Novel integrin antagonists derived from thrombospondins

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 849-866

  Calzada, Maria J ^a   Roberts, David D ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Antiproliferative peptides; Cell adhesion; Cell motility inhibitors; Integrins; Peptide mimetics; Peptides

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; INTEGRIN; INTEGRIN ANTAGONIST; N ACETYLSARCOSYLGLYCYLVALYL DEXTRO ALLOISOLEUCYLTHREONYLNORVALYLISOLEUCYLARGINYLPROLINE ETHYLAMIDE; NATALIZUMAB; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN ANTIBODY; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; TA 2; THROMBOSPONDIN; THROMBOSPONDIN 1; THROMBOSPONDIN 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 3 ANTIBODY; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 4; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 4 ANTAGONIST; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 4 ANTIBODY; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 6; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; LEUKOCYTE; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MOTIF; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOSIS; TISSUE SPECIFICITY;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD36; BINDING SITES; HUMANS; INTEGRINS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC; PROTEIN BINDING; THROMBOSPONDINS;

EID: 14744294395     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612053381792     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Bornstein P, Sage E. Matricellular proteins: extracellular modulators of cell function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002; 14: 608-616.
2. Adams JC. Thrombospondins: multifunctional regulators of cell interactions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001; 17: 25-51.
3. Bornstein P. Thrombospondins: structure and regulation of expression. FASEB J 1992; 6: 3290-3299.
4. DiPietro LA, Nissen NN, Gamelli RL, Koch AE, Pyle JM, Polverini PJ. Thrombospondin 1 synthesis and function in wound repair. Am J Pathol 1996; 148: 1851-1860.
5. Roth JJ Gahtan V, Brown JL, Gerhard C, Swami VK, Rothman VL, et al. Thrombospondin-1 is elevated with both intimal hyperplasia and hypercholesterolemia. J Surg Res 1998; 74: 11-16.
6. Agah A, Kyriakides TR, Lawler J, Bornstein P. The lack of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) dictates the course of wound healing in double-TSP1/TSP2-null mice. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 831-839.
7. Lawler J, Weinstein R, Hynes RO. Cell attachment to thrombospondin: the role of ARG-GLY-ASP, calcium, and integrin receptors. J Cell Biol 1988; 107: 2351-2361.
8. DeFreitas MF, Yoshida CK, Frazier WA, Mendrick DL, Kypta RM, Reichardt LF. Identification of integrin α3β1 as a neuronal thrombospondin receptor mediating neurite outgrowth. Neuron 1995; 15: 333-343.
9. Chandrasekaran S, Guo N, Rodrigues RG, Kaiser J, Roberts DD. Pro-adhesive and chemotactic activities of thrombospondin-1 for breast carcinoma cella are mediated by α3β1 integrin and regulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 and CD98. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 11408-11416.
10. Yabkowitz R, Dixit VM, Guo N, Roberts DD, Shimizu Y. Activated T-cell adhesion to thrombospondins is mediated by the α4β1 (VLA-4) and α5β1 (VLA-5) integrins. J Immunol 1993; 151: 149-158.
11. Li Z, Calzada MJ, Sipes JM, Cashel JA, Krutzsch HC, Annis D, et al. Interactions of thrombospondins with α4β1 integrin and CD47 differentially modulate T cell behavior. J Cell Biol 2002; 157: 509-519.
12. Calzada MJ, Sipes JM, Krutzsch HC, Yurchenco PD, Annis DS, Mosher DF, et al. Recognition of the N-terminal modules of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 by α6β1 integrin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 40679-40687.
13. Brown EJ, Frazier WA. Integrin-associated protein (CD47) and its ligands. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11: 130-135.
14. Febbraio M, Hajjar DP, Silverstein RL. CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 785-791.
15. Orr AW, Elzie CA, Kucik DF, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin signaling through the calreticulin/LDL receptor-related protein co-complex stimulates random and directed cell migration. J Cell Sci 2003; 116: 2917-2927.
16. O'Rourke KM, Laherty CD, Dixit VM. Thrombospondin 1 and thrombospondin 2 are expressed as both homo- and heterotrimers. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 24921-24924.
17. Chen H, Strickland DK,Mosher DF. Metabolism of thrombospondin 2. Binding and degradation by 3T3 cells and glycosaminoglycan-variant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 15993-15999.
18. Yang Z, Strickland DK, Bornstein P. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels are regulated by the low density lipoprotein-related scavenger receptor and thrombospondin 2. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 8403-8408.
19. Qabar AN, Lin Z, Wolf FW, O'Shea KS, Lawler J, Dixit VM. Thrombospondin 3 is a developmentally regulated heparin binding protein. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 1262-1269.
20. Lawler J, McHenry K, Duquette M, Derick L. Characterization of human thrombospondin-4. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 2809-2814.
21. Barazi HO, Li Z, Cashel JA, Krutzsch HC, Annis DS, Mosher DF, et al. Regulation of integrin function by CD47 ligands. Differential effects on αvβ3 and α4β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 42859-42866.
22. Good DJ, Polverini PJ, Rastinejad F, Le BM, Lemons RS, Frazier WA, et al. A tumor suppressor-dependent inhibitor of angiogenesis is immunologically and functionally indistinguishable from a fragment of thrombospondin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6624-6628.
23. Bagavandoss P, Wilks JW. Specific inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by thrombospondin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 867-872.
24. Taraboletti G, Roberts D, Liotta LA, Giavazzi R. Platelet thrombospondin modulates endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth: a potential angiogenesis regulatory factor. J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 765-772.
25. Vogel T, Guo NH, Krutzsch HC, Blake DA, Hartman J, Mendelovitz S, et al. Modulation of endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, and motility by recombinant heparin-binding domain and synthetic peptides from the type I repeats of thrombospondin. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53: 74-84.
26. Tolsma SS, Volpert OV, Good DJ, Frazier WA, Polverini PJ, Bouck N. Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J Cell Biol 1993; 122: 497-511.
