메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 1422-1431

Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for nicotine replacement therapy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE;

EID: 0030955437     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00079-X     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (468)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 0026583615 scopus 로고
    • The health consequences of smoking: Cardiovascular diseases
    • McBride PE. The health consequences of smoking cardiovascular diseases . Med Clin North Am. 76:1992;333-353.
    • (1992) Med Clin North Am , vol.76 , pp. 333-353
    • McBride, P.E.1
  • 2
    • 0023866412 scopus 로고
    • Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology of smoking and intervention studies of smoking
    • Wilhelmsen L. Coronary heart disease epidemiology of smoking and intervention studies of smoking . Am Heart J. 115:1988;242-249.
    • (1988) Am Heart J , vol.115 , pp. 242-249
    • Wilhelmsen, L.1
  • 3
    • 0025847464 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and occlusive peripheral arterial disease
    • Lepantalo M, Lassila R. Smoking and occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Surg. 157:1991;83-87.
    • (1991) Eur J Surg , vol.157 , pp. 83-87
    • Lepantalo, M.1    Lassila, R.2
  • 4
    • 0026771151 scopus 로고
    • Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: Identification of the most important determinant
    • Nobuyoshi M, Masayuki A, Nosaka H, et al. Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm identification of the most important determinant . Am Heart J. 124:1992;32-38.
    • (1992) Am Heart J , vol.124 , pp. 32-38
    • Nobuyoshi, M.1    Masayuki, A.2    Nosaka, H.3
  • 5
    • 0025024239 scopus 로고
    • Reinfarction after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction followed by conservative management: Incidence and effect of smoking
    • Rivers JT, White HD, Cross DB, Williams BF, Norris RM. Reinfarction after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction followed by conservative management incidence and effect of smoking . J Am Coll Cardiol. 16:1990;340-348.
    • (1990) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.16 , pp. 340-348
    • Rivers, J.T.1    White, H.D.2    Cross, D.B.3    Williams, B.F.4    Norris, R.M.5
  • 6
    • 0022864356 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking during coronary angiography: Diffuse or focal narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries in 13 patients with angina at rest and normal coronary angiograms
    • Maouad J, Fernandez F, Hebert JL, Zamani K, Barrillon A, Gay J. Cigarette smoking during coronary angiography diffuse or focal narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries in 13 patients with angina at rest and normal coronary angiograms . Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 12:1986;366-375.
    • (1986) Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn , vol.12 , pp. 366-375
    • Maouad, J.1    Fernandez, F.2    Hebert, J.L.3    Zamani, K.4    Barrillon, A.5    Gay, J.6
  • 7
    • 0023735303 scopus 로고
    • Increased frequency of restenosis in patients continuing to smoke cigarettes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
    • Galan KM, Deligonul U, Kern MJ, Chaitman BR, Vandormael MG. Increased frequency of restenosis in patients continuing to smoke cigarettes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 61:1988;260-263.
    • (1988) Am J Cardiol , vol.61 , pp. 260-263
    • Galan, K.M.1    Deligonul, U.2    Kern, M.J.3    Chaitman, B.R.4    Vandormael, M.G.5
  • 8
    • 0028876846 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction
    • Grines CL, Topol EJ, O'Neill WW, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Circulation. 91:1995;298-303.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 298-303
    • Grines, C.L.1    Topol, E.J.2    O'Neill, W.W.3
  • 9
    • 0022598331 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: Epidemiologic findings
    • Green MS, Jucha E, Luz Y. Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers epidemiologic findings . Am Heart J. 111:1986;932-940.
    • (1986) Am Heart J , vol.111 , pp. 932-940
    • Green, M.S.1    Jucha, E.2    Luz, Y.3
  • 10
    • 0028949188 scopus 로고
    • Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluating the relationships between lifestyle, hypertension and cardiovascular risk
    • Pickering T, Schwartz JE, James GD. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluating the relationships between lifestyle, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 22:1995;226-231.
    • (1995) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.22 , pp. 226-231
    • Pickering, T.1    Schwartz, J.E.2    James, G.D.3
  • 11
    • 0029348588 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between overweight, life style and casual and 24-hour blood pressures in a population of male subjects with mild hypertension: The results of the HARVEST study
    • Palatini P, Pessina AC, Graniero GR, et al. The relationship between overweight, life style and casual and 24-hour blood pressures in a population of male subjects with mild hypertension the results of the HARVEST study . G Ital Cardiol. 25:1995;977-989.
