Central mechanisms of stress integration: Hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 151-180

  Herman, James P ^a,b   Figueiredo, Helmer ^a   Mueller, Nancy K ^a   Ulrich Lai, Yvonne ^a   Ostrander, Michelle M ^a   Choi, Dennis C ^a   Cullinan, William E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^c MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ACTH; Amygdala; Corticotropin releasing hormone; Glucocorticoids; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus; Nucleus of the solitary tract; Paraventricular nucleus

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUTAMIC ACID;

ADRENAL CORTEX; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; CONDITIONING; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASE; EXCITATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE RELEASE; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS PERIVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INHIBITION KINETICS; INNERVATION; LIMBIC SYSTEM; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE TRACT; NOCICEPTIVE RECEPTOR; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PREOPTIC AREA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RAPHE NUCLEUS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; STRESS; STRIA TERMINALIS; SUBFORNICAL ORGAN; THALAMUS;

EID: 0242352373     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (330)

1. Akana S.F., Chu A., Soriano L., Dallman M.F. Corticosterone exerts site-specific and state-dependent effects in prefrontal cortex and amygdala on regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin and fat depots. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13:2001;625-637.
2. Alessi N.E., Quinlan P., Khachaturian H. MSG effects on beta-endorphin and alpha-MSH in the hypothalamus and caudal medulla. Peptides. 9:1988;689-695.
3. Allen J.P., Allen C.F. Role of the amygdaloid complexes in the stress-induced release of ACTH in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 15:1974;220-230.
4. Allen J.P., Allen C.F. Amygdalar participation in tonic ACTH secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 19:1975;115-125.
5. Alves S.E., Lopez V., McEwen B.S., Weiland N.G. Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;3281-3286.
6. Antoni F.A. Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: Advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocr. Rev. 7:1986;351-378.
7. Arriza J.L., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W., Evans R.M. Neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor as a mediator of glucocorticoid response. Neuron. 1:1988;887-900.
8. Aubry J.M., Bartanusz V., Pagliusi S., Schulz P., Kiss J.Z. Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs by paraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 205:1996;95-98.
9. Auger C.J., De Vries G.J. Progestin receptor immunoreactivity within steroid-responsive vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the male and female rat brain. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14:2002;561-567.
10. Baffi J.S., Palkovits M. Fine topography of brain areas activated by cold stress. A fos immunohistochemical study in rats. Neuroendocrinology. 72:2000;102-113.
11. Bailey T.W., Dimicco J.A. Chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus elevates plasma ACTH in conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol. 280:2001;R8-R15.
12. Baker R.A., Herkenham M. Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 358:1995;518-529.
13. Bartanusz V., Aubry J.M., Pagliusi S., Jezova D., Baffi J., Kiss J.Z. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience. 66:1995;247-252.
14. Bealer S.L. Corticosteroids and plasma restitution after hemorrhage and hypothalamic lesions. Am. J. Physiol. 250:1986;R18-R23.
15. Beaulieu S., DiPaolo T., Barden N. Control of ACTH secretion by the central nucleus of the amygdala: Implication of the serotonergic system and its relevance to the glucocorticoid delayed negative feedback mechanism. Neuroendocrinology. 44:1986;247-254.
16. Beaulieu S., Pelletier G., Vaudry H., Barden N. Influence of the central nucleus of the amygdala on the content of corticotropin-releasing factor in the median eminence. Neuroendocrinology. 49:1989;255-261.
17. Berk M.L., Finkelstein J.A. Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 6:1981;1601-1624.
18. Bhatnagar S., Dallman M. Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress. Neuroscience. 84:1998;1025-1039.
19. Bhatnagar S., Huber R., Nowak N., Trotter P. Lesions of the posterior paraventricular thalamus block habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated restraint. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14:2002;403-410.
20. Bohler H.C. Jr., Zoeller R.T., King J.C., Rubin B.S., Weber R., Merriam G.R. Corticotropin releasing hormone mRNA is elevated on the afternoon of proestrus in the parvocellular paraventricular nuclei of the female rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 8:1990;259-262.
21. Borowsky B., Kuhn C.M. D1 and D2 dopamine receptors stimulate hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in rats. Neuropharmacology. 31:1992;671-678.
22. Boudaba C., Schrader L.A., Tasker J.G. Physiological evidence for local excitatory synaptic circuits in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 77:1997;3396-3400.
23. Boudaba C., Szabo K., Tasker J.G. Physiological mapping of local inhibitory inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;7151-7160.
24. Bowers G., Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P. Region-specific regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA expression in central stress circuits. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5938-5947.
25. Bradbury M.J., Strack A.M., Dallman M.F. Lesions of the hippocampal efferent pathway (fimbria-fornix) do not alter sensitivity of adrenocorticotropin to feedback inhibition by corticosterone in rats. Neuroendocrinology. 58:1993;396-407.
26. Brake W.G., Flores G., Francis D., Meaney M.J., Srivastava L.K., Gratton A. Enhanced nucleus accumbens dopamine and plasma corticosterone stress responses in adult rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience. 96:2000;687-695.
27. Brown G.M., Uhlir I.V., Seggie J., Schally A.V., Kastin A.J. Effect of septal lesions on plasma levels of MSH, corticosterone, GH and prolactin before and after exposure to novel environment: role of MSH in the septal syndrome. Endocrinology. 94:1974;593-597.
28. Bubser M., Deutch A.Y. Stress induces Fos expression in neurons of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus that innervate limbic forebrain sites. Synapse. 32:1999;13-22.
29. Buijs R.M., Markman M., Nunes-Cardoso B., Hou Y.X., Shinn S. Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 335:1993;42-54.
30. Buijs R.M., Wortel J., Van Heerikhuize J.J., Kalsbeek A. Novel environment induced inhibition of corticosterone secretion: physiological evidence for a suprachiasmatic nucleus mediated neuronal hypothalamo-adrenal cortex pathway. Brain Res. 758:1997;229-236.
31. Buller K., Xu Y., Dayas C., Day T. Dorsal and ventral medullary catecholamine cell groups contribute differentially to systemic interleukin-1beta-induced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis responses. Neuroendocrinology. 73:2001;129-138.
32. Caldji C., Diorio J., Meaney M.J. Variations in maternal care in infancy regulate the development of stress reactivity. Biol. Psychiatr. 48:2000;1164-1174.
33. Campeau S., Akil H., Watson S.J. Lesions of the medial geniculate nuclei specifically block corticosterone release and induction of c-fos mRNA in the forebrain associated with audiogenic stress in rats. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;5979-5992.
34. Campeau S., Falls W.A., Cullinan W.E., Helmreich D.L., Davis M., Watson S.J. Elicitation and reduction of fear: behavioural and neuroendocrine indices and brain induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos. Neuroscience. 78:1997;1087-1104.
