Aggrecanases and cartilage matrix degradation

Arthritis Research and Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 94-103

  Nagase, Hideaki ^a   Kashiwagi, Masahide ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ADAMTS; Chondrocytes; Matrix metalloproteinases; Osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

AGGRECAN; AGGRECANASE; ALANINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; GLUTAMIC ACID; HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID;

CARTILAGE DEGENERATION; CARTILAGE MATRIX; CHEMICAL BINDING; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; JOINT FUNCTION; MACROMOLECULE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS;

ADAM PROTEINS; CARTILAGE; DISINTEGRINS; ENDOPEPTIDASES; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES; PROCOLLAGEN N-ENDOPEPTIDASE; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-3;

EID: 0038639763     PISSN: 14786354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Hinegård D, Lorenzo P, Sanxe T: Matrix glycoprotein, proteoglycans, and cartilage. In Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. Edited by S. Ruddy, Harris ED Jr, Sledge CB. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2001:41-53.
2. Evans CH, Brown TD: Role of physical and medical aspects in degradating the matrix. In Joint Cartilage Degradation: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Edited by Woessner JF Jr, Howell DS. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993:187-208.
3. Burkhardt H, Schwingel M, Menninger H, Macartney HW, Tschesche H: Oxygen radicals as effectors of cartilage destruction. Direct degradative effect on matrix components and indirect action via activation of latent collagenase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29:379-387.
4. Okada Y: Proteinase and matrix degradation. In Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. Edited by Ruddy S, Harris ED Jr, Sledge CB. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2001:55-72.
5. Tetlow LC, Adlam DJ, Woolley DE: Matrix metalloproteinase and proinflammatory cytokine production by chondrocytes of human osteoarthritic cartilage: associations with degenerative changes. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:585-594.
6. Dean DD, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Howell DS, Woessner JF Jr: Evidence for metalloproteinase and metalloproteinase inhibitor imbalance in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 1989, 84:678-685.
7. Caterson B, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB: Mechanisms involved in cartilage proteoglycan catabolism. Matrix Biol 2000, 19:333-344.
8. Mort JS, Billington CJ: Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis: matrix degradation. Arthritis Res 2001, 3:337-341.
9. Nagase H: Aggrecanase in cartilage matrix breakdown. Connective Tissue 2001, 33:27-32.
10. Arner EC: Aggrecanase-mediated cartilage degradation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002, 2:322-329.
11. Roughley PJ, Mort JS: Catabolism of proteoglycans. In Proteoglygans. Structure, Biology, and Molecular Interactions. Edited by Iozzo RV. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000:93-113.
12. Fosang AJ, Neame PJ, Hardingham TE, Murphy G, Hamilton JA: Cleavage of cartilage proteoglycan between G1 and G2 domains by stromelysins. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:15579-15582.
13. Fosang AJ, Neame PJ, Last K, Hardingham TE, Murphy G, Hamilton JA: The interglobular domain of cartilage aggrecan is cleaved by PUMP, gelatinases, and cathepsin B. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:19470-19474.
14. Flannery CR, Lark MW, Sandy JD: Identification of a stromelysin cleavage site within the interglobular domain of human aggrecan. Evidence for proteolysis at this site in vivo in human articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:1008-1014.
15. Sandy JD, Neame PJ, Boynton RE, Flannery CR: Catabolism of aggrecan in cartilage explants. Identification of a major cleavage site within the interglobular domain. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:8683-8685.
16. Ilic MZ, Handley CJ, Robinson HC, Mok MT: Mechanism of catabolism of aggrecan by articular cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992, 294:115-122.
17. Loulakis P, Shrikhande A, Davis G, Maniglia CA: N-terminal sequence of proteoglycan fragments isolated from medium of interleukin-1-treated articular-cartilage cultures. Putative site(s) of enzymic cleavage. Biochem J 1992, 284:589-593.
18. Sandy JD, Flannery CR, Neame PJ, Lohmander LS: The structure of aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid. Evidence for the involvement in osteoarthritis of a novel proteinase which cleaves the Glu 373-Ala 374 bond of the interglobular domain. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:1512-1516.
19. Lohmander LS, Neame PJ, Sandy JD: The structure of aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid. Evidence that aggrecanase mediates cartilage degradation in inflammatory joint disease, joint injury, and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36:1214-1222.