    • (1995) G Ital Cardiol , vol.25 , pp. 977-989
    • Palatini, P.1    Pessina, A.C.2    Graniero, G.R.3
  • 12
    • 0016435219 scopus 로고
    • Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram during cigarette smoking in unrestricted patients
    • Cellina GU, Honour AJ, Littler WA. Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram during cigarette smoking in unrestricted patients. Am Heart J. 89:1975;18-25.
    • (1975) Am Heart J , vol.89 , pp. 18-25
    • Cellina, G.U.1    Honour, A.J.2    Littler, W.A.3
  • 14
    • 0023219854 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of arterial blood flow: Possible insight into mechanisms underlying the development of arteriosclerosis
    • Caro CG, Lever MJ, Parker KH, Fish PJ. Effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of arterial blood flow possible insight into mechanisms underlying the development of arteriosclerosis . Lancet. 2:1987;11-13.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 11-13
    • Caro, C.G.1    Lever, M.J.2    Parker, K.H.3    Fish, P.J.4
  • 15
    • 0343901782 scopus 로고
    • The acute effects of smoking on myocardial performance in patients with coronary arterial disease
    • Pentecost B, Shillingford J. The acute effects of smoking on myocardial performance in patients with coronary arterial disease. Br Heart J. 26:1964;422-429.
    • (1964) Br Heart J , vol.26 , pp. 422-429
    • Pentecost, B.1    Shillingford, J.2
  • 16
    • 0021278608 scopus 로고
    • Global and regional wall motion and contractility of the left ventricle following cigarette smoking
    • Strauer BE, Mahmoud MA, Bayer F, Bohn I, Hahn B, Motz U. Global and regional wall motion and contractility of the left ventricle following cigarette smoking. Klin Wochenschr. 62:(Suppl II):1984;2-10.
    • (1984) Klin Wochenschr , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. II , pp. 2-10
    • Strauer, B.E.1    Mahmoud, M.A.2    Bayer, F.3    Bohn, I.4    Hahn, B.5    Motz, U.6
  • 17
    • 0026567635 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen-dissociation kinetics in the blood of smokers and nonsmokers: Interaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide at the hemoglobin molecule
    • Rietbrock N, Kunkel S, Wörner W, Eyer P. Oxygen-dissociation kinetics in the blood of smokers and nonsmokers interaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide at the hemoglobin molecule . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol. 345:1992;123-128.
    • (1992) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol , vol.345 , pp. 123-128
    • Rietbrock, N.1    Kunkel, S.2    Wörner, W.3    Eyer, P.4
  • 18
    • 0024424690 scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise performance of subjects with coronary artery disease
    • Allred EN, Bleecker ER, Chaitman BR, et al. Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise performance of subjects with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 321:1989;1426-1432.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 1426-1432
    • Allred, E.N.1    Bleecker, E.R.2    Chaitman, B.R.3
  • 19
    • 0016199921 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cigarette smoking and breathing carbon monoxide on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anginal patients
    • Aronow WS, Cassidy J, Vangrow JS, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking and breathing carbon monoxide on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anginal patients. Circulation. 50:1974;340-347.
    • (1974) Circulation , vol.50 , pp. 340-347
    • Aronow, W.S.1    Cassidy, J.2    Vangrow, J.S.3
  • 20
    • 0019374658 scopus 로고
    • Carbon monoxide and exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis and emphysema
    • Calverley PMA, Leggett RJE, Flenley DC. Carbon monoxide and exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMJ. 283:1981;878-880.
    • (1981) BMJ , vol.283 , pp. 878-880
    • Calverley, P.M.A.1    Leggett, R.J.E.2    Flenley, D.C.3
  • 21
    • 0023772284 scopus 로고
    • Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease
    • Adams KF, Koch G, Chatterjee B, et al. Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 12:1988;900-999.
    • (1988) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.12 , pp. 900-999
    • Adams, K.F.1    Koch, G.2    Chatterjee, B.3
  • 22
    • 0025183411 scopus 로고
    • Production of arrhythmias by elevated carboxyhemoglobin in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Sheps DS, Herbst MC, Hinderliter AL, et al. Production of arrhythmias by elevated carboxyhemoglobin in patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 113:1990;343-351.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , pp. 343-351
    • Sheps, D.S.1    Herbst, M.C.2    Hinderliter, A.L.3
  • 24
    • 0019379132 scopus 로고
    • Effect of carbon monoxide on the cardiorespiratory system. Carbon monoxide toxicity: Physiology and biochemistry
    • Turino GM. Effect of carbon monoxide on the cardiorespiratory system. Carbon monoxide toxicity: physiology and biochemistry. Circulation. 63:1981;253A-259A.
