Alcohol-induced membrane lipid peroxidation

Nutrition and Alcohol: Linking Nutrient Interactions and Dietary Intake

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 339-364

  Miller, Robert R ^a  

^a HILLSDALE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20544475771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (162)

1. Geer, B.W., Miller, R. R., Jr., Heinstra, P.W.H. (1991) Genetic and dietary control of alcohol degradation in Drosophila: role in cell damage. In: R. R. Watson (Ed.), Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews, Vol. 2: Liver Pathology and Alcohol. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 325-373.
2. Reitz, R.C. (1992) Effects of dietary fatty acids and alcohol on fatty acid composition in cellular membranes. In: R. R. Watson, B. Watzl (Eds.), Nutrition and Alcohol. CRC Pess, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 191-204.
3. Salam, N., Jr., Ward G. (1993) The effects of ethanol on polyunsaturated fatty acid composition. In: C. Alling, I. Diamond, S. W. Leslie, G.Y. Sun, W. Gibson Wood (Eds.), Alcohol, Cell Membranes and Signal Transduction in Brain. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 55-62.
4. Sun, G.Y., Sun, A.Y. (1985) Ethanol and membrane lipids. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 9: 164-180.
5. +-ATPase activity. Life Sci. 36: 1003-1010.
6. Beauge, F. J. (1993) Relevant effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on synaptic membrane responses to ethanol and chronic ethanol intoxication. In: C. Alling, I. Diamond, S. W. Leslie, G. Y. Sun, W. Gibson Wood (Eds.), Alcohol, Cell Membranes, and Signal Transduction in Brain, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 47-54.
7. Lesch, P, Schmidt, E., Schmidt, F. W. (1973) Effects of chronic alcohol abuse on the fatty acid composition of major lipids in the human brain. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 11: 159-166.
8. Littleton, J. M. (1990) Effects of ethanol on membranes and their associated functions. In: K. E. Crowe, R.D. Batt (Eds.) Human Metabolism of Alcohol, Vol. 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 161-173.
9. Pawlosky, R. J., Salam, N. Jr. (1995) Ethanol exposure causes a decrease in docosa-hexaenoic acid and an increase in docosapentaenoic acid in feline brain and retinas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 1284-1289.
10. Nanji, A. A., French, S.W. (1989) Dietary linoleic acid is required for development of experimental alcoholic liver disease. Life Sci. 44: 223-227.
11. Nanji, A. A., Mendenhall, C. L., French, S.W. (1989) Beef fat prevents alcoholic liver disease in rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 13: 15-19.
12. Nanji, A. A., Zhao, S., Lamb, R. G., Sadrzadeh, S. M. H., Dannenberg, A. J., Waxman, D. J. (1993) Changes in microsomal phospholipases and arachidonic acid in experimental alcoholic liver injury: relationship to levels of cytochrome p450 2E1 induction and conjugated dienes formation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 17: 598-603.
13. Shiraishi, K., Matsuzaki, S., Iyakura, M., Ishida, H. (1996) Abnormality in membrane fatty acid composition of cells measured in erythrocytes in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20: 56A-59A.
14. Nanji, A.A., Zhao, S., Hossein, S.M., Sadrzadeh, S.M.H. (1994) Liver microsomal fatty acid composition in ethanol-fed rats: effects of dietary fats and relationship to liver injury. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18: 1024-1028.
15. Nanji, A.A., Zhao, S., Hossein, S.M., Sadrzadeh, S.M.H., Dannenberg, A.J., Waxman, D.J. (1994) Markedly enhanced cytochrome p450 2E1 induction and lipid peroxidation is associated with severe liver injury in fish-oil-ethanol-fed rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18: 1280-1994.
16. Bondy S. C., Marwah, S. (1995) Stimulation of synaptosomal free radical production by fatty acids: relation to estrification and to degree of unsaturation. FEBS Lett. 375: 53-55.
17. Chen, Q., Galleano, M., Cederbaum, A. I. (1997) Cytotoxicity and apoptosis produced by arachidonic acid in Hep G2 cells over-expressing human cytochrome p450 2E1. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 14532-14541.