20. Tortorella MD, Burn TC, Pratta. MA, Abbaszade I, Hollis JM, Liu R, Rosenfeld SA, Copeland RA, Decicco CP, Wynn R, Rockwell A, Yang F, Duke JL, Solomon K, George H, Bruckner R, Nagase H, Itoh Y, Ellis DM, Ross H, Wiswall BH, Murphy K, Hillman MC Jr, Hollis GF, Arner EC: Purification and cloning of aggrecanase-1: a member of the ADAMTS family of proteins. Science 1999, 284:1664-1666.
21. Abbaszade I, Liu RQ, Yang F, Rosenfeld SA, Ross OH, Link JR, Ellis DM, Tortorella MD, Pratta MA, Hollis JM, Wynn R, Duke JL, George HJ, Hillman MC Jr, Murphy K, Wiswall BH, Copeland RA, Decicco CP, Bruckner R, Nagase H, Itoh Y, Newton RC, Magolda RL, Trzaskos JM, Burn TC: Cloning and characterization of ADAMTS11, an aggrecanase from the ADAMTS family. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:23443-23450.
22. Tang BL: ADAMTS: a novel family of extracellular matrix proteases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001, 33:33-44.
23. Cal S, Obaya AJ, Llamazares M, Garabaya C, Quesada. V, Lóez-Otín C: Cloning, expression analysis, and structural characterization of seven novel human ADAMTSs, a family of metalloproteinases with disintegrin and thrombospondin-1 domains. Gene 2002, 283:49-62.
24. Kuno K, Okada Y, Kawashima H, Nakamura H, Miyasaka M, Ohno H, Matsushima K: ADAMTS-1 cleaves a cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. FEBS Lett 2000, 478:241-245.
25. Rodríguez-Manzaneque JC, Westling J, Thai SN, Luque A, Knäuper V, Murphy G, Sandy JD, Iruela-Arispe ML: ADAMTS1 cleaves aggrecan at multiple sites and is differentially inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 293:501-508.
26. Flannery CR, Little CB, Hughes CE, Caterson B: Expression of ADAMTS homologues in articular cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 260:318-322.
27. Rawling ND, O'Brien EA, Barrett AJ: MEROPS: the protease database. Nucleic Acids Res 2002, 70:343-346.
28. http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/genefamily/metallo.html
29. http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/genefamily/adamts.html
30. Blobel CP, Wolfsberg TG, Turck CW, Myles DG, Primakoff P, White JM: A potential fusion peptide and an integrin ligand domain in a protein active in sperm-egg fusion. Nature 1992, 356:248-252.
31. Yagami-Hiromasa T, Sato T, Kurisaki T, Kamijo K, Nabeshima Y, Fujisawa-Sehara A: A metalloprotease-disintegrin participating in myoblast fusion. Nature 1995, 377:652-656.
32. Asakura M, Kitakaze M, Takashima S, Liao Y, Ishikura F, Yoshinaka T, Ohmoto H, Node K, Yoshino K, Ishiguro H, Asanuma H, Sanada S, Matsumura Y, Takeda H, Beppu S, Tada M, Hori M, Higashiyama S: Cardiac hypertrophy is inhibited by antagonism of ADAM12 processing of HB-EGF: metalloproteinase inhibitors as a new therapy. Nat Med 2002, 8:35-40.
33. Pan D, Rubin GM: Kuzbanian controls proteolytic processing of Notch and mediates lateral inhibition during Drosophila and vertebrate neurogenesis. Cell 1997, 90:271-280.
34. Qi H, Rand MD, Wu X, Sestan N, Wang W, Rakic P, Xu T, Artavanis-Tsakonas S: Processing of the notch ligand delta by the metalloprotease Kuzbanian. Science 1999, 283:91-94.
35. Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, Castner BJ, Stocking KL, Reddy P, Srinivasan S, Nelson N, Boiani N, Schooley KA, Gerhart M, Davis R, Fitzner JN, Johnson RS, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Cerretti DP: A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature 1997, 385:729-733.
36. Moss ML, Jin SL, Milla ME, Bickett DM, Burkhart W, Carter HL, Chen WJ, Clay WC, Didsbury JR, Hassler D, Hoffman CR, Kost TA, Lambert MH, Leesnitzer MA, McCauley P, McGeehan G, Mitchell J, Moyer M, Pahel G, Rocque W, Overton LK, Schoenen F, Seaton T, Su JL, Warner J, Willard D, Becherer JD: Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 1997, 385:733-736.
