Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists: Potential new candidates for the treatment of schizophrenia

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 174, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 54-64

  Martin, Laura F ^a   Kem, William R ^b   Freedman, Robert ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antipsychotic agents; Auditory evoked potentials; Investigational drugs; Nicotinic receptors; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

1,4 DIAZABICYCLO[3.2.2]NONANE 4 CARBOXYLIC ACID 4 PYRIDIN 2 YLPHENYL ESTER; 3 (2,4 DIMETHOXYBENZYLIDENE)ANABASEINE; 3 METHYL 5 (1 METHYL 2 PYRROLIDINYL)ISOXAZOLE; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ALPHA 7 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; AR R 1779; CLOZAPINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; N METHYL 5 (3 PYRIDINYL) 4 PENTEN 2 AMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGENT; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; PHYSOSTIGMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CHROMOSOME 15Q; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC SCREENING; HUMAN; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PARKINSONISM; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PSYCHOSIS; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SALIVATION DISORDER; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; TACHYCARDIA;

EID: 3142761435     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1750-1     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. 7 nicotinic receptor-mediated restoration of inhibitory auditory gating in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 877:235-44
2. Adler LE, Waldo MC, Freedman R (1985) Neurophysiologic studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia: comparison of auditory and visual responses. Biol Psychiatry 20:1284-1296
3. Adler LE, Hoffer LD, Griffith J, Waldo MC, Freedman R (1992) Normalization by nicotine of deficient auditory sensory gating in the relatives of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 32:607-616
4. Adler LE, Hoffer LD, Wiser A, Freedman R (1993) Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 150:1856-1861
5. Adler LE, Olincy A, Waldo MC, Harris JG, Griffith J, Stevens KE, Flach K, Nagamoto HT, Bickford PC, Leonard S, Freedman R (1998) Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr Bull 24:189-202
6. 7 receptors. J Physiol (Paris) 92:309-316
7. Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR, Mike A, Eisenbreg HM, Maelicke A, Alkondon M (2000) Neuronal nicotinic receptors in synaptic functions in humans and rats: physiological and clinical relevance. Behav Brain Res 113:131-141
8. Alkondon M, Braga MFM, Pereira EFR, Maelicke A, Albuquerque EX (2000) Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulation of gabaergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 393:59-67
9. Arendash GW, Sengstock GJ, Sanberg PR, Kem WR (1995) Improved learning and memory in aged rats with chronic administration of the nicotinic receptor agonist GTS-21. Brain Res 674:252-259
10. Armitage AK, Hall GH, Sellers CM (1969) Effects of nicotine on electrocortical activity and acetylcholine release from the cat cerebral cortex. Br J Pharmacol 35:152-160
11. Balfour DJK (1989) Influence of nicotine on the release of monoamines in the brain. Prog Brain Res 79:165-172
12. Beani L, Bianchi C, Ferraro L, Nilsson L, Nordberg A, Romanelli L, Spalluto P, Sundwall A, Tanganelli S (1989) Effect of nicotine on the release of acetylcholine and amino acids in the brain. Prog Brain Res 79:149-155
13. Benowitz NL (1998) Summary: risks and benefits of nicotine. In: Benowitz NL (ed) Nicotine safety and toxicity. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 185-88
14. Benowitz NL (2003) Basic cardiovascular research and its implications for the medicinal use of nicotine. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:497-498
15. Benowitz NL, Gourlay SG (1997) Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for nicotine replacement therapy. J Am Acad Cardiol 29:1422-1431
16. 3H-norepinephrine and on endogenous norepinephrine levels in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2:234-235
