Challenging the omnipotence of the suprachiasmatic timekeeper: Are circadian oscillators present throughout the mammalian brain?

European Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 25, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 3195-3216

  Guilding, Clare ^a   Piggins, Hugh D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Arcuate nucleus; Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; Clock gene expression; Food entrainable oscillator; Habenula; Olfactory bulb

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; BEHAVIOR; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ELECTRIC ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HABENULA; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; MOLECULAR CLOCK; NERVOUS TISSUE; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY BULB; OSCILLATOR; PACEMAKER NERVE CELL; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; BRAIN; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; HUMANS; MAMMALS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PERIODICITY;

EID: 34249883579     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: 14609568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05581.x     Document Type: Review

References (294)

1. Abarca, C., Albrecht, U. Spanagel, R. (2002) Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 9026 9030.
2. Abe, M., Herzog, E.D., Yamazaki, S., Straume, M., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y., Menaker, M. Block, G.D. (2002) Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions. J. Neurosci., 22, 350 356.
3. Abe, H., Honma, S., Namihira, M., Tanahashi, Y., Ikeda, M. Honma, K. (1998) Circadian rhythm and light responsiveness of BMAL1 expression, a partner of mammalian clock gene Clock, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats. Neurosci. Lett., 258, 93 96.
4. Abraham, U., Prior, J.L., Granados-Fuentes, D., Piwnica-Worms, D.R. Herzog, E.D. (2005) Independent circadian oscillations of Period1 in specific brain areas in vivo and in vitro. J. Neurosci., 25, 8620 8626.
5. Abrahamson, E.E. Moore, R.Y. (2001) Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res., 916, 172 191.
6. Ahima, R., Krozowski, Z. Harlan, R. (1991) Type I corticosteroid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS: distribution and regulation by corticosteroids. J. Comp. Neurol., 313, 522 538.
7. Akashi, M., Tsuchiya, Y., Yoshino, T. Nishida, E. (2002) Control of intracellular dynamics of mammalian period proteins by casein kinase I epsilon (CKIepsilon) and CKIdelta in cultured cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 1693 1703.
8. Albrecht, U. (2004) The mammalian circadian clock: a network of gene expression. Front. Biosci., 9, 48 55.
9. Albrecht, U., Sun, Z.S., Eichele, G. Lee, C.C. (1997) A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light. Cell, 91, 1055 1064.
10. Albus, H., Vansteensel, M.J., Michel, S., Block, G.D. Meijer, J.H. (2005) A GABAergic mechanism is necessary for coupling dissociable ventral and dorsal regional oscillators within the circadian clock. Curr. Biol., 15, 886 893.
11. Alheid, G.F. (2003) Extended amygdala and basal forebrain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 985, 185 205.
12. Amat, J., Sparks, P.D., Matus-Amat, P., Griggs, J., Watkins, L.R. Maier, S.F. (2001) The role of the habenular complex in the elevation of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin and the changes in the behavioral responses produced by uncontrollable stress. Brain Res., 917, 118 126.
13. Amir, S., Cain, S., Sullivan, J., Robinson, B. Stewart, J. (1999) In rats, odor-induced Fos in the olfactory pathways depends on the phase of the circadian clock. Neurosci. Lett., 272, 175 178.
14. Amir, S., Lamont, E.W., Robinson, B. Stewart, J. (2004) A circadian rhythm in the expression of PERIOD2 protein reveals a novel SCN-controlled oscillator in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J. Neurosci., 24, 781 790.
15. Amir, S. Robinson, B. (2006) Thyroidectomy alters the daily pattern of expression of the clock protein, PER2, in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 407, 254 257.
16. Andres, K.H., von During, M. Veh, R.W. (1999) Subnuclear organization of the rat habenular complexes. J. Comp. Neurol., 407, 130 150.
17. Andretic, R., Chaney, S. Hirsh, J. (1999) Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila. Science, 285, 1066 1068.
18. Antle, M.C., Kriegsfeld, L.J. Silver, R. (2005) Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. J. Neurosci., 25, 2447 2454.
19. Antle, M.C. Silver, R. (2005) Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock. Trends Neurosci., 28, 145 151.
20. Arriza, J.L., Simerly, R.B., Swanson, L.W. Evans, R.M. (1988) The neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor as a mediator of glucocorticoid response. Neuron, 1, 887 900.
21. Arvanitogiannis, A., Robinson, B., Beaule, C. Amir, S. (2000) Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian response to constant light in the rat. Neuroscience, 99, 397 401.
22. Asai, M., Yoshinobu, Y., Kaneko, S., Mori, A., Nikaido, T., Moriya, T., Akiyama, M. Shibata, S. (2001) Circadian profile of Per gene mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and pineal body of aged rats. J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 1133 1139.
23. Aschoff, J. (1960) Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 25, 11 28.
24. Aschoff, J. (1969) Desynchronization and resynchronization of human circadian rhythms. Aerosp. Med., 40, 844 849.
25. Asher, G. Schibler, U. (2006) A CLOCK-less clock. Trends Cell Biol., 16, 547 549.
26. Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. Oshinsky, M.L. (2001) A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat. Neurosci., 4, 732 738.
27. Aton, S.J., Colwell, C.S., Harmar, A.J., Waschek, J. Herzog, E.D. (2005) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons. Nat. Neurosci., 8, 476 483.
28. Aton, S.J. Herzog, E.D. (2005) Come together, right...now: synchronization of rhythms in a mammalian circadian clock. Neuron, 48, 531 534.
29. Bae, K., Jin, X., Maywood, E.S., Hastings, M.H., Reppert, S.M. Weaver, D.R. (2001) Differential functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN circadian clock. Neuron, 30, 525 536.
30. Baker, R.A. Herkenham, M. (1995) Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 358, 518 530.
31. Balleine, B.W. Killcross, S. (2006) Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of amygdala function. Trends Neurosci., 29, 272 279.
32. van der Beek, E.M., Horvath, T.L., Wiegant, V.M., Van den Hurk, R. Buijs, R.M. (1997) Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. J. Comp. Neurol., 384, 569 579.
33. Bernabeu, R., Thiriet, N., Zwiller, J. Di Scala, G. (2006) Lesion of the lateral entorhinal cortex amplifies odor-induced expression of c-fos, junB, and zif 268 mRNA in rat brain. Synapse, 59, 135 143.
34. Blakemore, L.J., Levenson, C.W. Trombley, P.Q. (2006) Neuropeptide Y modulates excitatory synaptic transmission in the olfactory bulb. Neuroscience, 138, 663 674.
35. Boivin, D.B. (2000) Influence of sleep-wake and circadian rhythm disturbances in psychiatric disorders. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 25, 446 458.
36. Boulant, J.A. (1981) Hypothalamic mechanisms in thermoregulation. Fed. Proc., 40, 2843 2850.
37. Boulos, Z. Terman, M. (1980) Food availability and daily biological rhythms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 4, 119 131.
