Nicotinic receptors in the brain: Links between molecular biology and behavior

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 451-465

  Picciotto, Marina R ^a   Caldarone, Barbara J ^a   King, Sarah L ^a   Zachariou, Venetia ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Knock out mice; Learning; Nicotine; Reinforcement

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ALPHA BUNGAROTOXIN; CARBACHOL; CIGARETTE SMOKE; DIHYDRO BETA ERYTHROIDINE; EPIBATIDINE; MECAMYLAMINE; METHYLLYCACONITINE; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGENT; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT;

ANTINOCICEPTION; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN REGION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GENETIC MANIPULATION; HUMAN; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LEARNING; LOCOMOTION; MEMORY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PASSIVE AVOIDANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING;

EID: 0034017540     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00146-3     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Acri J.B., Grunberg N.E., Morse D.E. Effects of nicotine on the acoustic startle reflex amplitude in rats. Psychopharmacology. 104(2):1991;244-248.
2. Acri J.B., Morse D.E., Popke E.J., Grunberg N.E. Nicotine increases sensory gating measured as inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in rats. Psychopharmacology. 114(2):1994;369-374.
3. Adler L.E., Hoffer L.D., Wiser A., Freedman R. Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 150(12):1993;1856-1861.
4. Adler L.E., Olincy A., Waldo M., Harris J.O., Griffith J., Stevens K., Flach K., Nagarnoto H., Bickford P., Leonard S., Freedman R. Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr Bull. 24(2):1998;189-202.
5. Adler L.E., Pachtrnan E., Franks R.D., Pecevich M., Waldo M.C., Freedman R. Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 17(6):1982;639-654.
6. Alkondon M., Albuquerque E.X. Diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. I. Pharmacological and functional evidence for distinct structural subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 265(3):1993;1455-1473.
7. Allen R.S., Cui C., Heinemann S.F. Gene targeted knock out of the beta3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 24:1998;1341.
8. Anand R., Conroy W.G., Schoopfer R., Whiting P., Lindstrom J. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes have a pentameric quaternary structure. J Biol Chem. 266(17):1991;11192-11198.
9. Bannon A.W., Decker M.W., Holladay M.W., Curzon P., Donnelly-Roberts D., Puttfarcken P.S., Bitner R.S., Diaz A., Dickenson A.H., Porsolt R.D., Williams M., Arneric S.P. Broad-spectrum, nonopioid analgesic activity by selective modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Science. 279(5347):1998;77-81.
10. Baruch I., Hemsley D.R., Gray J.A. Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. J Nerv Ment Dis. 176(10):1988;598-606.
11. Benwell M.E., Balfour D.J. The effects of acute and repeated nicotine treatment on nucleus accumbens dopamine and locomotor activity. Br J Pharmacol. 105(4):1992;849-856.
12. Bitner R.S., Nikkel A.L., Curzon P., Arneric S.P., Bannon A.W., Decker M.W. Role of the nucleus raphe magnus in antinociception produced by ABT-594. Immediate early gene responses possibly linked to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on serotonergic neurons J Neurosci. 18(14):1998;5426-5432.
13. Borlongan C.Y., Shytle R.D., Ross S.D., Shimizu T., Preeman T.B., Cahill D.W., Sanberg P.R. Nicotine protects against systemic kainic acid-induced excitotoxic effects. Exp Neurol. 136(2):1995;261-265.
14. Breslau N. Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence. Behav Genet. 25(2):1995;95-101.
15. Brioni J.D., O'Neill A.B., Kim D.J.B., Decker M.W. Nicotinic receptor agonists exhibit anxiolytic-like effects on the elevated plus-maze test. Eur J Pharmacol. 238:1993;1-8.
16. Brown E.S., Rush A.J., McEwen B.S. Hippocampal remodeling and damage by corticosteroids. Implications for mood disorders Neuropsychopharmacology. 21(4):1999;474-484.
17. Burling T.A., Ziff D.C. Tobacco smoking. A comparison between alcohol and drug abuse inpatients Addict Behav. 13:1988;185-190.
18. Caine S.B., Geyer M.A., Swerdlow N.P. Carbachol infusion into the dentate gyrus disrupts sensorimotor gating of startle in the rat. Psychopharmacology. 105(3):1991;347-354.