    • (1981) Circulation , vol.63
    • Turino, G.M.1
  • 25
    • 0021322980 scopus 로고
    • Acute coronary hemodynamic response to cigarette smoking in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Klein LW, Ambrose J, Pichard A, Holt J, Gorlin R, Teichholz LE. Acute coronary hemodynamic response to cigarette smoking in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3:1984;879-886.
    • (1984) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.3 , pp. 879-886
    • Klein, L.W.1    Ambrose, J.2    Pichard, A.3    Holt, J.4    Gorlin, R.5    Teichholz, L.E.6
  • 26
    • 0021705814 scopus 로고
    • Acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic and serologic responses to cigarette smoking in long-term smokers with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
    • Nicod P, Rehr R, Winniford MD, Campbell WB, Firth BG, Hillis LD. Acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic and serologic responses to cigarette smoking in long-term smokers with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 4:1984;964-971.
    • (1984) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.4 , pp. 964-971
    • Nicod, P.1    Rehr, R.2    Winniford, M.D.3    Campbell, W.B.4    Firth, B.G.5    Hillis, L.D.6
  • 27
    • 0023873417 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriography: A 10-year clinical and risk analysis of 74 patients
    • Raymond R, Lynch J, Underwood D, Leatherman A, Mehdi R. Myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriography a 10-year clinical and risk analysis of 74 patients . J Am Coll Cardiol. 11:1988;471-477.
    • (1988) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.11 , pp. 471-477
    • Raymond, R.1    Lynch, J.2    Underwood, D.3    Leatherman, A.4    Mehdi, R.5
  • 28
  • 29
    • 84879282849 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and prevention by calcium antagonists and nitroglycerin
    • Winniford MD, Jansen DE, Reynolds GA, Apprill P, Black WH, Hillis LD. Cigarette smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and prevention by calcium antagonists and nitroglycerin. Am J Cardiol. 59:1987;203-207.
    • (1987) Am J Cardiol , vol.59 , pp. 203-207
    • Winniford, M.D.1    Jansen, D.E.2    Reynolds, G.A.3    Apprill, P.4    Black, W.H.5    Hillis, L.D.6
  • 31
    • 0017148444 scopus 로고
    • Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events
    • Cryer PE, Haymond MW, Santiago JV, Shah SD. Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. N Engl J Med. 295:1976;573-577.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.295 , pp. 573-577
    • Cryer, P.E.1    Haymond, M.W.2    Santiago, J.V.3    Shah, S.D.4
  • 32
    • 0027496831 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: Comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking
    • Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q. Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking . J Am Coll Cardiol. 22:1993;1159-1167.
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 1159-1167
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Fitzgerald, G.A.2    Wilson, M.3    Zhang, Q.4
  • 33
    • 0022472382 scopus 로고
    • Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: Evidence for adrenergically mediated alterations in coronary artery tone
    • Winniford MD, Wheelan KR, Kremers MS, et al. Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease evidence for adrenergically mediated alterations in coronary artery tone . Circulation. 73:1986;662-667.
    • (1986) Circulation , vol.73 , pp. 662-667
    • Winniford, M.D.1    Wheelan, K.R.2    Kremers, M.S.3
  • 34
    • 0023618152 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiologic effects of cigarette smoking in patients with and without chronic beta-blocker therapy
    • Peters RW, Benowitz NL, Valenti S, Modin G, Fisher ML. Electrophysiologic effects of cigarette smoking in patients with and without chronic beta-blocker therapy. Am J Cardiol. 60:1987;1078-1082.
    • (1987) Am J Cardiol , vol.60 , pp. 1078-1082
    • Peters, R.W.1    Benowitz, N.L.2    Valenti, S.3    Modin, G.4    Fisher, M.L.5
  • 35
    • 0030013031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States
    • Escobedo LG, Zack MM. Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States. Circulation. 93:1996;2033-2036.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 2033-2036
    • Escobedo, L.G.1    Zack, M.M.2
  • 36
    • 0024503699 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: An analysis of published data
    • Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow JE. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations an analysis of published data . BMJ. 298:1989;784-788.
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.298 , pp. 784-788
    • Craig, W.Y.1    Palomaki, G.E.2    Haddow, J.E.3
  • 37
    • 0027376198 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: Effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution
    • Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Murray E, et al. Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution . Eur J Clin Invest. 23:1993;630-640.