37. Nardi JB, Martos R, Walden KK, Lampe DJ, Robertson HM: Expression of lacunin, a large multidomain extracellular matrix protein, accompanies morphogenesis of epithelial monolayers in Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1999, 29:883-897.
38. Bork P, Beckmann G: The CUB domain. A widespread module in developmentally regulated proteins. J Mol Biol 1993, 231:539-545.
39. Colige A, Beschin A, Samyn B, Goebels Y, van Beeumen J, Nusgens BV, Lapière CM: Characterization and partial amino acid sequencing of a 107-kDa procollagen I N-proteinase purified by affinity chromatography on immobilized type XIV collagen. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:16724-16730.
40. Fernandes RJ, Hirohata S, Engle JM, Colige A, Cohn DH, Eyre DR, Apte SS: Procollagen II amino propeptide processing by ADAMTS-3. Insights on dermatosparaxis. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:31502-31509.
41. Colige A, Vandenberghe I, Thiry M, Lambert CA, van Beeumen J, Li SW, Prockop DJ, Lapière CM, Nusgens BV: Cloning and characterization of ADAMTS-14, a novel ADAMTS displaying high homology with ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:5756-5766.
42. Levy GG, Nichols WC, Lian EC, Foroud T, McClintick JN, McGee BM, Yang AY, Siemieniak DR, Stark KR, Gruppo R, Sarode R, Shurin SB, Chandrasekaran V, Stabler SP, Sabio H, Bouhassira EE, Upshaw JD Jr, Ginsburg D, Tsai HM: Mutations in a member of the ADAMTS gene family cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nature 2001, 413:488-494.
43. Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, Remuzzi G, Kyrle PA, Brenner B, Krause M, Scharrer I, Aumann V, Mittler U, Solenthaler M, Lammle B: von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1578-1584.
44. Tsai HM, Lian EC: Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1585-1594.
45. Vazquez F, Hastings G, Ortega MA, Lane TF, Oikemus S, Lombardo M, Iruela-Arispe ML: METH-1, a human ortholog of ADAMTS-1, and METH-2 are members of a new family of proteins with angio-inhibitory activity. J Biol Chem 1999, 274: 23349-23357.
46. Tortorella MD, Pratta M, Liu RQ, Austin J, Ross OH, Abbaszade I, Burn T, Arner E: Sites of aggrecan cleavage by recombinant human aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4). J Biol Chem 2000, 275: 18566-18573.
47. Tortorella MD, Liu RQ, Burn T, Newton RC, Arner E: Characterization of human aggrecanase 2 (ADAM-TS5): substrate specificity studies and comparison with aggrecanase 1 (ADAM-TS4). Matrix Biol 2002, 21:499-511.
48. Vankemmelbeke MN, Holen I, Wilson AG, Ilic MZ, Handley CJ, Kelner GS, Clark M, Liu C, Maki RA, Burnett D, Buttle DJ: Expression and activity of ADAMTS-5 in synovium. Eur J Biochem 2001, 268:1259-1268.
49. Westling J, Fosang AJ, Last K, Thompson VP, Tomkinson KN, Hebert T, McDonagh T, Collins-Racie LA, LaVallie ER, Morris EA, Sandy JD: ADAMTS4 cleaves at the aggrecanase site (Glu373-Ala374) and secondarily at the matrix metalloproteinase site (Asn341-Phe342) in the aggrecan interglobular domain. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:16059-16066.
50. Sandy JD, Westling J, Kenagy RD, Iruela-Arispe ML, Verscharen C, Rodriguez-Mazaneque JC, Zimmermann DR, Lemire JM, Fischer JW, Wight TN, Clowes AW: Versican V1 proteolysis in human aorta in vivo occurs at the Glu441-Ala442 bond, a site that is cleaved by recombinant ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:13372-13378.
51. Kuno K, Terashima Y, Matsushima K: ADAMTS-1 is an active metalloproteinase associated with the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:18821-18826.
52. Matthews RT, Gary SC, Zerillo C, Pratta M, Solomon K, Arner EC, Hockfield S: Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican cleavage in a glioma cell line is mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family member. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:22695-22703.
53. 2-Macroglobulin. Methods Enzymol 1981, 80:737-754.
54. Tortorella M, Pratta M, Liu RQ, Abbaszade I, Ross H, Burn T, Arner E: The thrombospondin motif of aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4) is critical for aggrecan substrate recognition and cleavage. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:25791-25797.