17. Bickford PC, Wear KD (1995) Restoration of sensory gating of auditory evoked response by nicotine in fimbria-fornix lesioned rats. Brain Res 705:235-240
18. Boutros NN, Zouridakis G, Overall J (1991) Replication and extension of P50 findings in schizophrenia. Clin Electroencephalogr 22:40-45
19. Breese CR, Lee MJ, Adams CE, Sullivan B, Logel J, Gillen KM, Marks MJ, Collins AC, Leonard S (2000) Abnormal regulation of high affinity nicotine receptors in subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:351-364
20. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor responses to novel ligands. Neuropharmacology 34:583-590
21. Briggs CA, Anderson DJ, Brioni JD, Buccafusco JJ, Buckley MJ, Campbell JE, Decker MW, Donnelly-Roberts D, Elliot RL, Gopalakrishnan M, Holladay MW, Hui Y-H, Jackson WJ, Kim DJB, Marsh KC, O'Neill A, Prendergast MA, Ryther KB, Sullivan JP, Arneric SP (1996) Functional characterization of the novel neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand GTS-21 in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:231-241
22. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in neuronal plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 20:1-16
23. Chalon S, Moreno Jr H, Benowitz NL, Hoffman BB, Blaschke TF (2000) Nicotine impairs endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67:391-397
24. 7-nicotinic receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7). Genomics 19:379-381
25. Clementz BA (1998) Psychophysiological measures of (dis)inhibition as liability indicators for schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 35:648-668
26. Clementz BA, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1997) P50 suppression among schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects: a methodological analysis. Biol Psychiatry 41:1035-1044
27. Clementz BA, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1998) Poor P50 suppression among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives. Am J Psychiatry 155:1691-1694
28. Combs DR, Advokat C (2000) Antipsychotic medication and smoking prevalence in acutely hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 46:129-137
29. Coon H, Plaetke R, Holik J, Hoff M, Myles-Worsley M, Waldo MC, Freedman R, Byerley W (1993) Use of a neurophysiological trait in linkage analysis of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 34:277-289
30. Court J, Spurden D, Lloyd S, McKeith I, Ballard C, Cairns N, Kerwin R, Perry R, Perry E (1999) Neuronal nicotinic receptors in dementia with Lewy bodies and schizophrenia: alpha-bungarotoxin and nicotine binding in thalamus. J Neurochem 73:1590-1597
31. Court J, Piggot M, Lloyd S, Cookson N, Ballard C, McKeith I, Perry R, Perry E (2000) Nicotine binding in human striatum: elevation in schizophrenia and reductions in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease and in relation to neuroleptic medication. Neuroscience 98:79-87
32. Craddock N, Lendon C (1999) Chromosome workshop: chromosomes 11, 14, and 15. Am J Med Genet 88:244-54
33. Crowley-Weber CL, Dvorakova K, Crowley C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Payne CM (2003) Nicotine increases oxidative stress, activates NF-kB and GRP78, induces apoptosis and sensitizes cells to genotoxic/xenobiotic stresses by a multiple stress inducer, deoxycholate: relevance to colon carcinogenesis. Chem-Biol Interact 145:53-66
34. Cullum CM, Harris JG, Waldo MC, Smernoff E, Madison A, Nagamoto HT, Griffith J, Adler LE, Freedman R (1993) Neurophysiological and neuropsychological evidence for attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 10:131-141
35. Curtis L, Blouin J-L, Radhakrishna U, Gehrig C, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec P, Nestadt G, Dombroski B, Kazazian HH, Pulver AE, Housman D, Bertrand D, Antonarakis SE (1999) No evidence for linkage between schizophrenia and markers at chromosome 15q13-14. Am J Med Genet 88:109-112
36. Dalack GW, Meador-Woodruff JH (1996) Smoking, smoking withdrawal and schizophrenia: case reports and a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 22:133-141
37. Dalack GW, Healy DJ, Meador-Woodruff JH (1998) Nicotine dependence in schizophrenia: clinical phenomena and laboratory findings. Am J Psychiatry 155:1490-1501
