Mouse Skin Ectodermal Organs

The Mouse in Biomedical Research

Volumn 3, Issue , 2007, Pages 691-730

  Plikus, Maksim V ^a   Sundberg, John P ^b   Chuong, Cheng Ming ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b JACKSON LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547908106     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012369454-6/50076-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (268)

1. Abdalkhani A., Sellers R., Gent J., Wulitich H., Childress S., Stein B., Boissy R.E., et al. Nipple connective tissue and its development: insights from the K14-PTHrP mouse. Mech Dev 2002, 115 (1-2:63-77.
2. Allen M., Grachtchouk M., Sheng H., Grachtchouk V., Wang A., Wei L., et al. Hedgehog signaling regulates sebaceous gland development. Am J Pathol 2003, 163:2173-2178.
3. Andl T., Reddy S.T., Gaddapara T., Millar S.E. WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev Cell 2002, 2:643-653.
4. Andl T., Ahn K., Kairo A., Chu E.Y., Wine-Lee L., Reddy S.T., et al. Epithelial Bmprla regulates differentiation and proliferation in postnatal hair follicles and is essential for tooth development. Development 2004, 131:2257-2268.
5. Arnold I., Watt F.M. c-Myc activation in transgenic mouse epidermis results in mobilization of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny. CurrBiol 2001, 11:558-568.
6. Auber L. The anatomy of follicles producing wool-fibers,with special reference to keratinization. Trans R Soc Edinburgh 1952, 62:191-254.
7. Auricchio L., Adriani M., Frank J., Busiello R., Christiano A., Pignata C. Nail dystrophy associated with a heterozygous mutation of the nude/SCID human FOXN1 (WHN) gene. Arch Dermatol 2005, 141:647-648.
8. Awgulewitsch A. Hox in hair growth and development. Naturwissenschaften 2003, 90:193-211.
9. Biology of the integument 1984, Springer-Verlag, New YorkBerlin. J. Bereiter-Hahn, A.G. Matoltsy, K.S. Richards (Eds.).
10. Bikle D.D., Tu C.L., Xie Z., Oda Y. Vitamin D regulated keratinocyte differentiation: role of coactivators. J Cell Biochem 2003, 88:290-295.
11. Blecher S.R. Anhidrosis and absence of sweat glands in mice hemizygous for the Tabby gene: supportive evidence for the hypothesis of homology between Tabby and human anhidrotic (hypohidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome). J Invest Dermatol 1986, 87:720-722.
12. Botchkarev VA., Botchkareva N.V., Nakamura M., Huber O., Funa K., Lauster R., et al. Noggin is required for induction of the hair follicle growth phase in postnatal skin. FASEB J 2002, 15:2205-2214.
13. Botchkarev V.A., Botchkareva N.V., Roth W, Nakamura M., Chen L.H., Herzog W, et al. Noggin is a mesenchymally derived stimulator of hair-follicle induction. Nat Cell Biol 1999, 1:158-164.
14. Botchkarev VA., Botchkareva N.V, Sharov A.A., Huber O., Funa K., Gilchrest B.A. Modulation of BMP signaling by Noggin is required for induction of the secondary (nontylotrich) HFs. J Invest Dermatol 2002, 18:3-10.
15. Botchkarev VA., Botchkareva N.V, Welker P., Metz M., Subramaniam A., Lewin G.R., et al. A new role for neurotrophins: involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4 in hair cycle control. FASEB J 1999, 13:395-410.
16. Botchkarev VA., Kishimoto J. Molecular control of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during hair follicle cycling. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2003, 8:46-55.
17. Botchkarev VA., Paus R. Molecular biology of hair morphogenesis: development and cycling. J Exp Zool Part B Mol Dev Evol 2003, 298 (1:164-180.
18. Botchkarev VA., Welker P., Albers K.M., Botchkareva N.V, Metz M., Lewin G.R., et al. A new role for neurotrophin-3: involvement in the regulation of hair follicle regression (catagen). Am J Pathol 1998, 153:705-719.
19. Botchkarev VA. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists in skin and hair follicle biology. J Invest Dermatol 2003, 120:36-47.
20. Botchkareva N.V, Botchkarev VA., Chen L.H., Lindner G., Paus R. A role for p75neurotrophin receptor in the control of hair follicle morpho-genesis. Dev Biol 1999, 216:135-153.
21. Brancaz M.-V, Iratni R., Morrison A., Mancini S., Marche P., Sundberg J.P., Nonchev S. A new allele of the mouse hairless gene interferes with Hox/LacZ transgene regulation in hair follicle primordial. Exp Mol Pathol 2004, 76:173-181.
22. Braun K.M., Niemann C., Jensen U.B., Sundberg J.P., Watt FM. Manipulation of stem cell proliferation and lineage commitment in mouse epidermis: visualization of whole mount labelling of label-retaining cells. Development 2003, 130:5241-5255.
23. Brecht M., Preilowski B., Merzenich M.M. Functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae. Behav Brain Res 1997, 84:81-97.
24. Byrne C., Hardman M., Nield K. Covering the limb: formation of the integument. JAnat 2003, 202:113-123.
25. Cachon-Gonzalez M.B., Fenner S., Coffin J.M., Moran C., Best S., Stoye J.P. Structure and expression of the hairless gene of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S 1994, A 91:7717-7721.
26. Chanda S., Robinette CL., Couse J.F., Smart R.C. 17Beta-estradiol and ICI-182780 regulate the hair follicle cycle in mice through an estrogen receptor-alpha pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000, 278:E202-E210.
27. Chase H. Growth of the hair. Physiol Rev 1954, 34:113-126.
28. Chase H.B., Rauch H., Smith VW. Critical stages of hair development and pigmentation in the mouse. Physiol Zool 1951, 24:1-9.
29. Chapman D.L., Garvey N., Hancock S., Alexiou M., Agulnik S.I., Gibson-Brown J.J., et al. Expression of the T-box family genes, Tbxl-Tbx59 during early mouse development. Dev Dyn 1996, 206:379-390.
30. Chepko G., Smith G.H. Three division-competent, structurally-distinct cell populations contribute to murine mammary epithelial renewal. Tissue Cell 1997, 29:239-253.
31. Chiang C., Swan R.Z., Grachtchouk M., Bolinger M, Litingtung Y., Robertson E.K., et al. Essential role for Sonic hedgehog during hair follicle morphogenesis. Dev Biol 1999, 205:1-9.