38. Brandstaetter, R. (2004) Circadian lessons from peripheral clocks: is the time of the mammalian pacemaker up? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 5699 5700.
39. Brown, T.M., Banks, J.R. Piggins, H.D. (2006) A novel suction electrode recording technique for monitoring circadian rhythms in single and multiunit discharge from brain slices. J. Neurosci. Meth, 156, 173 181.
40. Brown, T., Colwell, C.S., Waschek, J. Piggins, H.D. (2007) Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. J. Neurophysiol., 97, 2553 2558.
41. Brown, T.M., Hughes, A.T. Piggins, H.D. (2005) Gastrin-releasing peptide promotes suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity in the absence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-VPAC2 receptor signaling. J. Neurosci., 25, 11155 11164.
42. Buijs, R.M. (1978) Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat. Pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res., 192, 423 435.
43. Buijs, R.M., Markman, M., Nunes-Cardoso, B., Hou, Y.X. Shinn, S. (1993) Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol., 335, 42 54.
44. Bunger, M.K., Wilsbacher, L.D., Moran, S.M., Clendenin, C., Radcliffe, L.A., Hogenesch, J.B., Simon, M.C., Takahashi, J.S. Bradfield, C.A. (2000) Mop3 is an essential component of the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. Cell, 103, 1009 1017.
45. Caldelas, I., Poirel, V.J., Sicard, B., Pevet, P. Challet, E. (2003) Circadian profile and photic regulation of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal mammal Arvicanthis ansorgei. Neuroscience, 116, 583 591.
46. Canal, M.M. Piggins, H.D. (2006) Resetting of the hamster circadian system by dark pulses. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 290, R785 R792.
47. Card, J.P., Brecha, N., Karten, H.J. Moore, R.Y. (1981) Immunocytochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing cells and processes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: light and electron microscopic analysis. J. Neurosci., 1, 1289 1303.
48. Card, J.P., Fitzpatrick-McElligott, S., Gozes, I. Baldino, F. Jr. (1988) Localization of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide histidine isoleucine- and somatostatin-mRNA in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cell Tissue Res., 252, 307 315.
49. Card, J.P. Moore, R.Y. (1984) The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution. Neuroscience, 13, 415 431.
50. Carr, A.J. Whitmore, D. (2005) Imaging of single light-responsive clock cells reveals fluctuating free-running periods. Nat. Cell Biol., 7, 319 321.
51. Castillo, M.R., Hochstetler, K.J., Tavernier, R.J. Jr., Greene, D.M. Bult-Ito, A. (2004) Entrainment of the master circadian clock by scheduled feeding. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 287, R551 R555.
52. Cheng, M.Y., Bittman, E.L., Hattar, S. Zhou, Q.Y. (2005) Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock. BMC Neurosci., 6, 17.
53. Cheng, M.Y., Bullock, C.M., Li, C., Lee, A.G., Bermak, J.C., Belluzzi, J., Weaver, D.R., Leslie, F.M. Zhou, Q.Y. (2002) Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature, 417, 405 410.
54. Cheng, M.Y., Leslie, F.M. Zhou, Q.Y. (2006) Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 498, 796 809.
55. Choobineh, A., Rajaeefard, A. Neghab, M. (2006) Problems related to shiftwork for health care workers at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. East Med. Health J., 12, 340 346.
56. Chou, T.C., Bjorkum, A.A., Gaus, S.E., Lu, J., Scammell, T.E. Saper, C.B. (2002) Afferents to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. J. Neurosci., 22, 977 990.
57. Chronwall, B.M. (1985) Anatomy and physiology of the neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus. Peptides, 6 (Suppl. 2 1 11.
58. Coogan, A.N. Piggins, H.D. (2003) Circadian and photic regulation of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the Syrian hamster. J. Neurosci., 23, 3085 3093.
59. Coogan, A.N. Piggins, H.D. (2004) MAP kinases in the mammalian circadian system - key regulators of clock function. J. Neurochem., 90, 769 775.
60. Costa, G. (1997) The problem: shiftwork. Chronobiol. Int., 14, 89 98.
61. Cottrell, G.T., Zhou, Q.Y. Ferguson, A.V. (2004) Prokineticin 2 modulates the excitability of subfornical organ neurons. J. Neurosci., 24, 2375 2379.
62. Cutler, D.J., Haraura, M., Reed, H.E., Shen, S., Sheward, W.J., Morrison, C.F., Marston, H.M., Harmar, A.J. Piggins, H.D. (2003) The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 197 204.
63. Damiola, F., Le Minh, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B., Fleury-Olela, F. Schibler, U. (2000) Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev., 14, 2950 2961.
64. Davidson, A.J., Cappendijk, S.L. Stephan, F.K. (2000) Feeding-entrained circadian rhythms are attenuated by lesions of the parabrachial region in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 278, R1296 R1304.
65. Debruyne, J.P., Noton, E., Lambert, C.M., Maywood, E.S., Weaver, D.R. Reppert, S.M. (2006) A clock shock: mouse CLOCK is not required for circadian oscillator function. Neuron, 50, 465 477.
66. Deurveilher, S., Burns, J. Semba, K. (2002) Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat. Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1195 1213.
67. Dong, H.W., Petrovich, G.D. Swanson, L.W. (2001) Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 38, 192 246.
68. Dudley, C.A., Erbel-Sieler, C., Estill, S.J., Reick, M., Franken, P., Pitts, S. McKnight, S.L. (2003) Altered patterns of sleep and behavioral adaptability in NPAS2-deficient mice. Science, 301, 379 383.
69. Dunlap, J.C. (1999) Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell, 96, 271 290.
70. Dziema, H., Oatis, B., Butcher, G.Q., Yates, R., Hoyt, K.R. Obrietan, K. (2003) The ERK/MAP kinase pathway couples light to immediate-early gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 1617 1627.
71. Everitt, B.J., Meister, B., Hokfelt, T., Melander, T., Terenius, L., Rokaeus, A., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., Dockray, G., Edwardson, J. Cuello, C. (1986) The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex: immunohistochemistry of transmitters, peptides and DARPP-32 with special reference to coexistence in dopamine neurons. Brain Res., 396, 97 155.
72. Fukuhara, C., Dirden, J.C. Tosini, G. (2000) Circadian expression of period 1, period 2, and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA in the rat pineal gland under different light conditions. Neurosci. Lett., 286, 167 170.
73. Funk, D. Amir, S. (2000) Circadian modulation of fos responses to odor of the red fox, a rodent predator, in the rat olfactory system. Brain Res., 866, 262 267.
74. von Gall, C., Schneider-Huther, I., Pfeffer, M., Dehghani, F., Korf, H.W. Stehle, J.H. (2001) Clock gene protein mPER1 is rhythmically synthesized and under cAMP control in the mouse pineal organ. J. Neuroendocrinol., 13, 313 316.
75. Gall, C., Seroogy, K.B. Brecha, N. (1986) Distribution of VIP- and NPY-like immunoreactivities in rat main olfactory bulb. Brain Res., 374, 389 394.