19. Cao W., Burkholder T., Wilkins L., Collins A.C. A genetic comparison of behavioral actions of ethanol and nicotine in the mirrored chamber. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 45(4):1993;803-809.
20. Cartier G.E., Yoshikami D., Gray W.R., Luo S., Olivera B.M., McIntosh J.M. A new alpha-conotoxin which targets alpha3beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem. 271(13):1996;7522-7528.
21. Clarke P.B., Fibiger H.C. Apparent absence of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology. 92(1):1987;84-88.
22. Clarke P.B., Fu D.S., Jakubovic A., Fibiger H.C. Evidence that mesolimbic dopaminergic activation underlies the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 246(2):1988;701-708.
23. Clarke P.B.S., Kumar R. Characterization of the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine in tolerant rats. Br J Pharmacol. 80:1983;587-594.
24. Clarke P.B.S., Pert A. Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 348:1985;355-358.
25. Cooper E., Couturier S., Ballivet M. Pentameric structure and subunit stoichiometry of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Nature. 350:1991;235-238.
26. Corrigall W.A., Franklin K.M. Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited access schedule. Psychopharmacology. 99:1989;473-478.
27. Corrigall W.A., Franklin K.B., Coen K.M., Clarke P.B. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology. 107(2-3):1992;285-289.
28. Costall B., Kelly M.E., Naylor R.J., Onaivi E.S. The actions of nicotine and cocaine in a mouse model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 33:1989;197-203.
29. Cox B.M., Goldstein A., Nelson W.T. Nicotine self-administration in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 83(1):1984;49-55.
30. Damaj M.I., Martin B.R. Calcium agonists and antagonists of the dihydropyridine type. Effect on nicotine-induced antinociception and hypomotility Drug Alcohol Depend. 32(1):1993;73-79.
31. Decker M.W., Brioni I.D., Bannon A.W., Arneric S.P. Diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Lessons from behavior and implications for CNS therapeutics Life Sci. 56(8):1995;545-570.
32. Della Casa V., Hofer I., Feldon J. Latent inhibition in smokers vs. nonsmokers. Interaction with number or intensity of preexposures? Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 62(2):1999;353-359. a.
33. Della Casa V., Hofer I., Weiner I., Feldon J. Effects of smoking status and schizotypy on latent inhibition. J Psychopharmacol. 13(1):1999;45-57. b.
34. Dineley-Miller K., Patrick J. Gene transcripts for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, beta4, are distributed in multiple areas of the rat central nervous system. Mol Brain Res. 16(3-4):1992;339-344.
35. Donnelly-Roberts D.L., Puttfarcken P.S., Kuntzweiler T.A., Briggs C.A., Anderson D.J., Campbell J.E., Piattoni-Kaplan M., McKenna D.G., Wasicak J.T., Holladay M.W., Williams M., Arneric S.P. ABT-594 [(R)-5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine]. A novel, orally effective analgesic acting via neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. I. In vitro characterization J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 285(2):1998;777-786.
36. Dunnett S.B., Martel F.L. Proactive interference effects on short-term memory in rats. I. Basic parameters and drug effects. Behav Neurosci. 104(5):1990;655-665.
37. Elgoyhen A.B., Johnson D.S., Boulter J., Vetter D.E., Heinemann S. Alpha 9. An acetylcholine receptor with novel pharmacological properties expressed in rat cochlear hair cells Cell. 79:1994;705-715.
38. Elmes D., Jarrard L., Swart P. Helplessness in hippocampectomized rats. Response perseveration? Physiol Psychol. 3(1):1975;51-55.
39. Epping-Jordan M.P., Watkins S.S., Koob G.F., Markou A. Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature. 393:1998;76-79.
40. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annu Rev Psychol. 48:1997;649-684.
41. Faiman C.P., de Erausquin G.A., Baratti C.M. The enhancement of retention induced by vasopressin in mice may be mediated by an activation of central nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms. Behav Neural Biol. 56:1991;183-199.
42. Feldon J., Weiner I. From an animal model of an attentional deficit towards new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Res. 26(4):1992;345-366.
