A Dual Role of Cyclin E in Cell Proliferation and Apotosis May Provide a Target for Cancer Therapy

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 65-75

  Mazumder, S ^a   DuPree, E L ^b   Almasan, A ^a,b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN 6; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 2; CYCLIN E; NUCLEOPHOSMIN; PROTEIN FBW7; PROTEIN NPAT; PROTEIN P18; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; S PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2; UBIQUITIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; BINDING SITE; CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CATALYSIS; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; DNA REPLICATION; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HUMAN; IRRADIATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL DIVISION; CYCLIN E; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEOPLASMS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID;

EID: 1542619328     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568009043481669     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Sherr, C. J The Pezcoller Leeture: Cancer Cell Cycles Revisited. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 3689-3695.
2. Sherr, C. J.; Roberts, J. M. Inhibitors of Mammalian G1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. Genes Dev. 1995, 9, 1149-1163.
3. Ekbolm, S. V.; Reed, S. I. Regulation of G(1) Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in the Mammalian Cell Cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2000, 12, 676-684.
4. Elledge, S. J. Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Preventing an Identity Crisis. Science 1996, 274, 1664-1672.
5. Ekholm, S. V.; Zickert, P.; Reed, S. I.; Zetterberg, A. Accumulation of Cyclin E Is Not a Prerequisite for Passage through the Restriction Point. Mol Cell Biol 2001, 21, 3256-3265.
6. Serrano, M.; Hannon, G. J.; Beach, D. A New Regulatory Motif in Cell-Cycle Control Causing Specific Inhibition of Cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 1993, 366, 704-707.
7. Toyoshima, H.; Hunter, T. P27, A Novel Inhibitor of G1 Cyclin-Cdk Protein Kinase Activity, Is Related to P21. Cell 1994, 78, 67-74.
8. Koff, A.; Cross, F.; Fisher, A.; Schumacher, J.; Leguellec, K.; Philippe, M.; Roberts, J. M. Human Cyclin E, A New Cyclin That Interacts with Two Members of the CDC2 Gene Family. Cell 1991, 66, 1217-1228.
9. Lew, D. J.; Dulic, V.; Reed, S. I. Isolation of Three Novel Human Cyclins by Rescue of G1 Cyclin (Cln) Function in Yeast. Cell 1991, 66, 1197-1206.
10. Dulic, V.; Lees, E.; Reed, S. I. Association of Human Cyclin E with a Periodic G1-S Phase Protein Kinase. Science 1992, 257, 1958-1961.
11. Koff, A.; Giordano, A.; Desai, D.; Yamashita, K.; Harper, J. W.; Elledge, S.; Nishimoto, T.; Morgan, D. O.; Franza, B. R.; Roberts, J. M. Formation and Activation of a Cyclin E-Cdk2 Complex During the G1 Phase of the Human Cell Cycle. Science 1992, 257, 1689-1694.
12. Reed, S. I. Control of the G1/S Transition. Cancer Surv. 1997, 29, 7-23.
13. Akli, S.; Keyomarsi, K. Cyclin E and Its Low Molecular Weight Forms in Human Cancer and as Targets for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Biology & Therapy 2003, 2 (4 Suppl. 1), S38-47.
14. Gudas, J. M.; Payton, M.; Thukral, S.; Chen, E.; Bass, M.; Robinson, M. O.; Coats, S. Cyclin E2, A Novel G1 Cyclin That Binds Cdk2 and Is Aberrantly Expressed in Human Cancers. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19, 612-622.
15. Lauper, N.; Beck, A. R.; Cariou, S.; Richman, L.; Hofmann, K.; Reith, W. ; Slingerland, J. M.; Amati, B. Cyclin E2: A Novel CDK2 Partner in the Late G1 and S Phases of the Mammalian Cell Cycle. Oncogene 1998, 17, 2637-2643.
16. Zariwala, M.; Liu, J.; Xiong, Y. Cyclin E2, A Novel Human G1 Cyclin and Activating Partner of CDK2 and CDK3, Is Induced by Viral Oncoproteins. Oncogene 1998, 17, 2787-2798.