76. Gallagher, M. Chiba, A.A. (1996) The amygdala and emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 221 227.
77. Gallego, M., Eide, E.J., Woolf, M.F., Virshup, D.M. Forger, D.B. (2006) An opposite role for tau in circadian rhythms revealed by mathematical modeling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 10618 10623.
78. Geisler, S., Andres, K.H. Veh, R.W. (2003) Morphologic and cytochemical criteria for the identification and delineation of individual subnuclei within the lateral habenular complex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 458, 78 97.
79. Gekakis, N., Staknis, D., Nguyen, H.B., Davis, F.C., Wilsbacher, L.D., King, D.P., Takahashi, J.S. Weitz, C.J. (1998) Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science, 280, 1564 1569.
80. Gerhold, L.M., Horvath, T.L. Freeman, M.E. (2001) Vasoactive intestinal peptide fibers innervate neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res., 919, 48 56.
81. Gerstner, J.R., Vander Heyden, W.M., Lavaute, T.M. Landry, C.F. (2006) Profiles of novel diurnally regulated genes in mouse hypothalamus: expression analysis of the cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing, zinc-binding protein 1, the fatty acid-binding protein 7 and the GTPase, ras-like family member 11b. Neuroscience, 139, 1435 1448.
82. Giachetti, I., MacLeod, P. Le Magnen, J. (1970) [Influence of hunger and satiety states on responses of the olfactory bulb in rats]. J. Physiol. (Paris), 62 (Suppl. 2 280 281.
83. Glossop, N.R. Hardin, P.E. (2002) Central and peripheral circadian oscillator mechanisms in flies and mammals. J. Cell Sci., 115, 3369 3377.
84. Gooley, J.J., Schomer, A. Saper, C.B. (2006) The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is critical for the expression of food-entrainable circadian rhythms. Nat. Neurosci., 9, 398 407.
85. Gordon, N.P., Cleary, P.D., Parker, C.E. Czeisler, C.A. (1986) The prevalence and health impact of shiftwork. Am. J. Public Health, 76, 1225 1228.
86. Granados-Fuentes, D., Prolo, L.M., Abraham, U. Herzog, E.D. (2004a) The suprachiasmatic nucleus entrains, but does not sustain, circadian rhythmicity in the olfactory bulb. J. Neurosci., 24, 615 619.
87. Granados-Fuentes, D., Saxena, M.T., Prolo, L.M., Aton, S.J. Herzog, E.D. (2004b) Olfactory bulb neurons express functional, entrainable circadian rhythms. Eur. J. Neurosci., 19, 898 906.
88. Granados-Fuentes, D., Tseng, A. Herzog, E.D. (2006) A circadian clock in the olfactory bulb controls olfactory responsivity. J. Neurosci., 26, 12219 12225.
89. Green, D.J. Gillette, R. (1982) Circadian rhythm of firing rate recorded from single cells in the rat suprachiasmatic brain slice. Brain Res., 245, 198 200.
90. Greenberg, M.E., Thompson, M.A. Sheng, M. (1992) Calcium regulation of immediate early gene transcription. J. Physiol. (Paris), 86, 99 108.
91. Grewal, S.S., York, R.D. Stork, P.J. (1999) Extracellular-signal- regulated kinase signalling in neurons. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 9, 544 553.
92. Groos, G. Hendriks, J. (1982) Circadian rhythms in electrical discharge of rat suprachiasmatic neurones recorded in vitro. Neurosci. Lett., 34, 283 288.
93. Guglielmotti, V. Cristino, L. (2006) The interplay between the pineal complex and the habenular nuclei in lower vertebrates in the context of the evolution of cerebral asymmetry. Brain Res. Bull., 69, 475 488.
94. Hamada, T., Antle, M.C. Silver, R. (2004) Temporal and spatial expression patterns of canonical clock genes and clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 19, 1741 1748.
95. Hamada, T., LeSauter, J., Venuti, J.M. Silver, R. (2001) Expression of Period genes: rhythmic and nonrhythmic compartments of the suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker. J. Neurosci., 21, 7742 7750.
96. Hannibal, J. (2002) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide in the rat central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol., 453, 389 417.
97. Hardin, P.E. (2004) Transcription regulation within the circadian clock: the E-box and beyond. J. Biol. Rhythms, 19, 348 360.
98. Hardy, A.B., Aioun, J., Baly, C., Julliard, K.A., Caillol, M., Salesse, R. Duchamp-Viret, P. (2005) Orexin A modulates mitral cell activity in the rat olfactory bulb: patch-clamp study on slices and immunocytochemical localization of orexin receptors. Endocrinology, 146, 4042 4053.
99. Harmar, A.J. (2003) An essential role for peptidergic signalling in the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J. Neuroendocrinol., 15, 335 338.
100. Hastings, M.H. (1991) Neuroendocrine rhythms. Pharmacol. Ther, 50, 35 71.
101. Hastings, M. Maywood, E.S. (2000) Circadian clocks in the mammalian brain. Bioessays, 22, 23 31.
102. Herichova, I., Mravec, B., Stebelova, K., Krizanova, O., Jurkovicova, D., Kvetnansky, R. Zeman, M. (2007) Rhythmic clock gene expression in heart, kidney and some brain nuclei involved in blood pressure control in hypertensive TGR (mREN-2)27 rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 296, 25 34.
103. Herkenham, M. Nauta, W.J. (1979) Efferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 187, 19 47.
104. Herman, J.P., Figueiredo, H., Mueller, N.K., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Ostrander, M.M., Choi, D.C. Cullinan, W.E. (2003) Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 24, 151 180.
105. Herzog, E.D., Geusz, M.E., Khalsa, S.B., Straume, M. Block, G.D. (1997) Circadian rhythms in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus explants on multimicroelectrode plates. Brain Res., 757, 285 290.
106. Herzog, E.D., Takahashi, J.S. Block, G.D. (1998) Clock controls circadian period in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Nat. Neurosci., 1, 708 713.
107. Hirayama, J. Sassone-Corsi, P. (2005) Structural and functional features of transcription factors controlling the circadian clock. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 15, 548 556.
108. Hogenesch, J.B., Gu, Y.Z., Jain, S. Bradfield, C.A. (1998) The basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS orphan MOP3 forms transcriptionally active complexes with circadian and hypoxia factors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 5474 5479.
109. Honma, K., Honma, S. Hiroshige, T. (1986) Disorganization of the rat activity rhythm by chronic treatment with methamphetamine. Physiol. Behav., 38, 687 695.
110. Honma, K., Honma, S. Hiroshige, T. (1987) Activity rhythms in the circadian domain appear in suprachiasmatic nuclei lesioned rats given methamphetamine. Physiol. Behav., 40, 767 774.
111. Honma, S., Honma, K. Hiroshige, T. (1989) Methamphetamine induced locomotor rhythm entrains to restricted daily feeding in SCN lesioned rats. Physiol. Behav., 45, 1057 1065.
