What is the role of Toll-like receptors in bacterial infections?

Seminars in Immunology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 41-47

  Gerold, Gisa ^a   Zychlinsky, Arturo ^a   de Diego, Juana L ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR INFECTION BIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Innate immunity; Mycobacteria; S. aureus; Salmonella; Toll like receptors

Indexed keywords

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 6; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HUMAN; INFECTION RESISTANCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; SALMONELLA INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 33947667498     PISSN: 10445323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Schnare M., Barton G.M., Holt A.C., Takeda K., Akira S., and Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 2 10 (2001) 947-950
2. Uematsu S., Jang M.H., Chevrier N., Guo Z., Kumagai Y., Yamamoto M., et al. Detection of pathogenic intestinal bacteria by Toll-like receptor 5 on intestinal CD11c+ lamina propria cells. Nat Immunol 7 8 (2006) 868-874
3. Pai R.K., Convery M., Hamilton T.A., Boom W.H., and Harding C.V. Inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced class II transactivator expression by a 19-kDa lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a potential mechanism for immune evasion. J Immunol 171 1 (2003) 175-184
4. West A.P., Koblansky A.A., and Ghosh S. Recognition and signaling by toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 22 (2006) 409-437
5. Organization WH. Global tuberculosis control-surveillance, planning, financing. In: The World Health Organization Report. Geneva; 2004. p. 32.
6. Ulrichs T., and Kaufmann S.H. New insights into the function of granulomas in human tuberculosis. J Pathol 208 2 (2006) 261-269
7. Boshoff H.I., and Barry III C.E. Tuberculosis-metabolism and respiration in the absence of growth. Nat Rev Microbiol 3 1 (2005) 70-80
8. Kaufmann S.H. New issues in tuberculosis. Ann Rheum Dis 63 Suppl. 2 (2004) ii50-ii56
9. Schaible U.E., Sturgill-Koszycki S., Schlesinger P.H., and Russell D.G. Cytokine activation leads to acidification and increases maturation of Mycobacterium avium-containing phagosomes in murine macrophages. J Immunol 160 3 (1998) 1290-1296
10. Via L.E., Fratti R.A., McFalone M., Pagan-Ramos E., Deretic D., and Deretic V. Effects of cytokines on mycobacterial phagosome maturation. J Cell Sci 111 Pt 7 (1998) 897-905
11. Flynn J.L., and Chan J. Immunology of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 19 (2001) 93-129
12. Underhill D.M., Ozinsky A., Smith K.D., and Aderem A. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 25 (1999) 14459-14463
13. Quesniaux V., Fremond C., Jacobs M., Parida S., Nicolle D., Yeremeev V., et al. Toll-like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria. Microbes Infect 6 10 (2004) 946-959
14. Means T.K., Wang S., Lien E., Yoshimura A., Golenbock D.T., and Fenton M.J. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 163 7 (1999) 3920-3927
15. Shi S., Blumenthal A., Hickey C.M., Gandotra S., Levy D., and Ehrt S. Expression of many immunologically important genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages is independent of both TLR2 and TLR4 but dependent on IFN-alpha beta receptor and STAT1. J Immunol 175 5 (2005) 3318-3328
16. Bafica A., Scanga C.A., Feng C.G., Leifer C., Cheever A., and Sher A. TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med 202 12 (2005) 1715-1724
17. Brightbill H.D., Libraty D.H., Krutzik S.R., Yang R.B., Belisle J.T., Bleharski J.R., et al. Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors. Science 285 5428 (1999) 732-736
18. Pecora N.D., Gehring A.J., Canaday D.H., Boom W.H., and Harding C.V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis LprA is a lipoprotein agonist of TLR2 that regulates innate immunity and APC function. J Immunol 177 1 (2006) 422-429
19. MacMicking J.D., North R.J., LaCourse R., Mudgett J.S., Shah S.K., and Nathan C.F. Identification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 10 (1997) 5243-5248
20. Scanga C.A., Bafica A., Feng C.G., Cheever A.W., Hieny S., and Sher A. MyD88-deficient mice display a profound loss in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with partially impaired Th1 cytokine and nitric oxide synthase 2 expression. Infect Immun 72 4 (2004) 2400-2404
21. Fremond C.M., Yeremeev V., Nicolle D.M., Jacobs M., Quesniaux V.F., and Ryffel B. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection despite adaptive immune response in the absence of MyD88. J Clin Invest 114 12 (2004) 1790-1799