17. Payton, M.; Coats, S. Cyclin E2, the Cycle Continues. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2002, 34, 315-320.
18. Ohtsubo, M.; Roberts, J. M. Cyclin-Dependent Regulation of G1 in Mammalian Fibroblasts. Science 1993, 259, 1908-1912.
19. Ohtsubo, M.; Theodoras, A. M.; Schumacher, J.; Roberts, J. M.; Pagano, M. Human Cyclin E, A Nuclear Protein Essential for the G1-to-S Phase Transition. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995, 15, 2612-2624.
20. Resnitzky, D.; Gossen, M.; Bujard, H.; Reed, S. I. Acceleration of the G1/S Phase Transition By Expression of Cyclins D1 and E with an Inducible System. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994, 14, 1669-1679.
21. Spruck, C. H.; Won, K. A.; Reed, S. I. Deregulated Cyclin E Induces Chromosome Instability. Nature 1999, 401, 297-300.
22. Gray-Bablin, J.; Zalvide, J.; Fox, M. P.; Knickerbocker, C. J.; Decaprio, J. A.; Keyomarsi, K. Cyclin E, A Redundant Cyclin in Breast Cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 15215-15220.
23. Geng, Y.; Whoriskey, W.; Park, M. Y.; Bronson, R. T.; Medema, R. H.; Li, T.; Weinberg, R. A.; Sicinski, P. Rescue of Cyclin D1 Deficiency by Knockin Cyclin E. Cell 1999, 97, 767-777.
24. Dowdy, S. F.; Hinds, P. W.; Louie, K.; Reed, S. I.; Arnold, A.; Weinberg, R. A. Physical Interaction of the Retinoblastoma Protein with Human D Cyclins. Cell 1993, 73, 499-511.
25. Resnitzky, D.; Reed, S. I. Different Roles for Cyclins D1 and E in Regulation of the G1-to-S Transition. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995, 15, 3463-3469.
26. Alevizopoulos, K.; Vlach, J.; Hennecke, S.; Amati, B. Cyclin E and C-Myc Promote Cell Proliferation in the Presence of p16Ink4a and of Hypophosphorylated Retinoblastoma Family Proteins. EMBO J. 1997, 16, 5322-5333.
27. Lukas, J.; Herzinger, T.; Hansen, K.; Moroni, M. C.; Resnitzky, D.; Helin, K.; Reed, S. I.; Bartek, J. Cyclin E-Induced S Phase Without Activation of the pRb/E2F Pathway. Genes Dev 1997, 11, 1479-1492.
28. Duronio, R. J.; Brook, A.; Dyson, N.; O'Farrell, P. H. E2F-Induced S Phase Requires Cyclin E. Genes Dev 1996, 10, 2505-2513.
29. Jackson, P. K.; Chevalier, S.; Philippe, M.; Kirschner, M. W. Early Events in DNA Replication Require Cyclin E and are Blocked By p2Icip1. J. Cell Biol. 1995, 130, 755-769.
30. Rao, H.; Stillman, B The Origin Recognition Complex Interacts with a Bipartite DNA Binding Site Within Yeast Replicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 2224-2228.
31. Lei, M.; Tye, B. K. Initiating DNA Synthesis: From Recruiting to Activating the MCM Complex. J. Cell Sci. 2001, 114, 1447-1454.
32. Takisawa, H.; Mimura, S.; Kubota, Y. Eukaryotic DNA Replication: from Prereplication Complex to Initiation Complex. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000, 12, 690-696.
33. Furstenthal, L.; Kaiser, B. K.; Swanson, C.; Jackson, P. K. Cyclin E Uses Cdc6 as a Chromatin-Associated Receptor Required for DNA Replication. J. Cell Biol. 2001, 152, 1267-1278.
34. Furstenthal, L.; Swanson, C.; Kaiser, B. K.; Eldridge, A. G.; Jackson, P. K. Triggering Ubiquitination of a CDK Inhibitor at Origins of DNA Replication. Nat. Cell Biol. 2001, 3, 715-722.
