Oxysterols: Metabolism, biological role and associated diseases;Les oxystérols: Métabolisme, rôles biologiques et pathologies associées

Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 279-293

  Souidi, Maâmar ^a   Dubrac, Sandrine ^b   Parquet, Michel ^c   Volle, David H ^d   Lobaccaro, Jean Marc A ^d   Mathe, Denis ^a   Combes, Olivier ^a   Scanff, Pascale ^a   Lutton, Claude ^c   Aigueperse, Jocelyne ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE RADIOPROTECTION ET DE SÛRETÉ NUCLÉAIRE IRSN   (France)

^b SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^d UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL; 26 HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL; 4BETA HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL; 7 OXOCHOLESTEROL; 7ALPHA HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL; 7BETA HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL DERIVATIVE; OXYSTEROL; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOLELITHIASIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOTOXICITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLIC DISORDER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SMITH LEMLI OPITZ SYNDROME;

EID: 11144357655     PISSN: 03998320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(04)94919-6     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Björkhem I, Diczfalusy U. Oxysterols: friends, foes, or just fellow passengers? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:734-42.
2. Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G. Oxidized products of cholesterol: dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:700-10.
3. 2 inhalation and mass isotopomer distribution analysis to study oxygenation of cholesterol in rat. Evidence for in vivo formation of 7-oxo-, 7β-hydroxy-, 24-hydroxy-, and 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Biol Chem 1995;270:20278-84.
4. Bosinger S, Luf W, Brandel E. Oxysterols: their occurrence and biological effects. Int Dairy J 1993;3:1-33.
5. Fredrickson D, Ono K. The in vitro production of 25- and 26-hydroxycholesterol and their in vivo metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1956;22:183-7.
6. Danielsson H. Formation and metabolism of 26-hydroxycholesterol. Bile acids and steroids. Arkiv Kemi 1961;17:373-9.
7. Pedersen J, Saarem K. Rat liver mitochondrial cytochrome P-450. A C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase. J Steroid Biochem 1978;9:1165-8.
8. Souidi M, Dubrac S, Parquet M, Lutton C. La stérol 27-hydroxylase hépatique et extra-hépatique: Rôles dans le métabolisme du cholestérol et des acides biliaires et les pathologies associées. Gastroentero Clin Biol 2003;27:100-1.
9. Russell DW. Oxysterol biosynthetic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1529:126-35.
10. Lund EG, Guileyardo JM, Russell DW. cDNA cloning of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:7238-43.
11. Bogdanovic N, Bretillon L, Lund EG, Diczfalusy U, Lannfelt L, Winblad B, et al. On the turnover of brain cholesterol in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal induction of the cholesterol-catabolic enzyme CYP46 in glial cells. Neurosci Lett 2001;314:45-8.
12. Meaney S, Hassan M, Sakinis A, Lütjohann D, Bergmann KV, Wennmalm A, et al. Evidence that the major oxysterol in human circulation originate from distinct pools of cholesterol: a stable isotope study. J Lipid Res 2001;42:70-8.
13. Souidi M, Parquet M, Dubrac S, Lutton C. Les nouvelles voies de la biosynthèse des acides biliaires. Gastroentero Clin Biol 2001;25:81-92.
14. Ogishima T, Deguchi S, Okuda K. Purification and characterization of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase from rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1987;262:7646-50.
15. Babiker A, Diczfalusy U. Transport of side-chain oxidized oxysterols in the human circulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1392:333-9.
16. Breuer O. Identification and quantitation of cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 4 beta-diol in rat liver and human plasma. J Lipid Res 1995;36:2275-81.
17. Bodin K, Bretillon L, Aden Y, Bertilsson L, Broomé U, Einarsson C, et al. Antiepileptic drug increase plasma levels of 4β-hydroxycholesterol in humans. J Biol Chem 2001;276:38685-9.
18. Corcos C, Brey J, Corcos L. Les récepteurs nucléaires CAR et PXR contrôlent l'induction des cytochromes P450 par le phénobarbital. Med Sci 2002;18:429-37.
19. Dumaswala R, Setchell KDR, Zimmer-Nechemias L. Identification of 3α, 4β, 7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid in human bile: reflection of a new pathway in bile acid metabolism in humans. J Lipid Res 1989;30:847-56.
20. Grandgirard A. Les oxystérols dans l'alimentation. OCL 2000;7:375-79.
21. Schroepfer GJ Jr. Oxysterols: Modulators of cholesterol metabolism and other processes. Physiol Rev 2000;80:361-554.
22. Vine DF, Croft KD, Beilin LJ, Mamo JCL. Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and incorporation into rat lymph chylomicron. Lipids 1997;32:887-93.
