Early Activation and Expansion of Hepatic Stem Cells

Handbook of Stem Cells

Volumn 2, Issue , 2004, Pages 497-512

  Thorgeirsson, Snorri S ^a   Factor, Valentina M ^a   Grisham, Joe W ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646684374     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012436643-5/50135-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (125)

1. Michalopoulos G.K., Defrances M.C. Liver regeneration. Science 1997, 276:60-66.
2. Columbano A., Ledda-Columbano G.M. Mitogenesis by ligands of nuclear receptors: an attractive model for the study of the molecular mechanisms implicated in liver growth. Cell Death Differ. 2003, 10:S19-S21.
3. Grisham J.W., Thorgeirsson S.S. Liver stem cells. Stem Cells 1997, 233-282. Academic Press, New York. C.S. Potten (Ed.).
4. Coleman W.B., Grisham J.W. Epithelial stem-like cells of the rodent liver. Liver Growth and Repair 1998, 50-99. Chapman and Hall, London. A.J. Strain (Ed.).
5. Tatematsu M., Ho R.H., Kaku T., Ekem J.K., Farber E. Studies on the proliferation and fate of oval cells in the liver of rats treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy. Am. J. Pathol. 1984, 114:418-430.
6. Solt D.B., Farber E. New principle for the analysis of chemical carcinogenesis. Nature 1976, 263:701-703.
7. Evarts R.P., Nagy P., Nakatsukasa H., Marsden E., Thorgeirsson S.S. In vivo differentiation of rat liver oval cells into hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 1989, 49:1541-1547.
8. Alison M., Golding M., Lalani E.N., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S., Sarraf C. Wholesale hepatocytic differentiation in the rat from ductular oval cells, the progeny of biliary stem cells. J. Hepatol. 1997, 26:343-352.
9. Paku S., Nagy P., Kopper L., Thorgeirsson S.S. AAF-dose-dependent differentiation of oval cells into hepatocytes: Confocal and electron microscopic studies. Hepatology 2004, 39:1353-1361.
10. Shafritz D.A., Dabeva M.D. Liver stem cells and model systems for liver repopulation. J. Hepatol. 2002, 36:552-564.
11. Thorgeirsson S.S. Hepatic stem cells in liver regeneration. FASEB J. 1996, 10:1249-1256.
12. Petersen B.E., Bowen W.C., Patrene K.D., Mars W.M., Sullivan A.K., Murase N., Boggs S.S., Greenberger J.S., Goff J.P. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 1999, 284:1168-1170.
13. Theise N.D., Badve S., Saxena R., Henegariu O., Sell S., Crawford J.M., Krause D.S. Derivation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells in mice after radiation-induced myeloablation. Hepatology 2000, 31:235-240.
14. Schwartz R.E., Reyes M., Koodie L., Jiang Y., Blackstad M., Lund T., Lenvik T., Johnson S., Hu W.S., Verfaillie C.M. Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 109:1291-1302.
15. Mallet V.O., Mitchell C., Mezey E., Fabre M., Guidotti J.E., Renia L., Coulombel L., Kahn A., Gilgenkrantz H. Bone marrow transplantation in mice leads to a minor population of hepatocytes that can be selectively amplified in vivo. Hepatology 2002, 35:799-804.
16. Wagers A.J., Sherwood R.I., Christensen J.L., Weissman I.L. Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Science 2002, 297:2256-2259.
17. Wang X., Montini E., Al-Dhalimy M., Lagasse E., Finegold M., Grompe M. Kinetics of liver repopulation after bone marrow transplantation. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 161:565-574.
18. Lagasse E., Connors H., Al-Dhalimy M., Reitsma M., Dohse M., Osborne L., Wang X., Finegold M., Weissman I.L., Grompe M. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nat. Med. 2000, 6:1229-1234.
19. Wang X., Willenbring H., Akkari Y., Torimaru Y., Foster M., Al-Dhalimy M., Lagasse E., Finegold M., Olson S., Grompe M. Cell fusion is the principal source of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature 2003, 422:897-901.
20. Vassilopoulos G., Wang P.R., Russell D.W. Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature 2003, 422:901-904.
21. Sell S. Heterogeneity and plasticity of hepatocyte lineage cells. Hepatology 2001, 33:738-750.
22. Theise N.D., Saxena R., Portmann B.C., Thung S.N., Yee H., Chiriboga L., Kumar A., Crawford J.M. The canals of Hering and hepatic stem cells in humans. Hepatology 1999, 30:1425-1433.