35. Zhao, J.; Kennedy, B. K.; Lawrence, B. D.; Barbie, D. A.; Matera, A. G.; Fletcher, J. A.; Harlow, E. NPAT Links Cyclin E-Cdk2 to the Regulation of Replication-Dependent Histone Gene Transcription. Genes Dev. 2000, 14, 2283-2297.
36. Zhao, J.; Dynlacht, B.; Imai, T.; Hori, T.; Harlow, E. Expression of NPAT, A Novel Substrate of Cyclin E-CDK2, Promotes S-Phase Entry. Genes Dev. 1998, 12, 456-461.
37. Okuda, M.; Horn, H. F.; Tarapore, P.; Tokuyama, Y.; Smulian, A. G.; Chan, P. K.; Knudsen, E. S.; Hofmann, I. A.; Snyder, J. D.; Bove, K. E.; Fukasawa, K. Nucleophosmin/B23 Is a Target of CDK2/Cyclin E in Centrosome Duplication. Cell 2000, 103, 127-140.
38. Fisk, H. A.; Winey, M The Mouse Mps1p-Like Kinase Regulates Centrosome Duplication. Cell 2001, 106, 95-104.
39. Mussman, J. G.; Horn, H. F.; Carroll, P. E.; Okuda, M.; Tarapore, P.; Donehower, L. A.; Fukasawa, K. Synergistic Induction of Centrosome Hyperamplification by Loss of p53 and Cyclin E Overexpression. Oncogene 2000, 19, 1635-1646.
40. Lingle, W. L.; Salisbury, J. L. Altered Centrosome Structure Is Associated with Abnormal Mitoses in Human Breast Tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 155, 1941-1951.
41. Le Cam, L.; Polanowska, J.; Fabbrizio, E.; Olivier, M.; Philips, A.; Ng Eaton, E.; Classon, M.; Geng, Y.; Sardet, C. Timing of Cyclin E Gene Expression Depends On the Regulated Association of a Bipartite Repressor Element with a Novel E2F Complex. EMBO J. 1999, 18, 1878-1890.
42. Polanowska, J.; Fabbrizio, E.; Le Cam, L.; Trouche, D.; Emiliani, S.; Herrera, R.; Sardet, C The Periodic Down Regulation of Cyclin E Gene Expression from Exit of Mitosis to End of G(1) Is Controlled by a Deacetylase- and E2F-Associated Bipartite Repressor Element. Oncogene 2001, 20, 4115-4127.
43. Zhang, H. S.; Gavin, M.; Dahiya, A.; Postigo, A. A.; Ma, D.; Luo, R. X.; Harbour, J. W.; Dean, D. C. Exit from G1 and S Phase of the Cell Cycle Is Regulated by Repressor Complexes Containing HDAC-Rb-Hswi/SNF and Rb-Hswi/SNF. Cell 2000, 101, 79-89.
44. Shanahan, F.; Seghezzi, W.; Parry, D.; Mahony, D.; Lees, E. Cyclin E Associates with BAF155 and BRG1, Components of the Mammalian SW1-SNF Complex, and Alters the Ability of BRG1 to Induce Growth Arrest. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19, 1460-1469.
45. Almasan, A.; Yin, Y.; Kelly, R. E.; Lee, E. Y.; Bradley, A.; Li, W.-W.; Bertino, J. R.; Wahl, G. M. Deficiency of Retinoblastoma Protein Leads to Inappropriate S-Phase Entry, Activation of E2F-Responsive Genes, and Apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 5436-5440.
46. Martin, L. G.; Demers, G. W.; Galloway, D. A. Disruption of the G1/S Transition in Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7-Expressing Human Cells Is Associated with Altered Regulation of Cyclin E. J. Virol. 1998, 72, 975-985.
47. Lawrence, T. S.; Davis, M. A.; Loney, T. L. Fluoropyrimidine-Mediated Radiosensitization Depends On Cyclin E-Dependent Kinase Activation. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3203-3206.
48. Jones, D. L.; Thompson, D. A.; Munger, K. Destabilization of the RB Tumor Suppressor Protein and Stabilization of P53 Contribute to HPV Type 16 E7-Induced Apoptosis. Virology 1997, 239, 97-107.