32. Christiansen J.H., Dennis C.L., Wicking C.A., Monkley S.J., Wilkinson D.G., Wainwright B.J. Murine Wnt-11 and Wnt-12 have temporally and spatially restricted expression patterns during embryonic development. Mech Dev 1995, 51:341-350.
33. Chu E.Y., Hens J., Andl T., Kairo A., Yamaguchi T.P., Brisken C., et al. Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development 2004, 131:4819-4829.
34. Chuong C.M. The making of a feather: homeoproteins, retinoids and adhesion molecules. Bioessays 1993, 15:513-521.
35. Chuong C.M. Molecular basis of epithelial appendage morphogenesis 1998, Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX.
36. Chuong C.M., Nickoloff B.J., Elias P.M., Goldsmith L.A., Macher E., Maderson P.A., et al. What is the 'true' function of skin?. Exp Dermatol 2002, 11:159-187.
37. Chuong, C.M., Wu, P., Plikus, M., Jiang, T.-X., Widelitz, R.B. Engineering stem cells into organs: topobiological transformations demonstrated by beak, feather and other ectodermal organ morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 72, 237-274.
38. Claxton J.H. The initiation and development of the hair follicle population in tabby mice. Genet Res 1967, 10:161-171.
39. Cotsarelis G., Sun T.T., Lavker R.M. Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis. Cell 1990, 61:1329-1337.
40. Cui C.Y., Durmowicz M., Ottolenghi C., Hashimoto T., Griggs B., Srivastava A.K., Schlessinger D. Inducible mEDA-Al transgene mediates sebaceous gland hyperplasia and differential formation of two types of mouse hair follicles. Hum Mol Genet 2003, 12:2931-2940.
41. Daniel C.W., Silberstein G.B. Postnatal development of the rodent mam- mary gland. The mammary gland: development, regulation, and function 1987, 3-36. Plenum Press, New York. M.C. Neville, C.W. Daniel (Eds.).
42. DasGupta R., Fuchs E. Multiple roles for activated LEF/TCF transcription complexes during hair follicle development and differentiation. Development 1999, 126:4557-4568.
43. Davenport T.G., Jerome-Majewska L.A., Papaioannou V.E. Mammary gland, limb and yolk sac defects in mice lacking Tbx3, the gene mutated in human ulnar mammary syndrome. Development 2003, 130:2263-2273.
44. Davidson P., Hardy M.H. The development of mouse vibrissae in vivo and in vitro. J Anat 1952, 86:342-356.
45. Denning M.F. Epidermal keratinocytes: regulation of multiple cell phenotypes by multiple protein kinase C isoforms. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004, 36:1141-1146.
46. Dillon C., Spencer-Dene B., Dickson C A crucial role for fibroblast growth factor signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004, 9:207-215.
47. Dry E. The coat of the mouse (Mus musculus). J Genet 1926, 287-340.
48. Dunbar M.E., Dann PR., Robinson G.W., Hennighausen L., Zhang J.P., Wysolmerski J.J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein signaling is necessary for sexual dimorphism during embryonic mammary development. Development 1999, 26:3485-3493.
49. Ebara S., Kumamoto K., Matsuura T., Mazurkiewicz J.E., Rice F.L. Similarities and differences in the innervation of mystacial vibrissal follicle-sinus complexes in the rat and cat: a confocal microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 2002, 449:103-119.
50. Eblaghie M.C., Song S.J., Kim J.Y, Akita K., Tickle C., Jung H.S. Interactions between FGF and Wnt signals and Tbx3 gene expression in mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. J Anat 2004, 205:1-13.
51. Eckert R.L., Crish J.F., Robinson N.A. The epidermal keratinocyte as a model for the study of gene regulation and cell differentiation. Physiol Rev 1997, 11:397-424.
52. Ekholm E., Egelrud T. The expression of stratum corneum chy-motryptic enzyme in human anagen hair follicles: further evidence for its involvement in desquamation-like processes. Br J Dermatol 1998, 139:585-590.
53. Ellis T., Gambardella L., Horcher M., Tschanz S., Capol J., Bertram P., et al. The transcriptional repressor CDP (Cutll) is essential for epithelial cell differentiation of the lung and the hair follicle. Genes Dev 2001, 15:2307-2319.
54. Falconer D.S. Total sex-linkage in the house mouse. ZIndukt Abstamm Vererbungsl 1953, 85:210-219.
55. Ferguson D.J. Ultrastructural characterisation of the proliferative (stem?) cells within the parenchyma of the normal quot;resting quot; breast. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1985, 407:379-385.
56. Flanagan S.P. quot;Nude quot;, a new hairless gene with pleiotropic effects in the mouse. Genet Res Camb 1966, 8:295-309.
57. Fraser A.S., Kindred B.M. Selection for an invariant character, vibrissa number, in the house mouse. II. Limits to variability. Aust J Biol Sci 1960, 13:48-58.
58. Foitzik K., Paus R., Doetschman T., Dotto G.P. The TGF-beta2 iso-form is both a required and sufficient inducer of murine hair follicle morphogenesis. Dev Biol 1999, 12:278-289.
59. Foitzik K., Lindner G., Mueller-Roever S., Magerl M., Botchkareva N., Botchkarev V., et al. Control of murine hair follicle regression (cata-gen) by TGF-beta 1 in vivo. FASEB J 2000, 14:752-760.
60. Foitzik K., Spexard T., Nakamura M., Halsner U., Paus R. Towards dissecting the pathogenesis of retinoid-induced hair loss: all-trans retinoic acid induces premature hair follicle regression (catagen) by upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 in the dermal papilla. J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124:1119-1126.
61. Fu L., Pelicano H., Liu J., Huang P., Lee C The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell 2002, 111:41-50.
62. Fuchs E., Merrill B.J., Jamora C., DasGupta R. At the roots of a never-ending cycle. Dev Cell 2001, 1:13-25.
63. Fuchs E., Raghavan S. Getting under the skin of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2002, 3:199-209.
64. Gandarillas A., Watt FM. c-Myc promotes differentiation of human epidermal stem cells. Genes Dev 1997, 11:2869-2882.
65. Gat U., DasGupta R., Degenstein L., Fuchs E. De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 1998, 95:605-614.
66. Ghazizadeh S., Taichman LB. Multiple classes of stem cells in cuta-neous epithelium: a lineage analysis of adult mouse skin. EMBO J 2001, 20:1215-1222.
67. Godwin A.R., Capecchi M.R. Hoxcl3 mutant mice lack external hair. Genes Dev 1998, 12:11-20.
68. Green M.C., Durham D., Mayer T.C., Hoppe P.C. Evidence from chi-maeras for the pattern of proliferation of epidermis in the mouse. Genet Res 1977, 29:279-284.