112. Honma, S., Honma, K., Shirakawa, T. Hiroshige, T. (1988) Rhythms in behaviors, body temperature and plasma corticosterone in SCN lesioned rats given methamphetamine. Physiol. Behav., 44, 247 255.
113. Honma, S., Ikeda, M., Abe, H., Tanahashi, Y., Namihira, M., Honma, K. Nomura, M. (1998) Circadian oscillation of BMAL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 250, 83 87.
114. van der Horst, G.T., Muijtjens, M., Kobayashi, K., Takano, R., Kanno, S., Takao, M., de Wit, J., Verkerk, A., Eker, A.P., van Leenen, D., Buijs, R., Bootsma, D., Hoeijmakers, J.H. Yasui, A. (1999) Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nature, 398, 627 630.
115. Hummer, D.L., Jechura, T.J., Mahoney, M.M. Lee, T.M. (2007) Gonadal hormone effects on entrained and free-running circadian activity rhythms in the developing diurnal rodent Octodon degus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 292, R586 R597.
116. Iijima, M., Nikaido, T., Akiyama, M., Moriya, T. Shibata, S. (2002) Methamphetamine-induced, suprachiasmatic nucleus-independent circadian rhythms of activity and mPer gene expression in the striatum of the mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 921 929.
117. Imaki, T., Nahon, J.L., Sawchenko, P.E. Vale, W. (1989) Widespread expression of corticotropin-releasing factor messenger RNA and immunoreactivity in the rat olfactory bulb. Brain Res., 496, 35 44.
118. Inouye, S.T. (1983) Does the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus contain a self-sustained circadian oscillator associated with periodic feedings? Brain Res., 279, 53 63.
119. Inouye, S.T. Kawamura, H. (1979) Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic 'island' containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 5962 5966.
120. Ishida, Y., Yagita, K., Fukuyama, T., Nishimura, M., Nagano, M., Shigeyoshi, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Komori, T. Okamura, H. (2001) Constitutive expression and delayed light response of casein kinase Iepsilon and Idelta mRNAs in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neurosci. Res., 64, 612 616.
121. Jacobowitz, D.M. Winsky, L. (1991) Immunocytochemical localization of calretinin in the forebrain of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 304, 198 218.
122. Kalsbeek, A. Buijs, R.M. (1992) Peptidergic transmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei and the control of circadian rhythmicity. Prog. Brain Res., 92, 321 333.
123. Kalsbeek, A. Buijs, R.M. (2002) Output pathways of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus: coding circadian time by transmitter selection and specific targeting. Cell Tissue Res., 309, 109 118.
124. Kalsbeek, A., Teclemariam-Mesbah, R. Pevet, P. (1993) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J. Comp. Neurol., 332, 293 314.
125. Kennaway, D.J., Owens, J.A., Voultsios, A. Varcoe, T.J. (2006) Functional central rhythmicity and light entrainment, but not liver and muscle rhythmicity, are Clock independent. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 291, R1172 R1180.
126. Kennaway, D.J., Voultsios, A., Varcoe, T.J. Moyer, R.W. (2003) Melatonin and activity rhythm responses to light pulses in mice with the Clock mutation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 284, R1231 R1240.
127. Kim, U. Chang, S.Y. (2005) Dendritic morphology, local circuitry, and intrinsic electrophysiology of neurons in the rat medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the epithalamus. J. Comp. Neurol., 483, 236 250.
128. King, V.M., Chahad-Ehlers, S., Shen, S., Harmar, A.J., Maywood, E.S. Hastings, M.H. (2003) A hVIPR transgene as a novel tool for the analysis of circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 822 832.
129. King, D.P., Zhao, Y., Sangoram, A.M., Wilsbacher, L.D., Tanaka, M., Antoch, M.P., Steeves, T.D., Vitaterna, M.H., Kornhauser, J.M., Lowrey, P.L., Turek, F.W. Takahashi, J.S. (1997) Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell, 89, 641 653.
130. Klemm, W.R. (2004) Habenular and interpeduncularis nuclei: shared components in multiple-function networks. Medical Sci. Monit., 10, RA261 273.
131. Ko, C.H. Takahashi, J.S. (2006) Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Hum. Mol. Genet., 15, Review Issue 2, R271 R277.
132. Kornhauser, J.M., Mayo, K.E. Takahashi, J.S. (1996) Light, immediate-early genes, and circadian rhythms. Behav. Genet, 26, 221 240.
133. Kramer, A., Yang, F.C., Snodgrass, P., Li, X., Scammell, T.E., Davis, F.C. Weitz, C.J. (2001) Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science, 294, 2511 2515.
134. Kraves, S. Weitz, C.J. (2006) A role for cardiotrophin-like cytokine in the circadian control of mammalian locomotor activity. Nat. Neurosci., 9, 212 219.
135. Kriegsfeld, L.J., Korets, R. Silver, R. (2003) Expression of the circadian clock gene Period 1 in neuroendocrine cells: an investigation using mice with a Per1: GFP transgene. Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 212 220.
136. Kriegsfeld, L.J., Leak, R.K., Yackulic, C.B., LeSauter, J. Silver, R. (2004) Organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projections in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): an anterograde and retrograde analysis. J. Comp. Neurol., 468, 361 379.
137. Kriegsfeld, L.J. Silver, R. (2006) The regulation of neuroendocrine function: Timing is everything. Horm. Behav., 49, 557 574.
138. Kubota, A., Inouye, S.T. Kawamura, H. (1981) Reversal of multiunit activity within and outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 27, 303 308.
139. Kurumaji, A., Umino, A., Tanami, M., Ito, A., Asakawa, M. Nishikawa, T. (2003) Distribution of anxiogenic-induced c-Fos in the forebrain regions of developing rats. J. Neural Transm., 110, 1161 1168.
140. Lakin-Thomas, P.L. (2006) Transcriptional feedback oscillators: maybe, maybe not. J. Biol. Rhythms, 21, 83 92.
141. Lamont, E.W., Diaz, L.R., Barry-Shaw, J., Stewart, J. Amir, S. (2005b) Daily restricted feeding rescues a rhythm of period2 expression in the arrhythmic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience, 132, 245 248.
142. Lamont, E.W., Diaz, L.R., Barry-Shaw, J., Stewart, J. Amir, S. (2005c) Daily restricted feeding rescues a rhythm of period2 expression in the arrhythmic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience, 132, 245 248.
143. Lamont, E.W., Robinson, B., Stewart, J. Amir, S. (2005a) The central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala exhibit opposite diurnal rhythms of expression of the clock protein Period2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 4180 4184.
144. Landry, G.J., Simon, M.M., Webb, I.C. Mistlberger, R.E. (2006) Persistence of a behavioral food-anticipatory circadian rhythm following dorsomedial hypothalamic ablation in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 290, R1527 R1534.