38. Dalack GW, Becks L, Hill E, Pomerleau OF, Meador-Woodruff JH (1999) Nicotine withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms in cigarette smokers with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:195-202
39. Damaj MI, Glassco W, Dukat M, Martin BR (1999) Pharmacological characterization of nicotine-induced seizures in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:1284-1291
40. 7/125 i-alpha-bungarotoxin receptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol 47:164-171
41. De Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, Odom White A, Stanilla JK, Simpson GM (1995) Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry 152:453-455
42. Decina P, Caracci G, Sandik R, Berman W, Mukherjee S, Scapicchio P (1990) Cigarette smoking and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Biol Psychiatry 28:502-508
43. Dépatie L, O'Driscoll GA, Holahan A, Atkinson V, Thayundayil JX, Kin N, Lal S (2002) Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:1056-1970
44. Diwan A, Castine M, Pomerleau CS, Meador-Woodruff JH, Dalack GW (1998) Differential prevalence of cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenia vs mood disorders. Schizophr Res 33:113-118
45. Dobelis P, Hutton S, Lu Y, Collins AC (2003) GABAergic systems modulate nicotinic receptor-mediated seizures in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306:1159-1166
46. 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in schizophrenia and Parkinson's syndrome. Neurosci Lett 287:109-112
47. Elliott BM, Faraday MM, Grunberg NE (2003) Effects of nicotine on heart dimensions and blood volume in male and female rats. Nicotine Tobacco Res 5:341-348
48. Fang Q, Sun H, Mayhan WG (2003) Impairment of nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles during infusion of nicotine. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol 284:528-534
49. Frazier CJ, Rollins YD, Breese CR, Leonard S, Freedman R, Dunwiddle TV (1998) Acetylcholine activates an alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic current in rat hippocampal interneurons, but not pyramidal cells. J Neurosci 18:1187-1195
50. Freedman R, Adler LE, Waldo MC, Pachtman E, Franks RD (1983) Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in inhibitory pathways in schizophrenia: comparisons of medicated and drug-free patients. Biol Psychiatry 18:537-551
51. Freedman R, Adler LE, Bickford PC, Byerley W, Coon H, Cullum CM, Griffith J, Harris JG, Leonard S, Miller C, Myles-Worsley M, Nagamoto HT, Rose GM, Waldo MC (1994) Schizophrenia and nicotinic receptors. Harvard Rev Psychiatry:179-192
52. Freedman R, Hall M, Adler LE, Leonard S (1995) Evidence in postmortem brain tissue for decreased numbers of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 38:22-33
53. Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A, Polymeropoulos M, Holik J, Hopkins J, Hoff M, Rosenthal J, Waldo MC, Reimherr F, Wender P, Yaw J, Young DA, Breese CR, Adams CE, Patterson D, Adler LE, Kruglyak L, Leonard S, Byerley W (1997) Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:587-592
54. Freedman R, Leonard S, Olincy A, Kaufmann CA, Malaspina D, Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (2001) Evidence for the multigenic inheritance of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 105:794-800
55. George TP, Serynak MJ, Ziedonis DM, Woods SW (1995) Effects of clozapine on smoking in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 56:344-346
56. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Sahady D, Head CA, Pepper WT, Kosten TR, Wexler BE (2001) Effects of smoking abstinence on visuospatial working memory function in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:75-85
57. Girod R, Jareb M, Moss J, Role L (2003) Mapping of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors using fluorescence imaging of neuritic calcium. J Neurosci Meth 122:109-122
58. Glassman AH (1993) Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 150:546-553
59. Goff DC, Henderson DC, Amico E (1992) Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects. Am J Psychiatry 149:1189-1194
60. Gotti C, Fornasari D, Clementi F (1997) Human neuronal nicotinic receptors. Prog Neurobiol 53:199-237
61. Gray R, Rajan AS, Radcliffe KA, Yakehiro M, Dani JA (1996) Hippocampal synaptic transmission enhanced by low concentrations of nicotine. Nature 383:713-716