69. Gruneberg H. Threshold phenomena versus cell heredity in the mani-festation of sex-linked genes in mammals. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1969, 22:145-179.
70. Gruneberg H. The tabby syndrome in the mouse. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1971, 179:139-156.
71. Guha U., Mecklenburg L., Cowin P., Kan L., O'Guin W.M., D'Vizio D., et al. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates postnatal hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Am J Pathol 2004, 65:729-740.
72. Guo L., Degenstein L., Fuchs E. Keratinocyte growth factor is required for hair development but not for wound healing. Genes Dev 1996, 10:165-175.
73. Guo N., Hawkins C., Nathans J. Frizzled 6 controls hair patterning in mice. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 2004, 101:9277-9281.
74. Hadshiew I.M., Foitzik K., Arck P.C., Paus R. Burden of hair loss: stress and the underestimated psychosocial impact of telogen effluvium and androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123:455-457.
75. Hamrick M.W. Evolution and development of mammalian limb integumentary structures. J Exp Zool Part B Mol Dev Evol 2003, 298:152-163.
76. Hanakawa Y, Li H., Lin C., Stanley J.R., Cotsarelis G. Desmogleins 1 and 3 in the companion layer anchor mouse anagen hair to the follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123:817-822.
77. Handjiski B., EichMuller S., Hofmann U., Czarnetzki B.M., Paus R. Alkaline phosphatase activity and localization during the murine hair cycle. BrJ Dermatol 1994, 131:303-310.
78. Hansen L.A., Alexander N., Hogan M.E., Sundberg J.P., Dlugosz A., Threadgill D.W., et al. Genetically null mice reveal a central role for epidermal growth factor receptor in the differentiation of the hair follicle and normal hair development. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:1959-1975.
79. Hardy M.H. The secret life of the hair follicle. Trends Genet 1992, 8:55-61.
80. He X., Saint J.J., Wang Y, Nathans J., Dawid I., Varmus H. A member of the Frizzled protein family mediating axis induction by Wnt-5A. Science 1997, 275:1652-1654.
81. Hebert J.M., Rosenquist T., Go die;tz J., Martin G.R. FGF5 as a regulator of the hair growth cycle: evidence from targeted and spontaneous mutations. Cell 78:1017-1025. 1994.
82. Hibino T., Nishiyama T. Role of TGF-beta2 in the human hair cycle. J Dermatol Sci 2004, 35:9-18.
83. Honeycutt K.A., Roop D.R. c-Myc and epidermal stem cell fate determination. J Dermatol 2004, 31:368-375.
84. Hoogland P.V., Welker E., Van der Loos H. Organization of the pro-jections from barrel cortex to thalamus in mice studied with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and HRP. Exp Brain Res 1987, 68:73-87.
85. Home K.A., Jahoda C.A., Oliver R.F. Whisker growth induced by implantation of cultured vibrissa dermal papilla cells in the adult rat. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1986, 97:111-124.
86. Huelsken J., Vogel R., Erdmann B., Cotsarelis G., Birchmeier W. Beta-Catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 2001, 105:533-545.
87. Ito T., Ito N., Saathoff M., Bettermann A., Takigawa M., Paus R. Interferon-gamma is a potent inducer of catagen-like changes in cultured human anagen hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 2005, 152:623-631.
88. Jahoda C.A., Oliver R.E. Vibrissa dermal papilla cell aggregative behavior in vivo and. in vitro. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1984, 79:211-224.
89. Jahoda C.A., Ho die;rne K.A., Oliver R.F. Induction of hair growth by implantation of cultured dermal papilla cells. Nature 1984, 311:560-562.
90. Jamora C., DasGupta R., Kocieniewski P., Fuchs E. Links between signal transduction, transcription and adhesion in epithelial bud development. Nature 2003, 422:317-322.
91. Jave-Suarez L.F., Winter H., Langbein L., Rogers M.A., Schweizer J. HOXC13 is involved in the regulation of human hair keratin gene expression. JBiol Chem 2002, 277:3718-3726.
92. Jensen P.J., Yang T., Yu D.W., Baker M.S., Risse B., Sun T.T., Lavker R.M. Serpins in the human hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2000, 114:917-922.
93. Jester J.V, Rajagopalan S., Rodrigues M. Meibomian gland changes in the rhino (hrrh/hrrh) mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:1190-1194.
94. Jiang T.-X., Liu Y.H., Widelitz R.B., Kundu R.K., Maxson R.E., Chuong C.M. Epidermal dysplasia and abnormal hair follicles in transgenic mice overexpressing homeobox gene Msx-2. J Invest Dermatol 1999, 113:230-237.
95. Jiang T.-X., Jung H.S., Widelitz R.B., Chuong C.M. Self organiza-tion of periodic patterns by dissociated feather mesenchymal cells and the regulation of size, number and spacing of primordia. Development 1999, 126:4997-5009.
96. Jiang T.X., Widelitz R.B., Shen W.M., Will P., Wu D.Y, Lin C.M., et al. Integument pattern formation involves genetic and epigenetic con-trols: feather arrays simulated by digital hormone models. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:117-135.
97. Johnson K.R., Sweet H.O., Donahue L.R., Ward-Bailey P., Bronson R.T., Davisson M.T. A new spontaneous mouse mutation of Hoxdl3 with a polyalanine expansion and phenotype similar to human synpolydactyly,. Hum Mol Genet 1998, 7:1033-1038.
98. Kamimura J., Lee D., Baden H.P., Brissette J., Dotto G.P Primary mouse keratinocyte cultures contain hair follicle progenitor cells with multiple differentiation potential. J Invest Dermatol 1997, 109:534-540.
99. Kamp H., Geilen C.C., Sommer C., Blume-Peytavi U. Regulation of PDGF and PDGF receptor in cultured dermal papilla cells and follicular keratinocytes of the human hair follicle. Exp Dermatol 2003, 12:662-672.
100. Karlsson L., Bondjers C., Betsholtz C Roles for PDGF-A and sonic hedgehog in development of mesenchymal components of the hair follicle. Development 1999, 126:2611-2621.
101. Kawano M., Komi-Kuramochi A., Asada M., Suzuki M., Oki J., Jiang J., Imamura T. Comprehensive analysis of FGF and FGFR expression in skin: FGF18 is highly expressed in hair follicles and capable of inducing anagen from telogen stage hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124:877-885.