145. Laurie, D.J., Seeburg, P.H. Wisden, W. (1992) The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. II. Olfactory bulb and cerebellum. J. Neurosci., 12, 1063 1076.
146. Le Magnen, J. (1999) Increased food intake induced in rats by changes in the satiating sensory input from food (first published in French in 1956). Appetite, 33, 33 35.
147. Leak, R.K. Moore, R.Y. (2001) Topographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol., 433, 312 334.
148. Lechan, R.M. Fekete, C. (2006) The TRH neuron: a hypothalamic integrator of energy metabolism. Prog. Brain Res., 153, 209 235.
149. LeDoux, J. (2003) The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 23, 727 738.
150. Lee, C., Etchegaray, J.P., Cagampang, F.R., Loudon, A.S. Reppert, S.M. (2001) Posttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock. Cell, 107, 855 867.
151. Lee, H.S., Nelms, J.L., Nguyen, M., Silver, R. Lehman, M.N. (2003) The eye is necessary for a circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat. Neurosci., 6, 111 112.
152. Lee, C., Weaver, D.R. Reppert, S.M. (2004) Direct association between mouse PERIOD and CKIepsilon is critical for a functioning circadian clock. Mol. Cell. Biol., 24, 584 594.
153. Legoratti-Sanchez, M.O., Guevara-Guzman, R. Solano-Flores, L.P. (1989) Electrophysiological evidences of a bidirectional communication between the locus coeruleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. Bull., 23, 283 288.
154. Lehman, M.N., Silver, R., Gladstone, W.R., Kahn, R.M., Gibson, M. Bittman, E.L. (1987) Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain. J. Neurosci., 7, 1626 1638.
155. Li, J.D., Hu, W.P., Boehmer, L., Cheng, M.Y., Lee, A.G., Jilek, A., Siegel, J.M. Zhou, Q.Y. (2006) Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J. Neurosci., 26, 11615 11623.
156. Li, X., Sankrithi, N. Davis, F.C. (2002) Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks. Neuroreport, 13, 2143 2147.
157. Liu, C.J., Grandes, P., Matute, C., Cuenod, M. Streit, P. (1989) Glutamate-like immunoreactivity revealed in rat olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum by monoclonal antibody and sensitive staining method. Histochemistry, 90, 427 445.
158. Liu, C., Weaver, D.R., Strogatz, S.H. Reppert, S.M. (1997) Cellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell, 91, 855 860.
159. Lowrey, P.L., Shimomura, K., Antoch, M.P., Yamazaki, S., Zemenides, P.D., Ralph, M.R., Menaker, M. Takahashi, J.S. (2000) Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau. Science, 288, 483 492.
160. Lu, S., Guan, J.L., Wang, Q.P., Uehara, K., Yamada, S., Goto, N., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K. Shioda, S. (2002) Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett., 321, 157 160.
161. Manev, H. Uz, T. (2006) Clock genes: influencing and being influenced by psychoactive drugs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 27, 186 189.
162. Maren, S. Fanselow, M.S. (1996) The amygdala and fear conditioning: has the nut been cracked? Neuron, 16, 237 240.
163. Masubuchi, S., Honma, S., Abe, H., Ishizaki, K., Namihira, M., Ikeda, M. Honma, K. (2000) Clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in manifestation of locomotor activity rhythm in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 4206 4214.
164. Masubuchi, S., Honma, S., Abe, H., Nakamura, W. Honma, K. (2001) Circadian activity rhythm in methamphetamine-treated Clock mutant mice. Eur. J. Neurosci., 14, 1177 1180.
165. Maywood, E.S., Mrosovsky, N., Field, M.D. Hastings, M.H. (1999) Rapid down-regulation of mammalian period genes during behavioral resetting of the circadian clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 15211 15216.
166. Maywood, E.S., Reddy, A.B., Wong, G.K., O'Neill, J.S., O'Brien, J.A., McMahon, D.G., Harmar, A.J., Okamura, H. Hastings, M.H. (2006) Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr. Biol., 16, 599 605.
167. McGaugh, J.L. (2004) The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 27, 1 28.
168. Meijer, J.H. Rietveld, W.J. (1989) Neurophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in rodents. Physiol. Rev., 69, 671 707.
169. Meijer, J.H., Watanabe, K., Schaap, J., Albus, H. Detari, L. (1998) Light responsiveness of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: long-term multiunit and single-unit recordings in freely moving rats. J. Neurosci., 18, 9078 9087.
170. Merchenthaler, I., Vigh, S., Schally, A.V. Petrusz, P. (1984) Immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone-releasing factor in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 114, 1082 1085.
171. Meyer-Bernstein, E.L., Jetton, A.E., Matsumoto, S.I., Markuns, J.F., Lehman, M.N. Bittman, E.L. (1999) Effects of suprachiasmatic transplants on circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine function in golden hamsters. Endocrinology, 140, 207 218.
172. Meyer-Bernstein, E.L. Morin, L.P. (1999) Electrical stimulation of the median or dorsal raphe nuclei reduces light-induced FOS protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and causes circadian activity rhythm phase shifts. Neuroscience, 92, 267 279.
173. Mieda, M., Williams, S.C., Richardson, J.A., Tanaka, K. Yanagisawa, M. (2006) The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a putative food-entrainable
174. Mikkelsen, J.D. Larsen, P.J. (1993) Substance P in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Histochemistry, 100, 3 16.
175. Mistlberger, R.E. (1994) Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 18, 171 195.
176. Mistlberger, R.E. Marchant, E.G. (1995) Computational and entrainment models of circadian food-anticipatory activity: evidence from non-24-hr feeding schedules. Behav. Neurosci., 109, 790 798.
177. Mistlberger, R.E. Mumby, D.G. (1992) The limbic system and food-anticipatory circadian rhythms in the rat: ablation and dopamine blocking studies. Behav. Brain Res., 47, 159 168.
178. Miyamoto, Y. Sancar, A. (1998) Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 6097 6102.
179. Moga, M.M. Moore, R.Y. (1997) Organization of neural inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 389, 508 534.
180. Moore, R.Y. (1996) Entrainment pathways and the functional organization of the circadian system. Prog. Brain Res., 111, 103 119.
181. Moore, R.Y. Eichler, V.B. (1972) Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res., 42, 201 206.
182. Moore, R.Y. Speh, J.C. (1993) GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system. Neurosci. Lett., 150, 112 116.
183. Moore, R.Y., Speh, J.C. Leak, R.K. (2002) Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Cell Tissue Res., 309, 89 98.
184. Morimasa, T., Wirz-Justice, A., Kraeuchi, K., Arendt, J., Baumann, J., Haeusler, A., Degen, P. Feer, H. (1987) Chronic methamphetamine and its withdrawal modify behavioral and neuroendocrine circadian rhythms. Physiol. Behav., 39, 699 705.
185. Morimoto, M., Morita, N., Ozawa, H., Yokoyama, K. Kawata, M. (1996) Distribution of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity and mRNA in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Neurosci. Res., 26, 235 269.