23. Addis PB, Emanuel HA, Mergmann SD, Zavoral JH. Capillary GC quantification of cholesterol oxidation products in plasma lipoproteins of fasted humans. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;7:179-82.
24. Morel DW, Lin CY. Cellular biochemistry of oxysterol derived from the diet or oxidation in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 1996;7:495-506.
25. Hodis HN, Crawford DW, Sevanian A. Cholesterol feeding increases plasma and aortic tissue cholesterol oxide levels in parallel: further evidence for the role of cholesterol oxidation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1991;89:117-1260.
26. Johnson KA, Morrow CJ, Knight GD, Scallen TJ. In vivo formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from endogenous cholesterol after a single meal, dietary cholesterol challenge. J Lipid Res 1994;35:2241-53.
27. Lund EG, Kerr TA, Sakai J, Li WP, Russell DW. cDNA cloning of mousse and human cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, polytopic membrane proteins that synthesize a potent oxysterol regulator of lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 1998;273:34316-27.
28. Lyons MA, Brown AJ. 7-Ketocholesterol. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999;31:369-75.
29. Dyer RG, Stewart MW, Mitcheson J, George K, Alberti MM, Laker MF. 7-Ketocholesterol, a specific indicator of lipoprotein oxidation, and malondialdehyde in non-insulin dependent diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 1997;260:1-13.
30. Brown AJ, Leong SL, Dean RT, Jessup W. 7-hydroperoxycholesterol and its products in oxidized low density lipoprotein and human atherosclerotic plaque. J Lipid Res 1997;38:1730-45.
31. Brown AJ, Watts GF, Burnett JR, Dean RT, Jessup W. Sterol 27-hydroxylase acts on 7-ketocholesterol in human atherosclerotic lesion and macrophages in culture. J Biol Chem 2000;275:27627-33.
32. Brown AJ, Jessup W. Oxysterols and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1999;142:1-28.
33. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell 1997;89:331-40.
34. Edwards PA, Tabor D, Kast HR, Venkateswaran A. Regulation of gene expression by SREBP and SCAP. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1529: 103-13.
35. Janowski BA. The hypocholesterolemic agent LY295427 up-regulates INSIG-1, identifying the INSIG-1 protein as a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis through SREBP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99: 12675-80.
36. Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1125-31.
37. Rodan GA, Reszka AA. Bisphosphonate mechanism of action. Curr Mol Med 2002;2:571-7.
38. Maxwell KN, Soccio RE, Duncan EM, Sehayek E, Breslow JL. Novel putative SREBP and LXR target genes identified by microarray analysis in liver of cholesterol-fed mice. J Lipid Res 2003;44:2109-19.
39. Peet DJ, Janowski BA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The LXRs: a new class of oxysterol receptors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998;8:571-5.
40. Lobaccaro JM, Repa JJ, Lu TT, Caira F, Henry-Berger J, Volle DH, Mangelsdorf DJ. Regulation of lipid metabolism by the orphan nuclear receptors. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2001;62:239-47.
41. Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science 2001;294:1866-70.
42. Harmon MA, Boehm MF, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Activation of mammalian retinoid X receptors by the insect growth regulator methoprene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:6157-60.
43. Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM. The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors. Cell 1995;83:841-50.
44. Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, Evans RM, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ. LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Genes Dev 1995;9:1033-45.
45. Janowski BA, Grogan MJ, Jones SA, Wisely GB, Kliewer SA, Corey EJ, et al. Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:266-71.
46. Song C, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. Auto-oxidized cholesterol sulfates are antagonistic ligands of liver X receptors: implications for the development and treatment of atherosclerosis. Steroids 2001;66: 473-9.
47. Ou J, Tu H, Shan B, Luk A, DeBose-Boyd RA, Bashmakov Y, Goldstein JL, et al. Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit transcription of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene by antagonizing ligand-dependent activation of the LXR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6027-32.
48. Joseph SB, McKilligin E, Pei L, Watson MA, Collins AR, Laffitte BA, et al. Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:7604-9.
49. Kaneko E, Matsuda M, Yamada Y, Tachibana Y, Shimomura I, Makishima M. Induction of intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters by a phytosterol-derived liver X receptor agonist. J Biol Chem 2003;278:36091-8.
50. Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. The liver X receptor gene team: potential new players in atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2002;8:1243-8.
51. Peet DJ, Turley SD, Ma W, Janowski BA, Lobaccaro JM, Hammer RE, et al. Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Cell 1998;93:693-704.