18. Morimoto, M., Zern, M.A., Hagbjork, A-L., Ingelman-Sundberg, M, French, S.W. (1994) Fish oil, alcohol, and liver pathology: role of cytochrome P450 2E1. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 207: 197-205.
19. Porter, N. A., Mills, K.A., Caldwell S.E. (1995) Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids. Lipids 30: 277-290.
20. Chin, J.H., Goldstein, D.B. (1977) Drug tolerance in biomembranes: a spin label study of the effects of ethanol. Science 196: 684-85.
21. Miller R.R., Jr., Dare, A.O., Moore, M.L., Kooser, R.G., Geer, B.W. (1993) Long-chain fatty acids and ethanol affect the properties of membranes in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Biochem. Genet. 31: 113-31.
22. Tarashi, T.F., Rubin, E. (1985) Biology of disease: effects of ethanol on the chemical and structural properties of biologic membranes. Lab. Invest. 52: 120-131.
23. Waring, A.J., Rottenberg, H., Ohnishi, T., Rubin, E. (1981) Membranes and phospholipids of liver mitochondria from chronic alcoholic rats are resistant o membrane disordering by alcohol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 2582-2586.
24. Rottenberg, H. (1987) Partition of ethanol and other amphiphilic compounds modulated by chronic alcoholism. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 492: 112-124.
25. Rottenberg, H. (1991) Liver cell membrane adaptation to chronic alcohol consumption. In: R.R. Watson (Ed.), Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews, Vol. 2: Liver Pathology and Alcohol. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 91-115.
26. Ho, C., Slater, S.J., Stubbs, C.D. (1995) Hydration and order in lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 34: 6188-6195.
27. Cullis, PR., de Kruijff, B. (1979) Lipid polymorphism and the functional roles of lipids in biological membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 559: 399-420.
28. Tilcock, C.PS., Cullis, PR. (1987) Lipid polymorphism. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 492: 88-101.
29. Jain, M. (1972) The Biomolecular Membrane. Van Nostrand, New York, pp. 1-51.
30. Burdge, G. C., Postle A. D. (1995) Effect of maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy on the phospholipid molecular species composition of fetal guinea-pig brain, liver, and plasma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1256: 346-352.
31. Wainwright, PE., Huang, Y.-S., Simmons, V., Mills, D.E., Ward, R.P, Ward, G.R., Winfeld, D., McCutcheon, D. (1990) Effects of prenatal ethanol and long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation of development in mice. 2. Fatty acid composition of brain membrane phospholipids. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14: 413-420.
32. Hamburger, V., Hamilton H. L. (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88: 49-92.
33. Miller, R.R., Jr., Taylor, C.L., Spidle, D.L., Ugolini, A.M., Nothdorf, R.A. (1996) Ethanol-induced decreases in membrane long-chain unsaturated fatty acids correlate with impaired chick brain development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 115B: 465-474.
34. Miller, R.R., Jr., Slathar, J.R., Luvisotto, M.L. (2000) α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol attenuate ethanol-induced changes in membrane fatty acid composition in embryonic chick brains. Teratology 62: 26-35.
35. Miller, R.R., Jr., Heckel, C.D., Koss, W.J., Montague, S.L., Greenman, A.L. (2001) Ethanol-induced and nicotine-induced membrane changes in embryonic chick brains. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 130C: 163-178.
36. Ashakumary, L., Vijayammal, PL. (1993) Additive effect of alcohol and nicotine on lipid metabolism in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 31: 270-274.
37. Ashakumary, L., Vijayammal, PL. (1996) Additive effect of alcohol and nicotine on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense mechanism in rats. J. App. Toxicol. 16: 305-308.
38. Turchetto, E., Ottani, V., Zanetti, P, Weiss, H. (1968) Hepatic fatty acids after ethanol ingestion. Nutr. Diet. Basal. 10: 224-228.
39. French, S.W., Ihrig, T.J., Morin, R.T. (1970) Lipid composition of RBC ghost, liver mitochondria and microsomes of ethanol-fed rats. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 31: 801-809.
40. French, S.W., Ihrig, T.J., Shaw, G.P, Tanaka, T.T., Norum, M.L. (1971) The effect of ethanol on the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomes and inner and outer membranes. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2: 561-585.