102. Kere J., Srivastava A.K., Montonen O., Zonana J., Thomas N., Ferguson B., et al. X-linked anhidrotic (hypohidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia is caused by mutation in a novel transmembrane protein. Nat Genet 1996, 13:409.
103. Kobayashi K., Nishimura E. Ectopic growth of mouse whiskers from implanted lengths of plucked vibrissa follicles. J Invest Dermatol 1989, 92:278-282.
104. Kobayashi T., Kronenberg H.M., Foley J. Reduced expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor during development of the mammary gland influences the function of the nipple during lactation. Dev Dyn 2005, 233:794-803.
105. Kopan R., Lee J., Lin M.H., Syder A.J., Kesterson J., Crutchfield N., et al. Genetic mosiac analysis indicates that the bulb region of coat hair fol-licles contains a resident population of several active multipotent epithelial lineage progenitors. Dev Biol 2002, 242:44-57.
106. Kordon E.C., McKnight R.A., Jhappan C., Hennighausen L., Merlino G., Smith G.H. Ectopic TGF beta 1 expression in the secretory mam-mary epithelium induces early senescence of the epithelial stem cell population. Dev Biol 1995, 168:47-61.
107. Kordon E.C., Smith G.H. An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. Development 1998, 125:1921-1930.
108. Koster M.I., Kim S., Mills A.A., DeMayo F.J., Roop D.R. /?6? is the molecular switch for initiation of an epithelial stratification program. Genes Dev 2004, 18:126-131.
109. Kratochwil K. Organ specificity in mesenchymal induction demonstrated in the embryonic development of the mammary gland of the mouse. Dev Biol 1969, 20:46-71.
110. Kratochwil K. Development and loss of androgen responsiveness in the embryonic rudiment of the mouse mammary gland. Dev Biol 1977, 61:358-365.
111. Kratochwil K., Schwartz P. Tissue interaction in androgen response of embryonic mammary rudiment of mouse: identification of target tissue for testosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976, 73:4041-4044.
112. Kulessa H., Turk G., Hogan B.L. Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. EMBO J 2000, 19:6664-6674.
113. Kumar A., Eby M.T., Sinha S., Jasmin A., Chaudhary P.M. The ectodermal dysplasia receptor activates the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, and cell death pathways and binds to ectodysplasin A. JBiol Chem 2001, 276:2668-2677.
114. Laurikkala J., Pispa J., Jung H.S., Nieminen P., Mikkola M., Wang X., et al. Regulation of HF development by the TNF signal ectodysplasin and its receptor Edar. Development 2002, 129:2541-2553.
115. Lee D., Prowse D.M., Brissette J.L. Association between mouse nude gene expression and the initiation of epithelial terminal differentiation. Dev Biol 1999, 208:362-374.
116. Lin M.H., Leimeister C., Gessler M., Kopan R. Activation of the Notch pathway in the hair cortex leads to aberrant differentiation of the adjacent hair-shaft layers. Development 2000, 127:2421-2432.
117. Lin M.H., Kopan R. Long-range, nonautonomous effects of activated Notchl on tissue homeostasis in the nail. Dev Biol 2003, 263:343-359.
118. Lindner G., Botchkarev VA., Botchkarev N.V, Ling G., van der Veen C., Paus R. Analysis of apoptosis during murine hair follicle regression (catagen). Am J Pathol 1997, 151:1601-1617.
119. Loomis C.A., Harris E., Michaud J., Wurst W, Hanks M., Joyner A.L. The mouse Engrailed-1 gene and ventral limb patterning. Nature 1996, 382:360-363.
120. Loomis C.A., Kimmel R.A., Tong C.X., Michaud I, Joyner A.L. Analysis of the genetic pathway leading to formation of ectopic apical ectoder-mal ridges in mouse Engrailed-1 mutant limbs. Development 1998, 125:1137-1148.
121. Lowry W.E., Blanpain C., Nowak J.A., Guasch G., Lewis L., Fuchs E. Defining the impact of beta-catenin/Tcf transactivation on epithelial stem cells. Genes Dev 2005, 19:1596-1611.
122. Luetteke N.C., Qiu T.H., Peiffer R.L., Oliver P., Smithies O., Lee D.C. TGF alpha deficiency results in hair follicle and eye abnormalities in tar-geted and waved-1 mice. Cell 1993, 73:263-278.
123. Ma L., Liu J., Wu T., Plikus M, Jiang T.X., Bi Q., et al. Xyclic alope-cia' in Msx2 mutants: defects in hair cycling and hair shaft differentiation. Development 2003, 130:379-389.
124. Mailleux A.A., Spencer-Dene B., Dillon C., Ndiaye D., Savona-Baron C., Itoh N., et al. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development 2002, 129:53-60.
125. Marotte L.R., Rice F.L., Waite P.M. The morphology and innervation of facial vibrissae in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. J Anat 1992, 180:401-417. (Pt 3).
126. Matsuo K., Mori O., Hashimoto T. Apoptosis in murine hair follicles during catagen regression. Arch Dermatol Res 1998, 290:133-136.
127. Matsuzaki T., Inamatsu M., Yoshizato K. The upper dermal sheath has a potential to regenerate the hair in the rat follicular epidermis. Differentiation 1996, 60:287-297.
128. Matsuzaki T., Yoshizato K. Role of hair papilla cells on induction and regeneration processes of hair follicles. Wound Repair Regen 1998, 6:524-530.
129. McMahon J.A., Takada S., Zimmerman L.B., Fan C.M., Harland R.M., McMahon A.P. Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. Genes Dev 1998, 12:1438-1452.
130. Mecklenburg L., Nakamura M., Sundberg J.P., Paus R. The nude mouse skin phenotype: the role of Foxnl in hair follicle development and cycling. Exp Mol Pathol 2001, 71:171-178.
131. Mecklenburg L., Paus R., Halata Z., Bechtold L.S., Fleckman P., Sundberg J.P. FOXN1 is critical for onycholemmal terminal differentiation in nude (Foxnl) mice. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123:1001-1011.
132. Meier N., Dear T.N., Boehm T. Whn and mHa3 are components of the genetic hierarchy controlling hair follicle differentiation. Mech Dev 1999, 89:215-221.
133. Meier N., Dear T.N., Boehm T. A novel serine protease overexpressed in the hair follicles of nude mice. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 1999, 258:374-378.
134. Meinhardt H., Gierer A. Applications of a theory of biological pattern formation based on lateral inhibition. J Cell Sci 1974, 15:321-346.