27. Iruela-Arispe ML, Lombardo M, Krutzsch HC, Lawler J, Roberts DD. Inhibition of angiogenesis by thrombspondin-1 is mediated by two independent regions within the type 1 repeats Circulation 1999; 100: 1423-1431.
28. Dawson DW, Pearce SF, Zhong R, Silverstein RL, Frazier WA, Bouck NP. CD36 mediates the In vitro inhibitory effects of thrombospondin-1 on endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1997; 138: 707-717.
29. BenEzra D, Griffin BW, Maftzir G, Aharonov O. Thrombospondin and in vivo angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor or lipopolysaccharide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 3601-3608.
30. Nicosia RF, Tuszynski GP. Matrix-bound thrombospondin promotes angiogenesis in vitro. J Cell Biol 1994; 124: 183-193.
31. Taraboletti G, Morbidelli L, Donnini S, Parenti A, Granger HJ, Giavazzi R, et al. The heparin binding 25 kDa fragment of thrombospondin-1 promotes angiogenesis and modulates gelatinase and TIMP-2 production in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2000; 14: 1674-1676.
32. Chandrasekaran L, He C-Z, AL-Barazi HO, Krutzsch HC, Iruela-Arispe ML, Roberts DD. Cell contact-dependent activation of α6β1 integrin modulates endothelial cell responses to thrombospondin-1. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11: 2885-2900.
33. Calzada MJ, Zhou L, Sipes JM, Zhang J, Krutzsch HC, Iruela-Arispe ML, et al. α4β1 integrin mediates selective endothelial cell responses to thrombospondins in vitro and modulates angiogenesis in vivo. Circ Res 2004; 92: 462-470.
34. Ferrari do Outeiro-Bernstein MA, Nunes SS, Andrade AC, Alves TR, Legrand C, Morandi V. A recombinantNH(2)-terminal heparin-binding domain of the adhesive glycoprotein, thrombospondin-1, promotes endothelial tube formation and cell survival: a possible role for syndecan-4 proteoglycan. Matrix Biol 2002; 21: 311-324.
35. Murphy-Ullrich JE, Mosher DF. Interactions of thrombospondin with endothelial cells: receptor-mediated binding and degradation. J Cell Biol 1987; 105: 1603-1611.
36. Vischer P, Feitsma K, Schon P, Volker W. Perlecan is responsible for thrombospondin 1 binding on the cell surface of cultured porcine endothelial cells. Eur J Cell Biol 1997; 73: 332-343.
37. Godyna S, Liau G, Popa I, Stefansson S, Argraves WS. Identification of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) as an endocytic receptor for thrombospondin-1. J Cell Biol 1995; 129: 1403-1410.
38. Goicoechea S, Orr AW, Pallero MA, Eggleton P, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin mediates focal adhesion disassembly through interactions with cell surface calreticulin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 36358-36368.
39. Gao A-G, Lindberg FP, Finn MB, Blystone SD, Brown EJ, Frazier WA. Integrin-associated protein is a receptor for the C-terminal domain of thrombospondin. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 21-24.
40. Kanda S, Shono T, Tomasini-Johansson B, Klint P, Saito Y. Role of thrombospondin-1-derived peptide, 4N1K, in FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 1999; 252: 262-272.
41. Swerlick RA, Lee KH, Wick TM, Lawley TJ. Human dermal microvascular endothelial but not human umbilical vein endothelial cells express CD36 in vivo and in vitro. J Immunol 1992; 148: 78-83.
42. Brooks PC,Clark RA,Cheresh DA. Requirement of vascular integrin αvβ3 for angiogenesis. Science 1994; 264: 569-571.
43. Guo NH, Krutzsch HC, Inman JK, Shannon CS, Roberts DD. Antiproliferative and antitumor activities of D-reverse peptides derived from the second type-1 repeat of thrombospondin-1. J Pept Res 1997; 50: 210-221.
44. Bogdanov Jr A, Marecos E, Cheng H-C, Chandrasekaran L, Krutzsch HC, Roberts DD, et al. Thrombospondin-1 derived peptides inhibit glioma growth by limiting neovessel formation but not by decreasing vascular density. Neoplasia 1999; 1: 438-445.
45. Shafiee A, Penn JS, Krutzsch HC, Inman JK, Roberts DD, Blake DA. Inhibition of retinal angiogenesis by peptides derived from thrombospondin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 2378-2388.
46. Hugo CP, Pichler RP, Schulze-Lohoff E, Prols F, Adler S, Krutsch HC, et al. Thrombospondin peptides are potent inhibitors of mesangial and glomerular endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2236-2249.
47. Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Pearce SF, Schneider AJ, Silverstein RL, Henkin J, et al. Three distinct D-amino acid substitutions confer potent antiangiogenic activity on an inactive peptide derived from a thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeat. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55: 332-338.
48. Mauer, A, Schiller JA. Phase II Single-Arm Study Evaluating tile Safety and Effectiveness of ABT-510 Plus Combination Chemotherapy in Subjects with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 2004; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061646.
49. Ebbinghaus S, Gordon M, Thropay J, Vogelzang N, Loesch D, Newbauer M, et al. A phase II randomized study evaluating the safety and efficacy of ABT-510 in subjects with advanced renal cell carcinoma. 2004; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073125.
50. Levine A. A Phase II Study Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of ABT-510 in Subjects with Refractory Lymphoma 2004; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061672.
51. Lobell, M, Mendelson D, Baker L. A Phase II Randomized Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of ABT-510 in Subjects with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma. 2004; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00061659.
52. Panetti TS, Chen H, Misenheimer TM, Getzler SB, Mosher DF. Endothelial cell mitogenesis induced by LPA: inhibition by thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 129: 208-216.
53. Tomii Y, Kamochi J, Yamazaki H, Sawa N, Tokunaga T, Ohnishi Y, et al. Human thrombospondin 2 inhibits proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells. Int J Oncol 2002; 20: 339-342.