43. File S.E., Kenny P.J., Ouagazzal A.M. Bimodal modulation by nicotine of anxiety in the social interaction test. Role of the dorsal hippocampus Behav Neurosci. 112(6):1998;1423-1429.
44. Flores C.M., Rogers S.W., Pabreza L.A., Wolff B.B., Kellar K.J. A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha4-subunit and beta2-subunit and is upregulated by chronic nicotine treatment. Mol Pharmacol. 41(1):1992;31-37.
45. Freedman R., Coon H., Myles-Worsley M., Orr-Urtreger A., Olincy A., Davis A., Polymeropoulos M., Holik J., Hopkins J., Hoff M., Rosenthal J., Waldo M.C., Reimherr F., Wender P., Yaw J., Young D.A., Breese C.R., Adams C., Patterson D., Adler L.E., Kruglyak L., Leonard S., Byerley W. Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94(2):1997;587-592.
46. Freedman R., Hall M., Adler E.E., Leonard S. Evidence in postmortem brain tissue for decreased numbers of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 38(1):1995;22-33.
47. Fu Y., Matta S.G., James T.J., Sharp B.M. Nicotine-induced norepinephrine release in the rat amygdala and hippocampus is mediated through brainstem nicotinic cholinergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 284(3):1998;1188-1196.
48. Galzi J.-L., Revah F., Bessis A., Changeux J.-P. Functional architecture of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. From electric organ to brain Annu Rev Pharmacol. 31:1991;37-72.
49. Gould T.J., Wehner J.M. Nicotine enhancement of contextual fear conditioning. Behav Brain Res. 102(1-2):1999;31-39.
50. Grady S., Marks M.J., Wonnacott S., Collins A.C. Characterization of nicotinic receptor-mediated [3H]dopamine release from synaptosomes prepared from mouse striatum. J Neurochem. 59(3):1992;848-856.
51. Gray J.A. Behavioural and neural-system analyses of the actions of anxiolytic drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 29(4):1988;767-769.
52. Gray J.A. Integrating schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 24(2):1998;249-266.
53. Gray R., Rajan A.S., Radcliffe K.A., Yakehiro M., Dani J.A. Hippocampal synaptic transmission enhanced by low concentrations of nicotine. Nature. 383:1996;713-716.
54. Henningfield J.E., Miyasato K., Jasinski D.R. Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 19:1983;887-890.
55. Hentall I.D., Gollapudi L. The interpeduncular nucleus regulates nicotine's effects on free-field activity. Neuroreport. 6(18):1995;2469-2472.
56. Hildebrand B.E., Nomikos G.G., Bondjers C., Nisell M., Svensson T.H. Behavioral manifestations of the nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Peripheral versus central mechanisms Psychopharmacology. 129(4):1997;348-356.
57. Hildebrand B.E., Nomikos G.G., Hertel P., Schilstrom B., Svensson T.H. Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res. 779(1-2):1998;214-225.
58. Hill J.A. Jr., Zoli M., Bourgeois J.-P., Changeux J.-P. Immunocytochemical localization of a neuronal nicotinic receptor. The β2 subunit J Neurosci. 13(4):1993;1551-1568.
59. Horger B.A., Giles M.K., Schenk S. Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine. Psychopharmacology. 107(2-3):1992;271-276.
60. Hughes J.R., Higgins S.T., Bickel W.K. Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes. Similarities and dissimilarities Addiction. 89(11):1994;1461-1470.
61. Huston-Lyons D., Sarkar M., Kornetsky C. Nicotine and brain-stimulation reward. Interactions with morphine, amphetamine and pimozide Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 46(2):1993;453-457.
62. James J.R., Nordberg A. Genetic and environmental aspects of the role of nicotinic receptors in neurodegenerative disorders. Emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease Behav Genet. 25(2):1995;149-159.
63. Joseph M.H., Peters S.L., Gray J.A. Nicotine blocks latent inhibition in rats. Evidence for a critical role of increased functional activity of dopamine in the mesolimbic system at conditioning rather than pre-exposure Psychopharmacology. 110(1-2):1993;187-192.
64. Jurna I., Krauss P., Baldauf J. Depression by nicotine of pain-related nociceptive activity in the rat thalamus and spinal cord. Clin Investig. 72(1):1993;65-73.