35. Campeau S., Watson S.J. Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses and brain pattern of c-fos induction associated with audiogenic stress. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9:1997;577-588.
36. Campeau S., Watson S.J. Jr. Connections of some auditory-responsive posterior thalamic nuclei putatively involved in activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to audiogenic stress in rats: an anterograde and retrograde tract tracing study combined with Fos expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 423:2000;474-491.
37. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Connections of the posterior nucleus of the amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;143-179.
38. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;195-212.
39. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 360:1995;213-245.
40. Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: a PHAL anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;180-194.
41. Carey M.P., Deterd C.H., de Koning J., Helmerhorst F., de Kloet E.R. The influence of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation in the female rat. J. Endocrinol. 144:1995;311-321.
42. Casada J.H., Dafny N. Restraint and stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis produce similar stress-like behaviors. Brain Res. Bull. 27:1991;207-212.
43. Casady R.L., Taylor A.N. Effect of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus upon corticosteroid levels in the freely-behaving, non-stressed rat. Neuroendocrinology. 20:1976;68-78.
44. Cascio C.S., Shinsako J., Dallman M.F. The suprachiasmatic nuclei stimulate evening ACTH secretion in the rat. Brain Res. 423:1987;173-178.
45. Champagne D., Beaulieu J., Drolet G. CRFergic innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus: a tract-tracing study. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10:1998;119-131.
46. Chan R.K., Sawchenko P.E. Spatially and temporally differentiated patterns of c-fos expression in brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups induced by cardiovascular challenges in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:1994;433-460.
47. Cheung S., Ballew J.R., Moore K.E., Lookingland K.J. Contribution of dopamine neurons in the medial zona incerta to the innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala, horizontal diagonal band of Broca and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 808:1998;174-181.
48. Choi S., Wong L.S., Yamat C., Dallman M.F. Hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei amplify circadian rhythms: do they contain a food-entrained endogenous oscillator? J. Neurosci. 18:1998;3843-3852.
49. Cliffer K.D., Burstein R., Giesler G.J. Jr. Distributions of spinothalamic, spinohypothalamic, and spinotelencephalic fibers revealed by anterograde transport of PHA-L in rats. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;852-868.
50. Cole R.L., Sawchenko P.E. Neurotransmitter regulation of cellular activation and neuropeptide gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;959-969.
51. Critchlow V., Liebelt R.A., Bar-Sela M., Mountcastle W., Lipscomb H.S. Sex difference in resting pituitary-adrenal function in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 205:1963;807-815.
52. 3H]D- aspartate autoradiography. Neuroscience. 101:2000;637-655.
53. Cullinan W.E. Evidence for a PVN site of action of GABA in the regulatory control of the rat stress axis. The Physiologist. 41:1998;353.
54. Cullinan W.E. GABA(A) receptor subunit expression within hypophysiotropic CRH neurons: a dual hybridization histochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:2000;344-351.
55. Cullinan W.E., Helmreich D.L., Watson S.J. Fos expression in forebrain afferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following swim stress. J. Comp. Neurol. 368:1996;88-99.
56. Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P., Battaglia D.F., Akil H., Watson S.J. Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress. Neuroscience. 64:1995;477-505.
57. Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P., Watson S.J. Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 332:1993;1-20.
58. Cunningham E.T. Jr., Sawchenko P.E. Anatomical specificity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 274:1988;60-76.
59. Cunningham E.T. Jr., Bohn M.C., Sawchenko P.E. Organization of adrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 292:1990;651-667.
60. Daftary S.S., Boudaba C., Tasker J.G. Noradrenergic regulation of parvocellular neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuroscience. 96:2000;743-751.
61. Dallman M.F., Levin N., Cascio C.S., Akana S.F., Jacobson L., Kuhn R.W. Pharmacological evidence that the inhibition of diurnal adrenocorticotropin secretion by corticosteroids is mediated via type I corticosterone-preferring receptors. Endocrinology. 124:1989;2844-2850.
62. Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:1992;353-375.
63. Davis M. Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety? Biol. Psychiatr. 44:1998;1239-1247.
64. Dayas C.V., Buller K.M., Crane J.W., Xu Y., Day T.A. Stressor categorization: acute physical and psychological stressors elicit distinctive recruitment patterns in the amygdala and in medullary noradrenergic cell groups. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14:2001;1143-1152.
65. Dayas C.V., Buller K.M., Day T.A. Neuroendocrine responses to an emotional stressor: evidence for involvement of the medial but not the central amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:1999;2312-2322.
66. Dayas C.V., Buller K.M., Day T.A. Medullary neurones regulate hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to an emotional stressor. Neuroscience. 105:2001;707-719.
67. De Kloet E.R., Vreugdenhil E., Oitzl M.S., Joels M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Rev. 19:1998;269-301.
68. Decavel C., Van Den Pol A.N. GABA: a dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;1019-1037.
69. Decavel C., Van Den Pol A.N. Converging GABA and glutamate- immunoreactive axons make synaptic contact with identified hypothalamic neurosecretory axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 316:1992;104-116.
70. Dellmann H.D., Rodriguez E.M., Pena P., Siegmund I. Immunohistochemical investigation of the magnocellular peptidergic hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat chronically stimulated by long-term administration of hypertonic saline. Neuroendocrinology. 47:1988;335-342.
71. Dhillo W.S., Small C.J., Seal L.J., Kim M.S., Stanley S.A., Murphy K.G., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. The hypothalamic melanocortin system stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro and in vivo in male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 75:2002;209-216.
72. Diamond D.M., Bennett M.C., Fleshner M., Rose G.M. Inverted-U relationship between the level of peripheral corticosterone and the magnitude of hippocampal primed burst potentiation. Hippocampus. 2:1992;421-430.
73. Diorio D., Viau V., Meaney M.J. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3839-3847.
74. Dobrakovova M., Kvetnansky R., Torda T. Changes of plasma and adrenal catecholamines and corticosterone in stressed rats with septal lesions. Physiol. Behav. 29:1982;41-45.
75. Dong H.W., Petrovich G.D., Swanson L.W. Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. Rev. 38:2001;192-246.
76. Dong H.W., Petrovich G.D., Watts A.G., Swanson L.W. Basic organization of projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in adult rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:2001;430-455.
77. Drevets W.C. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 877:1999;614-637.
78. Dunn J.D. Plasma corticosterone responses to electrical stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. 407:1987;327-331.
79. Dunn J.D., Orr S.E. Differential plasma corticosterone responses to hippocampal stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 54:1984;1-6.
80. Dunn J.D., Whitener J. Plasma corticosterone responses to electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex: cytoarchitectonic specificity. Neuroendocrinology. 42:1986;211-217.
81. Emmert M.H., Herman J.P. Differential forebrain c-fos mRNA induction by ether inhalation and novelty: evidence for distinctive stress pathways. Brain Res. 845:1999;60-67.