41. Thompson J.A., Reitz, R.C. (1978) Effects of ethanol ingestion and dietary fat levels on mitochondrial lipids in male and female rats. Lipids 13: 540-550.
42. Roa, G.A., Goheen, S.C., Manix, M., Larkin, E.C. (1980) Enhanced ratio of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine in rats withdrawal from ethanol. Toxicol. Lett. 7: 37-40.
43. Foudin, L., Sun, G.Y., Sun, A.Y. (1986) Changes in lipid composition of rat heart mitochondria after chronic ethanol administration. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 10: 606-609.
44. Ellingson, J.S., Jones, N., Taraschi, T.F., Rubin, E. (1991) The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylinositol in rat liver microsomes as determined by gas chromatography and 1-H-NMR. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1062: 199-205.
45. Rouach, H., Clement, M., Orfanelli, M.-T., Janvier, B., Nordmann, R. (1984) Fatty acid composition of rat liver mitochondrial phospholipids during ethanol inhalation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 795: 125-129.
46. Reitz, R.C., Helsabeck, E., Mason, D.P (1973) Effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the fatty acid composition of the heart. Lipids 8: 80-84.
47. Nervi, A.M., Peluffo, R.O., Brenner, R.R. (1980) Effect of ethanol administration on fatty acid desaturation. Lipids 15: 263-268.
48. Reitz, R.C. (1982) Relationship of the acyl-CoA desaturases to certain membrane fatty acid changes induced by ethanol consumption. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 27: 247-249.
49. Wang, D.L., Reitz, R.C. (1983) Ethanol ingestion and polyunsaturated fatty acids: effects on the acyl-CoA desaturases. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.7: 220-226.
50. 2-induced membrane lipid oxidation is not additive in developing chick brains. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 134C: 267-279.
51. Van Albert, B.C. (1990) Oxygen toxicity: role of hydrogen peroxide and iron. In: I. Emeritt (Ed.), Anti-oxidants in Therapy and Preventive Medicine. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 235-246.
52. Lalonde, C., Picard, L., Campbell, C., Demling, R. (1994) Lung and systemic oxidant and anti-oxidant activity after graded smoke exposure in the rat. Circ. Shock 42: 7-13.
53. Benzie, I.E.F. (1996) Lipid peroxidation: a review of causes, consequences, measurement, and dietary influences. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 47: 233-261.
54. Morimoto, M., Reitz, R. C., Morin, R. J., Nguyen, K., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., French S. W. (1995a) Cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitors partially ameliorate the changes in fatty acid composition induced in rats by chronic administration of ethanol and high fat diets. J. Nutr. 125: 2953-2964.
55. Morimoto, M., Hagbjork, A.-L., Wan, Y.-J. Y., Fu, P.C., Clot, P, Albano, E., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., French, S.W. (1995b) Modulation of experimental alcohol-induced liver disease by cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitors. Hepatology 21: 1610-1617.
56. Chen, J., Schenker, S., Henderson, G.I. (2002) 4-hydroxynonenal detoxification by mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase is compromised by short-term ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26: 1252-1258.
57. Bondy, S.C., Guo, S.X. (1995) Regional selectivity in ethanol-induced pro-oxidant events within the brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49: 69-72.
58. Montoliu, C., Valles, S., Renau-Piqueras, J., Guerri, C. (1994) Ethanol-induced oxygen radical formation and lipid peroxidation in rat brain: effects of alcohol consumption. J. Neurochem. 63: 1855-1862.
59. Sun, A.Y., Chen, Y.M., James-Kracke, M., Wixom, P, Cheng, Y. (1997) Ethanol-induced cells death by lipid peroxidation in PC 12 cells. Neurochemistry 22: 1187-1192.
60. Gonthier, B., Eysseric, H., Soubeyran, A., Daveloose, D., Saxod, R., Barret, L. (1997) Free radical production after exposure of astrocytes and astrocytic C6 glioma cells to ethanol. Preliminary results. Free Radic. Res. 27: 645-656.