54. Armstrong LC, Bjorkblom B, Hankenson KD, Siadak AW, Stiles CE, Bornstein P. Thrombospondin 2 inhibits microvascular endothelial cell proliferation by a caspase-independent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13: 1893-1905.
55. Noh YH, Matsuda K, Hong YK, Kunstfeld R, Riccardi L, Koch M, et al. An N-terminal 80 kDa recombinant fragment of human thrombospondin-2 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor induced endothelial cell migration in vitro and tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 1536-1543.
56. Volpert OV, Tolsma SS, Pellerin S, Feige JJ, Chen H, Mosher DF, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by thrombospondin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217: 326-332.
57. Stenina OI, Desai SY, Krukovets I, Kight K, Janigro D, Topol EJ, et al. Thrombospondin-4 and its variants: expression and differential effects on endothelial cells. Circulation 2003; 108: 1514-1519.
58. Henry C, Moitessier N, Chapleur Y. Vitronectin receptor αVβ3 integrin antagonists: chemical and structural requirements for activity and selectivity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2002; 2: 531-542.
59. Tucker GC. αv integrin inhibitors and cancer therapy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 4: 722-731.
60. Miller WH, Keenan RM, Willette RN, Lark MW. Identification and in vivo efficacy of small-molecule antagonists of integrin αvβ3. Drug Discov Today 2000; 5: 397-408.
61. Gadek TR, McDowell RS. Discovery of small molecule leads in a biotechnology datastream. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8: 545-550.
62. Lawler J, Connolly JE, Ferro P, Derick LH. Thrombin and chymotrypsin interactions with thrombospondin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 485: 273-287.
63. Roberts DD, Sherwood JA, Ginsburg V. Platelet thrombospondin mediates attachment and spreading of human melanoma cells. J Cell Biol 1987; 104: 131-139.
64. Roberts DD. Regulation of tumor growth and metastasis by thrombospondin-1. FASEB J 1996; 10: 1183-1191.
65. Lawler J, Ferro P, Duquette M. Expression and mutagenesis of thrombospondin. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 1173-1180.
66. Takada Y, Murphy E, Pil P, Chen C, Ginsberg MH, Hemler ME. Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNA for α3 subunit of human α3β1 (VLA-3), an integrin receptor for fibronectin, laminin, and collagen. J Cell Biol 1991; 115: 257-266.
67. Eble JA, Wucherpfennig KW, Gauthier L, Dersch P, Krukonis E, Isberg RR, et al. Recombinant soluble human α3β1 integrin: purification, processing, regulation, and specific binding to laminin-5 and invasin in a mutually exclusive manner. Biochemistry 1998; 37: 10945-10955.
68. Gresham HD, Graham IL, Griffin GL, Hsieh JC, Dong LJ, Chung AE, et al. Domain-specific interactions between entactin and neutrophil integrins. G2 domain ligation of integrin α3β1 and E domain ligation of the leukocyte response integrin signal for different responses. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 30587-30594.
69. Miles AJ, Knutson JR, Skubitz AP, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB, Fields GB. A peptide model of basement membrane collagen α1 (IV) 531-543 binds the α3β1 integrin. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29047-29050.
70. Li C, McCarthy JB, Furcht LT, Fields GB. An all-D amino acid peptide model of α1(IV)531-543 from type IV collagen binds the α3β1 integrin and mediates tumor cell adhesion, spreading, and motility. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 15404-15410.
71. Kim JE, Kim SJ, Lee BH, Park RW, Kim KS, Kim IS. Identification of motifs for cell adhesion within the repeated domains of transforming growth factor-β-induced gene, βig-h3. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 30907-30915.
72. Krukonis ES, Dersch P, Eble JA, Isberg RR. Differential effects of integrin α chain mutations on invasin and natural ligand interaction. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 31837-31843.
73. Gehlsen KR, Sriramarao P, Furcht LT, Skubitz AP. A synthetic peptide derived from the carboxy terminus of the laminin A chain represents a binding site for the alpha 3 beta 1 integrin. J Cell Biol 1992; 117: 449-459.
74. Pattaramalai S, Skubitz KM, Skubitz AP. A novel recognition site on laminin for the α3β1 integrin. Exp Cell Res 1996; 222: 281-290.
75. Dogic D, Rousselle P, Aumailley M. Cell adhesion to laminin 1 or 5 induces isoform-specific clustering of integrins and other focal adhesion components. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 (Pt 6): 793-802.
76. Mizushima H, Takamura H, Miyagi Y, Kikkawa Y, Yamanaka N, Yasumitsu H, et al. Identification of integrin-dependent and - independent cell adhesion domains in COOH-terminal globular region of laminin-5 α3 chain. Cell Growth Differ 1997; 8: 979-987.
77. Shang M, Koshikawa N, Schenk S, Quaranta V. The LG3 module of laminin-5 harbors a binding site for integrin α3β1 that promotes cell adhesion, spreading, and migration. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 33045-33053.
78. Dong LJ, Hsieh JC, Chung AE. Two distinct cell attachment sites in entactin are revealed by amino acid substitutions and deletion of the RGD sequence in the cysteine-rich epidermal growth factor repeat 2. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 15838-15843.
79. Krutzsch HC, Choe B, Sipes JM, Guo N, Roberts DD. Identification of an Α3Β1 integrin recognition sequence in thrombospondin-1. J. Biol. Chem 1999; 274: 24080-24086.
80. Beckmann G, Hanke J, Bork P, Reich JG. Merging extracellular domains: fold prediction for laminin G-like and amino-terminal thrombospondin-like modules based on homology to pentraxins. J Mol Biol 1998; 275: 725-730.
81. Guo N, Templeton NS, Al-Barazi H, Cashel JA, Sipes JM, Krutzsch HC, et al. Thrombospondin-1 promotes α3β1 integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite-like outgrowth and inhibits proliferation of small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 457-466.
82. Ruoslahti E. RGD and other recognitionsequences for integrins. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 1996; 12: 697-715.
83. Koivunen E, Wang B, Ruoslahti E. Isolation of a highly specific ligand for the α5β1 integrin from a phage display library. J Cell Biol 1994; 124: 373-380.