62. Grenhoff J, Aston-Jones G, Svensson TH (1986) Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 128:351-358
63. Griffith J, Hoffer LD, Adler LE, Zerbe GO, Freedman R (1995) Effects of sound intensity on a mid-latency evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Psychophysiology 32:460-466
64. Griffith JM, O'Neill J, Petty F, Garver D, Young D, Freedman R (1998) Nicotinic receptor desensitization and sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44:98-106
65. Grottick A, Higgins G (2000) Effect of subtype selective nicotinic compounds on attention as assessed by the five-choice serial reaction time task. Behav Brain Res 117:197-208
66. 7 agonist AR-R 17779, cross-sensitizes to the psychostimulant effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology 150:233-236
67. 7 receptors are not involved in the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of nicotine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:1112-1119
68. 7 subunit in the frontal cortex from schizophrenic brain. Neuroreport 10:1779-1782
69. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene expression in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 75:1997-2005
70. Hahn B, Sharples CG, Wonnacott S, Shoaib M, Stolerman IP (2003) Attentional effects of nicotinic agonists in rats. Neuropharmacology 44:1054-1067
71. Hakki A, Friedman H, Pross S (2002) Nicotine modulation of apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2:1403-1409
72. Hershman KM, Freedman R, Bickford PC (1995) GABA-B antagonists diminish the inhibitory gating of auditory response in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters 190:133-136
73. Heusch WL, Maneckjee R (1998) Signaling pathways involved in nicotine regulation of apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 19:551-556
74. Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA (1986) Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 143:993-997
75. Hunter BE, De Fiebre CM, Papke RL, Kem WR, Meyer E (1994) A novel nicotinic agonist facilitates induction of long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 168:130-134
76. Ji D, Dani JA (2000) Inhibition and disinhibition of pyramidal neurons by activation of nicotinic receptors on hippocampal interneurons. J Neurophysiol 83:2682-2690
77. Jones S, Sudweeks S, Yakel JL (1999) Nicotinic receptors in the brain: correlating physiology with function. Trends Neurosci 22:555-561
78. Judd LL, McAdams L, Budnick B, Braff DL (1992) Sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia: new results. Am J Psychiatry 149:488-493
79. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:789-796
80. Kelly C, McCreadie RG (1999) Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. Am J Psychiatry 156:1751-1757
81. 7 nicotinic receptor may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: studies with DMXBA (GTS-21). Behav Brain Res 113:169-181
82. Kem WR, Abbott BC, Coates RM (1971) Isolation and structure of a hoplonemertine toxin. Toxicon 9:15-22
83. 7 nicotinic receptors expressed in the Xenopus oocyte. Soc Neurosci Abstr 22:268
84. Kem WR, Mahnir VM, Papke RL, Lingle CJ (1997) Anabaseine is a potent agonist on muscle and neuronal alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:979-992
85. Kitagawa H, Takenouchi T, Azuma R, Wesnes KA, Kramer WG, Clody DE, Burnett AL (2003) Safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on cognitive function of multiple doses of GTS-21 in healthy, male volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:542-551
86. Klein C, Andresen B (1991) On the influence of smoking upon smooth pursuit eye movements of schizophrenics and normal controls. J Psychophysiol 5:361-369
87. Klein C, Andresen B, Thom E (1993) Blinking, alpha brain waves and smoking in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87:172-178
88. Lambe EK, Piccioto MR, Aghajanian GK (2003) Nicotine induced glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals in prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:216-225
89. Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH (2000) Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA 284:2606-2610
90. Léna C, Changeux J-P (1998) Allosteric nicotinic receptors, human pathologies. J Physiol (Paris) 92:63-74