22. Cooper A.M., Dalton D.K., Stewart T.A., Griffin J.P., Russell D.G., and Orme I.M. Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. J Exp Med 178 6 (1993) 2243-2247
23. Flynn J.L., Chan J., Triebold K.J., Dalton D.K., Stewart T.A., and Bloom B.R. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 178 6 (1993) 2249-2254
24. Yamada H., Mizumo S., Horai R., Iwakura Y., and Sugawara I. Protective role of interleukin-1 in mycobacterial infection in IL-1 alpha/beta double-knockout mice. Lab Invest 80 5 (2000) 759-767
25. Sugawara I., Yamada H., Hua S., and Mizuno S. Role of interleukin (IL)-1 type 1 receptor in mycobacterial infection. Microbiol Immunol 45 11 (2001) 743-750
26. Kawakami K., Kinjo Y., Uezu K., Miyagi K., Kinjo T., Yara S., et al. Interferon-gamma production and host protective response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice lacking both IL-12p40 and IL-18. Microbes Infect 6 4 (2004) 339-349
27. Sugawara I., Yamada H., Li C., Mizuno S., Takeuchi O., and Akira S. Mycobacterial infection in TLR2 and TLR6 knockout mice. Microbiol Immunol 47 5 (2003) 327-336
28. Reiling N., Holscher C., Fehrenbach A., Kroger S., Kirschning C.J., Goyert S., et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 169 7 (2002) 3480-3484
29. Drennan M.B., Nicolle D., Quesniaux V.J., Jacobs M., Allie N., Mpagi J., et al. Toll-like receptor 2-deficient mice succumb to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Pathol 164 1 (2004) 49-57
30. Abel B., Thieblemont N., Quesniaux V.J., Brown N., Mpagi J., Miyake K., et al. Toll-like receptor 4 expression is required to control chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Immunol 169 6 (2002) 3155-3162
31. Kamath A.B., Alt J., Debbabi H., and Behar S.M. Toll-like receptor 4-defective C3H/HeJ mice are not more susceptible than other C3H substrains to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 71 7 (2003) 4112-4118
32. Branger J., Leemans J.C., Florquin S., Weijer S., Speelman P., and Van Der Poll T. Toll-like receptor 4 plays a protective role in pulmonary tuberculosis in mice. Int Immunol 16 3 (2004) 509-516
33. Ferwerda G., Girardin S.E., Kullberg B.J., Le Bourhis L., de Jong D.J., Langenberg D.M., et al. NOD2 and toll-like receptors are nonredundant recognition systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 1 3 (2005) 279-285
34. Ben-Ali M., Barbouche M.R., Bousnina S., Chabbou A., and Dellagi K. Toll-like receptor 2 Arg677Trp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11 3 (2004) 625-626
35. Ogus A.C., Yoldas B., Ozdemir T., Uguz A., Olcen S., Keser I., et al. The Arg753GLn polymorphism of the human toll-like receptor 2 gene in tuberculosis disease. Eur Respir J 23 2 (2004) 219-223
36. Yim J.J., Lee H.W., Lee H.S., Kim Y.W., Han S.K., Shim Y.S., et al. The association between microsatellite polymorphisms in intron II of the human Toll-like receptor 2 gene and tuberculosis among Koreans. Genes Immun 7 2 (2006) 150-155
37. Hawn T.R., Dunstan S.J., Thwaites G.E., Simmons C.P., Thuong N.T., Lan N.T., et al. A polymorphism in toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein is associated with susceptibility to meningeal tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 194 8 (2006) 1127-1134
38. Dupuis S., Dargemont C., Fieschi C., Thomassin N., Rosenzweig S., Harris J., et al. Impairment of mycobacterial but not viral immunity by a germline human STAT1 mutation. Science 293 5528 (2001) 300-303
39. WHO. Typhoid fever; 1998
40. Finlay B.B., and Falkow S. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiol Rev 53 2 (1989) 210-230
41. Monack D.M., Bouley D.M., and Falkow S. Salmonella typhimurium persists within macrophages in the mesenteric lymph nodes of chronically infected Nramp1+/+ mice and can be reactivated by IFNgamma neutralization. J Exp Med 199 2 (2004) 231-241
42. Ohl M.E., and Miller S.I. Salmonella: a model for bacterial pathogenesis. Annu Rev Med 52 (2001) 259-274
43. O'Brien A.D., Rosenstreich D.L., Scher I., Campbell G.H., MacDermott R.P., and Formal S.B. Genetic control of susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium in mice: role of the LPS gene. J Immunol 124 1 (1980) 20-24
44. Poltorak A., He X., Smirnova I., Liu M.Y., Van Huffel C., Du X., et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282 5396 (1998) 2085-2088
45. Guo L., Lim K.B., Gunn J.S., Bainbridge B., Darveau R.P., Hackett M., et al. Regulation of lipid A modifications by Salmonella typhimurium virulence genes phoP-phoQ. Science 276 5310 (1997) 250-253
46. Weiss D.S., Raupach B., Takeda K., Akira S., and Zychlinsky A. Toll-like receptors are temporally involved in host defense. J Immunol 172 7 (2004) 4463-4469