23. Evarts R.P., Hu Z., Omori N., Omori M., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Precursor-product relationship between oval cells and hepatocytes: comparison between tritiated thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine as tracers. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17:2143-2151.
24. Novikoff P.M., Yam A., Oikawa I. Blast-like cell compartment in carcinogen-induced proliferating bile ductules. Am. J. Pathol. 1996, 148:1473-1492.
25. Novikoff P.M., Yam A. Stem cells and rat liver carcinogenesis: contributions of confocal and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1998, 46:613-626.
26. Paku S., Schnur J., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S.S. Origin and structural evolution of the early proliferating oval cells in rat liver. Am. J. Pathol. 2001, 158:1313-1323.
27. Evarts R.P., Hu Z., Fujio K., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Activation of hepatic stem cell compartment in the rat: role of transforming growth factorα, hepatocyte growth factor, and acidic fibroblast growth factor in early proliferation. Cell Growth Differ. 1993, 4:555-561.
28. Taniguchi H., Toyoshima T., Fukao K., Nakauchi H. Presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult liver. Nat. Med. 1996, 2:198-203.
29. Tatematsu M., Kaku T., Medline A., Farber E. Intestinal metaplasia as a common option of oval cells in relation to cholangiofibrosis in liver of rats exposed to 2-acetylaminofluorene. Lab. Invest. 1985, 52:354-362.
30. Martinez-Hernandez A., Amenta P.S. The hepatic extracellular matrix: I. Components and distribution in normal liver. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1993, 423:1-11.
31. Martinez-Hernandez A., Amenta P.S. The extracellular matrix in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J. 1995, 9:1401-1410.
32. Mars W.M., Liu M.L., Kitson R.P., Goldfarb R.H., Gabauer M.K., Michalopoulos G.K. Immediate early detection of urokinase receptor after partial hepatectomy and its implications for initiation of liver regeneration. Hepatology 1995, 21:1695-1701.
33. Kim T.H., Mars W.M., Stolz D.B., Michalopoulos G.K. Expression and activation of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 during rat liver regeneration. Hepatology 2000, 31:75-82.
34. Bisgaard H.C., Santoni-Rugiu E., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S.S. Modulation of the plasminogen activator/plasmin system in rat liver regenerating by recruitment of oval cells. Lab. Invest. 1998, 78:237-246.
35. Nagy P., Bisgaard H.C., Santoni-Rugiu E., Thorgeirsson S.S. In vivo infusion of growth factors enhances the mitogenic response of rat hepatic ductal (oval) cells afteradministration of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Hepatology 1996, 23:71-79.
36. Grompe M., Finegold M.J. Liver stem cells. Stem Cell Biology 2001, 455-497. Cold Spring Harbor Press, London. D.R. Marshak (Ed.).
37. Overturf K., Al-Dhalimy M., Ou C.N., Finegold M., Grompe M. Serial transplantation reveals the stem celllike regenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 151:1273-1280.
38. Matsusaka S., Toyosaka A., Nakasho K., Tsujimura T., Sugihara A., Takanashi T., Uematsu K., Terada N., Okamoto E. The role of oval cells in rat hepatocyte transplantation. Transplantation 2000, 70:441-446.
39. Yaswen P., Hayner N.T., Fausto N. Isolation of oval cells by centrifugal elutriation and comparison with other cell types purified from normal and preneoplastic livers. Cancer Res. 1984, 44:324-331.
40. Faris R.A., Hixson D.C. Selective proliferation of chemically altered rat liver epithelial cells following hepatic transplantation. Transplantation 1989, 48:87-92.
41. Dabeva M.D., Hwang S.G., Vasa S.R., Hurston E., Novikoff P.M., Hixson D.C., Gupta S., Shafritz D.A. Differentiation of pancreatic epithelial progenitor cells into hepatocytes following transplantation into rat liver. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:7356-7361.
42. Yasui O., Miura N., Terada K., Kawarada Y., Koyama K., Sugiyama T. Isolation of oval cells from Long-Evans Cinnamon rats and their transformation into hepatocytes in vivo in the rat liver. Hepatology 1997, 25:329-334.
43. Wang X., Foster M., Al-Dhalimy M., Lagasse E., Finegold M., Grompe M. The origin and liver repopulating capacity of murine oval cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:11,881-11,888.
44. Gordon G.J., Butz G.M., Grisham J.W., Coleman W.B. Isolation, short-term culture, and transplantation of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells from retrorsine-exposed rats. Transplantation 2002, 73:1236-1243.