49. Geng, Y.; Yu, Q.; Whoriskey, W.; Dick, F.; Tsai, K. Y.; Ford, H. L.; Biswas, D. K.; Pardee, A. B.; Amati, B.; Jacks, T.; Richardson, A.; Dyson, N.; Sicinski, P. Expression of Cyclins E1 and E2 During Mouse Development and in Neoplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 13138-13143.
50. Payton, M.; Scully, S.; Chung, G.; Coats, S. Deregulation of Cyclin E2 Expression and Associated Kinase Activity in Primary Breast Tumors. Oncogene 2002, 21, 8529-8534.
51. Deed, R. W.; Hara, E.; Atherton, G. T.; Peters, G.; Norton, J. D. Regulation of Id3 Cell Cycle Function by Cdk-2-Dependent Phosphorylation. Mol. Cell Biol. 1997, 17, 6815-6821.
52. Hara, E.; Hall, M.; Peters, G. Cdk2-Dependent Phosphorylation of Id2 Modulates Activity of E2A-Related Transcription Factors. EMBO J. 1997, 16, 332-342.
53. Seghezzi, W.; Chua, K.; Shanahan, F.; Gozani, O.; Reed, R.; Lees, E. Cyclin E Associates with Components of the Pre-Mrna Splicing Machinery in Mammalian Cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 1998, 18, 4526-4536.
54. Wang, C.; Chua, K.; Seghezzi, W.; Lees, E.; Gozani, O.; Reed, R. Phosphorylation of Spliceosomal Protein SAP 155 Coupled with Splicing Catalysis. Genes Dev. 1998, 12, 1409-1414.
55. Blattner, C.; Sparks, A.; Lane, D. Transcription Factor E2F-1 Is Upregulated in Response to DNA Damage in a Manner Analogous to that of p53. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19, 3704-3713.
56. Mazumder, S.; Gong, B.; Almasan, A. Cyclin E Induction By Genotoxic Stress Leads to Apoptosis of Hematopoietic Cells. Oncogene 2000, 19, 2828-2835.
57. Won, K. A.; Reed, S. I. Activation of Cyclin E/CDK2 Is Coupled to Site-Specific Autophosphorylation and Ubiquitin-Dependent Degradation of Cyclin E. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 4182-4193.
58. Clurman, B. E.; Sheaff, R. J.; Thress, K.; Groudine, M.; Roberts, J. M. Turnover of Cyclin E by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Is Regulated by Cdk2 Binding and Cyclin Phosphorylation. Genes Dev. 1996, 10, 1979-1990.
59. Bai, C.; Sen, P.; Hofmann, K.; Ma, L.; Goebl, M.; Harper, J. W.; Elledge, S. J. SKP1 Connects Cell Cycle Regulators to the Ubiquitin Proteolysis Machinery through a Novel Motif, the F-Box. Cell 1996, 86, 263-274.
60. Winston, J. T.; Koepp, D. M.; Zhu, C.; Elledge, S. J.; Harper, J. W. A Family of Mammalian F-Box Proteins. Curr. Biol. 1999, 9, 1180-1182.
61. Strohmaier, H.; Spruck, C. H.; Kaiser, P.; Won, K. A.; Sangfelt, O.; Reed, S. I. Human F-Box Protein Hcdc4 Targets Cyclin E for Proteolysis and Is Mutated in a Breast Cancer Cell Line. Nature 2001, 413, 316-322.
62. Koepp, D. M.; Schaefer, L. K., Ye, X.; Keyomarsi, K.; Chu, C.; Harper, J. W.; Elledge, S. J. Phosphorylation-Dependent Ubiquitination of Cyclin E by the Scffbw7 Ubiquitin Ligase. Science 2001, 294, 173-177.
63. Hoffmann, I.; Draetta, G.; Karsenti, E. Activation of the Phosphatase Activity of Human Cdc25a by a Cdk2-Cyclin E Dependent Phosphorylation at the G1/S Transition. EMBO J. 1994, 13, 4302-4310.
64. Falck, J.; Mailand, N.; Syljuasen, R. G.; Bartek, J.; Lukas, J The ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A Checkpoint Pathway Guards Against Radioresistant DNA Synthesis. Nature 2001, 410, 842-847.