135. Meinhardt H., Gierer A. Pattern formation by local self-activation and lateral inhibition. Bioessays 2000, 22:753-760.
136. Merrill B.J., Gat U., DasGupta R., Fuchs E. Tcf3 and Lefl regulate lineage differentiation of multipotent stem cells in skin. Genes Dev 2001, 15:1688-1705.
137. Messenger A.G., Jennifer H., Bleehen S.S. The in vitro properties of dermal papilla cell lines established from human hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 1986, 114:425-430.
138. Mikaelian I, Hovick M, Silva KA, Bursenski LM, Shultz LD, Cox GA, Sundberg JP. Expression of terminal differentiation proteins in the mouse developing mammary gland. Vet Pathol 43, 36-49.
139. Militzer K. Hair growth pattern in nude mice. Cells Tissues Organs 2001, 168:285-294.
140. Mill P., Mo R., Hu M.C., Dagnino L., Rosenblum N.D., Hui C.C. Shh controls epithelial proliferation via independent pathways that converge on N-Myc. Dev Cell 2005, 9:293-303.
141. Millar S.E., Willert K., Salinas P.C., Roelink H., Nusse R., Sussman D.J., Barsh G.S. WNT signaling in the control of hair growth and structure. Dev Biol 1999, 207:133-149.
142. Mills A.A., Zheng B., Wang X.J., Vogel H., Roop D.R., Bradley A. p63is a p53homologue required for limb and epidermal morphogenesis. Nature 1999, 398:708-713.
143. Milner Y, Sudnik J., Filippi M., Kizoulis M., Kashgarian M., Stenn K. Exogen, shedding phase of the hair growth cycle: characterization of a mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2002, 119:639-644.
144. Montagna W., Chase H.B., Hamilton J.B. The distribution of glycogen and lipids in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1951, 17:147-157.
145. Monteier-Riviere N.A. Integument. Textbook of veterinary histology 1998, 303-332. Lippincott, Williams amp;Wilkins, Philadelphia. 5th ed. H.D. Dellmann, J. Eurell (Eds.).
146. Mori N., Tsugane M.H., Yamashita K., Ikuta Y, Yasuda M. Pathogenesis of retinoic acid-induced abnormal pad patterns on mouse volar skin. Teratology 2000, 62:181-188.
147. Morris R.J., Liu Y, Maries L., Yang Z., Trempus C., Li S., et al. Capturing and profiling adult hair follicle stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2004, 22:411-417.
148. Muller-Rover S., Handjiski B., van der Veen C., Eichmuller S., Foitzik K., McKay I.A., et al. A comprehensive guide for the accurate classifi-cation of murine hair follicles in distinct hair cycle stages. J Invest Dermatol 2001, 117:3-15.
149. Mustonen T., Pispa J., Mikkola M.L., Pummila M., Kangas A.T., Pakkasjarvi L., et al. Stimulation of ectodermal organ development by ectodysplasin-Al. Dev Biol 2003, 259:123-136.
150. Mustonen T., Unionen M., Pummila M., Kangas A.T., Laurikkala J., Jaatinen R., et al. Ectodysplasin Al promotes placodal cell fate during early morphogenesis of ectodermal appendages. Development 2004, 131:4907-4919.
151. Nagorcka B.N., Mooney J.R. The role of a reaction-diffusion system in the initiation of primary hair follicles. J Theor Biol 1985, 114:243-272.
152. Nakamura M., Sundberg J.P., Paus R. Mutant laboratory mice with abnormalities in hair follicle morphogenesis, cycling, and/or structure: annotated tables. Exp Dermatol 2001, 10:369-390.
153. Nakamura Y, Fukami K., Yu H., Takenaka K., Kataoka Y, Shirakata Y, et al. Phospholipase Cdeltal is required for skin stem cell lineage commitment. EMBO J 2003, 22:2981-2991.
154. Niemann C., Owens D.M., Hulsken J., Birchmeier W, Watt FM. Expression of DeltaNLef 1 in mouse epidermis results in differentiation of hair follicles into squamous epidermal cysts and formation of skin tumours. Development 2002, 129:95-109.
155. Niemann C., Watt FM. Designer skin: lineage commitment in postnatal epidermis. Trends Cell Biol 2002, 12:185-192.
156. Niemann C., Unden A.B., Lyle S., Zouboulis ChC., Toftgard R., Watt FM. Indian hedgehog and beta-catenin signaling: role in the sebaceous lineage of normal and neoplastic mammalian epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100(suppl 1):11873-11880.
157. Nishimura E.K., Jordan S.A., Oshima H., Yoshida H., Osawa M., Moriyama M., et al. Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination. Nature 2002, 416:854-860.
158. Nishimura E.K., Granter S.R., Fisher D.E. Mechanisms of hair gray-ing: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche. Science 2005, 307:720-724.
159. O'Shaughnessy R.F., Yeo W, Gautier J., Jahoda C.A., Christiano A.M. The WNT signalling modulator, Wise, is expressed in an interaction-dependent manner during hair-follicle cycling. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123:613-621.
160. Oftedal O.T. The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002, 7:225-252.
161. Oh H.S., Smart R.C. An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle transition and infuences epidermal cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA] 1996, 93:12525-12530.
162. Oliver R.F Ectopic regeneration of whiskers in the hooded rat from implanted lengths of vibrissa follicle wall. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1967, 17:27-34.
163. Oshima H., Rochat A., Kedzia C., Kobayashi K., Barrandon Y Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells. Cell 2001, 104:233-245.
164. Paine M.L., Paine CT., Machin G.A. Hair whorls and monozygosity. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 122:1057-1058.
165. Pan Y, Lin M.H., Tian X., Cheng H.T., Gridley T., Shen J., Kopan R. Gamma-secretase functions through Notch signaling to maintain skin appendages but is not required for their patterning or initial morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2004, 7:731-743.
166. Panteleyev A.A., Botchkareva N.V., Sundberg J.P., Christiano A.M., Paus R. The role of the hairless Qir) gene in the regulation of hair follicle cata-gen transformation. AmJPathol 1999, 155:159-171.
167. Panteleyev A.A., Paus R., Christiano A.M. Patterns of hairless (hr) gene expression in mouse hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Am JPathol 2000, 157:1071-1079.
168. Papaioannou V.E., Silver L.M. The T-box gene family. Bioessays 1998, 20:9-19.
169. Parr B.A., McMahon A.P. Dorsalizing signal Wnt-7a required for normal polarity of D-V and A-P axes of mouse limb. Nature 1995, 374:350-353.