52. Lu TT, Makishima M, Repa JJ, Schoonjans K, Kerr TA, Auwerx J, et al. Molecular basis for feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis by nuclear receptors. Mol Cell 2000;6:507-15.
53. Repa JJ, Liang G, Ou J, Bashmakov Y, Lobaccaro JM, Shimomura I, et al. Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Genes Dev 2000;14:2819-30.
54. Repa JJ, Turley SD, Lobaccaro JA, Medina J, Li L, Lustig K, et al. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science 2000;289:1524-29.
55. Venkateswaran A, Repa JJ, Lobaccaro JM, Bronson A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Edwards PA. Human white/murine ABC8 mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcriptional role for specific oxysterols. J Biol Chem 2000;275:14700-7.
56. Repa JJ, Berge KE, Pomajzl C, Richardson JA, Hobbs H, Mangelsdorf DJ. Regulation of ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 by the liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem 2002;277:18793-800.
57. Engel T, Lorkowski S, Lueken A, Rust S, Schluter B, Berger G, et al. The human ABCG4 gene is regulated by oxysterols and retinoids in monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;288:483-8.
58. Singaraja RR, Brunham LR, Visscher H, Kastelein JJ, Hayden MR. Efflux and atherosclerosis: the clinical and biochemical impact of variations in the ABCA1 Gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1322-32.
59. Berge KE, Tian H, Graf GA, Yu L, Grishin NV, Schultz J, et al. Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. Science 2000;290:1771-5.
60. Luo Y, Tall AR. Sterol upregulation of human CETP expression in vitro and in transgenic mice by an LXR element. J Clin Invest 2000;105:513-20.
61. Cao G, Beyer TP, Yang XP, Schmidt RJ, Zhang Y, Bensch WR, et al. Phospholipid transfer protein is regulated by liver X receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem 2002;277:39561-5.
62. Laffitte BA, Repa JJ, Joseph SB, Wilpitz DC, Kast HR, Mangelsdorf DJ, et al. LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:507-12.
63. Claudel T, Leibowitz MD, Fievet C, Tailleux A, Wagner B, Repa JJ, et al. Reduction of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by activation of the retinoid X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2610-5.
64. Zhang Y, Repa JJ, Gauthier K, Mangelsdorf DJ. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase by the oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta. J Biol Chem 2001;276:43018-24.
65. Joseph SB, Laffitte BA, Patel PH, Watson MA, Matsukuma KE, Walczak R, et al. Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J Biol Chem 2002;277:11019-25.
66. Sun Y, Hao M, Luo Y, Liang CP, Silver DL, Cheng C, et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibits ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux and modulates membrane domain structure. J Biol Chem 2003;278:5813-20.
67. Cao G, Liang Y, Broderick CL, Oldham BA, Beyer TP, Schmidt RJ, et al. Antidiabetic action of a liver x receptor agonist mediated by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003;278:1131-6.
68. Dalen KT, Ulven SM, Bamberg K, Gustafsson JA, Nebb HI. Expression of the insulin responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in adipocytes is dependent on liver X receptor. J Biol Chem 2003;28;278:48283-91.
69. Komuves LG, Schmuth M, Fowler AJ, Elias PM, Hanley K, Man MQ, et al. Oxysterol stimulation of epidermal differentiation is mediated by liver X receptor-beta in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:25-34.
70. Wang L, Schuster GU, Hultenby K, Zhang Q, Andersson S, Gustafsson JA. Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: from lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:13878-83.
71. Inaba T, Matsuda M, Shimamura M, Takei N, Terasaka N, Ando Y, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 mediates hypertriglyceridemia induced by the liver X receptor. J Biol Chem 2003;278:21344-51.
72. Sevanian A, Berliner J, Peterson H. Uptake, metabolism, and cytotixicity of isomeric cholesterol-5,6-epoxides in rabbit aortic endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1991;32:147-55.
73. Lizard G, Gueldry S, Deckert V, Gambert P, Lagrost L. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of some oxysterols and of cholesterol on endothelial cell growth: methodological aspects. Pathol Biol 1997;45: 281-90.
74. Guyton J, Lenz M, Mathews B, Hughes H, Karsan D, Selinger E, et al. Toxicity of oxidized low density lipoproteins for vascular smooth muscle cell and partial protection by antioxidants. Atherosclerosis 1995;118:237-49.
75. 2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine inhibit apoptosis induced by 25-hydroxycholesterol in human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Lipid Res 1997;38:2049-61.
76. Souidi M, Serougne C, Parquet M, Ferezou J, Lutton C. Effets in vivo du 25 et du 27-hydroxycholestérol sur l'expression des récepteurs aux lipoprotéines et sur l'activité de l'HMGCoA réductase dans l'intestin et le foie du Hamster. Nutr Clin Métabol 2000;14suppl 2:CO84.