91. Leonard S, Bertrand D (2001) Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to function. Nicotine Tobacco Res 3:203-223
92. Leonard S, Gault J, Moore T, Hopkins J, Robinson M, Olincy A, Adler LE, Cloninger CR, Kaufmann CA, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV, Malaspina D, Svrakic DM, Freedman R (1998) Further Investigation of a chromosome 15 locus in schizophrenia: analysis of affected sibpairs from the NIMH genetics initiative. Am J Med Genet 81:308-312
93. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:1085-1096
94. Levin ED, Rezvani AH (2000) Development of nicotinic drug therapy for cognitive disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 393:141-146
95. Levin ED, Simon BB (1998) Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive function in animals. Psychopharmacology 138:217-230
96. Levin ED, Wilson W, Rose JE, McEvoy J (1996) Nicotine-haloperidol interactions and cognitive performance in schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:429-436
97. Light GA, Geyer MA, Clementz BA, Cadenhead KS, Braff DL (2000) Normal P50 suppression in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotic medications. Am J Psychiatry 157:767-771
98. Liu C-M, Hwu H-G, Lin M-W, Ou-Yang W-C, Lee SF-C, Fann CSJ, Wong S-H, Hsieh S-H (2001) Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers at chromosome 15q13-14 in Taiwanese families. Am J Med Genet 105:658-661
99. Luntz-Leybman V, Bickford PC, Freedman R (1992) Cholinergic gating of response to auditory stimuli in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 587:130-136
100. Lyons MJ, Bar JL, Kreman WS, Toomey R, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, Faraone SV, Tsuang M (2002) Nicotine and familial vulnerability to schizophrenia: a discordant twin study. J Abnorm Psychol 111:687-693
101. Machu TK, Hamilton ME, Frye TF, Shanklin CL, Harris MC, Sun H, Tenner Jr. TE, Soti FS, Kem WR (2001) Benzylidene analogs of anabaseine display partial agonist and antagonist properties at the mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine-3A receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:1112-1119
102. Marutle A, Zhang X, Court J, Piggot M, Johnson M, Perry R, Perry E, Nordberg A (2001) Laminar distribution of nicotinic receptor subtypes in cortical regions in schizophrenia. J Chem Neuroanat 22:115-126
103. Masterson E, O'Shea B (1984) Smoking and malignancy in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 145:429-432
104. McEvoy JP, Freudenreich O, Wilson W (1999) Smoking and therapeutic response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:125-129
105. Meyer EM, De Fiebre CM, Hunter BE, Simpkins CE, Frauworth N, De Fiebre NEC (1994) Effects of anabaseine-related analogs on rat brain nicotinic receptor binding and on avoidance behaviors. Drug Dev Res 31:127-134
106. 7 receptors and improves memory-related behaviors in a mecamylamine-sensitive manner. Brain Res 768:49-56
107. 7 nicotinic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287:918-925
108. 7 nicotinic agents with different mixed agonist/antagonist properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:1026-1032
109. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Med Chem 43:4045-4050
110. Nagamoto HT, Adler LE, McRae KA, Huettl P, Cawthra E, Gerhardt G, Hea R, Griffith J (1999) Auditory P50 in schizophrenics on clozapine: improved gating parallels clinical improvement and changes in plasma 3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenylglycol. Neuropsychobiology 39:10-17
111. Nanri M, Yamamoto J, Miyake H, Watanabe H (1998) Protective effect of GTS-21, a novel nicotinic receptor agonist, on delayed neuronal death induced by ischemia in gerbils. Jpn J Pharmacol 76:23-29
112. Neves-Pereira M, Bassett AS, Honer WG, Lang D, King NA, Kennedy JL (1998) No evidence for linkage of the CHRNA7 gene region in Canadian schizophrenia families. Am J Med Gen 81:361-363
113. Nisell M, Nomikos GG, Svensson TH (1995) Nicotine dependence, midbrain dopamine systems and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Toxicol 76:157-162
114. 7 nicotinic receptors in nicotine dependence and implications for psychiatric illness. Behav Brain Res 113:97-103
