Specific nickel (II)-transfer process between the native sequence peptide representing the nickel (II)-transport site of human serum albumin and L-histidine. J. Inorg. Biochem., 45, 93-104 (1992).
141. Takeda, K., S. Ishizawa, M. Sato, T. Yoshida and S. Shibahara: Identification of a cis-acting element that is responsible for cadmium-mediated induction of the human heme oxygenase gene. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 22858-22867 (1994)
142. Tan, P.K., T.J. Downey, E.L., Spitznagel Jr., P. Xu, D. Lu, D.S. Dimitrov, R.A. Lempicki, B.M. Raaka and M.C. Cam: Evaluation of gene expression measurements from commercial microarray plateforms. Nucleic Acids Res., 31, 5676-5684 (2003).
143. Tong, W., S. Harris, X. Cao, H. Fang, L. Shi, H. Sun, J. Fuscoe, A. Harris, H. Hong and Q. Xie: Development of public toxicogenomics software for microarray data management and analysis. Mutat. Res. 549, 241-253 (2004).
144. Tseng, Chin-Hsiao: Metabolism of inorganic arsenic and non-cancerous health hazards associated with chronic exposure in humans. J. Environ. Biol. 28, 349-357 (2007).
145. Tully, D. B., B. J. Collins, J. D. Overstreet, C. S. Smith, G. E. Dinse, M. M. Mumtaz and R. E. Chapin: Effects of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead on gene expression regulated by a battery of 13 different promoters in recombinant HepG2 cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 168, 79-90 (2000).
146. Ulrich, R.G., J.C. Rockett, G.G. Gibson and S.D. Pettit: Overview of an interlaboratory collaboration on evaluating the effects of model hepatotoxicants on hepatic gene expression. Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 112, 423-427 (2004).
147. Vandeghinste, N., P. Proost and M. De Ley: Metallothionein isoform gene expression in zinc-treated human peripheral blood lymphocytes Cell Mol. Biol., 46, 419-433 (2000).
148. Varela-Nallar, L., E. M. Toledo, L. F. Larrondo, A. L. Cabral, V. R. Martins and N. C. Inestrosa: Induction of cellular prion protein gene expression by copper in neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol, 290, 271-281 (2006).
149. Vengellur, A., J. M. Phillips, J. B. Hogenesch and J. J. LaPres: Gene expression profiling of hypoxia signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Physiol. Genomics, 22, 308-318 (2005).
150. Wang, A and D. E. Crowley: Global gene expression responses to cadmium toxicity in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol., 187, 3259-3266 (2005).
151. Wang, R., D. M. Hwang, E. Cukerman and C. C. Liew: Identification of genes encoding zinc finger motifs in the cardiovascular system. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 29, 281-287 (1997).
152. Waters, M. D and J. M. Fostel: Toxicogenomics and systems toxicology: Aims and prospects. Nat Rev. Genet., 5, 936-948 (2004).
153. Wei, Y.D., K. Tepperman, M.Y. Huang, M.A. Sartor and A. Puga: Chromium inhibits transcription from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible promoters by blocking the release of histone deacetylase and preventing the binding of P300 to chromatin. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 4110-4119 (2004).
154. Whitfield, P. D., A. J. German and P. J. Noble: Metabolomics: An emerging post-genomic tool for nutrition. Br. J. Nutr., 92, 549-555 (2004).
155. WHO.: IPCS Environmental Health Criteria Vol. 61, Chromium. World Health Organization, Genera (1988).
156. WHO.: IPCS: Cadmium Environmental Health Criteria Vol. 134. World Health Organization, Geneva (1992).
157. WHO: WHO/EAO/ IASEA Report on Trance Elements in Human Nutrition and Human Health Genera (1996).
158. Williams, G.T. and R.I. Morimoto: Maximal stress-induced transcription from the human HSP70 promoter requires interactions with the basal promoter elements independent of rotational alignment, Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 3125-36 (1990).
159. Wu, Z., D. R. Turnerand D.B. Oliveira: IL-4 gene expression up-regulated by mercury in rat mast cells: A role of oxidant stress in IL-4 transcription Int. Immunol., 13, 297-304 (2001).
160. Yang, C. and K. Frenkel: Arsenic-mediated cellular signal transduction. transcription factor activation, and aberrant gene expression: Implications in carcinogenesis. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 21, 331-342 (2002).
161. Yauk, C.L., M.L. Berndt, A. Williams and G.R. Douglas: Comprehensive comparison of six microarray technologies. Nucleic Acids Res., 32, E124 (2004).
162. Ye, J. and X. Shi: Gene expression profile in response to chromium-induced cell stress in A549 cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 222, 189-197 (2001).
163. Yi, M. J., S. H. Park, H. N. Cho, H. Yong Chung, J. I. Kim, C. K. Cho, S. J. Lee and Y. S. Lee: Heat-shock protein 25 (Hspb1) regulates manganese superoxide dismutase through activation of Nfkb (NF-kappaB). Radial. Res., 158, 641-649 (2002).
164. Yih, L.H., K. Peck and T.C. Lee: Changes in gene expression profiles of human fibroblasts in response to sodium arsenite treatment. Carcinogenesis, 23, 867-876 (2002).
165. Zawia, N. H., R. Sharan, M. Brydie, T. Oyama and T. Crumpton: Sp1 as a target site for metal-induced perturbations of transcriptional regulation of developmental brain gene expression. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 107, 291-298 (1998).
166. Zhu, Z. and D. J. Thiele: Toxic metal-responsive gene transcription. EXS., 77, 307-320 (1996).