45. Coleman W.B., Wennerberg A.E., Smith G.J., Grisham J.W. Regulation of the differentiation of diploid and some aneuploid rat liver epithelial (stem-like) cells by the hepatic microenvironment. Am. J. Pathol. 1993, 142:1373-1382.
46. Coleman W.B., Mccullough K.D., Esch G.L., Faris R.A., Hixson D.C., Smith G.J., Grisham J.W. Evaluation of the differentiation potential of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells in vivo: differentiation to hepatocytes after transplantation into dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV-deficient rat liver. Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 151:353-359.
47. Coleman W.B., Butz G.M., Howell J.A., Grisham J.W. Transplantation and differentiation of rat liver epithelial stem-like cells. Hepatocyte Transplantation 2002, 38-50. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. S. Gupta (Ed.).
48. Ott M., Rajvanshi P., Sokhi R.P., Alpini G., Aragona E., Dabeva M., Shafritz D.A., Gupta S. Differentiation-specific regulation of transgene expression in a diploid epithelial cell line derived from the normal F344 rat liver. J. Pathol. 1999, 187:365-373.
49. Nagy P., Evarts R.P., Mcmahon J.B., Thorgeirsson S.S. Role of TGFβ in normal differentiation and oncogenesis in rat liver. Mol. Carcinog. 1989, 2:345-354.
50. Coleman W.B., Smith G.J., Grisham J.W. Development of dexamethasone-inducible tyrosine aminotrans-ferase activity in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate. J. Cell Physiol. 1994, 161:463-469.
51. Couchie D., Holic N., Chobert M.N., Corlu A., Laperche Y. In vitro differentiation of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells into the biliary lineage. Differentiation 2002, 69:209-215.
52. Factor V.M., Schroeder I.S., Hironaka K., Sanchez Munoz A., Heo J.H., Thorgeirsson S.S. In vitro differentiation of adult liver stem cells into the hepatocytic lineage. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2002, 43:462.
53. Nagai H., Terada K., Watanabe G., Ueno Y., Aiba N., Shibuya T., Kawagoe M., Kameda T., Sato M., Senoo H., Sugiyama T. Differentiation of liver epithelial (stem-like) cells into hepatocytes induced by coculture with hepatic stellate cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 293:1420-1425.
54. Pack R., Heck R., Dienes H.P., Oesch F., Steinberg P. Isolation, biochemical characterization, long-term culture, and phenotype modulation of oval cells from carcinogen-fed rats. Exp. Cell Res. 1993, 204:198-209.
55. Lazaro C.A., Rhim J.A., Yamada Y., Fausto N. Generation of hepatocytes from oval cell precursors in culture. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:5514-5522.
56. Zaret K.S. Regulatory phases of early liver development: paradigms of organogenesis. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2002, 3:499-512.
57. Duncan S.A. Mechanisms controlling early development of the liver. Mech. Dev. 2003, 120:19-33.
58. Keng V.W., Yagi H., Ikawa M., Nagano T., Myint Z., Yamada K., Tanaka T., Sato A., Muramatsu I., Okabe M., Sato M., Noguchi T. Homeobox gene Hex is essential for onset of mouse embryonic liver development and differentiation of the monocyte lineage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 276:1155-1161.
59. Sosa-Pineda B., Wigle J.T., Oliver G. Hepatocyte migration during liver development requires Prox1. Nat. Genet. 2000, 25:254-255.
60. Cereghini S. Liver-enriched transcription factors and hepatocyte differentiation. FASEB J. 1996, 10:267-282.
61. Schrem H., Klempnauer J., Borlak J. Liver-enriched transcription factors in liver function and development: I. The hepatocyte nuclear factor network and liver-specific gene expression. Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54:129-158.
62. Kaestner K.H. The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3 or FOXA) family in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 11:281-285.
63. Duncan S.A., Navas M.A., Dufort D., Rossant J., Stoffel M. Regulation of a transcription factor network required for differentiation and metabolism. Science 1998, 281:692-695.
64. Kaestner K.H., Hiemisch H., Schutz G. Targeted disruption of the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma results in reduced transcription of hepatocyte-specific genes. Mol. Cell Biol. 1998, 18:4245-4251.
65. Kaestner K.H., Katz J., Liu Y., Drucker D.J., Schutz G. Inactivation of the winged helix transcription factor HNF3 affects glucose homeostasis and islet glucagon gene expression in vivo. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:495-504.