82. Ericsson A., Arias C., Sawchenko P.E. Evidence for an intramedullary prostaglandin-dependent mechanism in the activation of stress-related neuroendocrine circuitry by intravenous interleukin-1. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7166-7179.
83. Ericsson A., Kovacs K.J., Sawchenko P.E. A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons. J. Neurosci. 14. 1994;897-913.
84. Feldman S., Conforti N. Amygdalectomy inhibits adrenocortical responses to somatosensory and olfactory stimulation. Neuroendocrinology. 32:1981;330-334.
85. Feldman S., Conforti N. Effects of hypothalamic deafferentations on adrenocortical responses in the rat following hippocampal stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 44:1981;232-234.
86. Feldman S., Conforti N., Itzik A., Weidenfeld J. Differential effect of amygdaloid lesions of CRF-41, ACTH and corticosterone responses following neural stimuli. Brain Res. 658:1994;21-26.
87. Feldman S., Conforti N., Melamed E. Paraventricular nucleus serotonin mediates neurally stimulated adrenocortical secretion. Brain Res. Bull. 18:1987;165-168.
88. Feldman S., Conforti N., Saphier D. The preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are involved in the effects of the amygdala on adrenocortical secretion. Neuroscience. 37:1990;775-779.
89. Feldman S., Conforti N., Siegel R.A. Adrenocortical responses following limbic stimulation in rats with hypothalamic deafferentations. Neuroendocrinology. 35:1982;205-211.
90. Feldman S., Newman M.E., Gur E., Weidenfeld J. Role of serotonin in the amygdala in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses. NeuroReport. 9:1998;2007-2009.
91. Feldman S., Saphier D., Conforti N. Hypothalamic afferent connections mediating adrenocortical responses that follow hippocampal stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 98:1987;103-109.
92. Feldman S., Weidenfeld J. The dorsal hippocampus modifies the negative feedback effect of glucocorticoids on the adrenocortical and median eminence CRF-41 responses to photic stimulation. Brain Res. 614:1993;227-232.
93. Feldman S., Weidenfeld J. Hypothalamic mechanisms mediating glutamate effects on the hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J. Neural Transm. 104:1997;633-642.
94. Feldman S., Weidenfeld J. The excitatory effects of the amygdala on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses are mediated by hypothalamic norepinephrine, serotonin, and CRF-41. Brain Res. Bull. 45:1998;389-393.
95. Feldman S., Weidenfeld J. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the hippocampus modify the negative feedback following neural stimuli. Brain Res. 821:1999;33-37.
96. Feldman S., Weidenfeld J. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus caused a long lasting inhibition of ACTH and adrenocortical responses to photic stimuli in freely moving rats. Brain Res. 911:2001;22-26.
97. Fendler K., Karmos G., Telegdy G. The effect of hippocampal lesion on pituitary-adrenal function. Acta Physiol. Scand. 20:1961;293-297.
98. Fernandez-Galaz M.C., Morschl E., Chowen J.A., Torres-Aleman I., Naftolin F., Garcia-Segura L.M. Role of astroglia and insulin-like growth factor-I in gonadal hormone-dependent synaptic plasticity. Brain Res. Bull. 44:1997;525-531.
99. Figueiredo H.F., Breustle A.E., Bodie B.L., Dolgas C.M., Herman J.P. The medial prefrontal cortex differentially regulates stress-induced c-fos expression in the forebrain depending on type of stressor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18:2003;1-8.
100. Figueiredo H.F., Dolgas C.M., Herman J.P. Stress activation of cortex and hippocampus is modulated by sex and stage of estrus. Endocrinology. 143:2002;2534-2540.
101. Finlay J.M., Zigmond M.J., Abercrombie E.D. Increased dopamine and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam. Neuroscience. 64:1995;619-628.
102. Fischette C.T., Edinger H.M., Siegel A. Temporary desynchronization among circadian rhythms with lateral fornix ablation. Brain Res. 229:1981;85-101.
103. Fischette C.T., Komisaruk B.R., Edinger H.M., Feder H.H., Siegel A. Differential fornix ablations and the circadian rhythmicity of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. Brain Res. 195:1980;373-387.
104. Fitzsimons J.T. Angiotensin, thirst, and sodium appetite. Physiol. Rev. 78:1998;583-686.
105. Floyd N.S., Keay K.A., Arias C.M., Sawchenko P.E., Bandler R. Projections from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to endocrine regulatory subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 220:1996;105-108.
106. Fortier C. Dual control of adrenocorticotropin release. Endocrinology. 49:1951;782-788.
107. Francis K., Meddle S.L., Bishop V.R., Russell J.A. Progesterone receptor expression in the pregnant and parturient rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Brain Res. 927:2002;18-26.
108. Gaillet S., Lachuer J., Malaval F., Assenmacher I., Szafarczyk A. The involvement of noradrenergic ascending pathways in the stress-induced activation of ACTH and corticosterone secretions is dependent on the nature of stressors. Exp. Brain Res. 87:1991;173-180.
109. Gala R.R., Westphal U. Corticosteroid-binding globulin in the rat: studies on the sex difference. Endocrinology. 77:1965;841-851.
110. Gallagher B.B., Flanigin H.F., King D.W., Littleton W.H. The effect of electrical stimulation of medial temporal lobe structures in epileptic patients upon ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone. Neurology. 37:1987;299-303.
111. Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states. Mol. Psychiatr. 7:2002;254-275.
112. Gray T.S., Carney M.E., Magnuson D.J. Direct projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release. Neuroendocrinology. 50:1989;433-446.
113. Gray T.S., Piechowski R.A., Yracheta J.M., Rittenhouse P.A., Bethea C.L., Van de Kar L.D. Ibotenic acid lesions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis attenuate conditioned stress-induced increases in prolactin, ACTH and corticosterone. Neuroendocrinology. 57:1993;517-524.
114. Greco B., Allegretto E.A., Tetel M.J., Blaustein J.D. Coexpression of ER beta with ER alpha and progestin receptor proteins in the female rat forebrain: effects of estradiol treatment. Endocrinology. 142:2001;5172-5181.
115. Han J.S., Bizon J.L., Chun H.J., Maus C.E., Gallagher M. Decreased glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and dysfunction of HPA axis in rats after removal of the cholinergic innervation to hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16:2002;1399-1404.
116. Handa R.J., Burgess L.H., Kerr J.E., O'Keefe J.A. Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm. Behav. 28:1994;464-476.
117. Herman J.P. Regulation of adrenocorticosteroid receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 13:1993;349-372.
118. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E. Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. TINS. 20:1997;78-83.
119. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Morano M.I., Akil H., Watson S.J. Contribution of the ventral subiculum to inhibitory regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 7:1995;475-482.
120. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Watson S.J. Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in tonic regulation of paraventricular hypothalamic CRH and AVP mRNA expression. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6:1994;433-442.
121. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Young E.A., Akil H., Watson S.J. Selective forebrain fiber tract lesions implicate ventral hippocampal structures in tonic regulation of paraventricular nucleus CRH and AVP mRNA expression. Brain Res. 592:1992;228-238.
122. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Ziegler D.R., Tasker J.G. Role of the paraventricular nucleus microenvironment in stress integration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16:2002;381-385.
123. Herman J.P., Dolgas C.M., Carlson S.C. Ventral subiculum co-ordinates situation-specific neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Neuroscience. 86:1998;449-459.
124. Herman J.P., Dolgas C.M., Rucker D., Langub M.C. Jr. Localization of natriuretic peptide-activated guanylate cyclase mRNAs in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 369:1996;165-187.
125. Herman J.P., Eyigor O., Ziegler D.R., Jennes L. Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:2000;352-362.
126. Herman J.P., Larson B.R., Speert D.B., Seasholtz A.F. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical dysregulation in aging F344/Brown-Norway F1 hybrid rats. Neurobiol. Aging. 22:2001;323-332.
127. Herman J.P., Schäfer M.K.-H., Young E.A., Thompson R., Douglass J., Akil H., Watson S.J. Evidence for hippocampal regulation of neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;3072-3082.
128. Herman J.P., Watson S.J., Spencer R.L. Defense of adrenocorticosteroid receptor expression in rat hippocampus: effects of stress and strain. Endocrinology. 140:1999;3981-3991.
129. Horger B.A., Roth R.H. The role of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons in stress. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 10:1996;395-418.
130. Hrabovszky E., Kallo I., Hajszan T., Shughrue P.J., Merchenthaler I., Liposits Z. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Endocrinology. 139:1998;2600-2604.
131. Hurley K.M., Herbert H., Moga M.M., Saper C.B. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;249-276.
132. Imaki T., Naruse M., Harada S., Chikada N., Imaki J., Onodera H., Demura H., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor up-regulates its own receptor mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Mol. Brain Res. 38:1996;166-170.
133. Imaki T., Shibasaki T., Hotta M., Demura H. Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor induces c-fos mRNA expression in brain regions related to stress responses: comparison with pattern of c-fos mRNA induction after stress. Brain Res. 616:1993;114-125.
134. Issa A.M., Rowe W., Gauthier S., Meaney M.J. Hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal activity in aged, cognitively impaired and cognitively unimpaired rats. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;3247-3254.
135. Iuvone P.M., Van Hartesveldt C. Locomotor activity and plasma corticosterone in rats with hippocampal lesions. Behav. Biol. 16:1976;515-520.
136. Iyengar S., Kim H.S., Wood P.L. Mu-, delta-, kappa- and epsilon-opioid receptor modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis: subchronic tolerance studies of endogenous opioid peptides. Brain Res. 435:1987;220-226.
137. Jacobson L., Sapolsky R.M. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr. Rev. 12:1991;118-134.
138. Jansen A.S., Schmidt E.D., Voorn P., Tilders F.J. Substance induced plasticity in noradrenergic innervation of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17:2003;298-306.
139. Jay T.M., Witter M.P. Distribution of hippocampal CA1 and subicular efferents in the prefrontal cortex of the rat studied by means of anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;574-586.
140. Jedema H.P., Sved A.F., Zigmond M.J., Finlay J.M. Sensitization of norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex: effect of different chronic stress protocols. Brain Res. 830:1999;211-217.
141. Jessop D.S., Renshaw D., Larsen P.J., Chowdrey H.S., Harbuz M.S. Substance P is involved in terminating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute stress through centrally located neurokinin-1 receptors. Stress. 3:2000;209-220.
142. Johnson A.K., Cunningham J.T., Thunhorst R.L. Integrative role of the lamina terminalis in the regulation of cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23:1996;183-191.
143. Jorgensen H., Knigge U., Kjaer A., Vadsholt T., Warberg J. Serotonergic involvement in stress-induced ACTH release. Brain Res. 811:1998;10-20.
144. Ju G., Swanson L.W. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat: I. Cytoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 587-602:1989.
145. Ju G., Swanson L.W., Simerly R.B. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: II. Chemoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 280:1989;603-621.
146. Kalsbeek A., Buijs R.M., van Heerikhuize J.J., Arts M., van der Woude T.P. Vasopressin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei inhibit corticosterone release. Brain Res. 580:1992;62-67.
147. Kaneko T., Fujiyama F. Complementary distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in the central nervous system. Neurosci. Res. 42:2002;243-250.
148. Kant G.J., Meyerhoff J.L., Jarrard L.E. Biochemical indices of reactivity and habituation in rats with hippocampal lesions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 20:1984;793-797.
149. Kaufman J., Plotsky P.M., Nemeroff C.B., Charney D.S. Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: clinical implications. Biol. Psychiatr. 48:2000;778-790.
150. Kawakami M., Seto K., Terasawa E., Yoshida K., Miyamoto T., Sekiguchi M., Hattori Y. Influence of electrical stimulation and lesion in limbic structure upon biosynthesis of adrenocorticoid in the rabbit. Neuroendocrinology. 3:1968;337-348.
151. Keller-Wood M., Dallman M.F. Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr. Rev. 5:1984;1-24.
152. Kerkerian L., Pelletier G. Effects of monosodium L-glutamate administration on neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res. 369:1986;388-390.
153. King B.M., Dallman M.F., Esquerre K.R., Frohman L.A. Radio-frequency vs. electrolytic VMH lesions: differential effects on plasma hormones. Am. J. Physiol. 254:1988;R917-R924.
154. Kinzig K.P., D'Alessio D.A., Herman J.P., Sakai R.R., Vahl T.P., Figueiredo H.F., Murphy E.K., Seeley R.J. CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors mediate endocrine and anxiety responses to interoceptive and psychogenic stressors. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;6163-6170.
155. Kiss J.Z. Dynamism of chemoarchitecture in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. Bull. 20:1988;699-708.
156. Kitay J.I. Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat. Endocrinology. 68:1961;818-824.
157. Kitay J.I., Coyne M.D., Swygert N.H., Gaines K.E. Effects of gonadal hormones and ACTH on the nature and rates of secretion of adrenalcortical steroids by the rat. Endocrinology. 89:1971;565-570.
158. Knigge K.M. Adrenocortical response to stress in rats with lesions in hippocampus and amygdala. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 108:1961;18-21.
159. Knigge K.M., Hays M. Evidence of inhibitive role of hippocampus in neural regulation of ACTH release. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 114:1963;67-69.
160. Kohler C. Subicular projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem: some novel aspects revealed in the rat by the anterograde Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L) tracing method. Prog. Brain Res. 83:1990;59-69.
161. Kollack-Walker S., Don C., Watson S.J., Akil H. Differential expression of c-fos mRNA within neurocircuits of male hamsters exposed to acute or chronic defeat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11:1999;547-559.