61. Montoliu, C., Sauncho-tello, M., Azorin, I., Burgal, M., Valles, S., Renau-Piqueras, J., Guerri, C. (1995) Ethanol increases cytochrome P4502E1 and induces oxidative stress in astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 65: 2561-2570.
62. Rouach, H., Houze, P, Gentil, M., Orfanelli, M.T., Nordmann, R. (1997) Changes in some pro-and antioxidants defense system in rat brain subcellular fractions. Neurotoxicology 20: 977-987.
63. Calabrese, V., Renis, M., Calderone, A., Russo, A., Reale, S., Barcellona, M.L., Rizza, V. (1998a) Stress proteins and SH-groups in oxidant-induced cellular injury after chronic administration of ethanol in rat. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24: 1159-1167.
64. Calabrese, V., Randazzo, G., Ragusa, N., Rizza, V. (1998b) Long-term ethanol administration enhances age-dependent modulation of redox status in central and peripheral organs of rat: protection by metadoxine. Drugs. Exp. Clin. Res. 24: 85-91.
65. Di Luzio, N.R., Hartman, A.D. (1967) Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver. Fed. Proc. 26: 1436-1442.
66. Comporti, M., Hartman, A., Di Luzio, N.R. (1967) Effect of in vivo and in vitro ethanol administration on liver peroxidation. Lab. Invest. 16: 616-624
67. Boveris, A., Fraga, C.G., Varsavsky, A.I., Koch, O.R. (1983) Increased chemilumi-nescence and superoxide production in the liver of chronically ethanol-fed rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 227: 534-541.
68. Dicker, E., Cederbaum, A.I. (1988) Increased oxygen radical-dependent inactivation of metabolic enzymes by liver microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption. FASEB J. 2: 2901-2906.
69. Ekstrom, G., Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (1989) Rat liver microsomal NADPH-supported oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation on ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (P-450 IIE1). Biochem. Pharmacol. 38: 1313-1318.
70. Ekstrom, G., Cronholm, T., Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (1986) Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation dependent upon cytochrome P-450 LM2. Biochem. J. 233: 755-761.
71. Puntarulo, S., Cederbaum, A.I. (1988a) Increased NADPH-dependent chemilumines-cence by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 266: 435-445.
72. Puntarulo, S., Cederbaum, A.I. (1988b) Effect of oxygen radical concentration on microsome oxidation of ethanol production of oxygen radicals. Biochem. J. 251: 787-794.
73. Rashba-Step, J., Turro, N., Cederbaum, A.I. (1993) Increased NADPH- and NADH-dependent production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by microsomes after chronic ethanol treatment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300: 401-408.
74. Reinke, L. A., Lai, E.K., DuBose, C.M., McCay, PB. (1987) Reactive free radical generation in the heart and liver of ethanol-fed rats: correlation with in vitro radical formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84: 9223-9227.
75. Albano, E., Tomasi, A., Persson, J.-O., Terelius, Y., Goria-Gatti, L., Ingelman-Sund-berg, M., Dianzani, M.U. (1991) Role of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450IIE1) in catalyzing the free radical activation of aliphatic alcohols. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41: 1895-1902.
76. Nordmann, R., Ribiere, C., Rouach, H. (1987) Involvement of iron and iron-catalyzed free radical production in ethanol metabolism and toxicity. Enzyme 37: 57-69.
77. Adachi, Y., Bradford, B.U., Wenshi, G., Bojes, H.K., Thurman, R.G. (1994) Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 20: 453-460.
78. Knecht, K.T., Adachi, Y., Bradford, B.U., Iimuro, Y., Kadiiska, M., Qun-Hui, X., Thurman, R.G. (1995) Free radical adducts in the bile of rats treated chronically with intragastric alcohol: inhibition by destruction of Kupffer cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 47: 1028-1034.
79. Knecht, K.T., Bradford, B.U., Mason, R.P, Thurman, G. (1990) In vivo formation of a free radical metabolite of ethanol. Mol. Pharmacol. 38: 26-30.
80. Wheeler, M.D., Kono, H., Yin, M., Nakagami, M., Uesugi, T., Arteel, G.E., Gabelle, E., Rusyn, I., Yamashina, S., Froh, M., Adachi, Y., Iimuro, Y., Bradford, B.U., Smutney, O.M., Connor, H.D., Mason, R.P, Goyert, S.M., Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J., Samulski, R.J., Thurman, R.G. (2001) The role of Kupffer cell oxidant production in early ethanol-induced liver disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 1544-1549.
