Toll-like receptors and their role in experimental models of microbial infection

Genes and Immunity

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 87-94

  Qureshi, Salman T ^a   Medzhitov, R ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Infection; Innate immunity; Toll like receptor

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 6; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; DROSOPHILA PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; TOLL PROTEIN, DROSOPHILA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE MODEL; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE MAPPING; GENE SEQUENCE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MOUSE; MYCOBACTERIUM; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SEPTIC SHOCK; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VIRUS INFECTION; ANIMAL; CHROMOSOME MAP; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; INFECTION; METABOLISM; MYCOSIS; PHYSIOLOGY;

MAMMALIA;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DROSOPHILA PROTEINS; HUMANS; INFECTION; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MICE; MYCOSES; PARASITIC DISEASES; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 0141835132     PISSN: 14664879     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363937     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 1997; 91: 295-298.
2. Schnare M et al. Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 947-950.
3. Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197-216.
4. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997; 388: 394-397.
5. Rock FL et al. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 588-593.
6. Belvin MP, Anderson KV. A conserved signaling pathway: the Drosophila toll-dorsal pathway. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1996; 12: 393-416.
7. Hashimoto C, Hudson KL, Anderson KV. The Toll gene of Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell 1988; 52: 269-279.
8. Lemaitre B et al. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996; 86: 973-983.
9. Meng X, Khanuja BS, Ip YT. Toll receptor-mediated Drosophila immune response requires Dif, an NF-kappaB factor. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 792-797.
10. Lemaitre B et al. A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 9465-9469.
11. Georgel P et al. Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) is a death domain protein that activates antibacterial defense and can promote apoptosis. Dev Cell 2001; 1: 503-514.
12. Michel T et al. Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein. Nature 2001; 414: 756-759.
13. Gottar M et al. The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein. Nature 2002; 416: 640-644.
14. Liu C et al. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 34686-34694.
15. Hoffmann JA, Reichhart JM. Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 121-126.
16. Qureshi ST et al. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). J Exp Med 1999; 189: 615-625.
17. Medzhitov R et al. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Mol Cell 1998; 2: 253-258.
18. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1: 135-145.
19. Horng T, Barton GM, Medzhitov R. TIRAP: an adapter molecule in the Toll signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 835-841.
20. Burns K et al. Tollip, a new component of the IL-1RI pathway, links IRAK to the IL-1 receptor. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: 346-351.
21. Zhang G, Ghosh S. Negative regulation of toll-like receptor-mediated signaling by Tollip. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 7059-7065.
22. Bulut Y et al. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Immunol 2001; 167: 987-994.
23. Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. J Immunol 2002; 168: 554-561.
24. Rehli M et al. PU.1 and interferon consensus sequence-binding protein regulate the myeloid expression of the human Toll-like receptor 4 gene. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 9773-9781.
25. Haehnel V et al. Transcriptional regulation of the human toll-like receptor 2 gene in monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol 2002; 168: 5629-5637.
26. Lien E, Ingalls RR. Toll-like receptors. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(Suppl): S1-S11.
27. Alexopoulou L et al. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 2001; 413: 732-738.
28. Hayashi F et al. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 2001; 410: 1099-1103.
29. Hemmi H et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 2000; 408: 740-755.
30. Schwandner R et al. Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 17406-17409.
31. Means TK et al. The CD14 ligands lipoarabinomannan and lipopolysaccharide differ in their requirement for Toll-like receptors. J Immunol 1999; 163: 6748-6755.
32. Tsuji S et al. Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin: involvement of toll-like receptors. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 6883-6890.
33. Campos MA et al. Activation of Toll-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite. J Immunol 2001; 167: 416-423.
34. Ouaissi A et al. The Trypanosoma cruzi Tc52-released protein induces human dendritic cell maturation, signals via Toll-like receptor 2, and confers Protection Against Lethal Infection. J Immunol 2002; 168: 6366-6374.
35. Aliprantis AO et al. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2. Science 1999; 285: 736-739.
36. Brightbill HD et al. Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors. Science 1999; 285: 732-736.
37. Sugawara S et al. Monocytic cell activation by nonendotoxic glycoprotein from Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 4951-4957.