65. Kathol R.G., Jaeckle R.S., Lopez J.F., Meller W.H. Pathophysiology of HPA axis abnormalities in patients with major depression. An update Am J Psychiatry. 146(3):1989;311-317.
66. Kelsey J., Baker M. Ventromedial septal lesions in rats reduce the effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and analgesia. Behav Neurosci. 97(6):1983;945-961.
67. Kelz M.B., Chen J., Carlezon W.A., Whisler K., Gilden L., Beckman A., Steffen C., Zheng Y.-J., Marotti L., Self D.W., Tkatch T., Baranauskas G., Surmeier D.J., Neve R.L., Duman R.S., Picciotto M.R., Nestler E.J. Expression of the transcription factor Delta FosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine. Nature. 401:1999;272-276.
68. Koob G.F. Drugs of abuse. Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways Trends Pharmacol Sci. 13(5):1992;177-184.
69. Lawrence A.D., Sahakian B.J. The cognitive psychopharmacology of Alzheimer's disease. Focus on cholinergic systems Neurochem Res. 23(5):1998;787-794.
70. Le Novère N., Changeux J.-P. Molecular evolution of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. An example of multigene family in excitable cells J Mol Evol. 40:1995;155-172.
71. Le Novère N., Zoli M., Changeux J.-P. Neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 6 subunit mRNA is selectively concentrated in catecholaminergic nuclei of the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci. 8:1996;2428-2439.
72. Le Novère N., Zoli M., Léna C., Ferrari R., Picciotto M.R., Changeux J.-P. Involvement of alpha 6 nicotinic receptor subunit in nicotine-elicited locomotion, demonstrated by in vivo antisense oligonucleotide infusion. Neuroreport. 10(12):1999;2497-2501.
73. Léna C.J., Changeux I.P., Mulle C. Evidence for "preterminal" nicotinic receptors on GABAergic axons in the rat interpeduncular nucleus. J Neurosci. 13(6):1993;2680-2688.
74. Léna C., de Kerchove D'Exaerde A., Cordero-Erausquin M., Le Novère N., Arroyo-Jimenez M., Changeux J.-P. Diversity and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the locus ceruleus neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(21):1999;12126-12131.
75. Levin E.D. Nicotinic systems and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology. 108(4):1992;417-431.
76. Levin E.D., Simon B.B. Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive function in animals. Psychopharmacology. 138(3-4):1998;217-230.
77. Listerud M., Brussaard A.B., Devay P., Colman D.R., Role L.W. Functional contribution of neuronal AChR subunits revealed by antisense oligonucleotides. Science. 254:1991;1518-1521.
78. Lu Y., Grady S., Marks M.J., Picciotto M., Changeux J.P., Collins A.C. Pharmacological characterization of nicotinic receptor-stimulated GABA release from mouse brain synaptosomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287(2):1998;648-657.
79. Luetje C.W., Patrick J. Both alpha- and beta-subunits contribute to the agonist sensitivity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurosci. 11(3):1991;837-845.
80. Luntz-Leybman V., Bickford P.C., Freedman R. Cholinergic gating of response to auditory stimuli in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 587(1):1992;130-136.
81. MacDermott A.B., Role L.W., Siegelbaum S.A. Presynaptic ionotropic receptors and the control of transmitter release. Annu Rev Neurosci. 22:1999;443-485.
82. Malin D.H., Lake J.R., Newlin-Maultsby P., Roberts L.K., Lanier J.G., Carter V.A., Cunningham J.S., Wilson O.B. Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 43(3):1992;779-784.
83. Marin P., Maus M., Desagher S., Glowinski J., Premont J. Nicotine protects cultured striatal neurones against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Neuroreport. 5(15):1994;1977-1980.
84. Marks M., Campbell S., Romm E., Collins A. Genotype influences the development of tolerance to nicotine in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 259(1):1991;392-402.
85. Marks M.J., Stitzel J.A., Collins A.C. Genetic influences on nicotine responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 33:1989;667-678.