115. Olincy A, Young DA, Freedman R (1997) Increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in schizophrenic smokers compared to other smokers. Biol Psychiatry 42:1-5
116. Olincy A, Ross RG, Young DA, Roath M, Freedman R (1998) Improvement in smooth pursuit eye movements after cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:175-185
117. Olincy A, Johnson LL, Ross RG (2003) Differential effects of cigarette smoking on performance of a smooth pursuit and a saccadic eye movement task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 117:223-236
118. Olivier B, Leahy C, Mullen T, Paylor R, Groppi VE, Sarnyai Z, Brunner D (2001) The DBA/2J strain and prepulse inhibition of startle: a model system to test antipsychotics? Psychopharmacology 156:284-290
119. 7 receptor activation. Eur J Pharmacol 393:179-195
120. Paterson D, Nordberg A (2000) Neuronal nicotinic receptors in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 61:75-111
121. Pérez de la Mora M, Mendez-Franco J, Salceda R, Aguirre JA, Fuxe K (1991) Neurochemical effects of nicotine on glutamate and GABA mechanisms in the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand 141:241-250
122. Piccioto MR, Caldarone BJ, King SL, Zachariou V (2000) Nicotinic Receptors in the brain: links between molecular biology and behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:451-465
123. Riley BP, Makoff A, Mogudi-Carter M, Jenkins T, Williamson R, Collier D, Murray R (2000) Haplotype transmission disequilibrium and evidence for linkage of the CHRNA7 gene region to schizophrenia in Southern African Bantu families. Am J Med Genet 96:196-201
124. Ross RG, Olincy A, Harris JG, Radant A, Hawkins M, Adler LE, Freedman R (1999) Evidence for bilineal inheritance of physiological indicators of risk in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 88:188-199
125. Rosse RB, Deutsch SI (2002) Adjuvant galantamine administration improves negative symptoms in a patient with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 25:272-275
126. 7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor agonists on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology 159:248-257
127. Sherr JD, Myers C, Avila MT, Elliott A, Blaxton TA, Thaker GK (2002) The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 52:721-728
128. Shirazi-Southall S, Rodriguez DE, Nomikos GG (2002) Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics and receptor selective compounds on acetylcholine efflux in the hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:583-594
129. Siegal C, Waldo MC, Mizner G, Adler LE, Freedman R (1984) Deficits in sensory gating in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:607-612
130. 7 nicotinic agonist, improves deficient sensory inhibition in DBA/2 mice. Biol Psychiatry 50:493-500
131. Simosky JK, Stevens KE, Adler LE, Freedman R (2003) Clozapine improves deficient inhibitory auditory processing in DBA/2 mice, via a nicotinic cholinergic mechanism. Psychopharmacology 165:386-396
132. Smith RC, Singh A, Infante M, Khandat A, Kloos A (2002) Effects of cigarette smoking and nicotine nasal spray on psychiatric symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:479-497
133. Stevens KE, Wear KD (1997) Normalizing effects of nicotine and a novel nicotinic agonist on hippocampal auditory gating in two animal models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:869-874
134. Stevens KE, Freedman R, Collins AC, Hall M, Leonard S, Marks MJ, Rose GM (1996) Genetic correlation of inhibitory gating of hippocampal auditory evoked response and alpha-bungarotoxin-binding nicotinic cholinergic receptors in inbred mouse strains. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:152-162
135. 7 nicotinic agonists normalize inhibition of auditory response in DBA mice. Psychopharmacology 136:320-327
136. 7 nicotinic receptor stimulation normalizes chronic cocaine-induced loss of hippocampal sensory inhibition in C3H mice. Biol Psychiatry 46:1443-1450
137. Summers KL, Giacobini E (1995) Effects of local and repeated systemic administration of (-)nicotine on extracellular levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in rat cortex. Neurochem Res 20:753-759
138. Summers KL, Cuadra G, Naritoku D, Giacobini E (1994) Effects of nicotine on levels of acetylcholine and biogenic amines in rat cortex. Drug Dev Res 31:108-119