77. Souidi M, Dubrac S, Parquet M, Milliat F, Férézou J, Sérougne C, et al. Effects of dietary 27-hydroxycholesterol on cholesterol metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis in the hamster. Can J Physiol and Pharmacol 2003;81:854-63.
78. Kölsch H, Lütjohann D, Tulke A, Björkhem I, Rao ML. The neurotoxic effect of 24-hydroxycholesterol on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 1999;818:171-5.
79. Chang JY, Phelan KD, Chavis JA. Neurotoxicity of 25-OH-cholesterol on sympathetic neurons. Brain Res Bull 1998;45:615-22.
80. Chang JY, Phelan KD, Liu LZ. Neurotoxicity of 25-OH-cholesterol on NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 1998;23:7-16.
81. Chang JY, Liu LZ. Neurotoxicity of cholesterol oxides on cultured cerebellar granule cells. Neurochem Int 1998;32:317-23.
82. Lizard G, Monier S, Cordelet C, Gesquiére L, Deckert V, Gueldry S, et al. Characterization and comparison of the mode of cell death, apoptosis versus necrosis, induced by 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol in the cells of the vascular wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1190-200.
83. Rosklint T, Ohlsson BG, Wiklund O, Noren K, Hulten LM. Oxysterols induce interleukin-1beta production in human macrophages. Eur J Clin Invest 2002;32:35-42.
84. Ohlsson BG, Englund MCO, Karisson ALK, Knutsen E, Erixon C, Skribeck H, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced binding of nuclear factor-κB to DNA and the subsequent expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in macrophages. J Clin Invest 1996;98:78-89.
85. Fowler AJ, Sheu MY, Shmuth M, Kao J, Fluhr JW, Rhein L, et al. Liver C Receptor activators display anti-inflammatory activity in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models: Liver-X-Receptor-specific inhibition of inflammation and primary cytokine production. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:246-55.
86. Haigh WG, Lee SP. Identification of oxysterols in human bile and pigment gallstones. Gastroenterology 2001;121:118-23.
87. Wang DH-Q, Afdhal NH. Good cholesterol, bad cholesterol: role of oxysterols in biliary tract diseases. Gastroenterology 2001;121:216-8.
88. Wang DQ, Paigen B, Carey MC. Phenotypic characterization of Lith genes that determine susceptibility to cholesterol cholelithiasis in inbred mice: physical-chemistry of gallbladder bile. J Lipid Res 1997;38:1395-411.
89. Yoshida T, Klinkspoor JH, Kuver R, Wrenn SP, Kaler EW, Lee SP. Cholestan-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol, but not 7-ketocholesterol, suppresses taurocholate-induced mucin secretion by cultured dog gall-bladder epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 2000;478:113-8.
90. Boehler N, Riottot M, Férézou J, Souidi M, Milliat F, Sérougne C, et al. Antilithiasic effect of β-cyclodextrin in LPN hamster: comparison with cholestyramine. J Lipid Res 1999;40:726-34.
91. Osada K, Kodama T, Noda S, Yamada K, Sugano M. Oxidized cholesterol modulates age-related change in lipid metabolism in rat. Lipids 1995;30:405-13.
92. Osada K, Sasaki E, Sugano M. Lymphatic absorption of oxidized cholesterol in rats. Lipids 1994;29:555-9.
93. Miller LR, Needleman DH, Brabson JS, Wang KS, Schroepfer GJ Jr. 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one. A competitive substrate for acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyl transferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;148:934-40.
94. Erickson SK, Shrewsbury MA, Brooks C, Meyer DJ. Rat liver acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase: its regulation in vivo and some of its properties in vitro. J Lipid Res 1980;21:930-41.
95. Erickson SK, Matsui SM, Shrewsbury MA, Cooper AD, Gould RG. Effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol on rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme. A reductase activity in vivo, in perfused liver, and in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1978;253:4159-64.
96. He C, Fischer S, Kullac-Ublick GA, Domingo N, Lafont H, Jungst D. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins in bile. Anal Chim Acta 1998; 19134:1-19.
97. Dubrac S, Parquet M, Blouquit Y, Gripois D, Blouquit MF, Lutton C. Insulin injections enhance cholesterol gallstone incidence by changing biliary saturation index and apo A-I concentration in hamsters fed a lithogenic diet. J hepatology 2001:35;550-7.
98. Cook RP, MacDougall JD. Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits after feeding cholestanetriol. Br J Exp Pathol 1968;49:265-71.