84. Arap W, Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science 1998; 279: 377-380.
85. Chorev M, Goodman M. Recent developments in retro peptides and proteins--an ongoing topochemical exploration. Trends Biotechnol 1995; 13: 438-445.
86. de Melker AA, Sterk LM, Delwel GO, Fles DL, Daams H, Weening JJ, et al. The A and B variants of the α3 integrin subunit: tissue distribution and functional characterization. Lab Invest 1997; 76: 547-563.
87. Mechtersheimer G, Barth T, Hartschuh W, Lehnert T, Moller P. In situ expression of β1, β3 and β4 integrin subunits in non-neoplastic endothelium and vascular tumours. Virchows Arch 1994; 425: 375-384.
88. Gerli R, Solito R, Weber E, Agliano M. Specific adhesion molecules bind anchoring filaments and endothelial cells in human skin initial lymphatics. Lymphology 2000; 33: 148-157.
89. Yanez-Mo M, Alfranca A, Cabanas C, Marazuela M, Tejedor R, Ursa MA, et al. Regulation of endothelial cell motility by complexes of tetraspan molecules CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 with α3β1 integrin localized at endothelial lateral junctions. J Cell Biol 1998; 141: 791-804.
90. Chattopadhyay N, Wang Z, Ashman LK, Brady-Kalnay SM, Kreidberg JA. α3β1 integrin-CD151, a component of the cadherin-catenin complex, regulates PTPμ expression and cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2003; 163: 1351-1362.
91. Doi M, Thyboll J, Kortesmaa J, Jansson K, Iivanainen A, Parvardeh M, et al. Recombinant human laminin-10 (α5β1γ1). Production, purification, and migration-promoting activity on vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 12741-12748.
92. Aplin AE, Short SM, Juliano RL. Anchorage-dependent regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by growth factors is supported by a variety of integrin alpha chains. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 31223-31228.
93. Clyman RI, Mauray F, Kramer RH. β1 and β3 integrins have different roles in the adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells on extracellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 1992; 200: 272-284.
94. Lymn JS, Patel MK, Clunn GF, Rao SJ, Gallagher KL, Hughes AD. Thrombospondin-1 differentially induces chemotaxis and DNA synthesis of human venous smooth muscle cells at the receptor-binding level. J Cell Sci 2002; 115: 4353-4360.
95. Riessen R, Kearney M, Lawler J, Isner JM. Immunolocalization of thrombospondin-1 in human atherosclerotic and restenotic arteries. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 357-364.
96. Chen D, Asahara T, Krasinski K, Witzenbichler B, Yang J, Magner M, et al. Antibody blockade of thrombospondin accelerates reendothelialization and reduces neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Circulation 1999; 100: 849-854.
97. O'Shea KS, Liu LH, Dixit VM. Thrombospondin and a 140 kd fragment promote adhesion and neurite outgrowth from embryonic central and peripheral neurons and from PC12 cells. Neuron 1991; 7: 231-237.
98. Morini M, Mottolese M, Ferrari N, Ghiorzo F, Buglioni S, Mortarini R, et al. The α3β1 integrin is associated with mammary carcinoma cell metastasis, invasion, and gelatinase B (MMP-9) activity. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 336-342.
99. Sugiura T, Berditchevski F. Function of α3β1-tetraspanin protein complexes in tumor cell invasion. Evidence for the role of the complexes in production of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). J Cell Biol 1999; 146: 1375-1389.
100. Lundstrom A, Holmbom J, Lindqvist C, Nordstrom T. The role of α2β1 and α3β1 integrin receptors in the initial anchoring of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells to cortical bone matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250: 735-740.
101. Tei K, Kawakami-Kimura N, Taguchi O, Kumamoto K, Higashiyama S, Taniguchi N, et al. Roles of cell adhesion molecules in tumor angiogenesis induced by cotransplantation of cancer and endothelial cells to nude rats. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6289-6296.
102. Zuk A, Matlin KS. Induction of a laminin isoform and α3β1 -integrin in renal ischemic injury and repair in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283: F971-984.
103. Sterk LM,de Melker AA, Kramer D, Kuikman I, Chand A, Claessen N, et al. Glomerular extracellular matrix components and integrins. Cell Adhes Commun 1998; 5: 177-192.
104. Akula SM, Pramod NP, Wang FZ, Chandran B. Integrin α3β1 (CD 49c/29) is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) entry into the target cells. Cell 2002; 108: 407-419.
105. Kreidberg JA, Donovan MJ, Goldstein SL, Rennke H, Shepherd K, Jones RC, et al. α3β1 integrin has a crucial role in kidney and lung organogenesis. Development 1996; 122: 3537-3547.
106. Kreidberg JA. Functions of α3β1 integrin. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000; 12: 548-553.
107. DiPersio CM, van der Neut R, Georges-Labouesse E, Kreidberg JA, Sonnenberg A, Hynes RO. α3β1 and α6β4 integrin receptors for laminin-5 are not essential for epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis during skin development. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 17): 3051-3062.
108. Klinowska TC, Alexander CM, Georges- Labouesse E, Van der Neut R, Kreidberg JA, Jones CJ, et al. Epithelial development and differentiation in the mammary gland is not dependent on α3 or α6 integrin subunits. Dev Biol 2001; 233: 449-467.
109. Kudlacz E, Whitney C, Andresen C, Duplantier A, Beckius G, Chupak L, et al. Pulmonary eosinophilia in a murine model of allergic inflammation is attenuated by small molecule alpha4beta1 antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301: 747-752.
110. Decker S, van Valen F, Vischer P. Adhesion of osteosarcoma cells to the 70-kDa core region of thrombospondin-1 is mediated by the α4β1 integrin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293: 86-92.
111. Massia SP, Hubbell JA. Vascular endothelial cell adhesion and spreading promoted by the peptide REDV of the IIICS region of plasma fibronectin is mediated by integrin α4β1. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 14019-14026.