55. Pratta MA, Tortorella MD, Arner EC: Age-related changes in aggrecan glycosylation affect cleavage by aggrecanase. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:39096-39102.
56. Hörber C, Buttner FH, Kern C, Schmiedeknecht G, Bartnik E: Truncation of the amino-terminus of the recombinant aggrecan rAgg1 mut leads to reduced cleavage at the aggrecanase site. Efficient aggrecanase catabolism may depend on multiple substrate interactions. Matrix Biol 2000, 19:533-543.
57. Mercuri FA, Maciewicz RA, Tart J, Last K, Fosang AJ: Mutations in the interglobular domain of aggrecan alter matrix metalloproteinase and aggrecanase cleavage patterns. Evidence that matrix metalloproteinase cleavage interferes with aggrecanase activity. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:33038-33045.
58. Rodriguez-Manzaneque JC, Milchanowski AB, Dufour EK, Leduc R, Iruela-Arispe ML: Characterization of METH-1/ADAMTS1 processing reveals two distinct active forms. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:33471-33479.
59. Gao G, Westling J, Thompson VP, Howell TD, Gottschall PE, Sandy JD: Activation of the proteolytic activity of ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) by C-terminal truncation. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:11034-11041.
60. Arner EC, Pratta MA, Trzaskos JM, Decicco CP, Tortorella MD: Generation and characterization of aggrecanase. A soluble, cartilage-derived aggrecan-degrading activity. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:6594-6601.
61. Kashiwagi M, Tortorella M, Nagase H, Brew K: TIMP-3 is a potent inhibitor of aggrecanase 1 (ADAM-TS4) and aggrecanase 2 (ADAM-TS5). J Biol Chem 2001, 276:12501-12504.
62. Hashimoto G, Aoki T, Nakamura H, Tanzawa K, Okada Y: Inhibition of ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, 2, 3 and 4). FEBS Lett 2001, 494: 192-195.
63. Amour A, Slocombe PM, Webster A, Butler M, Knight CG, Smith BJ, Stephens PE, Shelley C, Hutton M, Knäuper V, Docherty AJ, Murphy G: TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is inhibited by TIMP-3. FEBS Lett 1998, 435:39-44.
64. Amour A, Knight CG, Webster A, Slocombe PM, Stephens PE, Knäuper V, Docherty AJ, Murphy G: The in vitro activity of ADAM-10 is inhibited by TIMP-1 and TIMP-3. FEBS Lett 2000, 473:275-279.
65. Loechel F, Fox JW, Murphy G, Albrechtsen R, Wewer UM: ADAM 12-S cleaves IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 and is inhibited by TIMP-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 278:511-515.
66. Yu WH, Yu S, Meng Q, Brew K, Woessner JF Jr: TIMP-3 binds to sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:31226-31232.
67. Apte SS, Hayashi K, Seldin MF, Mattei MG, Hayashi M, Olsen BR: Gene encoding a novel murine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), TIMP-3, is expressed in developing mouse epithelia, cartilage, and muscle, and is located on mouse chromosome 10. Dev Dyn 1994, 200:177-197.
68. Su S, Grover J, Roughley PJ, DiBattista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Zafarullah M: Expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) gene family in normal and osteoarthritic joints. Rheumatol Int 1999, 18:183-191.
69. Su S, DiBattista JA, Sun Y, Li WQ, Zafarullah M: Up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 gene expression by TGF-beta in articular chondrocytes is mediated by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. J Cell Biochem 1998, 70:517-527.
70. Li WQ, Zafarullah M: Oncostatin M up-regulates tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 gene expression in articular chondrocytes via de novo transcription, protein synthesis, and tyrosine kinase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanisms. J Immunol 1998, 161:5000-5007.
71. Takizawa M, Ohuchi E, Yamanaka H, Nakamura H, Ikeda E, Ghosh P, Okada Y: Production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 is selectively enhanced by calcium pentosan polysulfate in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:812-820.
72. Munteanu SE, Ilic MZ, Handley CJ: Calcium pentosan polysulfate inhibits the catabolism of aggrecan in articular cartilage explant cultures. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:2211-2218.
73. Munteanu SE, Ilic MZ, Handley CJ: Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans inhibit aggrecanase degradation of aggrecan by bovine articular cartilage explant cultures. Matrix Biol 2002, 21:429-440.