47. Feuillet V., Medjane S., Mondor I., Demaria O., Pagni P.P., Galan J.E., et al. Involvement of Toll-like receptor 5 in the recognition of flagellated bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 33 (2006) 12487-12492
48. Sultzer B.M. Genetic control of leucocyte responses to endotoxin. Nature 219 5160 (1968) 1253-1254
49. O'Brien G.C., Wang J.H., and Redmond H.P. Bacterial lipoprotein induces resistance to Gram-negative sepsis in TLR4-deficient mice via enhanced bacterial clearance. J Immunol 174 2 (2005) 1020-1026
50. Roy M.F., Lariviere L., Wilkinson R., Tam M., Stevenson M.M., and Malo D. Incremental expression of Tlr4 correlates with mouse resistance to Salmonella infection and fine regulation of relevant immune genes. Genes Immun 7 5 (2006) 372-383
51. Vazquez-Torres A., Vallance B.A., Bergman M.A., Finlay B.B., Cookson B.T., Jones-Carson J., et al. Toll-like receptor 4 dependence of innate and adaptive immunity to Salmonella: importance of the Kupffer cell network. J Immunol 172 10 (2004) 6202-6208
52. Shea J.E., Beuzon C.R., Gleeson C., Mundy R., and Holden D.W. Influence of the Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system on bacterial growth in the mouse. Infect Immun 67 1 (1999) 213-219
53. Hapfelmeier S., Stecher B., Barthel M., Kremer M., Muller A.J., Heikenwalder M., et al. The Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2 and SPI-1 type III secretion systems allow Salmonella serovar typhimurium to trigger colitis via MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent mechanisms. J Immunol 174 3 (2005) 1675-1685
54. Kobayashi K., Hernandez L.D., Galan J.E., Janeway Jr. C.A., Medzhitov R., and Flavell R.A. IRAK-M is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell 110 2 (2002) 191-202
55. Raupach B., Peuschel S.K., Monack D.M., and Zychlinsky A. Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 contributes to innate immune defenses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 74 8 (2006) 4922-4926
56. Munford R.S., and Varley A.W. Shield as signal: lipopolysaccharides and the evolution of immunity to gram-negative bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2 6 (2006) e67
57. Lowy F.D. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339 8 (1998) 520-532
58. Bubeck Wardenburg J., Williams W.A., and Missiakas D. Host defenses against Staphylococcus aureus infection require recognition of bacterial lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 37 (2006) 13831-13836
59. Takeuchi O., Hoshino K., Kawai T., Sanjo H., Takada H., Ogawa T., et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11 4 (1999) 443-451
60. Hashimoto M., Tawaratsumida K., Kariya H., Aoyama K., Tamura T., and Suda Y. Lipoprotein is a predominant Toll-like receptor 2 ligand in Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components. Int Immunol 18 2 (2006) 355-362
61. Girardin S.E., Boneca I.G., Viala J., Chamaillard M., Labigne A., Thomas G., et al. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278 11 (2003) 8869-8872
62. Hashimoto M., Tawaratsumida K., Kariya H., Kiyohara A., Suda Y., Krikae F., et al. Not lipoteichoic acid but lipoproteins appear to be the dominant immunobiologically active compounds in Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 177 5 (2006) 3162-3169
63. Verdrengh M., and Tarkowski A. Role of neutrophils in experimental septicemia and septic arthritis induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 65 7 (1997) 2517-2521
64. Kielian T., Haney A., Mayes P.M., Garg S., and Esen N. Toll-like receptor 2 modulates the proinflammatory milieu in Staphylococcus aureus-induced brain abscess. Infect Immun 73 11 (2005) 7428-7435
65. Gonzalez-Zorn B., Senna J.P., Fiette L., Shorte S., Testard A., Chignard M., et al. Bacterial and host factors implicated in nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 73 3 (2005) 1847-1851
66. Miller L.S., O'Connell R.M., Gutierrez M.A., Pietras E.M., Shahangian A., Gross C.E., et al. MyD88 mediates neutrophil recruitment initiated by IL-1R but not TLR2 activation in immunity against Staphylococcus aureus. Immunity 24 1 (2006) 79-91
67. Sun Y., Hise A.G., Kalsow C.M., and Pearlman E. Staphylococcus aureus-induced corneal inflammation is dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 and myeloid differentiation factor 88. Infect Immun 74 9 (2006) 5325-5332
68. Takeuchi O., Hoshino K., and Akira S. Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Immunol 165 10 (2000) 5392-5396