66. Sund N.J., Ang S.L., Sackett S.D., Shen W., Daigle N., Magnuson M.A., Kaestner K.H. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β (Foxa2) is dispensable for maintaining the differentiated state of the adulthepatocyte. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:5175-5183.
67. Wang N.D., Finegold M.J., Bradley A., Ou C.N., Abdelsayed S.V., Wilde M.D., Taylor L.R., Wilson D.R., Darlington G.J. Impaired energy homeostasis in C/EBP- knockout mice. Science 1995, 269:1108-1112.
68. Pontoglio M., Barra J., Hadchouel M., Doyen A., Kress C., Bach J.P., Babinet C., Yaniv M. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 inactivation results in hepatic dysfunction, phenylketonuria, and renal Fanconi syndrome. Cell 1996, 84:575-585.
69. Chen W.S., Manova K., Weinstein D.C., Duncan S.A., Plump A.S., Prezioso V.R., Bachvarova R.F., Darnell J.E. Disruption of the HNF-4 gene, expressed in visceral endoderm, leads to cell death in embryonic ectoderm and impaired gastrulation of mouse embryos. Genes Dev. 1994, 8:2466-2477.
70. Duncan S.A, Nagy A., Chan W. Murine gastrulation requires HNF-4-regulated gene expression in the visceral endoderm: tetraploid rescue of HNF-4(-/-) embryos. Development 1997, 124:279-287.
71. Li J., Ning G., Duncan S.A. Mammalian hepatocyte differentiation requires the transcription factor HNF-4α. Genes Dev. 2000, 14:464-474.
72. Hayhurst G.P., Lee Y.H., Lambert G., Ward J.M., Gonzalez F.J. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (nuclear receptor 2A1) is essential for maintenance of hepatic gene expression and lipid homeostasis. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 21:1393-1403.
73. Parviz F., Li J., Kaestner K.H., Duncan S.A. Generation of a conditionally null allele of hnf4α. Genesis 2002, 32:130-133.
74. Shiojiri N. Analysis of differentiation of hepatocytes and bile duct cells in developing mouse liver by albumin immunofluorescence. Dev. Growth Differ. 1984, 26:555-561.
75. Landry C., Clotman F., Hioki T., Oda H., Picard J.J., Lemaigre F.P., Rousseau G.G. HNF-6 is expressed in endoderm derivatives and nervous system of the mouse embryo and participates to the cross-regulatory network of liver-enriched transcription factors. Dev. Biol. 1997, 192:247-257.
76. Rausa F., Samadani U., Ye H., Lim L., Fletcher C.F., Jenkins N.A., Copeland N.G., Costa R.H. The cut-homeodomain transcriptional activator HNF-6 is coexpressed with its target gene HNF-3β in the developing murine liver and pancreas. Dev. Biol. 1997, 192:228-246.
77. Clotman F., Lannoy V.J., Reber M., Cereghini S., Cassiman D., Jacquemin P., Roskams T., Rousseau G.G., Lemaigre F.P. The onecut transcription factor HNF6 is required for normal development of the biliary tract. Development 2002, 129:1819-1828.
78. Coffinier C., Gresh L., Fiette L., Tronche F., Schutz G., Babinet C., Pontoglio M., Yaniv M., Barra J. Bile system morphogenesis defects and liver dysfunction upon targeted deletion of HNF1β. Development 2002, 129:1829-1838.
79. Kalinichenko V.V., Zhou Y., Bhattacharyya D., Kim W., Shin B., Bambal K., Costa R.H. Haploinsufficiency of the mouse Forkhead Box f1 gene causes defects in gall bladder development. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:12,369-12,374.
80. Nagy P., Bisgaard H.C., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of hepatic transcription factors during liver development and oval cell differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 126:223-233.
81. Bisgaard H.C., Nagy P., Santoni-Rugiu E., Thorgeirsson S.S. Proliferation, apoptosis, and induction of hepatic transcription factors are characteristics of the early response of biliary epithelial (oval) cells to chemical carcinogens. Hepatology 1996, 23:62-70.
82. Kinoshita T., Miyajima A. Cytokine regulation of liver development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2002, 1592:303-312.
83. Diehl A.M. Cytokine regulation of liver injury and repair. Immunol. Rev. 2000, 174:160-171.
84. Galun E., Axelrod J.H. The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration: potential new molecular therapies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2002, 1592:345-358.