81. Halliwel, B. (1996) Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16: 33-50.
82. Thomas, J.A. (1994) Oxidative stress, oxidant defense, and dietary constituents. In: M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson, M. Shike (Eds.), Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Lea and Febiger, Malvern, PA, pp. 501-512.
83. Niki, E., Chemistry and biochemistry of vitamin E and coenzyme Q as antioxidant, in Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Nutrition, Corogiu, F., Banni, S., Dessi, M.A., and Rice-Evans, C., Eds., Richelieu Press, London, 1993, 13.
84. Packer, L., Kagan, V.E., Vitamin E: the antioxidant harvesting center of membranes and lipoproteins, in Vitamin E in Health and Disease, Packer, L., Fuchs, J., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, 179.
85. Packer, L., Slater, T.F., and Wilsson, R.L., Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C, Nature 278, 737, 1979.
86. Altura, B.M., Altura, B.T. (1984) Alcohol, the cerebral circulation, and strokes. Alcohol 1: 325-331.
87. Camargo, C.A., Jr. (1989) Moderate alcohol consumption and stroke: the epidemiologic evidence. Stroke 20: 1611-1626.
88. Donahue, R.P, Abbott, R.D., Reed, D.M., Yano, K. (1986) Alcohol and hemorrhagic stroke. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 225: 2311-2314.
89. Mullins, PG.M., Vink, R. (1995) Chronic alcohol exposure decreases brain intracellular free magnesium concentration in rats. Neuro Report 6: 1633-1636.
90. Altura, B.M., Gebrewold, A. (1996) α-Tocopherol attenuates alcohol-induced cerebral vascular damage in rats: possible role of anti-oxidants in alcohol brain pathology and stroke. Neurosci. Lett. 220: 207-210.
91. 31P-NMR spectroscopy, and a unique magnesium ion-selective electrode. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18: 1057-1068.
92. 31P-NMR in vivo study. Alcohol 12: 131-136.
93. 2+] induced by alcohol in cultured canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationship to alcohol-induced stroke. Brain Res. Bull. 55: 475-478.
94. Li, W., Zheng, T., Alura, B.T., Altura, B.M. (2001) Antioxidants prevent ethanol-induced contractions of canine cerebral vascular muscle: relationship to alcohol-induced brain injury. Neurosci. Lett. 30: 91-94.
95. Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Ha, J. (1998) Protection of vitamin E against testis lipid peroxidation induced by iron and ethanol. Wei sheng yan jiu (J. Hygiene Res.) 27: 184-186.
96. Hagen, B.F., Bjoerneboe, A., Bjoerneboe, G.E.A., Drevon, C.A. (1989) Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the content of a-tocopherol in subcellular fractions of rat liver. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 13: 246-251.
97. Bell, H., Bjoerneboe, A., Eidsvoll, B., Norum, K.R., Raknerund, N., Try, K., Tho-massen, Y., Drevon, C.A. Reduced concentrations of hepatic a-tocopherol in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Alcohol Alcohol. 27, 39, 1992.
98. Bondy, S.C., Guo, S.X., Adams, J.D. (1996) Prevention of ethanol-induced changes in reactive oxygen parameters by a-tocopherol. Alcohol Alcohol. 31: 403-410.
99. Maiorino, M., Zamburlini, A., Roveri, A., Ursini, F. (1993) Prooxidant role of vitamin E in copper induced lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett. 33: 174-176.
100. Iwatsuki, M., Niki, E., Stone, D., Darley-Usmar, V., Drevon, C.A. (1995) Alpha-tocopherol-mediated peroxidation in the copper (II) and metmyoglobin induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein: the influence of lipid hydroperoxides. FEBS Lett. 360: 271-276.
101. Kotch L.E., Chen, S.-Y., Sulik, K.K. (1995) Ethanol-induced teratogenesis: free radical damage as a possible mechanism. Teratology 52:128-136.