170. Parr B.A., McMahon A.P. Dorsalizing signal Wnt-7a required for normal polarity of D-V and A-P axes of mouse limb. Nature 1995, 374:350-353.
171. Paus R., Foitzik K., Welker P., Bulfone-Paus S., EichMuller S. Transforming growth factor-receptor type I and type II expression during murine hair follicle development and cycling. J Invest Dermatol 1997, 109:518-526.
172. Paus R., Muller-Rover S., Van Der Veen C., Maurer M., Eichmuller S., Ling G., et al. A comprehensive guide for the recognition and classifica-tion of distinct stages of hair folliclemorphogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 1999, 113:523-532.
173. Pechoux C., Gudjonsson T., Ronnov-Jessen L., Bissell M.J., Petersen O.W. Human mammary luminal epithelial cells contain progenitors to myoepithelial cells. Dev Biol 1999, 206:88-99.
174. Peters E.M., Hendrix S., Golz G., Klapp B.F., Arck P.C., Paus R. Nerve growth factor and its precursor differentially regulate hair cycle progression in mice. J Histochem Cytochem. 2005, 54:275-288.
175. Phippard D.J., Weber-Hall S.J., Sharpe P.T., et al. Regulation of Msx-1, Msx-2, Bmp-2 and Bmp-4 during foetal and postnatal mammary gland development. Development (Cambridge, England) 1996, 122:2729-2737.
176. Philpott M.P., Paus R. Principles of HF morphogenesis. Molecular basis of epithelial appendage morphogenesis 1998, 75-103. Landes Bioscience Publishers, Georgetown, Texas. C.M. Chuong (Ed.).
177. Philpott M.R, Sanders D., Westgate G.E., Kealey T. Human hair growth in vitro: a model for study of hair follcile biology. J Dermatol Sci 1994, 7 (suppl:S55-S72.
178. Plikus M., Chuong C.M. Making waves with hairs. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 122:vii-ix.
179. Plikus M., Wang W.P., Liu J., Wang X., Jiang T.X., Chuong C.M. Morpho-regulation of ectodermal organs: integument pathology and phe-notypic variations in K14-Noggin engineered mice through modulation of bone morphogenic protein pathway. Am J Pathol 2004, 164:1099-1114.
180. Plikus M.V., Zeichner-David M., Mayer J.A., Reyna J., Bringas P., Thewissen J.G.M., et al. Morphoregulation of teeth: modulating the number, size, shape and differentiation by tuning Bmp activity. Evolution Dev 2005, 7:440-457.
181. Porter R.M. Mouse models for human hair loss disorders. JAnat 2003, 202:125-131.
182. Powell B., Crocker L.A., Rogers G.E. Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family. Development 1992, 114:417-434.
183. Prowse D.M., Lee D., Weiner L., Jiang N., Magro C.M., Baden H.R, Brissette J.L. Ectopic expression of the nude gene induces hyperpro-liferation and defects in differentiation: implications for the self-renewal of cutaneous epithelium. Dev Biol 1999, 212:5467.
184. Quick D.C., Kennedy W.R., Yoon K.S. Ultrastructure of the secretory epithelium, nerve fibers, and capillaries in the mouse sweat gland. Anat Rec 1984, 208:491-499.
185. Randall VA., Hibberts N.A., Thornton M.J., Merrick A.E., Hamada K., Kato S., et al. Do androgens influence hair growth by altering the paracrine factors secreted by dermal papilla cells?. Eur J Dermatol 2001, 11:315-320.
186. Reddy S., Andl T., Bagasra A., Lu M.M., Epstein D., Morrisey E.E., Millar S.E. Characterization of Wnt gene expression in developing and postna-tal hair follicles and identification of Wnt5a as a target of Sonic Hedgehog in hair follicle morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2001, 107:69-82.
187. Reddy S.T., Andl T., Lu M.M., Morrisey E.E., Millar S.E. Expression of Frizzled genes in developing and postnatal hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123:275-282.
188. Rogers G., Winter B., Mclaughlan C., Powell B. Peptidylarginine deiminase of the hair follicle: characterisation, localisation and function in keratinising tissues. J Invest Dermatol 1997, 108:700-707.
189. Rogers G.E. Hair follicle differentiation and regulation. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:163-170.
190. Rosen E.D., Sarraf P., Troy A.E., Bradwin G., Moore K., Milstone D.S., et al. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell 1999, 4:611-617.
191. Rosenfield R.L., Deplewski D., Greene M.E. Peroxisome prolifera-tor-activated receptors and skin development. Horm Res 2000, 54:269-274.
192. Rosenquist T.A., Martin G.R. Fibroblast growth factor signalling in the hair growth cycle: expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor and ligand genes in the murine hair follicle. Dev Dynamics 1996, 205:379-386.
193. Rothnagel J.A., Roop D.R. Hair follicle companion layer: reacquainting an old friend. J Invest Dermatol 1995, 104(suppl 5):42S-43S.
194. Rowley M., Grothey E., Couch F.J. The role of Tbx2 and Tbx3 in mammary development and tumorigenesis. JMammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004, 9:109-118.
195. Sakakura T. Mammary embryogenesis. The mammary gland: devel- opment, regulation, and function 1987, 37-66. Plenum Press, New York. M.C. Neville, C.W. Daniel (Eds.).
196. Sato K., Kang W.H., Saga K., Sato K.T. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. JAm Acad Dermatol 1989, 20:537-563.
197. Satoh K., Ginsburg E., Vonderhaar B.K. Msx-1 and Msx-2 in mam-mary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004, 9:195-205.
198. Satokata I., Ma L., Ohshima H., Bei M., Woo I., Nishizawa K., et al. Msx2 deficiency in mice causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth and ectodermal organ formation. Nat Genet 2000, 24:391-395.
199. Schorpp M., Schlake T., Kreamalmeyer D., Allen P.M., Boehm T. Genetically separable determinants of hair keratin gene expression. Dev Dyn 2000, 218:537-543.
200. Sengel P. Morphogenesis of the skin 1976, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
201. Sengel P. Epidermal-dermal interaction. Biology of integument Vol. 2, Vertebrates 1986, 374-408. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. J. Bereiter-Hahn, A.G. Matoltsy, K.S. Richards (Eds.).
202. Shimaoka S., Imai R., Ogawa H. Dermal papilla cells express hepatocyte growth factor. J Dermatol Sci 1994, 7:S79-S83. (Suppl).
203. Shimaoka S., Tsuboi R., Jindo T., Imai R., Takamori K., Rubin J.S., Ogawa H. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expressed in follicular papilla cells stimulates human hair growth in vitro. J. Cell Physiol 1995, 165:333-338.