112. Brezinschek RI, Brezinschek HP, Lazarovits AI, Lipsky PE, Oppenheimer-Marks N. Expression of the beta 7 integrin by human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1651-1660.
113. Vanderslice P, Munsch CL, Rachal E, Erichsen D, Sughrue KM, Truong AN, et al. Angiogenesis induced by tumor necrosis factor-α; is mediated by α4 integrins. Angiogenesis 1998; 2: 265-275.
114. Sheppard AM, Onken MD, Rosen GD, Noakes PG, Dean DC. Expanding roles for α4 integrin and its ligands in development. Cell Adhes Commun 1994; 2: 27-43.
115. Yednock TA, Cannon C, Fritz LC, Sanchez-Madrid F, Steinman L, Karin N. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Nature 1992; 356: 63-66.
116. Hynes RO. A reevaluation of integrins as regulators of angiogenesis. Nat Med 2002; 8: 918-921.
117. Elices MJ, Osborn L, Takada Y, Crouse C, Luhowskyj S, Hemler ME, et al. VCAM-1 on activated endothelium interacts with the leukocyte integrin VLA-4 at a site distinct from the VLA-4/fibronectin binding site. Cell 1990; 60: 577-584.
118. Arroyo AG, Taverna D, Whittaker CA, Strauch UG, Bader BL, Rayburn H, et al. In vivo roles of integrins during leukocyte development and traffic: insights from the analysis of mice chimeric for α5, αv, and α4 integrins. J Immunol 2000; 165: 4667-4675.
119. Clements JM, Newham P, Shepherd M, Gilbert R, Dudgeon TJ, Needham LA, et al. Identification of a key integrin-binding sequence in VCAM-1 homologous to the LDV active site in fibronectin. J Cell Sci 1994; 107: 2127-2135.
120. Vonderheide RH, Tedder TF, Springer TA, Staunton DE. Residues within a conserved amino acid motif of domains 1 and 4 of VCAM- 1 are required for binding to VLA-4. J Cell Biol 1994; 125: 215-222.
121. Osborn L, Vassallo C, Browning BG, Tizard R, Haskard DO, Benjamin CD, et al. Arrangement of domains, and amino acid residues required for binding of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 to its counter-receptor VLA-4 (α4β1). J Cell Biol 1994; 124: 601-608.
122. Jones EY, Harlos K, Bottomley MJ, Robinson RC, Driscoll PC, Edwards RM, et al. Crystal structure of an integrin-binding fragment of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at 1.8 A resolution. Nature 1995; 373: 539-544.
123. Komoriya A, Green LJ, Mervic M, Yamada SS, Yamada KM, Humphries MJ. The minimal essential sequence for a major cell type-specific adhesion site (CS1) within the alternatively spliced type III connecting segment domain of fibronectin is leucine-aspartic acid-valine. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 15075-15079.
124. Guan JL, Hynes RO. Lymphoid cells recognize an alternatively spliced segment of fibronectin via the integrin receptor α4β1. Cell 1990; 60: 53-61.
125. Wayner EA, Kovach NL. Activation-dependent recognition by hematopoietic cells of the LDV sequence in the V region of fibronectin. J Cell Biol 1992; 116: 489-497.
126. Boyle DL, Shi Y, Gay S, Firestein GS. Regulation of CS1 fibronectin expression and function by IL-1 in endothelial cells. Cell Immunol 2000; 200: 1-7.
127. Nojima Y, Humphries MJ, Mould AP, Komoriya A, Yamada KM, Schlossman SF, et al. VLA-4 mediates CD3-dependent CD4+ T cell activation via the CS1 alternatively spliced domain of fibronectin. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 1185-1192.
128. Yakubenko VP, Lobb RR, Plow EF, Ugarova TP. Differential induction of gelatinase B (MMP-9) and gelatinase A (MMP-2) in T lymphocytes upon α4β1-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1 and the CS-I peptide of fibronectin. Exp Cell Res 2000; 260: 73-84.
129. Lin K, Ateeq HS, Hsiung SH, Chong LT, Zimmerman CN, Castro A, et al. Selective, tight-binding inhibitors of integrin α4β1 that inhibit allergic airway responses. J Med Chem 1999; 42: 920-934.
130. Mould AP, Komoriya A, Yamada KM, Humphries MJ. The CS5 peptide is a second site in the IIICS region of fibronectin recognized by the integrin α4Β1. Inhibition of α3β1 function by RGD peptide homologues. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 3579-3585.
131. Mohri H, Katoh K, Iwamatsu A, Okubo T. The novel recognition site in the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin by integrin α4β1 receptor on HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1996; 222: 326-332.
132. Sanchez-Aparicio P, Dominguez-Jimenez C, Garcia-Pardo A. Activation of the α4β1 integrin through the β1 subunit induces recognition of the RGDS sequence in fibronectin. J Cell Biol 1994; 126: 271-279.
133. Dominguez-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Aparicio P, Albar JP, Garcia-Pardo A. The α4β1 fibronectin ligands CS-1, Hep II, and RGD induce different intracellular events in B lymphoid cells. Comparison with the effects of the endothelial ligand VCAM-1. Cell Adhes Commun 1996; 4: 251-267.
134. Bayless KJ, Meininger GA, Schnoltz JM, Davis GE. Osteopontin is a ligand for the α4β1 integrin. J Cell Sci 1998; 111: 1165-1174.
135. Bayless KJ, Davis GE. Identification of dual α4β1 integrin binding sites within a 38 amino acid domain in the N-terminal thrombin fragment of human osteopontin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 13483-13489.
136. Barry ST, Ludbrook SB, Murrison E, Horgan CM, Analysis of the α4β1 integrin-osteopontin interaction. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258: 342-351.
137. Moyano JV, Carnemolla B, Dominguez-Jimenez C, Garcia-Gila M, Albar JP, Sanchez-Aparicio P, et al. Fibronectin type III5 repeat contains a novel cell adhesion sequence, KLDAPT, which binds activated α4β1 and α4β7 integrins. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 24832-24836.