85. Moshage H. Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. J. Pathol. 1997, 181:257-266.
86. Sanchez A., Factor V.M., Schroeder I.S., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S.S. Activation of NFκB and STAT3 in rat hepatic oval cells during 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. Hepatology 2003, 39:376-385.
87. Kirillova I., Chaisson M., Fausto N. Tumor necrosis factor induces DNA replication in hepatic cells through nuclear factor κB activation. Cell Growth Differ. 1999, 10:819-828.
88. Knight B., Yeoh G.C.T., Husk K.L., Ly T., Abraham L.J., Yu C., Rhim J.A., Fausto N. Impaired preneoplastic changes and liver tumor formation in tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 knockout mice. J. Exp. Med. 2000, 192:1809-1818.
89. Nagy P., Kiss A., Schnur J., Thorgeirsson S.S. Dexamethasone inhibits the proliferation of hepatocytes and oval cells but not bile duct cells in rat liver. Hepatology 1998, 28:423-429.
90. Auphan N., Didonato J.A., Rosette C., Helmsberg A., Karin M. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NFB activity through induction of IκB synthesis. Science 1995, 270:286-290.
91. Olynyk J.K., Yeoh G.C., Ramm G.A., Clarke S.L., Hall P.M., Britton R.S., Bacon B.R., Tracy T.F. Gadolinium chloride suppresses hepatic oval cell proliferation in rats with biliary obstruction. Am. J. Pathol. 1998, 152:347-352.
92. Omori N., Evarts R.P., Omori M., Hu Z., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor during liver regeneration in the adult rat. Lab. Invest. 1996, 75:15-24.
93. Hironaka, K., and Thorgeirsson, S.S. (Unpublished observations).
94. Bisgaard H.C., Muller S., Nagy P., Rasmussen L.J., Thorgeirsson S.S. Modulation of the gene network connected to interferonγ in liver regeneration from oval cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 155:1075-1085.
95. Bisgaard H.C., Holmskov U., Santoni-Rugiu E., Nagy P., Nielsen O., Ott P., Hage E., Dalhoff K., Rasmussen L.J., Tygstrup N. Heterogeneity of ductular reactions in adult rat and human liver revealed by novel expression of deleted in malignant brain tumor 1. Am. J. Pathol. 2002, 161:1187-1198.
96. Fujio K., Evarts R.P., Hu Z., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of stem cell factor and its receptor, c-kit, during liver regeneration from putative stem cells in adult rat. Lab. Invest. 1994, 70:511-516.
97. Fujio K., Hu Z., Evarts R.P., Marsden E.R., Niu C.H., Thorgeirsson S.S. Coexpression of stem cell factor and c-kit in embryonic and adult liver. Exp. Cell Res. 1996, 224:243-250.
98. Matthews W., Jordan C.T., Weigand C.W., Pardoll D., Lemischka I.R. A receptor tyrosine kinase specific to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell-enriched populations. Cell 1991, 65:1143-1152.
99. Matsusaka S., Tsujimura T., Toyosaka A., Nakasho K., Sugihara A., Okamoto E., Uematsu K., Terada N. Role of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase in development of oval cells in the rat 2- acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model. Hepatology 1999, 29:670-676.
100. Hu Z., Evarts R.P., Fujio K., Omori N., Omori M., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor/c-met, and acidic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptors during hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17:931-938.
101. Alison M.R., Poulsom R., Jeffrey R., Anilkumar T.V., Jagoe R., Sarraf C.E. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA during oval cell activation in the rat liver. J. Pathol. 1993, 171:291-299.
102. Hu Z., Evarts R.P., Fujio K., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c-met genes during hepatic differentiation and liver development in the rat. Am. J. Pathol. 1993, 142:1823-1830.
103. Evarts R.P., Nakatsukasa H., Marsden E.R., Hu Z., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in regenerating liver and during hepatic differentiation. Mol. Carcinog. 1992, 5:25-31.
104. Hu Z., Evarts R.P., Fujio K., Marsden E.R., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors flg and bek during hepatic ontogenesis and regeneration in the rat. Cell Growth Differ. 1995, 6:1019-1025.
105. Shiota G., Kunisada T., Oyama K., Udagawa A., Nomi T., Tanaka K., Tsutsumi A., Isono M., Nakamura T., Hamada H., Sakatani T., Sell S., Sato K., Ito H., Kawasaki H. In vivo transfer of hepatocyte growth factor gene accelerates proliferation of hepatic oval cells in a 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model in rats. FEBS Lett. 2000, 470:325-330.