    • (1993) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.23 , pp. 630-640
    • Freeman, D.J.1    Griffin, B.A.2    Murray, E.3
  • 38
    • 0024455030 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible to peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages
    • Harats D, Ben-Naim M, Dabach Y, Hollander G, Stein O, Stein Y. Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible to peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 79:1989;245-252.
    • (1989) Atherosclerosis , vol.79 , pp. 245-252
    • Harats, D.1    Ben-Naim, M.2    Dabach, Y.3    Hollander, G.4    Stein, O.5    Stein, Y.6
  • 39
    • 0020025625 scopus 로고
    • High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking
    • Stubbe I, Eskilsson J, Nilsson-Ehle P. High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking. BMJ. 284:1982;1511-1513.
    • (1982) BMJ , vol.284 , pp. 1511-1513
    • Stubbe, I.1    Eskilsson, J.2    Nilsson-Ehle, P.3
  • 40
    • 0027467002 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking, endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis
    • Pittilo RM, Woolf N. Cigarette smoking, endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis. J Smoking-Related Dis. 4:1993;17-25.
    • (1993) J Smoking-Related Dis , vol.4 , pp. 17-25
    • Pittilo, R.M.1    Woolf, N.2
  • 41
    • 0016749566 scopus 로고
    • Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries: Observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers
    • Asmussen I, Kjeldsen K. Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers . Circ Res. 36:1975;579-589.
    • (1975) Circ Res , vol.36 , pp. 579-589
    • Asmussen, I.1    Kjeldsen, K.2
  • 42
    • 0027367617 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults
    • Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation. 88:1993;2149-2155.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 2149-2155
    • Celermajer, D.S.1    Sorensen, K.E.2    Georgakopoulos, D.3
  • 43
    • 0027194724 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings
    • Nitenberg A, Antony I, Foult J-M. Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings. Am J Med. 95:1993;71-77.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.95 , pp. 71-77
    • Nitenberg, A.1    Antony, I.2    Foult J-M3
  • 44
    • 0027496124 scopus 로고
    • Smoking impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of saphenous vein
    • Higman DJ, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Smoking impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of saphenous vein. Br J Surg. 80:1993;1242-1245.
    • (1993) Br J Surg , vol.80 , pp. 1242-1245
    • Higman, D.J.1    Greenhalgh, R.M.2    Powell, J.T.3
  • 45
    • 0028352642 scopus 로고
    • Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers
    • Kiowski W, Linder L, Stoschitzky K, et al. Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation. 90:1994;27-34.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.90 , pp. 27-34
    • Kiowski, W.1    Linder, L.2    Stoschitzky, K.3
  • 46
    • 0021179662 scopus 로고
    • Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis
    • Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science. 226:1984;180-182.
    • (1984) Science , vol.226 , pp. 180-182
    • Beere, P.A.1    Glagov, S.2    Zarins, C.K.3
  • 47
    • 0027283577 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and coronary heart disease
    • Duthie GG, Arthur JR, Beattie JAG, et al. Cigarette smoking, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and coronary heart disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 686:1993;120-129.
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.686 , pp. 120-129
    • Duthie, G.G.1    Arthur, J.R.2    Beattie, J.A.G.3
  • 49
    • 0030187648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers
    • Heitzer T, Just H, Munzell T. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation. 94:1996;6-9.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 6-9
    • Heitzer, T.1    Just, H.2    Munzell, T.3
  • 50
    • 0022630776 scopus 로고
    • The leukocyte count: Associations with intensity of smoking and persistence of effect after quitting
    • Petitti DB, Kipp H. The leukocyte count associations with intensity of smoking and persistence of effect after quitting . Am J Epidemiol. 123:1986;89-95.
    • (1986) Am J Epidemiol , vol.123 , pp. 89-95
    • Petitti, D.B.1    Kipp, H.2
  • 52
    • 0021858978 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary, cancer, and all-cause mortality
    • Grimm RH Jr., Neaton JD, Ludwig W. Prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary, cancer, and all-cause mortality. JAMA. 254:1985;1932-1937.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.254 , pp. 1932-1937
    • Grimm R.H., Jr.1    Neaton, J.D.2    Ludwig, W.3
  • 53
    • 0028937103 scopus 로고
    • Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
    • Hansen PR. Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation. 91:1995;1872-1885.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 1872-1885
    • Hansen, P.R.1
  • 54
    • 0023833201 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function
    • FitzGerald GA, Oates JA, Nowak J. Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function. Am Heart J. 115:1988;267-271.