138. Wang J, Springer TA. Structural specializations of immunoglobulin superfamily members for adhesion to integrins and viruses. Immunol Rev 1998; 163: 197-215.
139. Bridges LC, Tani PH, Hanson KR, Roberts CM, Judkins MB, Bowditch RD. The lymphocyte metalloprotease MDC-L (ADAM 28) is a ligand for the integrin α4β1 . J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 3784-3792.
140. Bridges LC, Hanson KR, Tani PH, Mather T, Bowditch RD. Integrin α4β1-dependent adhesion to ADAM 28 (MDC-L) requires an extended surface of the disintegrin domain. Biochemistry 2003; 42: 3734-3741.
141. Jackson DY. α4 integrin antagonists. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8: 1229-1253.
142. Nowlin DM, Gorcsan F, Moscinski M, Chiang SL, Lobl TJ, Cardarelli PM. A novel cyclic pentapeptide inhibits α4β1 and α5β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 20352-20359.
143. Tamraz S, Arrhenius T, Chiem A, Forrest MJ, Gaeta FC, He YB, et al. Treatment of delayed-type hypersensitivity with inhibitors of the VLA-4 integrin. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1995; 16: 437-441.
144. Lo SK, Lee S, Ramos RA, Lobb R, Rosa M, Chi-Rosso G, et al. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 stimulates the adhesive activity of leukocyte integrin CR3 (CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, alpha m beta 2) on human neutrophils. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 1493-1500.
145. Lobb RR, Chi-Rosso G, Leone DR, Rosa MD, Bixler S, Newman BM, et al. Expression and functional characterization of a soluble form of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J Immunol 1991; 147: 124-129.
146. Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Shah MR, Polverini PJ. Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature 1995; 376: 517-519.
147. Fukushi J, Ono M, Morikawa W, Iwamoto Y, Kuwano M. The activity of soluble VCAM-1 in angiogenesis stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13. J Immunol 2000; 165: 2818-2823.
148. Nakao S, Kuwano T, Ishibashi T, Kuwano M, Ono M. Synergistic effect of TNF-α in soluble VCAM-1-induced angiogenesis through α4 integrins. J Immunol 2003; 170: 5704-5711.
149. Chabas D, Baranzini SE, Mitchell D, Bernard CC, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, et al. The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease. Science 2001; 294: 1731-1735.
150. Jansson M, Panoutsakopoulou V, Baker J, Klein L, Cantor H. Cutting edge: Attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in eta-1/osteopontin-deficient mice. J Immunol 2002; 168: 2096-2099.
151. Tuck AB, Chambers AF. The role of osteopontin in breast cancer: clinical and experimental studies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001; 6: 419-429.
152. Yeatman TJ, Chambers AF. Osteopontin and colon cancer progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20: 85-90.
153. Prols F, Loser B, Marx M. Differential expression of osteopontin, PC4, and CEC5, a novel mRNA species, during in vitro angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 1998; 239: 1-1O.
154. Weber GF. The metastasis gene osteopontin: a candidate target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1552: 61-85.
155. Hirama M, Takahashi F, Takahashi K, Akutagawa S, Shimizu K, Soma S, et al. Osteopontin overproduced by tumor cells acts as a potent angiogenic factor contributing to tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2003; 198: 107-117.
156. Hamada Y, Nokihara K, Okazaki M, Fujitani W, Matsumoto T, Matsuo M, et al. Angiogenic activity of osteopontin-derived peptide SVVYGLR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310: 153-157.
157. Yang JT, Rayburn H, Hynes RO. Cell adhesion events mediated by α4 integrins are essential in placental and cardiac development. Development 1995; 121: 549-560.
158. Sengbusch JK, He W, Pinco KA, Yang JT. Dual functions of α4β1 integrin in epicardial development: initial migration and long-term attachment. J Cell Biol 2002; 157: 873-882.
159. Springer TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and
160. Lobb RR, Hemler ME. The pathophysiologic role of α4 integrins in vivo. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1722-1728.
161. Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, Blumhardt LD, Rice GP, Libonati MA, et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 15-23.
162. Tubridy N, Behan PO, Capildeo R, Chaudhuri A, Forbes R, Hawkins CP, et al. The effect of anti-α4 integrin antibody on brain lesion activity in MS. The UK Antegren Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 466-472.
163. Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH, Malchow HA, Rask-Madsen J, Rutgeerts P, et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 24-32.
164. Gordon FH, Lai CW, Hamilton MI, Allison MC, Srivastava ED, Fouweather MG, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a humanized monoclonal antibody to α4 integrin in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 268-274.
165. Gordon FH, Hamilton MI, Donoghue S, Greenlees C, Palmer T, Rowley-Jones D, et al. A pilot study of treatment of active ulcerative colitis with natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to α-4 integrin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 699-705.
166. Leone DR, Giza K, Gill A, Dolinski BM, Yang W, Perper S, et al. An assessment of the mechanistic differences between two integrin α4β1 inhibitors, the monoclonal antibody TA-2 and the small molecule BIO5192, in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 1150-1162.
167. You TJ, Maxwell DS, Kogan TP, Chen Q, Li J, Kassir J, et al. A 3D structure model of integrin α4β1 complex: I. Construction of a homology model of β1 and ligand binding analysis. Biophys J 2002; 82: 447-457.
168. Mercurio AM. Laminin receptors: achieving specificity through cooperation. Trends Cell Biol 1995; 5: 419-423.
169. Sonnenberg A, Modderman PW, Hogervorst F. Laminin receptor on platelets is the integrin VLA-6. Nature 1988; 336: 487-489.
170. de Curtis I, Quaranta V, Tamura RN, Reichardt LF. Laminin receptors in the retina: sequence analysis of the chick integrin alpha 6 subunit. Evidence for transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. J Cell Biol 1991; 113: 405-416.
171. Delwel GO, de Mleker AA, Hogervorst F, Jaspars LH, Fles DLA, Kuikman I, et al. Distinct and overlapping ligand specificities of the α3Aβ1 and α6β1 integrins: recognition of laminin isoforms. Mol. Biol. Cell 1994; 5: 203-215.