186. Morin, L.P. (2007) SCN organization reconsidered. J. Biol. Rhythms, 22, 3 13.
187. Morin, L.P. Allen, C.N. (2006) The circadian visual system, 2005. Brain Res. Rev., 51, 1 60.
188. Morin, L.P., Blanchard, J. Moore, R.Y. (1992) Intergeniculate leaflet and suprachiasmatic nucleus organization and connections in the golden hamster. Vis. Neurosci., 8, 219 230.
189. Morin, L.P., Goodless-Sanchez, N., Smale, L. Moore, R.Y. (1994) Projections of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, subparaventricular zone and retrochiasmatic area in the golden hamster. Neuroscience, 61, 391 410.
190. Mrosovsky, N. (1996) Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 71, 343 372.
191. Mrosovsky, N., Edelstein, K., Hastings, M.H. Maywood, E.S. (2001) Cycle of period gene expression in a diurnal mammal (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus): implications for nonphotic phase shifting. J. Biol. Rhythms, 16, 471 478.
192. Nagano, M., Adachi, A., Nakahama, K., Nakamura, T., Tamada, M., Meyer-Bernstein, E., Sehgal, A. Shigeyoshi, Y. (2003) An abrupt shift in the day/night cycle causes desynchrony in the mammalian circadian center. J. Neurosci., 23, 6141 6151.
193. Nagao, M., Kamo, H., Akiguchi, I. Kimura, J. (1993) Induction of c-Fos-like protein in the lateral habenular nucleus by persistent noxious peripheral stimulation. Neurosci. Lett., 151, 37 40.
194. Nagoshi, E., Saini, C., Bauer, C., Laroche, T., Naef, F. Schibler, U. (2004) Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts: cell-autonomous and self-sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells. Cell, 119, 693 705.
195. Nakamura, W., Honma, S., Shirakawa, T. Honma, K. (2001) Regional pacemakers composed of multiple oscillator neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 14, 666 674.
196. Namihira, M., Honma, S., Abe, H., Tanahashi, Y., Ikeda, M. Honma, K. (1999a) Circadian rhythms and light responsiveness of mammalian clock gene, Clock and BMAL1, transcripts in the rat retina. Neurosci. Lett., 271, 1 4.
197. Namihira, M., Honma, S., Abe, H., Tanahashi, Y., Ikeda, M. Honma, K. (1999b) Daily variation and light responsiveness of mammalian clock gene, Clock and BMAL1, transcripts in the pineal body and different areas of brain in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 267, 69 72.
198. Nomura, K., Takeuchi, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Okamura, H. Fukunaga, K. (2003) Involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the induction of mPer1. J. Neurosci. Res., 72, 384 392.
199. Numan, M. (2006) Hypothalamic neural circuits regulating maternal responsiveness toward infants. Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev., 5, 163 190.
200. Numan, M. Numan, M. (1996) A lesion and neuroanatomical tract-tracing analysis of the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in rats. Dev. Psychobiol., 29, 23 51.
201. Obrietan, K., Impey, S. Storm, D.R. (1998) Light and circadian rhythmicity regulate MAP kinase activation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Nat. Neurosci., 1, 693 700.
202. Oishi, K., Sakamoto, K., Okada, T., Nagase, T. Ishida, N. (1998) Antiphase circadian expression between BMAL1 and period homologue mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues of rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 253, 199 203.
203. Okamura, H. (2004) Clock genes in cell clocks: roles, actions, and mysteries. J. Biol. Rhythms, 19, 388 399.
204. Okamura, H., Berod, A., Julien, J.F., Geffard, M., Kitahama, K., Mallet, J. Bobillier, P. (1989) Demonstration of GABAergic cell bodies in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: in situ hybridization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA and immunocytochemistry of GAD and GABA. Neurosci. Lett., 102, 131 136.
205. Onishi, H., Yamaguchi, S., Yagita, K., Ishida, Y., Dong, X., Kimura, H., Jing, Z., Ohara, H. Okamura, H. (2002) Rev.-erbalpha gene expression in the mouse brain with special emphasis on its circadian profiles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neurosci. Res., 68, 551 557.
206. Oster, H., Baeriswyl, S., Van Der Horst, G.T. Albrecht, U. (2003) Loss of circadian rhythmicity in aging mPer1-/-mCry2-/- mutant mice. Genes Dev., 17, 1366 1379.
207. Pakhotin, P., Harmar, A.J., Verkhratsky, A. Piggins, H. (2006) VIP receptors control excitability of suprachiasmatic nuclei neurones. Pflugers Arch., 452, 7 15.
208. Palkovits, M., Kakucska, I. Makara, G.B. (1989) Substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus project to the median eminence in rat. Brain Res., 486, 364 368.
209. Paxinos, G. Watson, C. (1998) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, Sydney.
210. Perez-Albuerne, E.D., Schatteman, G., Sanders, L.K. Nathans, D. (1993) Transcriptional regulatory elements downstream of the JunB gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 11960 11964.
211. Phelps, E.A. LeDoux, J.E. (2005) Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron, 48, 175 187.
212. Piggins, H.D. (2002) Human clock genes. Ann. Med., 34, 394 400.
213. Piggins, H.D., Samuels, R.E., Coogan, A.N. Cutler, D.J. (2001) Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 438, 50 65.
214. van den Pol, A.N. Tsujimoto, K.L. (1985) Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. Neuroscience, 15, 1049 1086.
215. Preitner, N., Damiola, F., Lopez-Molina, L., Zakany, J., Duboule, D., Albrecht, U. Schibler, U. (2002) The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell, 110, 251 260.
216. Prosser, H.M., Bradley, A., Chesham, J.E., Ebling, F.J., Hastings, M.H. Maywood, E.S. (2007) Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 648 653.
217. Qu, T., Dong, K., Sugioka, K. Yamadori, T. (1996) Demonstration of direct input from the retina to the lateral habenular nucleus in the albino rat. Brain Res., 709, 251 258.
218. Quintero, J.E., Kuhlman, S.J. McMahon, D.G. (2003) The biological clock nucleus: a multiphasic oscillator network regulated by light. J. Neurosci., 23, 8070 8076.
219. Ralph, M.R., Foster, R.G., Davis, F.C. Menaker, M. (1990) Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science, 247, 975 978.
220. Ralph, M.R. Menaker, M. (1988) A mutation of the circadian system in golden hamsters. Science, 241, 1225 1227.
221. Rasia-Filho, A.A., Londero, R.G. Achaval, M. (2000) Functional activities of the amygdala: an overview. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 25, 14 23.
222. Reick, M., Garcia, J.A., Dudley, C. McKnight, S.L. (2001) NPAS2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain. Science, 293, 506 509.
223. Reppert, S.M. Weaver, D.R. (2002) Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature, 418, 935 941.
224. Reuss, S. Burger, K. (1994) Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of Phodopus sungorus - relation to daytime, photoperiod, sex and age. Brain Res., 638, 189 195.