74. Arner EC, Pratta MA, Decicco CP, Xue CB, Newton RC, Trzaskos JM, Magolda RL, Tortorella MD: Aggrecanase. A target for the design of inhibitors of cartilage degradation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 878:92-107.
75. Yao W, Wasserman ZR, Chao M, Reddy G, Shi E, Liu RQ, Covington MB, Arner EC, Pratta MA, Tortorella M, Magolda RL, Newton R, Qian M, Ribadeneira MD, Christ D, Wexler RR, Decicco CP: Design and synthesis of a series of (2R)-N(4)-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-N(1)-E(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]butanediamide derivatives as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable aggrecanase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2001, 44:3347-3350.
76. Yao W, Chao M, Wasserman ZR, Liu RQ, Covington MB, Newton R, Christ D, Wexler RR, Decicco CP: Potent P1′ biphenylmethyl substituted aggrecanase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002, 12:101-104.
77. Cai L, Yin JP, Starovasnik MA, Hogue DA, Hillan KJ, Mort JS, Filvaroff EH: Pathways by which interleukin 17 induces articular cartilage breakdown in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine 2001, 16:10-21.
78. Sabatini M, Thomas M, Deschamps C, Lesur C, Rolland G, de Nanteuil G, Bonnet J: Effects of ceramide on aggrecanase activity in rabbit articular cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001, 283:1105-1110.
79. Stanton H, Ung L, Fosang AJ: The 45 kDa collagen-binding fragment of fibronectin induces matrix metalloproteinase-13 synthesis by chondrocytes and aggrecan degradation by aggrecanases. Biochem J 2002, 364:181-190.
80. Bau B, Gebhard PM, Haag J, Knorr T, Bartnik E, Aigner T: Relative messenger RNA expression profiling of collagenases and aggrecanases in human articular chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:2648-2657.
81. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B: n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:721-724.
82. Tortorella MD, Malfait AM, Deccico C, Arner E: The role of ADAM-TS4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAM-TS5 (aggrecanase-2) in a model of cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001, 9:539-552.
83. Little CB, Hughes CE, Curtis CL, Jones SA, Caterson B, Flannery CR: Cyclosporin A inhibition of aggrecanase-mediated proteoglycan catabolism in articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:124-129.
84. Koshy PJ, Lundy CJ, Rowan AD, Porter S, Edwards DR, Hogan A, Clark IM, Cawston TE: The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: a time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:961-967.
85. Yamanishi Y, Boyle DL, Clark M, Maki RA, Tortorella MD, Arner EC, Firestein GS: Expression and regulation of aggrecanase in arthritis: the role of TGF-beta. J Immunol 2002, 168:1405-1412.
86. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Little CB, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Wilson C, Dent CM, Otterness IG, Harwood JL, Caterson B: Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1544-1553.
87. Lark MW, Bayne EK, Flanagan J, Harper CF, Hoerrner LA, Hutchinson NI, Singer II, Donatelli SA, Weidner JR, Williams HR, Mumford RA, Lohmander LS: Aggrecan degradation in human cartilage. Evidence for both matrix metalloproteinase and aggrecanase activity in normal, osteoarthritic, and rheumatoid joints. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:93-106.
88. Fosang AJ, Last K, Maciewicz RA: Aggrecan is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases in human arthritis. Evidence that matrix metalloproteinase and aggrecanase activities can be independent. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:2292-2299.
89. Little CB, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Mort JS, Roughley PJ, Dent C, Caterson B: Aggrecanase versus matrix metalloproteinases in the catabolism of the interglobular domain of aggrecan in vitro. Biochem J 1999, 344:61-68.
90. Little CB, Hughes CE, Curtis CL, Janusz MJ, Bohne R, Wang-Weigand S, Taiwo YO, Mitchell PG, Otterness IG, Flannery CR, Caterson B: Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in C-terminal and interglobular domain processing of cartilage aggrecan in late stage cartilage degradation. Matrix Biol 2002, 21:271-88.
91. Fosang AJ, Last K, Stanton H, Weeks DB, Campbell IK, Hardingham TE, Hembry RM: Generation and novel distribution of matrix metalloproteinase-derived aggrecan fragments in porcine cartilage explants. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:33027-33037.