86. Marks M.J., Whiteaker P., Calcaterra J., Stitzel J.A., Bullock A.E., Grady S.R., Picciotto M.R., Changeux J.P., Collins A.C. Two pharmacologically distinct components of nicotinic receptor-mediated rubidium efflux in mouse brain require the beta 2 subunit. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 289(2):1999;1090-1103.
87. Marshall D.L., Redfern P.H., Wonnacott S. Presynaptic nicotinic modulation of dopamine release in the three ascending pathways studied by in vivo microdialysis. Comparison of naive and chronic nicotine-treated rats J Neurochem. 68(4):1997;1511-1519.
88. Marubio L., del Mar Arroyo-Jimenez M., Cordero-Erausquin M., Léna C., Le Novère N., de Kerchove d'Exaerde A., Huchet M., Damaj M.I., Changeux J.-P. Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits. Nature. 398:1999;805-810.
89. McEwen B.S., Sapolsky R.M. Stress and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 5(2):1995;205-216.
90. McGaugh J.L., Cahill L. Interaction of neuromodulatory systems in modulating memory storage. Behav Brain Res. 83(1-2):1997;31-38.
91. McGaugh J.L., Cahill L., Roozendaal B. Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage. Interaction with other brain systems Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(24):1996;13508-13514.
92. McGehee D.S., Heath M.J., Crelber S., Devay P., Role L.W. Nicotine enhancement of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in CNS by presynaptic receptors. Science. 269(5231):1995;1692-1696.
93. McGehee D.S., Role L.W. Presynaptic ionotropic receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 6(3):1996;342-349.
94. Menard J., Treit D. Lateral and medial septal lesions reduce anxiety in the plus-maze and probe-burying tests. Physiol Behav. 60(3):1996;845-853.
95. Merlo Pich E., Pagliusi S.R., Tessari M., Talabot-Ayer D., Hooft van Huijsduijnen R., Chiamulera C. Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine. Science. 275:1997;83-86.
96. Mifsud J.-C., Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Nicotine infused into the nucleus accumbens increases synaptic dopamine as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Res. 478:1989;365-367.
97. Museo E., Wise R.A. Microinjections of a nicotinic agonist into dopamine terminal fields. Effects on locomotion Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 37(1):1990;113-116.
98. Museo E., Wise R.A. Place preference conditioning with ventral tegmental injections of cytisine. Life Sci. 55(15):1994;1179-1186.
99. Museo E., Wise R.A. Cytisine-induced behavioral activation. Delineation of neuroanatomical locus of action Brain Res. 670(2):1995;257-263.
100. Nisell M., Nomikos G.G., Svensson T.H. Infusion of nicotine in the ventral segmental area or the nucleus accumbens of the rat differentially affects accumbal dopamine release. Pharmacol Toxicol. 75(6):1994;348-352.
101. Nisell M., Nomikos G.G., Svensson T.H. Nicotine dependence, midbrain dopamine systems and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Toxicol. 16(3):1995;157-162.
102. Nordberg A. Human nicotinic receptors - their role in aging and dementia. Neurochem Intl. 25(1):1994;93-97.
103. Nye H.E., Nestler E.J. Induction of chronic Fos-related antigens in rat brain by chronic morphine administration. Mol Pharmacol. 49(4):1996;636-645.
104. Orr-Urtreger A., Goldner F.M., Saeki M., Lorenzo I., Golberg L., De Biasi M., Dani J.A., Patrick J.W., Beaudet A.L. Mice deficient in the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor lack alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites and hippocampal fast nicotinic currents. J Neurosci. 17(23):1997;9165-9171.
105. Ouagazzal A.M., Kenny P.J., File S.E. Modulation of behaviour on trials 1 and 2 in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety after systemic and hippocampal administration of nicotine. Psychopharmacology. 144(1):1999;54-60.
106. Overstreet D.H. The Flinders sensitive line rats. A genetic animal model of depression Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 17(1):1993;51-68.
107. Pauly J.R., Collins A.C. An autoradiographic analysis of alterations in nicotinic cholinergic receptors following one week of corticosterone supplementation. Neuroendocrinology. 57:1993;262-271.
108. Paylor R., Nguyen M., Crawley J.N., Patrick J., Beaudet A., Orr-Urtreger A. Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor subunits are not necessary for hippocampal-dependent learning or sensorimotor gating - a behavioral characterization of ACR7-deficient mice. Learning & Memory. 5(4-5):1998;302-316.