65. Raff, M. C. Social Controls On Cell Survival and Cell Death. Nature 1992, 356, 397-400.
66. Thompson, C. B. Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Disease. Science 1995, 267, 1456-1462.
67. Evan, G. I.; Vousden, K. H. Proliferation, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in Cancer. Nature 2001, 411, 342-348.
68. Sherr, C. J. Cancer Cell Cycles. Science 1996, 274, 1672-1677.
69. Harbour, J. W.; Dean, D. C The Rb/E2F Pathway: Expanding Roles and Emerging Paradigms. Genes Dev. 2000, 14, 2393-2409.
70. Gong, B.; Almasan, A. Apo2 Ligand/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Death Receptor 5 Mediate the Apoptotic Signaling Induced by Ionizing Radiation in Leukemic Cells. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 5754-5760.
71. Chen, Q.; Gong, B.; Ahnasan, A. Distinct Stages of Cytochrome C Release from Mitochondria: Evidence for a Feedback Amplification Loop Linking Caspase Activation to Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Genotoxic Stress Induced Apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2000, 7, 227-233.
72. Gong, B.; Chen, Q.; Endlich, B.; Mazumder, S.; Almasan, A. Ionizing Radiation-induced, Bax-Mediated Cell Death Is Dependent On Activation of Serine and Cysteine Proteases. Cell Growth Diff. 1999, 10, 491-502.
73. Liu, X.; Kim, C. N.; Yang, J., Jemmerson, R.; Wang, X. Induction of Apoptotic Program in Cell-Free Extracts: Requirement for DAtp and Cytochrome C. Cell 1996, 86, 147-157.
74. Li, P.; Nijhawan, D.; Budihardjo, I.; Srinivasula, S. M.; Ahmad, M.; Alnemri, E. S.; Wang, X. Cytochrome C and DAtp-Dependent Formation of Apaf-1/Caspase-9 Complex Initiates an Apoptotic Prolcase Cascade. Cell 1997, 91, 479-489.
75. Hengartner, M. O. The Biochemistry of Apoptosis. Nature 2000, 407, 770-776.
76. Janicke, R. U.; Walker, P. A.; Lin, X. Y.; Porter, A. G. Specific Cleavage of the Retinoblastoma Protein by an ICE-Like Protease in Apoptosis. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 6969-6978.
77. Tan, X.; Martin, S. J.; Green, D. R., Wang, J. Y. J. Degradation of Retinoblastoma Protein in Tumor Necrosis Factor- and CD95-Induced Cell Death. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 9613-9616.
78. Chen, L.; Marechal, V.; Moreau, J.; Levine, A. J.; Chen, J. Protcolytic Cleavage of the MDM2 Oncoprotein During Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 22966-22973.
79. Beyaert, R.; Kidd, V. J.; Cornelis, S.; Van De Craen, M.; Denecker, G.; Lahti, J. M.; Gururajan, R.; Vandenabeele, P.; Fiers, W. Cleavage of PITSLRE Kinases by ICE/CASP-1 and CPP32/CASP-3 During Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 11694-11697.
80. Levkau, B.; Koyoma, H.; Raines, E. W.; Clurman, B. E.; Herren, B.; Orth, K.; Roberts, J. M. Cleavage of P21/Cip1/Waf1 and P27Kip1 Mediates Apoptosis of Endothelial Cells through Activation of Cdk2: Role of a Caspase Cascade. Molec. Cell 1997, 1, 553-563.
81. Meikrantz, W.; Schlegel, R. Apoptosis and the Cell Cycle. J Cell Biochem 1995, 58, 160-174.
82. Meikrantz, W.; Schlegel, R. Suppression of Apoptosis by Dominant Negative Mutants of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 10205-10209.
83. Brady, H. J.; Gil-Gomez, G.; Kirberg, J.; Berns, A. J. Bax Alpha Perturbs T Cell Development and Affects Cell Cycle Entry of T Cells. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 6991-7001.
84. Mazel, S.; Burtrum, D.; Petrie, H. T. Regulation of Cell Division Cycle Progression by Bcl-2 Expression: A Potential Mechanism for Inhibition of Programmed Cell Death. J Exp. Med. 1996, 183, 2219-2226.