92. Stanton H, Fosang AJ: Matrix metalloproteinases are active following guanidine hydrochloride extraction of cartilage: generation of DIPEN neoepitope during dialysis. Matrix Biol 2002, 21:425-428.
93. Sztrolovics R, White RJ, Roughley PJ, Mort JS: The mechanism of aggrecan release from cartilage differs with tissue origin and the agent used to stimulate catabolism. Biochem J 2002, 362:465-472.
94. Lee ER, Lamplugh L, Davoli MA, Beauchemin A, Chan K, Mort JS, Leblond CP: Enzymes active in the areas undergoing cartilage resorption during the development of the secondary ossification center in the tibiae of rats ages 0-21 days: I. Two groups of proteinases cleave the core protein of aggrecan. Dev Dyn 2001, 222:52-70.
95. Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Uchitel-Kaushansky N, Schneiderman R, Gilav E: Aggrecan turnover in human articular cartilage: use of aspartic acid racemization as a marker of molecular age. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998, 350:61-71.
96. Sandy JD, Verscharen C: Analysis of aggrecan in human knee cartilage and synovial fluid indicates that aggrecanase (ADAMTS) activity is responsible for the catabolic turnover and loss of whole aggrecan whereas other protease activity is required for C-terminal processing in vivo. Biochem J 2001, 358:615-626.
97. van Meurs JB, van Lent PL, Holthuysen AE, Singer II, Bayne EK, van den Berg WB: Kinetics of aggrecanase- and metalloproteinase-induced neoepitopes in various stages of cartilage destruction in murine arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:1128-1139.
98. van Meurs J, van Lent P, Stoop R, Holthuysen A, Singer I, Bayne E, Mudgett J, Poole R, Billinghurst C, van der Kraan P, Buma P, van den Berg W: Cleavage of aggrecan at the Asn341-Phe342 site coincides with the initiation of collagen damage in murine antigen-induced arthritis: a pivotal role for stromelysin 1 in matrix metalloproteinase activity. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42: 2074-2084,
99. Mudgett JS, Hutchinson NI, Chartrain NA, Forsyth AJ, McDonnell J, Singer II, Bayne EK, Flanagan J, Kawka D, Shen CF, Stevens K, Chen H, Trumbauer M, Visco DM: Susceptibility of stromelysin 1-deficient mice to collagen-induced arthritis and cartilage destruction. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:110-121.
100. Mort JS, Magny MC, Lee ER: Cathepsin B: an alternative protease for the generation of an aggrecan 'metalloproteinase' cleavage neoepitope. Biochem J 1998, 335:491-494.
101. Mason RM, Chambers MG, Flannelly J, Gaffen JD, Dudhia J, Bayliss MT: The STR/ort mouse and its use as a model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001, 9:85-91.
102. Chambers MG, Cox L, Chong L, Suri N, Cover P, Bayliss MT, Mason RM: Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases cleave aggrecan in different zones of normal cartilage but colocalize in the development of osteoarthritic lesions in STR/ort mice. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:1455-1465.
103. Sasaki M, Seo-Kiryu S, Kato R, Kita S, Kiyama H: A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type1 motifs (ADAMTS-1) and IL-1 receptor type 1 mRNAs are simultaneously induced in nerve injured motor neurons. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001, 89:158-163.
104. Singer II, Scott S, Kawka DW, Bayne EK, Weidner JR, Williams HR, Mumford RA, Lark MW, McDonnell J, Christen AJ, Moore VL, Mudgett JS, Visco DM: Aggrecanase and metalloproteinase-specific aggrecan neo-epitopes are induced in the articular cartilage of mice with collagen II-induced arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1997, 5:407-418.
105. Lemons ML, Sandy JD, Anderson DK, Howland DR: Intact aggrecan and fragments generated by both aggrecanse and metalloproteinase-like activities are present in the developing and adult rat spinal cord and their relative abundance is altered by injury. J Neurosci 2001, 21:4772-4781.
106. Satoh K, Suzuki N, Yokota H: ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) is transcriptionally induced in beta-amyloid treated rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2000, 289:177-180.
107. Konttinen YT, Mandelin J, Li TF, Salo J, Lassus J, Liljestrom M, Hukkanen M, Takagi M, Virtanen I, Santavirta S: Acidic cysteine endoproteinase cathepsin K in the degeneration of the superficial articular hyaline cartilage in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:953-960.
108. Lang A, Horler D, Baici A: The relative importance of cysteine peptidases in osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:1970-1979.