106. Nakatsukasa H., Evarts R.P., Hsia C.C., Marsden E., Thorgeirsson S.S. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Lab. Invest. 1991, 65:511-517.
107. Preisegger K.H., Factor V.M., Fuchsbichler A., Stumptner C., Denk H., Thorgeirsson S.S. Atypical ductular proliferation and its inhibition by transforming growth factorβ1 in the 3,5- diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine mouse model for chronic alcoholic liver disease. Lab. Invest. 1999, 79:103-109.
108. Wilson J.W., Leduc E.H. Role of cholangioles in restoration of the liver of the mouse after dietary injury. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1958, 76:441-449.
109. Hixson D.C., Faris R.A., Yang L., Novikoff P.M. Antigenic clues to liver development, renewal, and carcinogenesis. The Role of Cell Types in Hepatocarcinogenesis 1992, 151-182. CRC Press, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. A.E. Sirica (Ed.).
110. Loffreda S., Rai R., Yang S.Q., Lin H.Z., Diehl A.M. Bile ducts and portal and central veins are major producers of tumor necrosis factorα in regenerating rat liver. Gastroenterology 1997, 112:2089-2098.
111. Naldini L., Tamagnone L., Vigna E., Sachs M., Hartmann G., Birchmeier W., Daikuhara Y., Tsubouchi H., Blasi F., Comoglio P.M. Extracellular proteolytic cleavage by urokinase is required for activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. EMBO J. 1992, 11:4825-4833.
112. Park D.Y., Suh K.S. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 protein, proliferation, and apoptosis of oval cells in acetylaminofluorene-induced rat liver regeneration. J. Korean Med. Sci. 1999, 14:531-538.
113. Gordon G.J., Coleman W.B., Hixson D.C., Grisham J.W. Liver regeneration in rats with retrorsine-induced hepatocellular injury proceeds through a novel cellular response. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 156:607-619.
114. Gordon G.J., Coleman W.B., Grisham J.W. Temporal analysis of hepatocyte differentiation by small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells during liver regeneration in retrorsine-exposed rats. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 157:771-786.
115. Coleman, W.B. (Unpublished observations).
116. Fausto N. Liver regeneration. J. Hepatol. 2000, 32(Suppl. 1):19-31.
117. Diehl A.M. Liver regeneration. Frontiers Biosci. 2002, 7:e301-e314.
118. Peters M., Blinn G., Jostock T., Schirmacher P., MeyerzumBuschenfelde K.H., Galle P.R., Rose-John S. Combined interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 6 receptor accelerates murine liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:1663-1671.
119. Jones S.A., Novick D., Horiuchi S., Yamamoto N., Szalai A.J., Fuller G.M. C-reactive protein: a physiological activator of interleukin 6 receptor shedding. J. Exp. Med. 1999, 189:599-604.
120. Mastellos D., Papadimitriou J.C., Franchini S., Tsonis P.A., Lambris J.D. A novel role of complement: mice deficient in the fifth component of complement (C5) exhibit impaired liver regeneration. J. Immunol. 2001, 166:2479-2486.
121. Vujanovic N.L., Polimeno L., Azzarone A., Francavilla A., Chambers W.H., Starzl T.E., Herberman R.B., Whiteside T.L. Changes of liver-resident NK cells during liver regeneration in rats. J. Immunol. 1995, 154:6324-6338.
122. Minagawa M., Oya H., Yamamoto S., Shimizu T., Bannai M., Kawamura H., Hatakeyama K, Abo T. Intensive expansion of natural killer T-cells in the early phase of hepatocyte regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice and its association with sympathetic nerve activation. Hepatology 2000, 31:907-915.
123. Dabeva M.D., Shafritz D.A. Activation, proliferation, and differentiation of progenitor cells into hepatocytes in the D-galactosamine modelof liver regeneration. Am. J. Pathol. 1993, 143:1606-1620.
124. Okihiro M.S., Hinton D.E. Partial hepatectomy and bile duct ligation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): histologic, immunohistochemical, and enzyme histochemical characterization of hepatic regeneration and biliary hyperplasia. Toxicol. Pathol. 2000, 28:342-356.
125. Golding M., Sarraf C.E., Lalani E.N., Anilkumar T.V., Edwards R.J., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S.S., Alison M.R. Oval cell differentiation into hepatocytes in the acetylaminofluorene-treated regenerating rat liver. Hepatology 1995, 22:1243-1253.