85. Linette, G. P.; Li, Y.; Roth, K.; Korsmeyer, S. J. Cross Talk Between Cell Death and Cell Cycle Progression: BCL-2 Regulates NFAT-Mediated Activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 9545-9552.
86. O'Reilly, L. A.; Huang, D. C.; Strasser, A. The Cell Death Inhibitor Bcl-2 and Its Homologues Influence Control of Cell Cycle Entry. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 6979-6990.
87. Schlegel, J.; Peters, I.; Orrenius, S.; Miller, D. K.; Thornberry, N. A. ; Yamin, T. T.; Nicholson, D. W. CPP32/Apopain Is a Key Interleukin 1 Beta Converting Enzyme-Like Protease Involved in Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 1841-1844.
88. Zhou, B. B.; Li, H.; Yuan, J.; Kirschner, M. W. Caspase-Dependent Activation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases During Fas-Induced Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 6785-6790.
89. Park, D. S.; Morris, E. I.; Padmanabhan, J.; Shelanski, M. L.; Geller, H. M.; Greene, L. A. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Participate in Death of Neurons Evoked by Dna damaging Agents. J. Cell Biol. 1998, 143, 457-467.
90. Wang, J.; Walsh, K. Resistance to Apoptosis Conferred by Cdk Inhibitors During Myocyte Differentiation. Science 1996, 273, 359-361.
91. Hakem, A.; Sasaki, T.; Kozieradzki, I.; Penninger, J. M The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Cdk2 Regulates Thyinocyte Apoptosis. J Exp Med 1999, 189, 957-968.
92. Sofer-Levi, Y.; Resnitzky, D. Apoptosis Induced by Ectopic Expression of Cyclin D1 but Not Cyclin E. Oncogene 1996, 13, 2431-2437.
93. Han, E. K.; Begemann, M.; Sgambato, A.; Soh, J. W.; Doki, Y.; Xing, W. Q.; Liu, W.; Weinstein, I. B. Increased Expression of Cyclin D1 in a Murine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line Induces P27kip1, Inhibits Growth, and Enhances Apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ. 1996, 7, 699-710.
94. Mazumder, S.; Chen, Q.; Gong, B.; Drazba, J. A.; Buchsbaum, J. C.; Almasan, A. Proteolytic Cleavage of Cyclin E Leads to Inactivation of Associated Kinase Activity and Amplification of Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 2398-2409.
95. Pardee, A. B. G1 Events and Regulation of Cell Proliferation. Science 1989, 246, 603-608.
96. Keyomarsi, K.; Samet, J.; Molnar, G.; Pardee, A. B. The Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor, IC1 D1694, Overcomes Translational Detainment of the Enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 15142-15149.
97. Hunter, T. 1001 Protein Kinases Redux - Towards 2000. Semin. Cell Biol. 1994, 5, 367-376.
98. Keyomarsi, K.; O'Leary, N.; Molnar, G.; Lees, E.; Fingert, H. J.; Pardee, A. B. Cyclin E, A Potential Prognostic Marker for Breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 380-385.
99. Keyomarsi, K.; Conte, D., Jr.; Toyofuku, W.; Fox, M. P. Deregulation of Cyclin E in Breast Cancer. Oncogene 1995, 11, 941-950.
100. Keyomarsi, K.; Tucker, S. L.; Buchholz, T. A.; Callister, M.; Ding, Y.; Hortobagyi, G. N.; Bedrosian, I.; Knickerbocker, C.; Toyofuku, W.; Lowe, M.; Herliczck, T. W.; Bacus, S. S. Cyclin E and Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 1566-1575.
101. Semenov, I.; Akyuz, C.; Roginskaya, V.; Chauhan, D.; Corey, S. J. Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis of Myeloma Cells by the CDK Inhibitor Flavopiridol. Leuk. Res. 2002, 26, 271-280.
102. Senderowicz, A. M. Small Molecule Modulators of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases for Cancer Therapy. Oncogene 2000, 19, 6600-6606.