109. Picciotto M.R., Zoli M., Léna C., Bessis A., Lallemand Y., Le Novère N., Vincent P., Merlo Pich E., Brulet P., Changeux J.-P. Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain. Nature. 374:1995;65-67.
110. Picciotto M.R., Zoli M., Rimondini R., Léna C., Marubio L.M., Merlo Pich E., Fuxe K., Changeux J.P. Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta-2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Nature. 391:1998;173-177.
111. Picciotto M.R., Zoli M., Zachariou V., Changeux J.-P. Contribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the β2 subunit to the behavioural effects of nicotine. Biochem Soc Trans. 25:1997;824-829.
112. Pidoplichko V.I., Debiasi M., Williams J.T., Dani J.A. Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons. Nature. 396:1997;401-404.
113. Ramirez-Latorre J., Yu C.R., Qu X., Perin F., Karlin A., Role L. Functional contributions of alpha5 subunit to neuronal acetylcholine receptor channels. Nature. 380:1996;347-351.
114. Rasmussen K., Czachura J.F. Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased firing rates of midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuroreport. 7(1):1995;329-332.
115. Rathouz M.M., Berg D.K. Synaptic-type acetylcholine receptors raise intracellular calcium levels in neurons by two mechanisms. J Neurosci. 14(11 Pt 2):1994;6935-6945.
116. Riekkinen P. Jr., Riekkinen M., Sirvio J. Cholinergic drugs regulate passive avoidance performance via the amygdala. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 267(3):1993;1484-1492.
117. Risner M.L., Goldberg S.R. A comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog. Fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 224(2):1983;319-326.
118. Roberts R.G., Stevenson J.E., Westerman R.A., Pennefather J. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on capsaicin-sensitive nerves. Neuroreport. 6(11):1995;1578-1582.
119. Rochford J., Sen A.P., Quirion R. Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptor agonists on latent inhibition in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 277(3):1996;1267-1275.
120. Role L.W. Diversity in primary structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2(3):1992;254-262.
121. Rollins Y., Stevens K., Harris K., Hall M., Rose G., Leonard S. Reduction in auditory gating following intra-cerebroventricular application of alpha-bungarotoxin binding site ligands and alpha-7 antisense oligonucleotides. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 19:1993;837.
122. Rowell P.P. Nanomolar concentrations of nicotine increase the release of [3H]dopamine from rat striatal synaptosomes. Neurosci Lett. 189(3):1995;171-175.
123. Rush A.J., Giles D.E., Schlesser M.A., Orsulak P.J., Parker C.R. Jr., Weissenburger M., Crowley G.T., Khatami M., Vasavada N. The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 57(10):1996;470-484.
124. Salin-Pascual R.J., de la Fuente J.R., Galicia-Polo L., Drucker-Colin R. Effects of transdermal nicotine on mood and sleep in nonsmoking major depressed patients. Psychopharmacology. 121(4):1995;476-479.
125. Salin-Pascual R.J., Rosas M., Jiminez Genchi A., Rivera Meza B.L., Delgado Parra V. Antidepressant effect of transdermal nicotine patches in nonsmoking patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 57(9):1996;387-389.
126. Sargent P.B. The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:1993;403-443.
127. Schilstrom B., Nomikos G.G., Nisell M., Hertel P., Svensson T.H. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism in the ventral tegmental area diminishes the systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience. 82(3):1998;781-789. a.
128. Schilstrom B., Svensson H.M., Svensson T.H., Nomikos G.G. Nicotine and food induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Putative role of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area Neuroscience. 85(4):1998;1005-1009. b.
129. Seguela P., Wadiche J., Dineley-Miller K., Dani J.A., Patrick J.W. Molecular cloning, functional properties, and distribution of rat brain-alpha7 - a nicotinic cation channel highly permeable to calcium. J Neurosci. 13(2):1993;596-604.
130. Semba J., Mataki C., Yamada S., Nankai M., Toru M. Antidepressantlike effects of chronic nicotine on learned helplessness paradigm in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 43(5):1998;389-391.