204. Sieber-Blum M., Grim M., Hu Y.F., Szeder V. Pluripotent neural crest stem cells in the adult hair follicle. Dev Dyn 2004, 231:258-269.
205. Sieber-Blum M., Grim M. The adult hair follicle: cradle for pluripo-tent neural crest stem cells. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2004, 72(2):162-172.
206. Skorija K., Cox M., Sisk J.M., Dowd D.R., MacDonald P.N., Thompson C.C., Demay M.B. Ligand-independent actions of the vitamin D receptor maintain hair follicle homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2005, 19:855-862.
207. Slominski A., Paus R., Plonka P., Chakraborty A., Maurer M., Pruski D., Lukiewicz S. Melanogenesis during the anagen-catagen-telogen transformation of the murine hair cycle. JInvest Dermatol 1994, 102:862-869.
208. Smith G.H., Medina D. A morphologically distinct candidate for an epithelial stem cell in mouse mammary gland. J Cell Sci 1988, 90:173-183. (Pt 1).
209. Smith R.S., John S.W.M., Nashina P.M., Sundberg J.P. Systematic evaluation of the mouse eye. anatomy, pathology, and biomethods 2002, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
210. Sofaer J.A. Aspects of the tabby-crinkled-downless syndrome. II. Observations on the reaction to changes of genetic background. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1969, 22:207-227.
211. Soma T., Ogo M., Suzuki J., Takahashi T., Hibino T. Analysis of apoptotic cell death in human hair follicles in vivo and in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1998, 111:948-954.
212. Srivastava A.K., Pispa J., Ha die;rtung A.J., Du Y., Ezer S., Jenks T., et al. The Tabby phenotype is caused by mutation in a mouse homologue of the EDA gene that reveals novel mouse and human exons and encodes a protein (ectodysplasin-A) with collagenous domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:13069-13074.
213. Srivastava A.K., Durmowicz M.C., Ha die;rtung A.J., Hudson J., Ouzts L.V., Donovan D.M., et al. Ectodysplasin-A 1 is sufficient to rescue both hair growth and sweat glands in Tabby mice. Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10:2973-2981.
214. St-Jacques B., Dassule H.R., Karavanova I., Botchkarev V.A., Li J., Danielian P.S., et al. Sonic hedgehog signaling is essential for hair development. CurrBiol 1998, 5:1058-1068.
215. Stenn K., Parimoo S., Prouty S. Growth of the hair follicle, a cycling and regenerating biological system. Molecular basis of epithelial appendage morphogenesis 1998, 111-130. RG Landes Co, Austin, TX. C.M. Chuong (Ed.).
216. Stenn K. Exogen is an active, separately controlled phase of the hair growth cycle. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 52:374-375.
217. Stenn K.S., Paus R. Control of hair follicle cycling. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:449-494.
218. Stingl J., Eaves C.J., Kuusk U., Emerman J.T. Phenotypic and functional characterization in vitro of a multipotent epithelial cell present in the normal adult human breast. Differentiation 1998, 63:201-213.
219. Strange R., Li F., Saurer S., Burkhardt A., Friis R.R. Apoptotic cell death and tissue remodelling during mouse mammary gland involution. Development 1992, 115:49-58.
220. Sundberg J.P., Dunstan R.W., Compton J.G. Hairless mouse, HRS/J hr/hr. Integument and mammary glands: monographs on Pathology of Laboratory Animals 1989, 192-197. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. T.C. Jones, U. Mohr, R.D. Hunt (Eds.).
221. Sundberg J.R Handbook of mouse mutations with skin and hair abnormalities 1994, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
222. Sundberg, J.P., Awgulewitsch, A., Mentzer, S.E., Chao, H.H.J., Carpenter, D.A., Zhang, W.-D., et al. The mouse hairy ears (Eh) mutation: inversion altered Hoxc gene expression in skin and hair follicle cycle. Genome Res (submitted).
223. Sundberg J.P., Boggess D., Sundberg B.A., Eilersten K., Parimoo S., Filippi M., Stenn K. Asebia-2J (Scdab2J): a new allele and a model for scarring alopecia. Am J Pathol 2000, 156:2067-2075.
224. Sundberg J.R, Hogan M.E. Hair types and subtypes in the laboratory mouse. Handbook of mouse mutations with skin and hair abnormalities: animal models and biomedical tools 1994, 57-68. CRCPress, Boca Raton, FL. J.R. Sundberg (Ed.).
225. Sundberg J.R, King L.E. Morphology of hair in normal and mutant laboratory mice. Eur J Dermatol 2001, 11:357-361.
226. Sundberg J.P., Rourk M., Boggess D., Hogan M.E., Sundberg B.A., Bertolino A. Angora mouse mutation: altered hair cycle, follicular dystrophy, phenotypic maintenance of skin grafts, and changes in keratin expression,. Vet Pathol 1997, 34:171-179.
227. Suzuki N., Hirata M., Kondo S. Traveling stripes on the skin of a mutant mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:9680-9685.
228. Suzuki S., Kato T., Takimoto H., Masui S., Oshima H., Ozawa K., Imamura T. Localization of rat FGF-5 protein in skin macrophage-like cells and FGF-5 S protein in hair follicle: possible involvement of two Fgf-5 gene products in hair growth cycle regulation. JInvest Dermatol 1998, 111:963-972.
229. Suzuki S., Ota Y., Ozawa K., Imamura T. Dual-mode regulation of hair growth cycle by two FGF-5 gene products. J Invest Dermatol 2000, 114:456-463.
230. Taylor G., Lehrer M.S., Jensen P.J., Sun T.T., Lavker R.M. Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis. Cell 2000, 102:451-461.
231. Taylor, D.K, Miller, J., Silva, K., Fleckman, P., Sundberg, J.R Development, structure, and keratin expression profile of eccrine glands in the laboratory mouse. In press.
232. Tkatchenko A.V., Visconti R.R, Shang L., Papenbrock T., Pruett N.D., Ito T., et al. Overexpression of Hoxcl3 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia. Development 2001, 128:1547-1558.
233. Tobin DJ., Gunin A., Magerl M., Handijski B., Paus R. Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme: implications for hair growth control. J Invest Dermatol 2003, 120:895-904.
234. Tong X., Coulombe P.A. Mouse models of alopecia: identifying structural genes that are baldly needed. Trends Mol Med 2003, 9:79-84.