162. Kollack-Walker S., Watson S.J., Akil H. Social stress in hamsters: defeat activates specific neurocircuits within the brain. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;8842-8855.
163. Kovacs K., Kiss J.Z., Makara G.B. Glucocorticoid implants around the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus prevent the increase of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin immunostaining induced by adrenalectomy. Neuroendocrinology. 44:1986;229-234.
164. Kovacs K.J., Makara G.B. Corticosterone and dexamethasone act at different brain sites to inhibit adrenalectomy-induced adrenocorticotropin hypersecretion. Brain Res. 474:1988;205-210.
165. Krout K.E., Loewy A.D. Parabrachial nucleus projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 428:2000;475-494.
166. Krukoff T.L., Harris K.H., Jhamandas J.H. Efferent projections from the parabrachial nucleus demonstrated with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Brain Res. Bull. 30:1993;163-172.
167. Krukoff T.L., MacTavish D., Harris K.H., Jhamandas J.H. Changes in blood volume and pressure induce c-fos expression in brainstem neurons that project
168. Lacroix S., Rivest S. Functional circuitry in the brain of immune-challenged rats: partial involvement of prostaglandins. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:1997;307-324.
169. Laflamme N., Feuvrier E., Richard D., Rivest S. Involvement of serotonergic pathways in mediating the neuronal activity and genetic transcription of neuroendocrine corticotropin-releasing factor in the brain of systemically endotoxin-challenged rats. Neuroscience. 88:1999;223-240.
170. Lamprecht R., Dudai Y. Differential modulation of brain immediate early genes by intraperitoneal LiCl. NeuroReport. 7:1995;289-293.
171. Landfield P.W., Eldridge J.C. The glucocorticoid hypothesis of brain aging and neurodegeneration: recent modifications. Acta Endocrinol. 125:1991;54-64.
172. Landfield P.W., Waymire J.C., Lynch G. Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: quantitative correlations. Science. 202:1978;1098-1102.
173. Langub M.C. Jr., Watson R.E. Jr., Herman J.P. Distribution of natriuretic peptide precursor mRNAs in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 356:1995;183-199.
174. Lanier J.P., Van Hartesveldt C., Weis B., Isaacson R.L. Effects of differential hippocampal damage upon rhythmic and stress-induced corticosterone secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 18:1975;154-160.
175. Larsen P.J., Jessop D., Patel H., Lightman S.L., Chowdrey H.S. Substance P inhibits the release of anterior pituitary adrenocorticotrophin via a central mechanism involving corticotrophin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5:1993;99-105.
176. Larsen P.J., Mikkelsen J.D., Jessop D., Lightman S.L., Chowdrey H.S. Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment alters both the activity and the sensitivity of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J. Endocrinol. 141:1994;497-503.
177. Larsen P.J., Tang-Christensen M., Holst J.J., Orskov C. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Neuroscience. 77:1997;257-270.
178. Le Mevel J.C., Abitbol S., Beraud G., Maniey J. Temporal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration after repeated neurotropic stress in male and female rats. Endocrinology. 105:1979;812-817.
179. LeDoux J. Emotional networks and motor control: a fearful view. Prog. Brain Res. 107:1996;437-446.
180. LeDoux J.E., Farb C., Ruggiero D.A. Topographic organization of neurons in the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 10:1990;1043-1054.
181. Leibowitz S.F., Sladek C., Spencer L., Tempel D. Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose. Brain Res. Bull. 21:1988;905-912.
182. Levine S. Primary social relationships influence the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 73:2001;255-260.
183. Li H.-Y., Ericsson A., Sawchenko P.E. Distinct mechanisms underlie activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons and their medullary catecholaminergic afferents in categorically different stress paradigms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;2359-2364.
184. Li H.Y., Sawchenko P.E. Hypothalamic effector neurons and extended circuitries activated in "neurogenic" stress: a comparison of footshock effects exerted acutely, chronically, and in animals with controlled glucocorticoid levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 393:1998;244-266.
185. Liposits Z., Paull W.K., Setalo G., Vigh S. Evidence for local corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive neuronal circuits in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. An electron microscopic immunohistochemical analysis. Histochemistry. 83:1985;5-16.
186. Lowry C.A. Functional subsets of serotonergic neurones: implications for control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14:2002;911-923.
187. Lowry P.J., Estivariz F.E., Gillies G.E., Kruseman A.C., Linton E.A. CRF: its regulation of ACTH and pro-opiomelanocortin peptide release and its extra hypothalamic occurrence. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh.). 276:1986;56-62.
188. Ludwig M. Dendritic release of vasopressin and oxytocin. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10:1998;881-895.
189. Magarinos A.M., Estivariz F., Morano M.I., de Nicola A.F. Regulation of the central nervous system-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats after neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate. Neuroendocrinology. 48:1988;105-111.
190. Magarinos A.M., Somoza G., DeNicola A.F. Glucocorticoid negative feedback and glucocorticoid receptors after hippocampectomy in rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 19:1987;105-109.
191. Mansi J.A., Rivest S., Drolet G. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus by exogenous CRF. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4619-4629.
192. Marchilhac A., Siaud P. Identification of projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus which are immunoreactive for corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the rat. Exp. Physiol. 82:1997;273-281.
193. Martinez M., Phillips P.J., Herbert J. Adaptation in patterns of c-fos expression in the brain associated with exposure to either single or repeated social stress in male rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;20-33.
194. Mason J.W. Plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels during electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex in conscious monkeys. Am. J. Physiol. 196:1959;44-48.
195. Matheson G.K., Branch B.J., Taylor A.N. Effects of amygdaloid stimulation on pituitary- -adrenal activity in conscious cats. Brain Res. 32:1971;151-167.
196. McDonald A.J., Mascagni F., Guo L. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience. 71:1996;55-75.
197. McEwen B.S. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 840:1998;33-44.
198. McEwen B.S., Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 153:1993;2093-2101.
199. McEwen B.S., Weiss J.M., Schwartz L.S. Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature. 220:1968;911-912.
200. McGinty J.F., Koda L.Y., Bloom F.E. A combined vascular-catecholamine fluorescence method reveals the relative vascularity of rat locus coeruleus and the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 36:1983;117-123.
201. McGregor A., Herbert J. Differential effects of excitotoxic basolateral and corticomedial lesions of the amygdala on the behavioural and endocrine responses to either sexual or aggression-promoting stimuli in the male rat. Brain Res. 574:1992;9-20.
202. Meaney M.J., Diorio J., Francis D., Widdowson J., LaPlante P., Caldji C., Sharma S., Seckl J.R., Plotsky P.M. Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress. Dev. Neurosci. 18:1996;49-72.
203. Meibach R.C., Siegel A. Efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. Brain Res. 124:1977;197-224.
204. Merchenthaler I., Lane M., Shughrue P. Distribution of pre-pro-glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor messenger RNAs in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 403:1999;261-280.