    • (1988) Am Heart J , vol.115 , pp. 267-271
    • Fitzgerald, G.A.1    Oates, J.A.2    Nowak, J.3
  • 56
    • 0027125530 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of disease: The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes
    • Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. Mechanisms of disease the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes . N Engl J Med. 326:1992;242-250.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 242-250
    • Fuster, V.1    Badimon, L.2    Badimon, J.J.3    Chesebro, J.H.4
  • 57
    • 0028085216 scopus 로고
    • Fibrinogen: Its emerging role as a cardiovascular risk factor
    • Ernst E. Fibrinogen its emerging role as a cardiovascular risk factor . Angiology. 45:1994;87-93.
    • (1994) Angiology , vol.45 , pp. 87-93
    • Ernst, E.1
  • 59
    • 0024215844 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction
    • Benowitz NL. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med. 319:1988;1318-1330.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 1318-1330
    • Benowitz, N.L.1
  • 60
    • 0028043209 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism underlying nicotine-induced relaxation in dog saphenous arteries
    • Okamura T, Noboru T. Mechanism underlying nicotine-induced relaxation in dog saphenous arteries. Eur J Pharmacol. 263:1994;85-91.
    • (1994) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.263 , pp. 85-91
    • Okamura, T.1    Noboru, T.2
  • 61
    • 0029979162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of nicotine: Addiction and therapeutics
    • Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine addiction and therapeutics . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 36:1996;597-613.
    • (1996) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.36 , pp. 597-613
    • Benowitz, N.L.1
  • 62
    • 0023715754 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: Comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum
    • Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, Jacob P III. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 44:1988;23-28.
    • (1988) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.44 , pp. 23-28
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Porchet, H.2    Sheiner, L.3    Jacob P. III4
  • 63
    • 0020053738 scopus 로고
    • Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man
    • Benowitz NL, Jacob P III, Jones RT, Rosenberg J. Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 221:1982;368-372.
    • (1982) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.221 , pp. 368-372
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob P. III2    Jones, R.T.3    Rosenberg, J.4
  • 65
    • 0021966735 scopus 로고
    • Das kontraktionsverhalten des linken ventrikels unter nikotinexposition
    • Bayer F, Bohn I, Strauer BE. Das kontraktionsverhalten des linken ventrikels unter nikotinexposition. Therapiewoche. 35:1985;1968-1974.
    • (1985) Therapiewoche , vol.35 , pp. 1968-1974
    • Bayer, F.1    Bohn, I.2    Strauer, B.E.3
  • 67
    • 0013883322 scopus 로고
    • The action of nicotine on the blood vessels of the hand and forearm in man
    • Fewings JD, Rand MJ, Scroop GC, Whelan RF. The action of nicotine on the blood vessels of the hand and forearm in man. Br J Pharmacol. 26:1966;567-579.
    • (1966) Br J Pharmacol , vol.26 , pp. 567-579
    • Fewings, J.D.1    Rand, M.J.2    Scroop, G.C.3    Whelan, R.F.4
  • 68
    • 0025651484 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine-induced skeletal muscle vasodilation is mediated by release of epinephrine from nerve terminals
    • Diana JN, Qian S, Heesch CM, Barron KW, Chien CY. Nicotine-induced skeletal muscle vasodilation is mediated by release of epinephrine from nerve terminals. Am J Physiol. 259:1990;H1718-H1729.
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.259
    • Diana, J.N.1    Qian, S.2    Heesch, C.M.3    Barron, K.W.4    Chien, C.Y.5
  • 69
    • 0026074742 scopus 로고
    • Coronary vascular responses to nicotine in the anaesthetized dog
    • Woodman OL. Coronary vascular responses to nicotine in the anaesthetized dog. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 343:1991;65-69.
    • (1991) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol , vol.343 , pp. 65-69
    • Woodman, O.L.1
  • 70
    • 0022395038 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nicotine on coronary blood-flow in man
    • Kaijser L, Berglund B. Effect of nicotine on coronary blood-flow in man. Clin Physiol. 5:1985;541-552.
    • (1985) Clin Physiol , vol.5 , pp. 541-552
    • Kaijser, L.1    Berglund, B.2
  • 71
    • 0028220389 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine exacerbates postischemic contractile dysfunction of stunned myocardium in the canine model: Possible role of free radicals
    • Przyklenk K. Nicotine exacerbates postischemic contractile dysfunction of stunned myocardium in the canine model possible role of free radicals . Circulation. 89:1994;1272-1281.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , pp. 1272-1281
    • Przyklenk, K.1
  • 73
    • 0023790069 scopus 로고
    • Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine
    • Becker BF, Terres W, Kratzer M, Gerlach E. Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine. Klin Wochenschr. 66:(Suppl XI):1988;28-36.