225. Rietveld, W.J., Korving, J., Boon, M.E. Wirz-Justice, A. (1987) The circadian control of behavior in the rat affected by the chronic application of methamphetamine. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 227B, 513 517.
226. Ronnekleiv, O.K. Moller, M. (1979) Brain-pineal nervous connections in the rat: an ultrastructure study following habenular lesion. Exp. Brain Res., 37, 551 562.
227. Ruis, J.F., Buys, J.P., Cambras, T. Rietveld, W.J. (1990) Effects of T cycles of light/darkness and periodic forced activity on methamphetamine-induced rhythms in intact and SCN-lesioned rats: explanation by an hourglass-clock model. Physiol. Behav., 47, 917 929.
228. Rusak, B., Guido, M.E. Semba, K. (2002) Immediate-early gene expression in the analysis of circadian rhythms and sleep. In Kaczmarek, L. Robertson, H.A. (Eds), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 19, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 147 170.
229. Rusak, B. Zucker, I. (1979) Neural regulation of circadian rhythms. Physiol. Rev., 59, 449 526.
230. Saeb-Parsy, K. Dyball, R.E. (2003) Responses of cells in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vivo to stimulation of afferent pathways are different at different times of the light/dark cycle. J. Neuroendocrinol., 15, 895 903.
231. Saeb-Parsy, K., Lombardelli, S., Khan, F.Z., McDowall, K., Au-Yong, I.T. Dyball, R.E. (2000) Neural connections of hypothalamic neuroendocrine nuclei in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol., 12, 635 648.
232. Saper, C.B., Lu, J., Chou, T.C. Gooley, J. (2005) The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms. Trends Neurosci., 28, 152 157.
233. Schaap, J., Albus, H., VanderLeest, H.T., Eilers, P.H., Detari, L. Meijer, J.H. (2003) Heterogeneity of rhythmic suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons: Implications for circadian waveform and photoperiodic encoding. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 15994 15999.
234. Schibler, U., Ripperger, J. Brown, S.A. (2003) Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food. J. Biol. Rhythms, 18, 250 260.
235. Schibler, U. Sassone-Corsi, P. (2002) A web of circadian pacemakers. Cell, 111, 919 922.
236. Seale, J.V., Wood, S.A., Atkinson, H.C., Harbuz, M.S. Lightman, S.L. (2004) Gonadal steroid replacement reverses gonadectomy-induced changes in the corticosterone pulse profile and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity of male and female rats. J. Neuroendocrinol., 16, 989 998.
237. See, R.E., Fuchs, R.A., Ledford, C.C. McLaughlin, J. (2003) Drug addiction, relapse, and the amygdala. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 985, 294 307.
238. Segall, L.A., Perrin, J.S., Walker, C.D., Stewart, J. Amir, S. (2006) Glucocorticoid rhythms control the rhythm of expression of the clock protein, Period2, in oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala in rats. Neuroscience, 140, 753 757.
239. Sellix, M.T., Egli, M., Poletini, M.O., McKee, D.T., Bosworth, M.D., Fitch, C.A. Freeman, M.E. (2006) Anatomical and functional characterization of clock gene expression in neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 290, R1309 R1323.
240. Sellix, M.T. Freeman, M.E. (2003) Circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neuronal activity in ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology, 77, 59 70.
241. Shearman, L.P., Zylka, M.J., Weaver, D.R., Kolakowski, L.F. Jr. Reppert, S.M. (1997) Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neuron, 19, 1261 1269.
242. Shibata, S., Oomura, Y., Kita, H. Hattori, K. (1982) Circadian rhythmic changes of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat hypothalamic slice. Brain Res., 247, 154 158.
243. Shieh, K.R. (2003) Distribution of the rhythm-related genes rPERIOD1, rPERIOD2, and rCLOCK, in the rat brain. Neuroscience, 118, 831 843.
244. Shieh, K.R., Yang, S.C., Lu, X.Y., Akil, H. Watson, S.J. (2005) Diurnal rhythmic expression of the rhythm-related genes, rPeriod1, rPeriod2, and rClock, in the rat brain. J. Biomed. Sci., 12, 209 217.
245. Shinohara, K., Hiruma, H., Funabashi, T. Kimura, F. (2000) GABAergic modulation of gap junction communication in slice cultures of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience, 96, 591 596.
246. Shipley, M.T. Ennis, M. (1996) Functional organization of olfactory system. J. Neurobiol., 30, 123 176.
247. Shipley, M.T., Halloran, F.J. de la Torre, J. (1985) Surprisingly rich projection from locus coeruleus to the olfactory bulb in the rat. Brain Res., 329, 294 299.
248. Silver, R., LeSauter, J., Tresco, P.A. Lehman, M.N. (1996a) A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature, 382, 810 813.
249. Silver, R., Romero, M.T., Besmer, H.R., Leak, R., Nunez, J.M. LeSauter, J. (1996b) Calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster SCN express light-induced Fos. Neuroreport, 7, 1224 1228.
250. Simerly, R.B. (2004) Anatomical substrates of hypothalamic integration. In Paxinos, G. (Ed.), The Rat Nervous System. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, 335 368.
251. Simonneaux, V., Poirel, V.J., Garidou, M.L., Nguyen, D., Diaz-Rodriguez, E. Pevet, P. (2004) Daily rhythm and regulation of clock gene expression in the rat pineal gland. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 120, 164 172.
252. Souetre, E., Salvati, E., Belugou, J.L., Pringuey, D., Candito, M., Krebs, B., Ardisson, J.L. Darcourt, G. (1989) Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res., 28, 263 278.
253. Srinivasan, V., Smits, M., Spence, W., Lowe, A.D., Kayumov, L., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Parry, B. Cardinali, D.P. (2006) Melatonin in mood disorders. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 7, 138 151.
254. Stephan, F.K. (2002) The 'other' circadian system: food as a Zeitgeber. J. Biol. Rhythms, 17, 284 292.
255. Stephan, F.K., Swann, J.M. Sisk, C.L. (1979) Entrainment of circadian rhythms by feeding schedules in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions. Behav. Neural Biol., 25, 545 554.
256. Stephan, F.K. Zucker, I. (1972) Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 1583 1586.
257. Sujino, M., Masumoto, K.H., Yamaguchi, S., van der Horst, G.T., Okamura, H. Inouye, S.T. (2003) Suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts restore circadian behavioral rhythms of genetically arrhythmic mice. Curr. Biol., 13, 664 668.
258. Sun, Z.S., Albrecht, U., Zhuchenko, O., Bailey, J., Eichele, G. Lee, C.C. (1997) RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell, 90, 1003 1011.
259. Swanson, L.W. (2003) The amygdala and its place in the cerebral hemisphere. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 985, 174 184.