103. Senderowicz, A. M. Development of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Modulators As Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Hematological Malignancies. Leukemia 2001, 15, 1-9.
104. Stadler, W. M.; Vogelzang, N. J.; Amato, R.; Sosman, J.; Taber, D.; Liebowitz, D.; Vokes, E. E. Flavopiridol, a Novel Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, in Metastatic Renal Cancer: A University of Chicago Phase II Consortium Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 371-375.
105. D'Urso, G.; Marraccino, R. L.; Marshak, D. R.; Roberts, J. M. Cell Cycle Control of DNA Replication by a Homologue from Human Cells of the p34cdc2 Protein Kinase. Science 1990, 250, 786-791.
106. Porter, P. L.; Malone, K. E.; Heagerty, P. J.; Alexander, G. M.; Gatti, L. A.; Firpo, E. J.; Daling, J. R.; Roberts, J. M. Expression of Cell-Cycle Regulators p27Kip1 and Cyclin E, Alone and in Combination, Correlate with Survival in Young Breast Cancer Patients. Nat. Med. 1997, 3, 222-225.
107. Dutta, A.; Chandra, R.; Leiter, L. M.; Lester, S. Cyclins as Markers of Tumor Proliferation: Immunocytochemical Studies in Breast Cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 1995, 92, 5386-5390.
108. Nielsen, N. H.; Arnerlov, C.; Emdin, S. O.; Landberg, G. Cyclin E Overexpression, a Negative Prognostic Factor in Breast Cancer with Strong Correlation to Estrogen Receptor Status. Br. J. Cancer 1996, 74, 874-880.
109. Keyomarsi, K.; Pardee, A. B. Redundant Cyclin Overexpression and Gene Amplification in Breast Cancer Cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 1112-1116.
110. Porter, D. C.; Zhang, N.; Danes, C.; Megahren, M. J.; Harwell, R. M.; Faruki, S.; Keyomarsi, K. Tumor-Specific Proteolytic Processing of Cyclin E Generates Hyperactive Lower Molecular-Weight Forms. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 21, 6254-6269.
111. Porter, D. C.; Keyomarsi, K. Novel Splice Variants of Cyclin E with Altered Substrate Specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28, E101.
112. Harwell, R. M.; Porter, D. C.; Danes, C.; Keyomarsi, K. Processing of Cyclin E Differs Between Normal and Tumor Breast Cells. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 481-489.
113. Li, J. Q.; Miki, H.; Ohmori, M.; Wu, F.; Funamoto, Y. Expression of Cyclin E and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Correlates with Metastasis and Prognosis in Colorectal Carcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 2001, 32, 945-953.
114. Chen, I. T.; Akamatsu, M.; Smith, M. L.; Lung, F. D.; Duba, D.; Roller, P. P.; Fornace, A. J., Jr.; O'Connor, P. M. Characterization of p21Cip1/Waf1 Peptide Domains Required for Cyclin E/Cdk2 and PCNA Interaction. Oncogene 1996, 12, 595-607.
115. Singer, J. D.; Gurian-West, M.; Clurman, B.; Roberts, J. M. Cullin-3 Targets Cyclin E for Ubiquitination and Controls S Phase in Mammalian Cells. Genes Dev. 1999, 13, 2375-2387.
116. Chen, J.; Jackson, P. K.; Kirschner, M. W.; Dutta, A. Separate Domains of p21 Involved in the Inhibition of Cdk Kinase and PCNA. Nature 1995, 374, 386-388.
117. El-Deiry, W. S.; Tokino, T.; Velculeseu, V. E.; Levy, D. B.; Parsons, R. ; Trent, J. M.; Lin, D.; Mercer, W. E.; Kinzler, K. W.; Vogelstein, B. WAF1, a Potential Mediator of p53 Tumor Suppression. Cell 1993, 75, 817-825.
118. Almasan, A.; Linke, S.; Paulson, T.; Huang, L.-C.; Wahl, G. M. Genetic Instability as a Consequence of Inappropriate Entry and Progression through S-Phase. Cancer Metast. Rev. 1995, 14, 59-73.
119. Wang, X. The Expanding Role of Mitochondria in Apoptosis. Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 2922-2933.