    • (1988) Klin Wochenschr , vol.66 , Issue.SUPPL. XI , pp. 28-36
    • Becker, B.F.1    Terres, W.2    Kratzer, M.3    Gerlach, E.4
  • 74
    • 0020044082 scopus 로고
    • The effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on platelet thrombus formation in stenosed dog coronary arteries: Inhibition with phentolamine
    • Folts JD, Bonebrake FC. The effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on platelet thrombus formation in stenosed dog coronary arteries inhibition with phentolamine . Circulation. 65:1982;465-469.
    • (1982) Circulation , vol.65 , pp. 465-469
    • Folts, J.D.1    Bonebrake, F.C.2
  • 75
    • 0028598341 scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of low dose nicotine gum on platelet function in nonsmoking hypertensive and normotensive men
    • Mundal HH, Hjemdahl P, Gjesdal K. Acute effects of low dose nicotine gum on platelet function in nonsmoking hypertensive and normotensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 47:1995;411-416.
    • (1995) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.47 , pp. 411-416
    • Mundal, H.H.1    Hjemdahl, P.2    Gjesdal, K.3
  • 77
    • 0017329631 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine stimulates prostaglandin formation in the rabbit heart
    • Wennmalm A. Nicotine stimulates prostaglandin formation in the rabbit heart. Br J Pharmacol. 59:1977;95-100.
    • (1977) Br J Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 95-100
    • Wennmalm, A.1
  • 78
    • 0020658482 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine inhibits vascular prostacyclin but not platelet thromboxane formation
    • Wennmalm A, Alster P. Nicotine inhibits vascular prostacyclin but not platelet thromboxane formation. Gen Pharmacol. 14:1983;189-191.
    • (1983) Gen Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 189-191
    • Wennmalm, A.1    Alster, P.2
  • 79
    • 0020596706 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking inhibits prostacyclin formation
    • Nadler JL, Velasco JS, Horton R. Cigarette smoking inhibits prostacyclin formation. Lancet. 1:1983;1248-1250.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1248-1250
    • Nadler, J.L.1    Velasco, J.S.2    Horton, R.3
  • 80
    • 0023176883 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes
    • Nowak J, Murray JJ, Oates JA, FitzGerald GA. Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes. Circulation. 76:1987;6-14.
    • (1987) Circulation , vol.76 , pp. 6-14
    • Nowak, J.1    Murray, J.J.2    Oates, J.A.3    Fitzgerald, G.A.4
  • 84
    • 0027997938 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chronic nicotine delivery on the proliferation rate of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in experimentally induced vascular wall plaques
    • Strohschneider T, Oberhoff M, Hanke H, Hannekum A, Karsch KR. Effect of chronic nicotine delivery on the proliferation rate of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in experimentally induced vascular wall plaques. Clin Invest. 72:1994;908-912.
    • (1994) Clin Invest , vol.72 , pp. 908-912
    • Strohschneider, T.1    Oberhoff, M.2    Hanke, H.3    Hannekum, A.4    Karsch, K.R.5
  • 85
    • 0015821867 scopus 로고
    • Influence of nicotine on experimental atherosclerosis and its determinants
    • Fisher ER, Rothstein R, Wholey MH, Nelson R. Influence of nicotine on experimental atherosclerosis and its determinants. Arch Pathol. 96:1973;298-304.
    • (1973) Arch Pathol , vol.96 , pp. 298-304
    • Fisher, E.R.1    Rothstein, R.2    Wholey, M.H.3    Nelson, R.4
  • 87
    • 0023002112 scopus 로고
    • Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells
    • Thyberg J. Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol. 52:1986;25-32.
    • (1986) Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol , vol.52 , pp. 25-32
    • Thyberg, J.1
  • 88
    • 0019774194 scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic oral consumption of nicotine on the rabbit aortic endothelium
    • Booyse FM, Osikowicz G, Quarfoot AJ. Effects of chronic oral consumption of nicotine on the rabbit aortic endothelium. Am J Pathol. 102:1981;229-238.
    • (1981) Am J Pathol , vol.102 , pp. 229-238
    • Booyse, F.M.1    Osikowicz, G.2    Quarfoot, A.J.3
  • 89
    • 0023232331 scopus 로고
    • The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium: A quantitative ultrastructural study
    • Zimmerman M, McGeachie J. The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium a quantitative ultrastructural study . Atherosclerosis. 63:1987;33-41.