172. Sonnenberg A, Linders CJ, Modderman PW, Damsky CH, Aumailley M, Timpl R. Integrin recognition of different cell-binding fragments of laminin (P1, E3, E8) and evidence that α6β1 but not α6β4 functions as a major receptor for fragment E8. J Cell Biol 1990; 110: 2145-2155.
173. Kortesmaa J, Yurchenco P, Tryggvason K. Recombinant laminin-8 (α4β1γ1). Production, purification, and interactions with integrins. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 14853-14859.
174. Kikkawa Y, Sanzen N, Fujiwara H, Sonnenberg A, Sekiguchi K. Integrin binding specificity of laminin-10/11: laminin-10/11 are recognized by α3β1, α6β1 and α6β4 integrins. J Cell Sci 2000; 113: 869-876.
175. Isberg RR, Leong JM. Multiple β1 chain integrins are receptors for invasin, a protein that promotes bacterial penetration into mammalian cells. Cell 1990; 60: 861-871.
176. Almeida EA, Huovila AP, Sutherland AE, Stephens LE, Calarco PG, Shaw LM, et al. Mouse egg integrin α6β1 functions as a sperm receptor. Cell 1995; 81: 1095-1104.
177. Chen N, Chen CC, Lau LF. Adhesion of human skin fibroblasts to Cyr61 is mediated through integrin α6β1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 24953-24961.
178. Nath D, Slocombe PM, Webster A, Stephens PE, Docherty AJ, Murphy G. Meltrinγ (ADAM-9) mediates cellular adhesion through α6β1 integrin, leading to a marked induction of fibroblast cell motility. J Cell Sci 2000; 113: 2319-2328.
179. Yoon CS, Kim KD, Park SN, Cheong SW. α6 Integrin is the main receptor of human papillomavirus type 16 VLP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283: 668-673.
180. Maeshima Y, Colorado PC, Kalluri R. Two RGD-independent alpha vbeta 3 integrin binding sites on tumstatin regulate distinct anti-tumor properties. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 23745-23750.
181. Chen MS, Almeida EA, Huovila AP, Takahashi Y, Shaw LM, Mercurio AM, et al. Evidence that distinct states of the integrin α6β1 interact with laminin and an ADAM. J Cell Biol 1999; 144: 549-561.
182. Ekblom P. Receptors for laminins during epithelial morphogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996; 8: 700-706.
183. Mercurio AM, Shaw LM. Laminin binding proteins. Bioessays 1991; 13: 469-473.
184. Aumailley M, Timpi R, Sonnenberg A. Antibody to integrin alpha 6 subunit specifically inhibits cell-binding to laminin fragment 8. Exp Cell Res 1990; 188: 55-60.
185. Nomizu M, Kim WH, Yamamura K, Utani A, Song SY, Otaka A, et al. Identification of cell binding sites in the laminin α1 chain carboxyl-terminal globular domain by systematic screening of synthetic peptides. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 20583-20590.
186. Nomizu M, Song SY, Kuratomi Y, Tanaka M, Kim WH, Kleinman HK, et al. Active peptides from the carboxyl-terminal globular domain of laminin α2 and Drosophila α chains. FEBS Lett 1996; 396: 37-42.
187. Sung U, O'Rear JJ, Yurchenco PD. Cell and heparin binding in the distal long arm of laminin: identification of active and cryptic sites with recombinant and hybrid glycoprotein. J Cell Biol 1993; 123: 1255-1268.
188. Blobel CP, Wolfsberg TG, Turck CW, Myles DG, Primakoff P, White JM. A potential fusion peptide and an integrin ligand domain in a protein active in sperm-egg fusion. Nature 1992; 356: 248-252.
189. Evans JP. Sperm disintegrins, egg integrins, and other cell adhesion molecules of mammalian gamete plasma membrane interactions. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D114-131.
190. Zhu X, Bansal NP, Evans JP. Identification of key functional amino acids of the mouse fertilin β (ADAM2) disintegrin loop for cell-cell adhesion during fertilization. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 7677-7683.
191. Bigler D, Takahashi Y, Chen MS, Almeida EA, Osbourne L, White JM. Sequence-specific interaction between the disintegrin domain of mouse ADAM 2 (fertilin beta) and murine eggs. Role of the α6 integrin subunit. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 11576-11584.
192. Myles DG, Kimmel LH, Blobel CP, White JM, Primakoff P. Identification of a binding site in the disintegrin domain of fertilin required for sperm-egg fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91: 4195-4198.
193. Gichuhi PM, Ford WC, Hall L. Evidence that peptides derived from the disintegrin domain of primate fertilin and containing the ECD motif block the binding of human spermatozoa to the zona-free hamster oocyte. Int J Androl 1997; 20: 165-170.
194. Gupta S, Li H, Sampson NS. Characterization of fertilin beta-disintegrin binding specificity in sperm-egg adhesion. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8: 723-729.
195. Bronson RA, Fusi FM, Calzi F, Doldi N, Ferrari A. Evidence that a functional fertilin-like ADAM plays a role in human sperm-oolemmal interactions. Mol Hum Reprod 1999; 5: 433-440.
196. Cho C, Bunch DO, Faure JE, Goulding EH, Eddy EM, Primakoff P, et al. Fertilization defects in sperm from mice lacking fertilin beta. Science 1998; 281: 1857-1859.
197. Miller BJ, Georges-Labouesse E, Primakoff P, Myles DG. Normal fertilization occurs with eggs lacking the integrin alpha6beta1 and is CD9-dependent. J Cell Biol 2000; 149: 1289-1296.
198. Li H, Sampson N. Structural analysis of fertilin (beta) cyclic peptide mimics that are ligands for alpha6beta1 integrin. J Pept Res 2002; 59: 45-54.