260. Swanson, L.W. Petrovich, G.D. (1998) What is the amygdala? Trends Neurosci., 21, 323 331.
261. Takekida, S., Yan, L., Maywood, E.S., Hastings, M.H. Okamura, H. (2000) Differential adrenergic regulation of the circadian expression of the clock genes Period1 and Period2 in the rat pineal gland. Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 4557 4561.
262. Tanaka, M., Hayashi, S., Tamada, Y., Ikeda, T., Hisa, Y., Takamatsu, T. Ibata, Y. (1997) Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Neuroreport, 8, 2187 2191.
263. Tasker, J.G. (2006) Rapid glucocorticoid actions in the hypothalamus as a mechanism of homeostatic integration. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14 (Suppl. 5 259S 265S.
264. Tataroglu, O., Davidson, A.J., Benvenuto, L.J. Menaker, M. (2006) The methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO) in mice. J. Biol. Rhythms, 21, 185 194.
265. Tavakoli-Nezhad, M. Schwartz, W.J. (2006) Hamsters running on time: is the lateral habenula a part of the clock? Chronobiol. Int., 23, 217 224.
266. Teclemariam-Mesbah, R., Kalsbeek, A., Pevet, P. Buijs, R.M. (1997) Direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to spinal projecting hypothalamic paraventricular neurons. Brain Res., 748, 71 76.
267. Thresher, R.J., Vitaterna, M.H., Miyamoto, Y., Kazantsev, A., Hsu, D.S., Petit, C., Selby, C.P., Dawut, L., Smithies, O., Takahashi, J.S. Sancar, A. (1998) Role of mouse cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor in circadian photoresponses. Science, 282, 1490 1494.
268. Tosini, G. Fukuhara, C. (2002) The mammalian retina as a clock. Cell Tissue Res., 309, 119 126.
269. Tosini, G. Menaker, M. (1996) Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science, 272, 419 421.
270. Tosini, G. Menaker, M. (1998) The tau mutation affects temperature compensation of hamster retinal circadian oscillators. Neuroreport, 9, 1001 1005.
271. Tournier, B.B., Dardente, H., Vuillez, P., Pevet, P. Challet, E. (2007) Expression of Tgfalpha in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents. Neuroscience, 145, 1138 1143.
272. Tousson, E. Meissl, H. (2004) Suprachiasmatic nuclei grafts restore the circadian rhythm in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci., 24, 2983 2988.
273. Travnickova-Bendova, Z., Cermakian, N., Reppert, S.M. Sassone-Corsi, P. (2002) Bimodal regulation of mPeriod promoters by CREB-dependent signaling and CLOCK/BMAL1 activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 7728 7733.
274. Vandesande, F., Dierickx, K. DeMey, J. (1975) Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin producing neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell Tissue Res., 156, 377 380.
275. Vitaterna, M.H., King, D.P., Chang, A.M., Kornhauser, J.M., Lowrey, P.L., McDonald, J.D., Dove, W.F., Pinto, L.H., Turek, F.W. Takahashi, J.S. (1994) Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science, 264, 719 725.
276. Vitaterna, M.H., Ko, C.H., Chang, A.M., Buhr, E.D., Fruechte, E.M., Schook, A., Antoch, M.P., Turek, F.W. Takahashi, J.S. (2006) The mouse Clock mutation reduces circadian pacemaker amplitude and enhances efficacy of resetting stimuli and phase-response curve amplitude. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 9327 9332.
277. Vrang, N., Larsen, P.J., Moller, M. Mikkelsen, J.D. (1995) Topographical organization of the rat suprachiasmatic-paraventricular projection. J. Comp. Neurol., 353, 585 603.
278. de Vries, G.J., Buijs, R.M. Swaab, D.F. (1981) Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain - presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum. Brain Res., 218, 67 78.
279. Wakamatsu, H., Yoshinobu, Y., Aida, R., Moriya, T., Akiyama, M. Shibata, S. (2001) Restricted-feeding-induced anticipatory activity rhythm is associated with a phase-shift of the expression of mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice. Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 1190 1196.
280. Watts, A.G. Swanson, L.W. (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 258, 230 252.
281. Watts, A.G., Swanson, L.W. Sanchez-Watts, G. (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 258, 204 229.
282. Welsh, D.K., Logothetis, D.E., Meister, M. Reppert, S.M. (1995) Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron, 14, 697 706.
283. Welsh, D.K., Yoo, S.H., Liu, A.C., Takahashi, J.S. Kay, S.A. (2004) Bioluminescence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Curr. Biol., 14, 2289 2295.
284. West, A.E., Chen, W.G., Dalva, M.B., Dolmetsch, R.E., Kornhauser, J.M., Shaywitz, A.J., Takasu, M.A., Tao, X. Greenberg, M.E. (2001) Calcium regulation of neuronal gene expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 11024 11031.
285. Wirz-Justice, A. (2006) Biological rhythm disturbances in mood disorders. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 21 (Suppl. 1 S11 S15.
286. Wu, Y.H., Fischer, D.F., Kalsbeek, A., Garidou-Boof, M.L., van der Vliet, J., van Heijningen, C., Liu, R.Y., Zhou, J.N. Swaab, D.F. (2006) Pineal clock gene oscillation is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, due to functional disconnection from the 'master clock'. FASEB J., 20, 1874 1876.
287. Yamaguchi, S., Isejima, H., Matsuo, T., Okura, R., Yagita, K., Kobayashi, M. Okamura, H. (2003) Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science, 302, 1408 1412.
288. Yamaoka, S. (1980) Modification of circadian sleep rhythms by gonadal steroids and the neural mechanisms involved. Brain Res., 185, 385 398.
289. Yamazaki, S., Kerbeshian, M.C., Hocker, C.G., Block, G.D. Menaker, M. (1998) Rhythmic properties of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus in vivo. J. Neurosci., 18, 10709 10723.
290. Yi, C.X., van der Vliet, J., Dai, J., Yin, G., Ru, L. Buijs, R.M. (2006) Ventromedial arcuate nucleus communicates peripheral metabolic information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Endocrinology, 147, 283 294.
291. Yoo, S.H., Yamazaki, S., Lowrey, P.L., Shimomura, K., Ko, C.H., Buhr, E.D., Siepka, S.M., Hong, H.K., Oh, W.J., Yoo, O.J., Menaker, M. Takahashi, J.S. (2004) PERIOD2: LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 5339 5346.
292. Zhao, H. Rusak, B. (2005) Circadian firing-rate rhythms and light responses of rat habenular nucleus neurons in vivo and in vitro. Neuroscience, 132, 519 528.
293. Zheng, B., Larkin, D.W., Albrecht, U., Sun, Z.S., Sage, M., Eichele, G., Lee, C.C. Bradley, A. (1999) The mPer2 gene encodes a functional component of the mammalian circadian clock. Nature, 400, 169 173.
294. Zhou, Q.Y. Cheng, M.Y. (2005) Prokineticin 2 and circadian clock output. FEBS J., 272, 5703 5709.