131. Shippenberg T.S., Heidbreder C., Lefevour A. Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine. Pharmacology and temporal characteristics Eur J Pharmacol. 299(1-3):1996;33-39.
132. Shoaib M., Stolerman I.P., Kumar R.C. Nicotine-induced place preferences following prior nicotine exposure in rats. Psychopharmacology. 113(3-4):1994;445-452.
133. Smith B.R., Horan J.T., Gaskin S., Amit Z. Exposure to nicotine enhances acquisition of ethanol drinking by laboratory rats in a limited access paradigm. Psychopharmacology. 142(4):1999;408-412.
134. Stevens K.E., Freedman R., Collins A.C., Hall M., Leonard S., Marks M.J., Rose G.M. Genetic correlation of inhibitory gating of hippocampal auditory evoked response and alpha-bungarotoxin-binding nicotinic cholinergic receptors in inbred mouse strains. Neuropsychopharmacology. 15(2):1996;152-162.
135. Stevens K.E., Kem W.R., Mahnir V.M., Freedman R. Selective alpha7-nicotinic agonists normalize inhibition of auditory response in DBA mice. Psychopharmacology. 136(4):1998;320-327.
136. Stevens K.E., Wear K.D. Normalizing effects of nicotine and a novel nicotinic agonist on hippocampal auditory gating in two animal models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 57(4):1997;869-874.
137. Suh H.W., Song D.K., Choi S.R., Chung K.M., Kim Y.H. Nicotine enhances morphine- and beta-endorphin-induced antinociception at the supraspinal level in the mouse. Neuropeptides. 30(5):1996;479-484.
138. Summers K.L., Giacobini E. Effects of local and repeated systemic administration of (-)nicotine on extracellular levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in rat cortex. Neurochem Res. 20(6):1995;753-759.
139. Suzuki T., Ise Y., Tsuda M., Maeda J., Misawa M. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal aversion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 314(3):1996;281-284.
140. Swerdlow N., Caine S., Braff D., Geyer M. The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex. A review of recent findings and their implications J Psychopharmacol. 6(2):1992;176-190.
141. Thornton J.C., Dawe S., Lee C., Capstick C., Corr P.J., Cotter P., Frangou S., Gray N.S., Russell M.A., Gray J.A. Effects of nicotine and amphetamine on latent inhibition in human subjects. Psychopharmacology. 127(2):1996;164-173.
142. Tizabi Y., Overstreet D.H., Rezvani A.H., Louis V.A., Clark E. Jr., Janowsky D.S., Kling M.A. Antidepressant effects of nicotine in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology. 142(2):1999;193-199.
143. Traynor J.R. Epibatidine and pain. Br J Anaesth. 81(1):1998;69-76.
144. Treit D., Menard J. Dissociations among the anxiolytic effects of septal, hippocampal, and amygdaloid lesions. Behav Neurosci. 111(3):1997;653-658.
145. Tripathi H.L., Mattin B.R., Aceto M.D. Nicotine-induced antinociception in rats and mice. Correlation with nicotine brain levels J Pharm Exp Therap. 221(1):1982;91-96.
146. US Department of Health and Human Services (1988): The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.
147. Vale A., Green S. Effects of chlordiazepoxide, nicotine and d-amphetamine in the rat potentiated startle model of anxiety. Behav Pharmacol. 7(2):1996;138-143.
148. van Duijn C.M., Hofman A. Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease. BMJ. 302(6791):1991;1491-1494.
149. Vetter D.E., Liberrman M.C., Mann J., Barhanin J., Boulter J., Brown M.C., Saffiote-Kolman J., Heinemann S.F., Elgoyhen A.B. Role of alpha9 nicotinic ACh receptor subunits in the development and function of cochlear efferent innervation. Neuron. 23(1):1999;93-103.
150. Vetter D.E., Stitzel J.A., Mann J., Elgoyhen A.B., Saffiote J., Barharun J., Collins A.C., Heinemann S.F. Altered cochlear efferent fiber innervation and acoustic startle reflex in alpha9 nAChR subunit knockout mice. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 23(1-2):1997;732.
151. Vidal C., Changeux J.P. Nicotinic and muscarinic modulations of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat prefrontal cortex in vitro. Neuroscience. 56(1):1993;23-32.