199. Lau LF, Lam SC. The CCN family of angiogenic regulators: the integrin connection. Exp Cell Res 1999; 248: 44-57.
200. Lin CG, Leu SJ, Chen N, Tebeau CM, Lin SX, Yeung CY, et al. CCN3 (NOV) is a novel angiogenic regulator of the CCN protein family. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 24200-24208. Epub 2003 Apr 24213.
201. Chen CC, Chen N, Lau LF. The angiogenic factors Cyr61 and connective tissue growth factor induce adhesive signaling in primary human skin fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 10443-10452. Epub 12000 Dec 10418.
202. Grzeszkiewicz TM, Lindner V, Chen N, Lam SC, Lau LF. The angiogenic factor cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61, CCN1) supports vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and stimulates chemotaxis through integrin α6β1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, Endocrinology 2002; 143: 1441-1450.
203. Leu SJ, Lam SC, Lau LF. Pro-angiogenic activities of CYR61 (CCN1) mediated through integrins αvβ3 and α6β1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 46248-46255.
204. Leu SJ, Liu Y, Chen N, Chen CC, Lam SC, Lau LF. Identification of a novel integrin α6β1 binding site in the angiogenic inducer CCN1 (CYR61). J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 33801-33808.
205. Timpl R,Tisi D, Talts JF,Andac Z, Sasaki T, Hobenester E. Structure and function of laminin LG modules. Matrix Biol 2000; 19: 309-317.
206. Murayama O, Nishida H, Sekiguchi K. Novel peptide ligands for integrin α6β1 selected from a phage display library. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1996; 120: 445-451.
207. van der Neut R, Krimpenfort P, Calafat J, Niessen CM, Sonnenberg A. Epithelial detachment due to absence of hemidesmosomes in integrin beta 4 null mice. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 366-369.
208. Enenstein J, Kramer RH. Confocal microscopic analysis of integrin expression on the microvasculature and its sprouts in the neonatal foreskin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103: 381-386.
209. Bauer J, Margolis M, Schreiner C, Edgell CJ, Azizkhan J, Lazarowski E, et al. In vitro model of angiogenesis using a human endothelium-derived permanent cell line: contributions of induced gene expression, G-proteins, and integrins. J Cell Physiol 1992; 153: 437-449.
210. Davis GE, Camarillo CW. Regulation of endothelial cell morphogenesis by integrins, mechanical forces, and matrix guidance pathways. Exp Cell Res 1995; 216: 113-123.
211. Kireeva ML, Mo FE, Yang GP, Lau LF. Cyr6l, a product of a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene, promotes cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16: 1326-1334.
212. Babic AM, Kireeva ML, Kolesnikova TV, Lau LF. CYR61, a product of a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 6355-6360.
213. Mercurio AM, Rabinovitz I. Towards a mechanistic understanding of tumor invasion-lessons from the alpha6beta 4 integrin. Semin Cancer Biol 2001; 11: 129-141.
214. Lohi J. Laminin-5 in the progression of carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 763-767.
215. Sawai H, Funahashi H, Yamamoto M, Okada Y, Hayakawa T, Tanaka M, et al. Interleukin-1 alpha enhances integrin alpha(6) beta(1) expression and metastatic capability of human pancreatic cancer. Oncology 2003; 65: 167-173.
216. Shaw LM, Chao C, Wewer UM, Mercurio AM. Function of the integrin alpha 6 beta 1 in metastatic breast carcinoma cells assessed by expression of a dominant-negative receptor. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 959-963.
217. Wewer UM, Shaw LM, Albrechtsen R, Mercurio AM. The integrin alpha 6 beta 1 promotes the survival of metastatic human breast carcinoma cells in mice. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 1191-1198.
218. Mukhopadhyay R, Theriault RL, Price JE. Increased levels of α6 integrins are associated with the metastatic phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17: 325-332.
219. Torimura T, Ueno T, Kin M, Inuzuka S, Sugawara H, Tamaki S, et al. Coordinated expression of integrin α6β1 and lammin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 1131-1138.
220. Torimura T, Ueno T, Kin M, Ogata R, Inuzuka S, Sugawara H, et al. Integrin α6β1 plays a significant role in the attachment of hepatoma cells to lammin. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 734-740.
221. Carloni V, Romanelli RG, Mercurio AM, Pinzani M, Laffi G, Cotrozzi G, et al. Knockout of α6β1-integrin expression reverses the transformed phenotype of hepatocarcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 433-442.
222. Lu Y, Zhou R. Mechanism of enhanced invasiveness of human hepatocellular carcinoma by integrin α6β1. ZhonghuaZhong Liu Za Zhi 2000; 22: 287-289.
223. Cress AE, Rabinovitz I, Zhu W, Nagle RB. The α6β1 and α6β4 integrins in human prostate cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1995; 14: 219-228.
224. Sawai H, Funahashi H, Yamamoto M, Okada Y, Hayakawa T, Tanaka M, et al. Interleukin-1 alpha enhances integrin α6β1 expression and metastatic capability of human pancreatic cancer. Oncology 2003; 65: 167-173.
225. Vogelmann R, Kreuser ED, Adler G, Lutz MP. Integrin α6β1 role in metastatic behavior of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1999; 80: 791-795.
226. Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Fuchs M, Kaminski K, Lichtenberg A, Rothkotter HJ, et al. Expression of CYR61, an angiogenic immediate early gene, in arteriosclerosis and its regulation by angiotensin II. Circulation 2002; 106: 254-260.
227. Bloch W, Forsberg E, Lentini S, Brakebusch C, Martin K, Krell HW, et al. β1 integrin is essential for teratoma growth and angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 1997; 139: 265-278.
228. Fullard JF. The role of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in thrombosis and haemostasis. Curr Pharm Design 2004; 10(14): 1567-76.
229. Haubner R, Wester HJ. Radiolabeled tracers for imaging of tumor angiogenesis and evaluation of anti-angiogenic therapies. Curr Pharm Design 2004; 10(13): 1439-55.
230. Kee KS, Jois SD. Design of beta-turn based therapeutic agents. Curr Pharm Design 2003; 9(15): 1209-24.