99. Imai H, Werthessen NT, Taylor CB, Lee KT. Angiotoxicity and arteriosclerosis due to contaminants of USP-grade cholesterol. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1976;100:565-72.
100. Imai H, Werthessen NT, Subramanyam V, LeQuesne PW, Soloway AH, Kanisawa M. Angiotoxicity of oxygenated sterols and possible precursors. Science 1980;207:651-3.
101. Toda T, Leszczynski D, Kummerow F. Angiotoxic effects of dietary 7-ketocholesterol in chick aorta. Paroi Arterielle 1981;7:167-75.
102. Staprans I, Pan XM, Rapp JH, Feingold KR. Oxidized cholesterol in the diet accelerates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:977-83.
103. Higley NA, Beery JT, Taylor SL, Porter JW, Dziuba JA, Lalich JJ. Comparative atherogenic effects of cholesterol and cholesterol oxides. Atherosclerosis 1986;62:91-104.
104. Tipton CL, Leung PC, Johnson JS, Brooks RJ, Beitz DC. Cholesterol hydroperoxides inhibit calmodulin and suppress atherogenesis in rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;146:1166-72.
105. Meynier A, Lherminier J, Demaison-Meloche J, Ginies C, Grandgirard A, Demaison L. Effects of dietary oxysterols on coronary arteries in hyperlipidaemic hamsters. Br J Nutr 2002;87:447-58.
106. Ando M, Tomoyori H, Imaizumi K. Dietary cholesterol-oxidation products accumulate in serum and liver in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, but do not accelerate atherosclerosis. Br J Nutr 2002;88:339-45.
107. Tedgui A, Mallat Z. Athérosclérose et inflammation. Med Sci 2001;17: 162-9.
108. Kraemer R, Pomerantz KB, Joseph-Silverstein J, Hajjar DP. Induction of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA and protein synthesis in smooth muscle cells by cholesteryl ester enrichment and 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Biol Chem 1993;268:8040-5.
109. Lemaire S, Lizard G, Monier S, Miguet C, Gueldry S, Volot F, et al. Different patterns of IL-1β secretion, adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis in human endothelial cells treated with 7α-, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, or 7-ketocholesterol. FEBS Lett 1998;440: 434-9.
110. Landis MS, Patel HV, Capone JP. Oxysterol activators of liver X receptor and 9-cis-retinoic acid promote sequential steps in the synthesis and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-a from human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277:4713-21.
111. Wohlfeil ER, Campbell WB. 25-Hydroxycholesterol enhances eicosanoid production in cultured bovine coronary artery endothelial cells by increasing prostaglandin G/H synthase-2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1345:109-20.
112. Leonarduzzi G, Sevanian A, Sottero B, Arkan MC, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E, et al. Up-regulation of the fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1 by oxysterols: a mechanistic link between cholesterol and atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2001;15:1619-21.
113. Deckert V, Brunet A, Lantoine F, Lizard G, Millanvoye-van Brussel E, Monier S, et al. Inhibition by cholesterol oxides of NO release from human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1054-60.
114. Lutjohann D, Papassotiropoulos A, Bjorkhem I, Locatelli S, Bagli M, Oehring RD, et al. Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) is increased in Alzheimer and vascular demented patients. J Lipid Res 2000;41:195-8.
115. Schonkaecht P, Lutjohann D, Pantel J, Bardenheuer H, Hartmann T, von Bergmann K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid 24S-hydroxycholesterol is increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to healthy controls. Neurosci Lett 2002;324:83-5.
116. Kolsch H, Lutjohann D, Von Bergmann K, Heun R. The Role of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol in Alzheimer s Disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2003;7:458-62.
117. Kolsch H, Lutjohann D, Ludwig M, Schulte A, Ptok U, Jessen F, et al. Polymorphism in the cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:899-902.
118. Papassotiropoulos A, Lutjohann D, Bagli M, Locatelli S, Jessen F, Rao ML, et al. Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol: a peripheral indicator of neuronal degeneration and potential state marker for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2000;11:1959-62.
119. Fukumoto H, Deng A, Irizarry MC, Fitzgerald ML, Rebeck GW. Induction of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in central nervous system cells by liver X receptor agonists increases secreted Abeta levels. J Biol Chem 2002;277:48508-13.
120. Tint GS, Irons M, Elias ER, Batta AK, Frieden R, Chen TS, et al. Defective cholesterol biosynthesis associated with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994;330:107-13.
121. Bjorkhem I, Starck L, Andersson U, Lutjohann D, von Bahr S, Pikuleva I, et al. Oxysterols in the circulation of patients with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: abnormal levels of 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 2001;42:366-71.