38. Opitz B et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates treponema glycolipid and lipoteichoic acid-induced NF-kappaB translocation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 22041-22047.
39. Werts C et al. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 346-352.
40. Takeuchi O et al. Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 2001; 13: 933-940.
41. Hajjar AM et al. Cutting edge: functional interactions between toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR1 or TLR6 in response to phenol-soluble modulin. J Immunol 2001; 166: 15-19.
42. Ozinsky A et al. The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13766-13771.
43. Alexopoulou L et al. Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1- and TLR2-deficient mice. Nat Med 2002; 8: 878-884.
44. Chow JC et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 10689-10692.
45. Hirschfeld M et al. Cutting edge: repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signaling through both human and murine toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 2000; 165: 618-622.
46. Kawasaki K et al. Mouse toll-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 2251-2254.
47. Kurt-Jones EA et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol 2000; 1: 398-401.
48. Shoham S et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates intracellular signaling without TNF-alpha release in response to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule. J Immunol 2001; 166: 4620-4626.
49. Wang JE et al. Involvement of CD14 and toll-like receptors in activation of human monocytes by Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2402-2406.
50. Hemmi H et al. Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 196-200.
51. Jurk M et al. Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848. Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 499.
52. O'Brien AD et al. Genetic control of susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium in mice: role of the LPS gene. J Immunol 1980; 124: 20-24.
53. Watson J, Riblet R, Taylor BA. The response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Immunol 1977; 118: 2088-2093.
54. Watson J et al. The genetic mapping of a defective LPS response gene in C3H/HeJ mice. J Immunol 1978; 120: 422-424.
55. Poltorak A et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998; 282: 2085-2088.
56. Bihl F et al. LPS-hyporesponsiveness of mnd mice is associated with a mutation in Toll-like receptor 4. Genes Immun 2001; 2: 56-59.
57. Woods JP et al. Mouse genetic locus Lps influences susceptibility to Neisseria meningitidis infection. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 1950-1955.
58. Wang X et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung. J Immunol 2002; 168: 810-815.
59. Arbour NC et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 2000; 25: 187-191.
60. Read RC et al. A functional polymorphism of toll-like receptor 4 is not associated with likelihood or severity of meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 640-642.
61. Lorenz E et al. Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with Gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1028-1032.
62. Takeuchi O et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 1999; 11: 443-451.
63. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Akira S. Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Immunol 2000; 165: 5392-5396.
64. Lorenz E et al. A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with Staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 6398-6401.
65. Adachi K et al. Plasmodium berghei infection in mice induces liver injury by an IL-12- and toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 2001; 167: 5928-5934.
66. Fortin A, Stevenson MM, Gros P. Complex genetic control of susceptibility to malaria in mice. Genes Immun 2002; 3: 177-186.
67. Scanga CA et al. Cutting edge: MyD88 is required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection and regulates parasite-induced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. J Immunol 2002; 168: 5997-6001.
68. Haynes LM et al. Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in innate immunity to respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 2001; 75: 10730-10737.
69. Bowie A et al. A46R and A52R from vaccinia virus are antagonists of host IL-1 and toll-like receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 10162-10167.
70. Wooten RM et al. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for innate, but not acquired, host defense to Borrelia burgdorferi. J Immunol 2002; 168: 348-355.
71. Lien E et al. Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 33419-33425.
72. Means TK et al. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 1999; 163: 3920-3927.
73. Underhill DM et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 14459-14463.
74. Kramnik I et al. Genetic control of resistance to experimental infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 8560-8565.
75. Mitsos LM et al. Genetic control of susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Genes Immun 2000; 1: 467-477.
76. Kang TJ, Chae GT. Detection of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 31: 53-58.
77. Poltorak A et al. Physical contact between lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 4 revealed by genetic complementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 2163-2167.
78. Ohashi K et al. Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex. J Immunol 2000; 164: 558-561.
79. Okamura Y et al. The extra domain A of fibronectin activates Toll-like receptor 4. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 10229-10233.
80. Smiley ST, King JA, Hancock WW. Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4. J Immunol 2001; 167: 2887-2894.
81. Termeer C et al. Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 99-111.