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A failure to sensitize, as is seen with the circadian mutants, is a rare phenotype among the mutants that have been screened in this laboratory, having been seen previously only for the mutant inactive (25). A number of behavioral mutants have been screened, including dunce, rutabaga, shibire, and several alleles of amnesiac, and mutants in cell signaling pathways including Gprk2, trp, and Nf1. None of these lines shows significant aberrations in cocaine responsiveness or sensitization (C. McClung, J. Walman, J. Hirsh, unpublished data). A number of WT strains, including the background strains from which the circadian mutants were isolated, similarly show only minor variations in initial responsiveness to cocaine, with no variation in the ability to sensitize. In addition, forward-based screens show a phenotype of failure to sensitize at extremely low frequency.
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Flies were exposed to 75 μg of volatilized cocaine three times over the course of 2 days and decapitated 4 hours after the last exposure as described (24). A 2 mM solution of the dopamine D2-like agonist quinpirole was applied to the cut end of the nerve cord, made up in 3% green food coloring to assess diffusion into the nerve cord. Locomotion after drug application was video-recorded for 2 min.
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3H]tyrosine (20 μCi/ml)] was added to 12 μl of brain homogenate and incubated for 10 min at 31°C. Conversion to tyramine was linear over the 10-min incubation time. Reactions were stopped by addition of 150 μl of chloroform containing 0.1 M diethylhexylphosphoric acid, followed by addition of 400 μl of 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). After brief vortexing, tubes were centrifuged to separate phases, and the aqueous phase was discarded. Aqueous washing of the organic phase was repeated two times, after which the organic phase was pipetted into scintillation vials, dried, and counted.
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We thank B. Condron, M. Sankovic, and C. Green for helpful comments on the manuscript. Cocaine was supplied by the National Institute of Drug Abuse Drug Supply Program. We thank J. Hall and M. Young for providing circadian mutants. Supported by NIH predoctoral fellowship DA05942 (R.A.) and grant GM/DA 27318 (J.H.).
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