102. Maestroni, G.J.M. (1993) The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin. J. Pineal. Res. 14: 1-10.
103. Reiter, R.J. (1993) The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar. Experientia 49: 654-664.
104. Lipartiti, M., Franceschini, D., Zanoni, R., Gusella, M., Giusti, P, Cagnoli, C.M., Kharlamov, E., Manev, H. (1996) Neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 398: 315-321.
105. Mansouri, A., Demeilliers, C., Amsellem, S., Pessayre, D., Fromenty, B. (2001) Acute ethanol administration oxidatively damages and depletes mitochondrial DNA in mouse liver, brain, heart, and skeletal muscles: protective effects of antioxidants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298: 737-743.
106. Melchiorri, D., Reiter, R.J., Attia, A.M., Masayuki, H., Burgos, A., Nistico, G. (1995) Potent protective effect of melatonin on in vivo paraquat-induced oxidative damage in rats. Life Sci. 56: 83-89.
107. Reiter, R.J. (1996) The indoleamine melatonin as a free radical scavenger, electron donor, an antioxidant. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 398: 307-313.
108. Reiter, R.J., Tan, D.X., Poeggler, B., Chen, L.D., Manchester, L.C. (1994) Melatonin as a free radical scavenger: implications for aging and age-related diseases. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 719: 1-12.
109. Tan, D.X., Chen, L.D., Poeggeler, B., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J. (1993) Melatonin: a potent endogenous hydroxyl scavenger. Endocr. J. 1: 57.
110. Barlow-Walden L.R., Reiter, R.J., Abe, M., Pablos, M., Menedez-Pelaez, A., Chen, L.D., Poeggeler, B. (1995) Melatonin stimulates brain glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurochem. Int. 26: 497-502.
111. Arslan, S.O., Zerin, M., Vural, H., Coskun, A. (2002) The effect of melatonin on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. J. Pineal. Res. 32: 21-25.
112. Bilici, D., Suleyman, H., Banoglu, Z.N., Kiziltunc, A., Avci, B., Ciftcioglu, Bilici, S. (2002) Melatonin prevents ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage possibly due to its antioxidant activity. Dig. Dis. Sci. 47: 856-861.
113. Edwards, R.B., Manzana, E.J.P, Chen, W.-J.A. (2002) Melatonin (an antioxidant) does not ameliorate alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss in the developing cerebellum. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26: 1003-1009.
114. German, J.B., Walsem, R.L. (2000) The health benefits of wine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20: 561-593.
115. Cui, J., Tosaki, A., Cordis, G.A., Bertelli, A.A., Bertelli, A., Maulik, N., Das, D.K. (2002) Cardioprotective abilities of white wine. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 957: 308-316.
116. Sato, M., Maulik, N., Das, D.K. (2002) Cardioprotection with alcohol: role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 957: 122-135.
117. Renaud S., de Lorgeril, M. (1992) Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French Paradox of coronary heart disease. Lancet 339: 1523-1526.
118. Parks, D.A., Booyse, F.M. (2002) Cardiovascular protection by alcohol and polyphenols: role of nitric oxide. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 957: 115-121.
119. Rodrigo, R., Rivera, G. (2002) Renal damage mediated by oxidative stress: a hypothesis of protective effects of red wine. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33: 409-422.
120. Sun, A.Y., Simonyi, A., Sun, G. Y. (2002) The “French paradox” and beyond: neu-roprotective effects of polyphenols. Free Radic. Bio. Med. 32: 314-318.
121. Boutelet-Bochan, H., Huang, Y., Juchau, M.R. (1997) Expression of CYP 2E1 during embryogenesis and fetogenesis in human cephalic tissues: implications for the fetal alcohol syndrome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 238: 443-447.
122. Cederbaum, A.I. (1989) Introduction: role of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in alcohol toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 7: 559-567.
123. Cederbaum, A.I. (1989) Oxygen radical generation by microsomes: role of iron and implications for alcohol metabolism and toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 7: 559-567.
124. Kukielka, E., Dicker, E., Cederbaum, A.J. (1994) Increased production of reactive oxygen species by rat liver mitochondria after chronic ethanol treatment. Arch. Bio-chem. Biophys. 309: 377-386.