152. Wada E., Wada K., Boulter J., Deneris E., Heinemann S., Patrick J., Swanson L.W. Distribution of Alpha2, Alpha3, Alpha4, and Beta2 neuronal nicotinic subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system. A hybridization histochemical study in rat J Comp Neurol. 284:1989;314-335.
153. Weiner I. Neural substrates of latent inhibition. The switching model Psychol Bull. 108(3):1990;442-461.
154. Weiner I., Feldon J. The switching model of latent inhibition. An update of neural substrates Behav Brain Res. 88(1):1997;11-25.
155. Wewers M.E., Dhatt R.K., Snively T.A., Tejwani G.A. The effect of chronic administration of nicotine on antinociception, opioid receptor binding and met-enkelphalin levels in rats. Brain Res. 822(1-2):1999;107-113.
156. Whiteaker P., Marks M.J., Mclntosh J.M., Picciotto M.R., Changeux J.-P., Collins A.C. Location and composition of α-conotoxin MII (α-Ctx MII) binding nicotinic receptors in mouse brain. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 24:1998;836.
157. Wonnacott S., Drasdo A., Sanderson E., Rowell P. Presynaptic nicotinic receptors and the modulation of transmission release. Block G., Marsh J. The Biology of Nicotine Dependence. 1990;87-105 Wiley, Chichester.
158. Wonnacott S, Irons J, Rapier C, Thorne B, Lunt GG (1989): Presynaptic modulation of transmitter release by nicotinic receptors. In Nordberg A, Fuxe K, Holmstedt B, Sundwall A (eds), Progress in Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 157-163.
159. Xu W., Gelber S., Orr-Urtreger A., Armstrong D., Lewis R.A., Ou C.N., Patrick J., Role L., De Biasi M., Beaudet A.L. Megacystis, mydriasis, and ion channel defect in mice lacking the alpha3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(10):1999;5746-5751. a.
160. Xu W., Orr-Urtreger A., Nigro F., Gelber S., Sutcliffe C., Armstrong D., Patrick J., Role L., Beaudet A., De Biasi M. Multiorgan autonomic dysfunction in mice lacking the beta2 and the beta4 subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurosci. 19(21):1999;9298-9305. b.
161. Xu W., Sutcliffe C.B., Lorenzo I., Goldberg L., Dang H., Patrick J., Beaudet A.L., Orr-Urtreger A. Gene targeting of the alpha7 and beta2 subunits and the beta4, alpha3 and alpha5 cluster of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 23:1997;391.
162. Yang X., Criswell H.E., Breese G.R. Nicotine-induced inhibition in medial septum involves activation of presynaptic nicotinic cholinergic receptors on gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 276(2):1996;482-489.
163. Yu C.R., Role L.W. Functional contribution of the alpha-7 subunit to multiple subtypes of nicotinic receptors in embryonic chick sympathetic neurons. J Physiol. 509(3):1998;651-665.
164. Zachariou V., Changeux J.-P., Picciotto M.R. Place preference conditioning by cocaine and morphine in mice lacking the high affinity neuronal nicotinic receptor. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 23:1997;1098.
165. Zarrindast M.R., Pazouki M., Nassiri-Rad S. Involvement of cholinergic and opioid receptor mechanisms in nicotine-induced antinociception. Pharmacol Toxicol. 81(5):1997;209-213.
166. Zoli M., Jansson A., Sykova E., Agnati L.F., Fuxe K. Volume transmission in the CNS and its relevance for neuropsychopharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 20(4):1999;142-150. a.
167. Zoli M., Le Novère N., Hill J.A., Changeux J.-P. Developmental regulation of nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems. J Neurosci. 15(3):1995;1912-1939.
168. Zoli M., Léna C., Picciotto M.R., Changeux J.-P. Identification of four classes of brain nicotinic receptors using β2-mutant mice. J Neurosci. 18:1998;4461-4472.
169. Zoli M., Picciotto M.R., Ferrari R., Cocchi D., Changeux J.-P. Increased neurodegeneration during ageing in mice lacking high-affinity nicotine receptors. EMBO J. 18(5):1999;1235-1244. b.