205. Miura M., Takayama K., Okada J. Neuronal expression of Fos protein in the rat brain after baroreceptor stimulation. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 50:1994;31-43.
206. Moberg G.P., Scapagnini U., deGroot J., Ganong W.F. Effect of sectioning the fornix on diurnal fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels in the rats. Neuroendocrinology. 7:1971;11-15.
207. Moga M.M., Weis R.P., Moore R.Y. Efferent projections of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 359:1995;221-238.
208. Moore F.L., Evans S.J. Steroid hormones use non-genomic mechanisms to control brain functions and behaviors: a review of evidence. Brain Behav. Evol. 54:1999;41-50.
209. N.K. Mueller, M.E. Paskitti, C.M. Dolgas, B. Bodie, J.P. Herman, Ventral subiculum lesions alter response to stress and modulate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA levels in limbic stress relays, Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 27 (2001) Program No. 177.8.
210. Munck A., Guyre P.M., Holbrook N.J. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relations to pharmacological actions. Endocr. Rev. 5:1984;25-44.
211. Nettles K.W., Pesold C., Goldman M.B. Influence of the ventral hippocampal formation on plasma vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress. Brain Res. 858:2000;181-190.
212. Ojeda S.R., Ma Y.J. Glial-neuronal interactions in the neuroendocrine control of mammalian puberty: facilitatory effects of gonadal steroids. J. Neurobiol. 40:1999;528-540.
213. Okamura H., Abitbol M., Julien J.F., Dumas S., Berod A., Geffard M., Kitahama K., Bobillier P., Mallet J., Wiklund L. Neurons containing messenger RNA encoding glutamate decarboxylase in rat hypothalamus demonstrated by in situ hybridization, with special emphasis on cell groups in medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Neuroscience. 39:1990;675-699.
214. Oldfield B.J., Hou-Yu A., Silverman A.J. A combined electron microscopic HRP and immunocytochemical study of the limbic projections to rat hypothalamic nuclei containing vasopressin and oxytocin neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 231:1985;221-231.
215. Oldfield B.J., McKinley M.J. Circumventricular organs. The Rat Nervous System. second ed. 1995;391-403 Academic Press, San Diego.
216. Oldfield B.J., Silverman A.J. A light microscopic HRP study of limbic projections to the vasopressin- containing nuclear groups of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. Bull. 14:1985;143-157.
217. Orchinik M., Murray T.F., Moore F.L. A corticosteroid receptor in neuronal membranes. Science. 252:1991;1848-1851.
218. Otake K., Kin K., Nakamura Y. Fos expression in afferents to the rat midline thalamus following immobilization stress. Neurosci. Res. 43:2002;269-282.
219. Otake K., Nakamura Y. Single midline thalamic neurons projecting to both the ventral striatum and the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Neuroscience. 86:1998;635-649.
220. Pacak K., Palkovits M. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocr. Rev. 22:2001;502-548.
221. Pacak K., Palkovits M., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: in vivo microdialysis studies. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 16:1995;89-150.
222. Pacak K., Palkovits M., Yadid G., Kvetnansky R., Kopin I.J., Goldstein D.S. Heterogeneous neurochemical responses to different stressors: a test of Selye's doctrine of nonspecificity. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;R1247-R1255.
223. Palkovits M., Baffi J.S., Pacak K. Stress-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the pons and the medulla oblongata of rats. Stress. 1:1997;155-168.
224. Palkovits M., Baffi J.S., Pacak K. The role of ascending neuronal pathways in stress-induced release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11:1999;529-539.
225. Pan L., Gilbert F. Activation of 5-HT1A receptor subtype in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus induces CRH and ACTH release in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 56:1992;797-802.
226. Parkes D., Rivest S., Lee S., Rivier C., Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor activates c-fos, NGFI-B, and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression within the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Mol. Endocrinol. 7:1993;1357-1367.
227. Patchev V.K., Hayashi S., Orikasa C., Almeida O.F. Implications of estrogen-dependent brain organization for gender differences in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal regulation. FASEB. J. 9:1995;419-423.
228. Pezzone M.A., Lee W.-S., Hoffman G.E., Pezzone K.M., Rabin B.S. Activation of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli as revealed by c-Fos immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 608:1993;310-318.
229. Pezzone M.A., Lee W.-S., Hoffman G.E., Rabin B.S. Induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli. Brain Res. 597:1992;41-50.
230. Plotsky P.M. Facilitation of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation after activation of catecholaminergic pathways or central norepinephrine injection. Endocrinology. 121:1987;924-934.
231. Plotsky P.M., Cunningham E.T. Jr., Widmaier E.P. Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocr. Rev. 10:1989;437-458.
232. Plotsky P.M., Sutton S.W., Bruhn T.O., Ferguson A.V. Analysis of the role of angiotensin II in mediation of adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocrinology. 122:1988;538-545.
233. Prevot V. Glial-neuronal-endothelial interactions are involved in the control of GnRH secretion. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14:2002;247-255.
234. Prewitt C.M., Herman J.P. Anatomical interactions between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat: a dual tract-tracing analysis. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 15:1998;173-185.
235. Price J.L. Thalamus. The Rat Nervous System. second ed. 1995;629-648 Academic Press, Sydney.
236. Pu S., Jain M.R., Horvath T.L., Diano S., Kalra P.S., Kalra S.P. Interactions between neuropeptide Y and gamma-aminobutyric acid in stimulation of feeding: a morphological and pharmacological analysis. Endocrinology. 140:1999;933-940.
237. Redgate E.S., Fahringer E.E. A comparison of the pituitary adrenal activity elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic, amygdaloid and hypothalamic sites in the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology. 12:1973;334-343.
238. Reul J.M., deKloet E.R. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology. 117:1985;2505-2511.
239. Rho J.H., Swanson L.W. A morphometric analysis of functionally defined subpopulations of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat with observations on the effects of colchicine. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;1375-1388.
240. Rinaman L. Interoceptive stress activates glucagon-like peptide-1 neurons that project to the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 277:1999;R582-R590.
241. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Chemoarchitecture of the rat lateral septal nucleus. Brain Res. Rev. 24:1997;91-113.
242. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Connections of the rat lateral septal complex. Brain Res. Rev. 24:1997;115-195.
243. Rivest S. How circulating cytokines trigger the neural circuits that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 26:2001;761-788.
244. Rivier C. Role of gaseous neurotransmitters in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 933:2001;254-264.
245. Rivier C. Role of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in modulating the activity of the rodent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front. Horm. Res. 29:2002;15-49.
246. Roland B.L., Sawchenko P.E. Local origins of some GABAergic projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 332:1993;123-143.