    • (1987) Atherosclerosis , vol.63 , pp. 33-41
    • Zimmerman, M.1    McGeachie, J.2
  • 90
    • 0026493905 scopus 로고
    • Long-term nicotine exposure increases aortic endothelial cell death and enhances transendothelial macromolecular transport in rats
    • Lin SJ, Hong CY, Chang MS, Chiang BN, Chien S. Long-term nicotine exposure increases aortic endothelial cell death and enhances transendothelial macromolecular transport in rats. Arterioscler Thromb. 12:1992;1305-1312.
    • (1992) Arterioscler Thromb , vol.12 , pp. 1305-1312
    • Lin, S.J.1    Hong, C.Y.2    Chang, M.S.3    Chiang, B.N.4    Chien, S.5
  • 91
    • 0023633251 scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of hypertension and nicotine on injury-induced myointimal thickening
    • Krupski WC, Olive GC, Weber CA, Rapp JH. Comparative effects of hypertension and nicotine on injury-induced myointimal thickening. Surgery. 102:1987;409-415.
    • (1987) Surgery , vol.102 , pp. 409-415
    • Krupski, W.C.1    Olive, G.C.2    Weber, C.A.3    Rapp, J.H.4
  • 93
    • 0027954268 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers
    • Hellerstein MK, Benowitz NL, Neese RA, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers. J Clin Invest. 93:1994;265-272.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.93 , pp. 265-272
    • Hellerstein, M.K.1    Benowitz, N.L.2    Neese, R.A.3
  • 95
    • 0024588516 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentrations in healthy men
    • Quensel M, Agardh C-D, Nilsson-Ehle P. Nicotine does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentrations in healthy men. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 49:1989;149-153.
    • (1989) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.49 , pp. 149-153
    • Quensel, M.1    Agardh C-D2    Nilsson-Ehle, P.3
  • 97
    • 0028365514 scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol changes in smoking cessation using the transdermal nicotine system
    • Allen SS, Hatsukami D, Gorsline J. Cholesterol changes in smoking cessation using the transdermal nicotine system. Prev Med. 23:1994;190-196.
    • (1994) Prev Med , vol.23 , pp. 190-196
    • Allen, S.S.1    Hatsukami, D.2    Gorsline, J.3
  • 98
    • 0002083869 scopus 로고
    • Heart attacks reported in patch users still smoking
    • 14 July
    • Hwang SL, Waldholt M. Heart attacks reported in patch users still smoking. Wall Street Journal 1992 14 July.
    • (1992) Wall Street Journal
    • Hwang, S.L.1    Waldholt, M.2
  • 101
    • 0030067550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study
    • Murray RP, Bailey WC, Daniels K, et al. Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Chest. 109:1996;438-445.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 438-445
    • Murray, R.P.1    Bailey, W.C.2    Daniels, K.3
  • 102
    • 23444445755 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease
    • Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 154:1994;989-995.
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 989-995
  • 103
    • 10544241545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease
    • Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, et al. The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1792-1798.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1792-1798
    • Joseph, A.M.1    Norman, S.M.2    Ferry, L.H.3
  • 104
    • 0343030179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A strategy of smoking cessation combined with nicotine patch therapy reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia
    • In press
    • Mahmarian JJ, Moye LA, Nasser GA, et al. A strategy of smoking cessation combined with nicotine patch therapy reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. In press.
    • J Am Coll Cardiol.
    • Mahmarian, J.J.1    Moye, L.A.2    Nasser, G.A.3
  • 105
    • 0028835091 scopus 로고
    • Long-term prediction of major ischemic events by exercise thalium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography: Incremental prognostic value compared with clinical, exercise testing, catheterization, and radionuclide angiographic data
    • Marie PY, Danchin N, Durand JF, et al. Long-term prediction of major ischemic events by exercise thalium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography incremental prognostic value compared with clinical, exercise testing, catheterization, and radionuclide angiographic data . J Am Coll Cardiol. 26:1995;879-886.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 879-886
    • Marie, P.Y.1    Danchin, N.2    Durand, J.F.3
  • 106
    • 0021259704 scopus 로고
    • Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking
    • Benowitz NL, Kuyt F, Jacob P III. Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 36:1984;74-81.
    • (1984) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.36 , pp. 74-81
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Kuyt, F.2    Jacob P. III3
  • 107
    • 0025091416 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous nicotine replacement suppresses nicotine intake from cigarette smoking
    • Benowitz NL, Jacob P III. Intravenous nicotine replacement suppresses nicotine intake from cigarette smoking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 254:1990;1000-1005.