125. Lieber, C.S. (1999) Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968-1998)-a review. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23: 991-1007.
126. Oesterheld, J.R. (1998) A review of developmental aspects of cytochrome P450. J. Chil Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 8: 161-174.
127. Rasheed, A., Hines, R.N., McCarver-May, D.G. (1997) Variation in induction of human placental CYP 2E1: possible role in susceptibility to fetal alcohol syndrome? Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 144: 396-400.
128. Yoo, M., Ryu, H.-M., Shin, S.-W., Yun, C.-H., Lee, S.-C., Ji, Y.-M., You, K.-H. (1997) Identification of cytochrome P450 2E1 in rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231: 254-256.
129. Burnell, J.C., Li, T.K., Bosron, W.Y. (1989) Purification and steady-state kinetic characterization of human liver p3p3 alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 28: 6810-6815.
130. Lieber, C.S., DeCarli, L.M. (1968) Ethanol oxidation by hepatic microsomes: adaptive increase after ethanol feeding. Science 162: 917-918.
131. Terelius, Y., Norsten-Hoog, C., Cronholm, T., Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (1991) Acetaldehyde as a substrate for ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179: 689-694.
132. Albano, E., Clot, P, Morimoto, M., Tomasi, A., Ingelman-sundberg, M., French, S.W. (1996) Role of cytochrome P450 2E1-dependent formation of hydroxyethyl free radical in development of liver damage in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol. Hepatology 23: 155-163.
133. Orellana, M., Varela, N., Guajardo, V., Araya, J., Rodrigo, R. (2002) Modulation of rat liver cytochrome P450 activity by prolonged red wine consumption. Comp. Bio-chem. Physiol. 131C: 161-166.
134. Kono, H., Bradford, B.U., Yin, M., Sulik, K.K., Koop, D.R., Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J., McDonald, T., Dikalova, A., Kadiiska, M.B., Mason, R.P, Thurman, R.P (1999) CYP2E1 is not involved in early alcohol-induced liver injury. Am. J. Physiol. 277: G1259-G1267.
135. Kono, H., Bradford, B.U., Rusyn, I., Fujii, H., Matsumoto, Y., Yin, M., Thurman, R.G. (2000) Development of an intragastric entral model in the mouse: studies of alcohol-induced liver disease using knockout technology. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 7: 395-400.
136. Cederbaum, A.I., Wu, D., Mari, M., Bai, J. (2001) CYP2E1-dependent toxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 1539-1543.
137. Arteel, G.E., Uesugi, T., Bevan, L.N., Gabelle, E., Wheeler, M.D., McKim, S.E., Thurman, R.G. (2002) Green tea extract protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Biol. Chem. 383: 663-670.
138. Skrzydlewska E., Roszkowska, A., Makiela, M., Skrzydlewska, Z. (2001) The influence of green tea on the activity of proteases and their inhibitors in plasma of rats after ethanol treatment. Rocz. Akad. Med. Bialymst. (Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku) 46: 240-250.
139. Polavarapu, R., Spitz, D.R., Sim, J.E., Follanssbee, M.H., Oberly, L.W., Rahemtulla, A., Nanji, A.A. (1998) Increased lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant enzyme function is associated with pathological liver injury in experimental alcohol liver disease in rats fed diets high in corn oil and fish oil. Hepatology 27: 1317-1323.
140. Skrzydlewska, E., Ostrowska, J., Stankiewicz, A., Fabiszewski, R. (2002) Green tea as a potent antioxidant in alcohol intoxication. Addict. Biol. 7: 307-314.
141. Chapman, R.W., Morgan, M.Y., Laulicht, M., Hoffbrand, V., Sherlock, S. (1982) Hepatic iron stores and markers of iron overload in alcoholics and patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27: 909-916.
142. Potter, B.J. (1991) Alcohol and hepatic iron homeostasis. In: R.R. Watson (Ed.), Liver Pathology and Alcohol. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 1-60.
143. De Feo, T.M., Fargion, S., Duca, L., Cesana, B.M., Boncinelli, L., Lozza, P, Cappelini, M.D., Fiorelli, G. (2001) Non-transferrin-bound iron in alcohol abusers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25: 1494-1499.