69. Lembo A., Kalis C., Kirschning C.J., Mitolo V., Jirillo E., Wagner H., et al. Differential contribution of Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 to the cytokine response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 71 10 (2003) 6058-6062
70. Brouillette E., Grondin G., Shkreta L., Lacasse P., and Talbot B.G. In vivo and in vitro demonstration that Staphylococcus aureus is an intracellular pathogen in the presence or absence of fibronectin-binding proteins. Microb Pathog 35 4 (2003) 159-168
71. Agerer F., Michel A., Ohlsen K., and Hauck C.R. Integrin-mediated invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into human cells requires Src family protein-tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 278 43 (2003) 42524-42531
72. Jevon M., Guo C., Ma B., Mordan N., Nair S.P., Harris M., et al. Mechanisms of internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by cultured human osteoblasts. Infect Immun 67 5 (1999) 2677-2681
73. Kintarak S., Whawell S.A., Speight P.M., Packer S., and Nair S.P. Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by human keratinocytes. Infect Immun 72 10 (2004) 5668-5675
74. Massey R.C., Kantzanou M.N., Fowler T., Day N.P., Schofield K., Wann E.R., et al. Fibronectin-binding protein A of Staphylococcus aureus has multiple, substituting, binding regions that mediate adherence to fibronectin and invasion of endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol 3 12 (2001) 839-851
75. Sinha B., Francois P.P., Nusse O., Foti M., Hartford O.M., Vaudaux P., et al. Fibronectin-binding protein acts as Staphylococcus aureus invasin via fibronectin bridging to integrin alpha5beta1. Cell Microbiol 1 2 (1999) 101-117
76. Hultgren O.H., Svensson L., and Tarkowski A. Critical role of signaling through IL-1 receptor for development of arthritis and sepsis during Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Immunol 168 10 (2002) 5207-5212
77. Verdrengh M., Thomas J.A., and Hultgren O.H. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 mediates protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Microbes Infect 6 14 (2004) 1268-1272
78. Wei X.Q., Leung B.P., Niedbala W., Piedrafita D., Feng G.J., Sweet M., et al. Altered immune responses and susceptibility to Leishmania major and Staphylococcus aureus infection in IL-18-deficient mice. J Immunol 163 5 (1999) 2821-2828
79. Stuart L.M., Deng J., Silver J.M., Takahashi K., Tseng A.A., Hennessy E.J., et al. Response to Staphylococcus aureus requires CD36-mediated phagocytosis triggered by the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain. J Cell Biol 170 3 (2005) 477-485
80. Hoebe K., Georgel P., Rutschmann S., Du X., Mudd S., Crozat K., et al. CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides. Nature 433 7025 (2005) 523-527
81. Morath S., Geyer A., and Hartung T. Structure-function relationship of cytokine induction by lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus. J Exp Med 193 3 (2001) 393-397
82. Kristian S.A., Lauth X., Nizet V., Goetz F., Neumeister B., Peschel A., et al. Alanylation of teichoic acids protects Staphylococcus aureus against Toll-like receptor 2-dependent host defense in a mouse tissue cage infection model. J Infect Dis 188 3 (2003) 414-423
83. Collins L.V., Kristian S.A., Weidenmaier C., Faigle M., Van Kessel K.P., Van Strijp J.A., et al. Staphylococcus aureus strains lacking d-alanine modifications of teichoic acids are highly susceptible to human neutrophil killing and are virulence attenuated in mice. J Infect Dis 186 2 (2002) 214-219
84. Cummings L.A., Barrett S.L., Wilkerson W.D., Fellnerova I., and Cookson B.T. FliC-specific CD4+ T cell responses are restricted by bacterial regulation of antigen expression. J Immunol 174 12 (2005) 7929-7938
85. Alaniz R.C., Cummings L.A., Bergman M.A., Rassoulian-Barrett S.L., and Cookson B.T. Salmonella typhimurium coordinately regulates FliC location and reduces dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 177 6 (2006) 3983-3993
86. Pennini M.E., Pai R.K., Schultz D.C., Boom W.H., and Harding C.V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibits IFN-gamma-induced chromatin remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and MAPK signaling. J Immunol 176 7 (2006) 4323-4330
87. Vergne I., Fratti R.A., Hill P.J., Chua J., Belisle J., and Deretic V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest: mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol analog phosphatidylinositol mannoside stimulates early endosomal fusion. Mol Biol Cell 15 2 (2004) 751-760
88. Nguyen L., and Pieters J. The Trojan horse: survival tactics of pathogenic mycobacteria in macrophages. Trends Cell Biol 15 5 (2005) 269-276