247. Roozendaal B. 1999 Curt P. Richter award. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 25:2000;213-238.
248. Roozendaal B., McGaugh J.L. Basolateral amygdala lesions block the memory-enhancing effect of glucocorticoid administration in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:1997;76-83.
249. Roy B.N., Reid R.L., Van Vugt D.A. The effects of estrogen and progesterone on corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology. 140:1999;2191-2198.
250. Rubin R.T., Mandell A.J., Crandall P.H. Corticosteroid responses to limbic stimulation in man: localization of stimulation sites. Science. 153:1966;1212-1215.
251. Ruit K.G., Neafsey E.J. Hippocampal input to a "visceral motor" corticobulbar pathway: an anatomical and electrophysiological study in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 82:1990;606-616.
252. Saito H., Kaba H., Sato T., Honmura A., Kawakami T., Seto K., Yamamoto H., Kawakami M. Influence of electrical stimulation of the limbic structure on adrenocortical steroidogenesis in hypophysectomized rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 94:1989;387-390.
253. Saito H., Sato T., Kaba H., Okutani F., Yu G.-Z., Seto K., Kimura F., Kawakami M., Roberts S. Influence of the electrical stimulation of the medial amygdala on adrenocortical sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophin in hypophysectomized rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 100:1992;145-147.
254. Sanchez M.M., Ladd C.O., Plotsky P.M. Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models. Dev. Psychopathol. 13:2001;419-449.
255. Saper C.B. Central autonomic system. The Rat Nervous System. second ed. 1995;107-135 Academic Press, Sydney.
256. Saper C.B., Loewy A.D. Efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Res. 197:1980;291-317.
257. Saphier D., Feldman S. Effects of stimulation of the preoptic area on hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus unit activity and corticosterone secretion in freely moving rats. Neuroendocrinology. 42:1986;167-173.
258. Saphier D., Feldman S. Effects of septal and hippocampal stimuli on paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuroscience. 20:1987;749-755.
259. Saphier D., Welch J.E., Farrar G.E., Nguyen N.Q., Aguado F., Thaller T.R., Knight D.S. Interactions between serotonin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and substance P in the CNS regulation of adrenocortical secretion. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 19:1994;779-797.
260. Sapolsky R.M., Armanini M.P., Sutton S.W., Plotsky P.M. Elevation of hypophysial portal concentrations of adrenocorticotropin secretagogues after fornix transection. Endocrinology. 125:1989;2881-2887.
261. Sapolsky R.M., Krey L.C., McEwen B.S. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr. Rev. 7:1986;284-301.
262. Sapolsky R.M., Romero L.M., Munck A.U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr. Rev. 21:2000;55-89.
263. Sapolsky R.M., Zola-Morgan S., Squire L.R. Inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion by the hippocampal formation in the primate. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;3695-3704.
264. Sarkar S., Legradi G., Lechan R.M. Intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone increases phosphorylation of CREB in TRH- and CRH-producing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 945:2002;50-59.
265. Sawchenko P.E. Evidence for a local site of action for glucocorticoids in inhibiting CRF and vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 403:1987;213-223.
266. Sawchenko P.E. Effects of catecholamine-depleting medullary knife cuts on corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of normal and steroid-manipulated rats. Neuroendocrinology. 48:1988;459-470.
267. Sawchenko P.E., Arias C., Bittencourt J.C. Inhibin beta, somatostatin and enkephalin immunoreactivities coexist in caudal medullary neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 291:1990;269-280.
268. Sawchenko P.E., Benoit R., Brown M.R. Somatostatin28-immunoreactive inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: principal origin from non-aminergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1:1988;81-94.
269. Sawchenko P.E., Brown E.R., Chan R.W.K., Ericsson A., Li H.-Y., Roland B.K., Kovacs K.J. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress. Prog. Brain Res. 107:1996;201-222.
270. Sawchenko P.E., Li H.Y., Ericsson A. Circuits and mechanisms governing hypothalamic responses to stress: a tale of two paradigms. Prog. Brain Res. 122:2000;61-78.
271. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W. The organization of forebrain afferents to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 218:1983;121-144.
272. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., Steinbusch H.W., Verhofstad A.A. The distribution and cells of origin of serotonergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. Brain Res. 277:1983;355-360.
273. J.S. Schwaber, B.S. Kapp, G.A. Higgins, P.R. Rapp, Amygdala and basal forebrain direct connections with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus, J. Neurosci. 2 (1982) 1424-1438.
274. Seggie J. Differential responsivity of corticosterone and prolactin to stress following lesions of the septum or amygdala: implications for psychoNeuroendocrinol. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 11:1987;315-324.
275. Seggie J., Shaw B., Uhlir I., Brown G.M. Baseline 24-hour plasma corticosterone rhythm in normal, sham-operated and septally-lesioned rats. Neuroendocrinology. 15:1974;51-61.
276. Seggie J., Uhlir I., Brown G.M. Adrenal stress responses following septal lesions in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 16:1974;225-236.
277. Sesack S.R., Deutch A.Y., Roth R.H., Bunney B.S. Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 290:1989;213-242.
278. Sheline Y.I., Wang P.W., Gado M.H., Csernansky J.G., Vannier M.W. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;3908-3913.
279. Shughrue P.J., Lane M.V., Merchenthaler I. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 388:1997;507-525.
280. Sica A.L., Greenberg H.E., Scharf S.M., Ruggiero D.A. Chronic-intermittent hypoxia induces immediate early gene expression in the midline thalamus and epithalamus. Brain Res. 883:2000;224-228.
281. Silverman A.J., Hou-Yu A., Chen W.P. Corticotropin-releasing factor synapses within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology. 49:1989;291-299.
282. Simerly R.B., Chang C., Muramatsu M., Swanson L.W. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 294:1990;76-95.
283. Skowsky W.R., Swan L., Smith P. Effects of sex steroid hormones on arginine vasopressin in intact and castrated male and female rats. Endocrinology. 104:1979;105-108.
284. Slusher M.A. Effects of cortisol implants in the brainstem and ventral hippocampus on diurnal corticosteroid levels. Exp. Brain Res. 1:1966;184-194.
285. Sternberg E.M., Glowa J.R., Smith M.A., Calogero A.E., Listwak S.J., Aksentijevich S., Chrousos G.P., Wilder R.L., Gold P.W. Corticotropin releasing hormone related behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress in Lewis and Fischer rats. Brain Res. 570:1992;54-60.
286. Sternberg E.M., Young 3rd W.S., Bernardini R., Calogero A.E., Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W., Wilder R.L. A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;4771-4775.
287. Suarez M.M., Perassi N.I. Influence of anterodorsal thalami nuclei on ACTH release under basal and stressful conditions. Physiol. Behav. 62:1997;373-377.
288. Suemaru S., Darlington D.N., Akana S.F., Cascio C.S., Dallman M.F. Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions inhibit corticosteroid feedback regulation of basal ACTH during the trough of the circadian rhythm. Neuroendocrinology. 61:1995;453-463.