139. Summers KL, Kem WR, Giacobini E (1997) Nicotinic agonist modulation of neurotransmitter levels in the rat frontoparietal cortex. Jpn J Pharmacol 74:139-146
140. Svensson TH, Grenhoff J, Engberg G (1990) Effect of nicotine on dynamic function of brain catacholamine neurons. Ciba Foundation Symposium 152:169-180
141. Taiminen TJ, Salokangas RKR, Saarijärvi S, Niemi H, Lehto H, Ahola V, Syvälahti E (1998) Smoking and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Addict Behav 23:263-266
142. Tani Y, Saito K, Imoto M, Ohno T (1998) Pharmacological characterization of nicotinic receptor-mediated acetylcholine release in rat brain- an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 351:181-188
143. Tsuang DW, Skol AD, Faraone SV, Bingham S, Young KA, Prabhudesai S, Haverstock SL, Mena F, Menon AS, Bisset D, Pepple J, Sauter F, Baldwin C, Weiss D, Collins J, Boehnke M, Schellenberg GD, Tsuang MT (2001) Examination of genetic linkage of chromosome 15 to schizophrenia in a large Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study sample. Am J Med Gene 105:662-668
144. Tung C-S, Grenhoff J, Svensson TH (1990) Nicotine counteracts midbrain dopamine cell dysfunction induced by prefrontal cortex inactivation. Acta Physiol Scand 138:427-428
145. Van Haaren F, Anderson KG, Haworth SC, Kem WR (1999) GTS-21, a mixed nicotinic receptor agonist/antagonist, does not affect the nicotine cue. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64:439-444
146. Venables PH (1992) Hippocampal function and schizophrenia: experimental psychological evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 658:111-127
147. Vidal C (1994) Nicotinic potentiation of glutamatergic synapses in the prefrontal cortex: new insight into the analysis of the role of nicotinic receptors in cognitive functions. Drug Dev Res 31:120-126
148. Waldo MC, Carey G, Myles-Worsley M, Cawthra E, Adler LE, Nagamoto HT, Wender P, Byerley W, Plaetke R, Freedman R (1991) Codistribution of a sensory gating deficit and schizophrenia in multi-affected families. Psychiatry Res 39:257-268
149. Waldo MC, Cawthra E, Adler LE, Dubester S, Staunton M, Nagamoto HT, Baker N, Madison A, Simon J, Scherzinger A, Drebing C, Gerhardt G, Freedman R (1994) Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings. Schizophr Res 12:93-106
150. Ward PB, Hoffer LD, Liebert B, Catts SV, O'Donnell M, Adler LE (1996) Replication of a P50 auditory sensory gating deficit in Australian patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 64:121-135
151. West KA, Brognard J, Clark AS, Linnoila IR, Yang X, Swain SM, Harris C, Belinsky S, Dennis PA (2003) Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 111:81-90
152. Westfall TC, Grant H, Perry H (1983) Release of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from rat striatal slices following activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Gen Pharmacol 14:321-325
153. Wheeler JW, Olubajo O, Storm CB (1981) Anabaseine: venom alkaloid of aphaenogaster ants. Science 211:1051-1052
154. Wonnacott S, Irons J, Rapier C, Thorne B, Lunt GG (1989) Presynaptic modulation of transmitter release by nicotinic receptors. Prog Brain Res 79:157-163
155. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (GTS-21) in rabbits tested with delay eyeblink classical conditioning. Behav Brain Res 143:159-167
156. Woodruff-Pak DS, Li Y-T, Kem WR (1994) A nicotinic agonist (GTS-21), eyeblink classical conditioning, and nicotinic receptor binding in rabbit brain. Brain Res 645:309-317
157. Xu J, Pato MT, Dalla Torre C, Medeiros H, Carvalho C, Basile VS, Bauer A, Dourado A, Valente J, Soares MJ, Macedo AA, Coelho I, Ferreira CP, Azevedo MH, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL, Pato CN (2001) Evidence of linkage disequilibrium between the alpha 7-nicotinic receptor gene (CHRNA7) locus and schizophrenia in Azorean families. Am J Med Genet 105:669-674
158. Yang YK, Nelson L, Kamaraju L, Wilson W, McEvoy JP (2002) Nicotine decreases bradykinesia-rigidity in haloperidol-treated patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 27: 684-686
159. Yee CM, Nuechterlein KH, Morris SE, White PM (1998) P50 Suppression in recent-onset schizophrenia: clinical correlates and risperidone effects. J Abnorm Psychol 107:691-698