    • (1990) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.254 , pp. 1000-1005
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob P. III2
  • 109
    • 0023058250 scopus 로고
    • Atrial fibrillation while chewing nicotine gum [letter]
    • Rigotti NA, Eagle KA. Atrial fibrillation while chewing nicotine gum [letter]. JAMA. 255:1986;1018.
    • (1986) JAMA , vol.255 , pp. 1018
    • Rigotti, N.A.1    Eagle, K.A.2
  • 110
    • 0021889358 scopus 로고
    • Chronic nicotine ingestion and atrial fibrillation
    • Stewart PM, Catterall JR. Chronic nicotine ingestion and atrial fibrillation. Br Heart J. 54:1985;222-223.
    • (1985) Br Heart J , vol.54 , pp. 222-223
    • Stewart, P.M.1    Catterall, J.R.2
  • 111
    • 0027921696 scopus 로고
    • Transdermal nicotine: Clarifications, side effects, and funding [letter]
    • Ottervanger JP, Stricker BHC, Klomps HC. Transdermal nicotine clarifications, side effects, and funding [letter] . JAMA. 269:1993;1940.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 1940
    • Ottervanger, J.P.1    Stricker, B.H.C.2    Klomps, H.C.3
  • 112
    • 0027714874 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction and nicotine patch: A contributing or causative factor?
    • Dacosta A, Guy JM, Tardy B, et al. Myocardial infarction and nicotine patch a contributing or causative factor? Eur Heart J. 14:1993;1709-1711.
    • (1993) Eur Heart J , vol.14 , pp. 1709-1711
    • Dacosta, A.1    Guy, J.M.2    Tardy, B.3
  • 113
    • 0028316149 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction in a patient who smoked while wearing a nicotine patch
    • Warner JG Jr., Little WC. Myocardial infarction in a patient who smoked while wearing a nicotine patch. Ann Intern Med. 120:1994;695-696.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 695-696
    • Warner J.G., Jr.1    Little, W.C.2
  • 114
    • 0028853583 scopus 로고
    • Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling
    • Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA. 274:1995;1347-1352.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 1347-1352
    • Jorenby, D.E.1    Smith, S.S.2    Fiore, M.C.3
  • 115
    • 85046063942 scopus 로고
    • Stroke following application of a nicotine patch [letter]
    • Pierce JR. Stroke following application of a nicotine patch [letter]. DICP. 28:1994;402.
    • (1994) DICP , vol.28 , pp. 402
    • Pierce, J.R.1
  • 116
    • 0027178786 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral arterial narrowing with nicotine patch
    • Jackson M. Cerebral arterial narrowing with nicotine patch. Lancet. 342:1993;236-237.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 236-237
    • Jackson, M.1
  • 118
    • 0028009162 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physician advice and nurse follow-up
    • Hurt RD, Dale LC, Fredrickson PA, et al. Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physician advice and nurse follow-up. JAMA. 271:1994;595-600.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 595-600
    • Hurt, R.D.1    Dale, L.C.2    Fredrickson, P.A.3
  • 119
    • 0027313639 scopus 로고
    • Serum nicotine and cotinine levels during nicotine-patch therapy
    • Hurt RD, Dale LC, Offord KP, et al. Serum nicotine and cotinine levels during nicotine-patch therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 54:1993;98-106.
    • (1993) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.54 , pp. 98-106
    • Hurt, R.D.1    Dale, L.C.2    Offord, K.P.3
  • 121
    • 0028918639 scopus 로고
    • Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: A placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Dramaix M, Thijs J, Gustavsson G. Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation a placebo-controlled clinical trial . Prev Med. 24:1995;41-47.
    • (1995) Prev Med , vol.24 , pp. 41-47
    • Kornitzer, M.1    Boutsen, M.2    Dramaix, M.3    Thijs, J.4    Gustavsson, G.5
  • 122
    • 0028799196 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
    • Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Mody FV, et al. Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial . Addiction. 90:1995;1671-1682.
    • (1995) Addiction , vol.90 , pp. 1671-1682
    • Schneider, N.G.1    Olmstead, R.2    Mody, F.V.3
  • 123
    • 0023578486 scopus 로고
    • Apparent tolerance to the acute effect of nicotine results in part from distribution kinetics
    • Porchet HC, Benowitz NL, Sheiner LB, Copeland JR. Apparent tolerance to the acute effect of nicotine results in part from distribution kinetics. J Clin Invest. 80:1987;1466-1471.
    • (1987) J Clin Invest , vol.80 , pp. 1466-1471
    • Porchet, H.C.1    Benowitz, N.L.2    Sheiner, L.B.3    Copeland, J.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.