289. Sullivan R.M., Gratton A. Lateralized effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses in rats. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;2834-2840.
290. Swanson L.W. The hypothalamus. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 1987;1-124 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
291. Swanson L.W., Cowan W.M. An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 172:1977;49-84.
292. Swanson L.W., Köhler C., Björklund A. The limbic region. I. The septohippocampal system. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 1987;125-277 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
293. Swanson L.W., Petrovich G.D. What is the amygdala? TINS. 21:1998;323-331.
294. Szafarczyk A., Malaval F., Laurent A., Gibaud R., Assenmacher I. Further evidence for a central stimulatory actions of catecholamines on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat. Endocrinology. 121:1987;392-883.
295. Tasker J.G., Boudaba C., Schrader L.A. Local glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic circuits and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 449:1998;117-121.
296. Taylor A.N., Matheson G.K., Dafny N. Modification of the responsiveness of components of the limbic-midbrain circuit by corticosteroids and ACTH. UCLA Forum Med. Sci. 15:1972;67-78.
297. Teppema L.J., Veening J.G., Kranenburg A., Dahan A., Berkenbosch A., Olievier C. Expression of c-fos in the rat brainstem after exposure to hypoxia and to normoxic and hyperoxic hypercapnia. J. Comp. Neurol. 388:1997;169-190.
298. ter Horst G.J., Luiten P.G.M. Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin tracing of intrahypothalamic connections of the lateral, ventromedial, dorsomedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 18:1987;191-203.
299. ter Horst G.J., Streefland C. Ascending projections of the solitary tract nuclei. Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. 1994;93-104 CRC Press, Boca Raton.
300. Terreberry R.R., Neafsey E.J. The rat medial frontal cortex projects directly to autonomic regions of the brainstem. Brain Res. Bull. 19:1987;639-649.
301. Thrivikraman K.V., Nemeroff C.B., Plotsky P.M. Sensitivity to glucocorticoid-mediated fast-feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis is dependent upon stressor specific neurocircuitry. Brain Res. 870:2000;87-101.
302. Thrivikraman K.V., Su Y., Plotsky P.M. Patterns of Fos-immunoreactivity in the CNS induced by repeated hemorrhage in conscious rats: Correlations with pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Stress. 2:1997;145-158.
303. Uhlir I., Seggie J., Brown G.M. The effect of septal lesions on the threshold of adrenal stress response. Neuroendocrinology. 14:1974;351-355.
304. Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Engeland W.C. Adrenal splanchnic innervation modulates adrenal cortical responses to dehydration stress in rats. Neuroendocrinology. 76:2002;79-92.
305. Van de Kar L.D., Javed A., Zhang Y., Serres F., Raap D.K., Gray T.S. 5-HT2A receptors stimulate ACTH, corticosterone, oxytocin, renin, and prolactin release and activate hypothalamic CRF and oxytocin-expressing cells. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;3572-3579.
306. Van de Kar L.D., Piechowski R.A., Rittenhouse P.A., Gray T.A. Amygdaloid lesions: differential effect on conditioned stress and immobilization-induced increases in corticosterone and renin secretion. Neuroendocrinology. 54:1991;89-95.
307. van den Pol A.N. The magnocellular and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of rat: intrinsic organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 206:1982;317-345.
308. van der Kooy D., Koda L.Y., McGinty J.F., Gerfen C.R., Bloom F.E. The organization of projections from the cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 224:1984;1-24.
309. Van Groen T., Wyss J.M. Projections from the anterodorsal and anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus to the limbic cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 358:1995;584-604.
310. Viau V., Chu A., Soriano L., Dallman M.F. Independent and overlapping effects of corticosterone and testosterone on corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone release. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;6684-6693.
311. Viau V., Meaney M.J. Variations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress during the estrous cycle in the rat. Endocrinology. 129:1991;2503-2511.
312. Viau V., Meaney M.J. The inhibitory effect of testosterone on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress is mediated by the medial preoptic area. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1866-1876.
313. Vigh B., Vigh-Teichmann I. Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:1998;57-83.
314. Wagner C.K., Eaton M.J., Moore K.E., Lookingland K.J. Efferent projections from the region of the medial zona incerta containing A13 dopaminergic neurons: a PHA-L anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. Brain Res. 677:1995;229-237.
315. Wahlestedt C., Skagerberg G., Ekman R., Heilig M., Sundler F., Hakanson R. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the rat. Brain Res. 417:1987;33-38.
316. Walaas I., Fonnum F. Biochemical evidence for glutamate as a transmitter in hippocampal efferents to the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 5:1980;1691-1698.
317. Watts A.G., Swanson L.W., Sanchez-Watts G. Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 258:1987;204-229.
318. Welch J.E., Farrar G.E., Dunn A.J., Saphier D. Central5-HT1A receptors inhibit adrenocortical secretion. Neuroendocrinology. 57:1993;272-281.
319. Whitnall M.H. Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system. Prog. Neurobiol. 40:1993;573-629.
320. Wilson M., Critchlow V. Effect of septal ablation on rhythmic pituitary-adrenal function in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 14:1974;333-344.
321. Wilson M.M., Greer S.E., Greer M.A., Roberts L. Hippocampal inhibition of pituitary-adrenocortical function in female rats. Brain Res. 197:1980;433-441.
322. Woods S.C., Seeley R.J., Porte D. Jr., Schwartz M.W. Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science. 280:1998;1378-1383.
323. Xu Y., Day T.A., Buller K.M. The central amygdala modulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to systemic interleukin-1beta administration. Neuroscience. 94:1999;175-183.
324. Yamada K., Emson P., Hokfelt T. Immunohistochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat hypothalamus and colocalization with neuropeptides. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 10:1996;295-316.
325. Yamamoto T., Sako N., Sakai N., Iwafune A. Gustatory and visceral inputs to the amygdala of the rat: conditioned taste aversion and induction of c-fos-like immunoreactivity. Neurosci. Lett. 226:1997;127-130.
326. Zelena D., Makara G.B., Jezova D. Simultaneous blockade of two glutamate receptor subtypes (NMDA and AMPA) results in stressor-specific inhibition of prolactin and corticotropin release. Neuroendocrinology. 69:1999;316-323.
327. Zhou L., Blaustein J.D., De Vries G.J. Distribution of androgen receptor immunoreactivity in vasopressin- and oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons in the male rat brain. Endocrinology. 134:1994;2622-2627.
328. Ziegler D.R., Cass W.A., Herman J.P. Excitatory influence of the locus coeruleus in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to stress. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11:1999;361-369.
329. Ziegler D.R., Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P. Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter mRNA in rat hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:2002;217-229.
330. Ziegler D.R., Herman J.P. Local integration of glutamate signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular region: regulation of glucocorticoid stress responses. Endocrinology. 141:2000;4801-4804.