235. Tsugane M., Yasuda M. Dermatoglyphics on volar skin of mice: the normal pattern. Anat Rec 1995, 242:225-232.
236. Tumbar T., Guasch G., Greco V, Blanpain C., Lowry W.E., Rendl M., Fuchs E. Defining the epithelial stem cell niche in skin. Science 2004, 303:359-363.
237. Uyttendaele H., Panteleyev A.A., de Berker Tobin D.D.T., Christiano A.M. Activation of Notch 1 in the hair follicle leads to cell-fate switch and Mohawk alopecia. Differentiation 2004, 72:396-409.
238. Van der Loos H., Welker E., Dorfl J., Rumo G. Selective breeding for variations in patterns of mystacial vibrissae of mice. Bilaterally symmetrical strains derived from ICR stock. J Hered 1986, 77(2):66-82.
239. van Genderen C., Okamura R.M., Farinas I., Quo R.G., Parslow T.G., Bruhn L., Grosschedl R. Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1-deficient mice. Genes Dev 1994, 8:2691-2703.
240. Van Exan R.J., Hardy M.H. A spatial relationship between innervation and the early differentiation of vibrissa follicles in the embryonic mouse. J Anat 1980, l3l:643-656. (Pt4).
241. Vassar R., Fuchs E. Transgenic mice provide new insights into the role of TGF-alpha during epidermal development and differentiation. Genes Dev 1991, 5:714-727.
242. Vauclair S., Nicolas M., Barrandon Y, Radtke F. Notchl is essential for postnatal hair follicle development and homeostasis. Dev Biol 2005, 284:184-193.
243. Veltmaat J.M., Mailleux A.A., Thiery J.P., Bellusci S. Mouse embryonic mammogenesis as a model for the molecular regulation of pattern formation. Differentiation 2003, 71:1-17.
244. Vidal V.R, Chaboissier M.C., Lutzkendorf S., Cotsarelis G., Mill P., Hui C.C., et al. Sox9 is essential for outer root sheath differentiation and the formation of the hair stem cell compartment. Curr Biol 2005, 15:1340-1351.
245. Vielkind U., Hardy M.H. Changing patterns of cell adhesion mole-cules during mouse pelage hair follicle development. II. Follicle morphogenesis in the hair mutants, Tabby and downy. Acta Anat (Basel) 1996, 157:183-194.
246. Vincent S.B. The tactile hair of the white rat. J Comp Neurol 1913, 23:1-35.
247. Watt FM. The stem cell compartment in human interfollicular epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2002, 28:173-180.
248. Welm B.E., Tepera S.B., Venezia T, Graubert TA., Rosen J.M., Goodell M.A. Sca-l (pos) cells in the mouse mammary gland represent an enriched progenitor cell population. Dev Biol 2002, 245:42-56.
249. Wilson R. Competent steps in determination of cell fate. Bioessays 1999, 21:455-458.
250. Wilson C., Cotsarelis G., Wei Z.G., Fryer E., Margolis-Fryer J., Ostead M., et al. Cells within the bulge region of mouse hair follicle transiently proliferate during early anagen: heterogeneity and functional differences of various hair cycles. Differentiation 1994, 55:127-136.
251. Waikel R.L., Kawachi Y, Waikel P.A., Wang X.J., Roop D.R. Deregulated expression of c-Myc depletes epidermal stem cells. Nat Genet 2001, 28:165-168.
252. Waikel R.L., Wang X.J., Roop D.R. Targeted expression of c-Myc in the epidermis alters normal proliferation, differentiation and UV-B induced apoptosis. Oncogen. 1999, 18:4870-4878.
253. Wang C.K., Omi M., Ferrari D., Cheng H.C., Lizarraga G., Chin H.J., et al. Function of BMPs in the apical ectoderm of the developing mouse limb. Dev Biol 2004, 269:109-122.
254. Wang W.P., Widelitz R.B., Jiang T.X., Chuong C.M. Msx-2 and the regulation of organ size: epidermal thickness and hair length. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999, 4:278-281.
255. Weedon D., Strutton G. The recognition of early stages of catagen. Am J Dermatopathol 1984, 6:553-555.
256. Welker E., Hoogland P.V., Van der Loos H. Organization of feedback and feedforward projections of the barrel cortex: a PHA-L study in the mouse. Exp Brain Res 1988, 73:411-435.
257. Welker E., Van der Loos H. Quantitative correlation between barrel-field size and the sensory innervation of the whiskerpad: a comparative study in six strains of mice bred for different patterns of mystacial vibrissae. JNeurosci 1986, 6:3355-3373.
258. Widelitz R.B., Jiang T.X., Lu J., Chuong C.M. beta-catenin in epithelial morphogenesis: conversion of part of avian foot scales into feather buds with a mutated beta-catenin. Dev Biol 2000, 219:98-114.
259. Winkelmann R.K. The innervation of a hair follicle. AnnNYAcad Sci 1959, 83:400-407.
260. Wu P., Hou L., Plikus M., Hughes M., Scehnet J., Suksaweang S., et al. Evo-Devo of amniote integuments and appendages. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:249-270.
261. Wysolmerski J.J., Philbrick WM., Dunbar M.E., Lanske B., Kronenberg H., Broadus A.E. Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development 1998, 125:1285-1294.
262. Yamakado M., Yohro T. Subdivision of mouse vibrissae on an embry-ological basis, with descriptions of variations in the number and arrangement of sinus hairs and cortical barrels in BALB/c (nu/+; nude, nu/nu) and hairless (hr/hr) strains. Am J Anat 1979, 155:153-173.
263. Yamashita S., Miagi C., Carmany-Rampey A., et al. Stat 3 controls cell movement during zebrafish gastrulation. Dev Cell 2002, 2:363-375.
264. Yang A., Schweitzer R., Sun D., Kaghad M., Walker N., Bronson R.T., et al. p63is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 1999, 398:714-718.
265. Yue Z., Jiang T.-X., Widelitz R.B., Chuong C.M. Mapping stem cell activities in the feather follicle. Nature. 2005, 438:1026-1029.
266. Zeps N., Dawkins H.J., Papadimitriou J.M., Redmond S.L., Walters M.I. Detection of a population of long-lived cells in mammary epithelium of the mouse. Cell Tissue Res 1996, 286:525-536.
267. Zhou P., Byrne C., Jacobs J., Fuchs E. Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate. Genes Dev 1995, 9:700-713.
268. Zinser G.M., Sundberg J.P., Welsh J. Vitamin D (3) receptor ablation sensitizes skin to chemically induced tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2002, 23:2103-2109.