144. De Lorgeril, M., Salen, P, Boucher, F., de Leiris, J., Paillard, F. (2001) Effect of wine ethanol on serum iron and ferritin levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 11: 176-180.
145. Maguire, J.J., Kellog, E.W., Packer, L. (1982) Protection against free radical formation by protein bound iron. Toxicol. Lett. 14: 27-34.
146. Biemond, P, Swaak, A.J.G., Beindorff, C.M., Koster, J.F. (1986) Superoxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms of iron mobilization from ferritin by xanthine oxidase. Implications for oxygen-free-radical-induced tissue destruction during ischaemia and inflammation. Biochem. J. 239: 169-173.
147. Carlin, G., Djursater, R. (1984) Xanthine oxidase induced depolymerization of hyaluronic acid in the presence of ferritin. FEBS Lett. 177: 27-30.
148. Suzuki, Y., Saito, H., Suzuki, M., Hosoki, Y., Sakurai, S., Fujimoto, Y., Kohgo, Y. (2002) Up-regulation of transferrin receptor expression in hepatocytes by habitual alcohol drinking is implicated in hepatic iron overload in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26: 26S-31S.
149. Xia, J., Simonyl, A., Sun, G.Y. (1999) Chronic ethanol and iron administration on iron content, neuronal nitric oxide synthetase, and superoxide dimutase in rat cerebellum. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23, 702-707.
150. Powell, L.W. (1966) Normal human iron storage and its relation to ethanol consumption. Australian Ann. Med. 15: 110-115.
151. Beard, J., Dawson, H. (1994) Iron. In: B. O’Dell, R. Sunde (Eds.), Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements. Marcel Dekker, New York.
152. Guthrie, H., Picciano, M.F. (1995) Micronutrient minerals. In: Human Nutrition. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp. 333-380.
153. Soranno, T.M., Sultatos, L.G. (1991) Biochemical properties and physiological functions of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase. In: R.R. Watson (Ed.), Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews: Liver Pathology and Alcohol. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 427-440.
154. Crow, K.E., Hardman, M.J. (1989) Regulation of rates of ethanol metabolism. In: K.E. Crow, R.D. Batt (Eds.), Human Metabolism of Alcohol, Vol. II, Regulation, Enzymology, and Metabolites of Ethanol. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3-15.
155. Thurman, R.G., Glassman, E.B., Handler, J.A., Forman, D.T. (1989) The swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM): a commentary on the regulation of alcohol metabolism in mammals. In: K.E. Crow, R.D. Battt (Eds.), Human Metabolism of Alcohol, Vol. II: Regulation, Enzymology, and Metabolites of Ethanol. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 17-30.
156. Younes, M., Strubelt, O. (1987) Enhancement of hypoxic liver damage by ethanol: involvement of xanthine oxidase and the role of glycolysis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36: 2973-2977.
157. Castro, G.D., Delgado de Layno, A.M., Costantini, M.H., Castro, J.A. (2001) Cytosolic xanthine oxidoreductase mediated bioactivation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and free radicals in rat breast tissue. Its potential role in alcohol-promoted mammary cancer. Toxicology 160: 11-18.
158. Castro, G.D., Delgado de Layno, A.M., Costantini, M.H., Castro, J.A. (2001) Rat ventral prostate xanthin oxidase bioactivation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and 1-hydroxyethyl free radicals: analysis of its potential role in heavy alcohol drinking tumor-promoting effects. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen 21: 109-119.
159. Kono, H., Rusyn, I., Bradford, B.U., Connor, H.D., Mason, R.P, Thurman, R.G. (2000) Allopurinol prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 293: 296-303.
160. Wright, R.M., McManaman, J.L, Repine, J.E. (1999) Alcohol-induced breast cancer: a proposed mechanism. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26: 348-354.
161. Topham, R.C., Walker, M.C., Calisch, M.P., Williams, R.W. (1982) Evidence for the participation of intestinal xanthine oxidase in the mucosal processing of iron. Biochemistry 21: 4529-4535.
162. Bolann, B.J., Ulvik, R.J. (1987) Release of iron from ferritin by xanthine oxidase. Biochem. J. 243: 55-59.