메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 259-265

The enigma of multiple sclerosis: Inflammation and neurodegeneration cause heterogeneous dysfunction and damage

Author keywords

Axons; Degeneration; Inflammation; Multiple sclerosis; Oligodendrocytes

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNITY; BRAIN ATROPHY; CELL MIGRATION; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; OLIGODENDROGLIA; REMYELINIZATION; REVIEW; STEM CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0038459185     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200306000-00003     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (96)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0019740632 scopus 로고
    • Pathology of demyelination and remyelination
    • Ludwin SK. Pathology of demyelination and remyelination. Adv Neurol 1981; 31:123-168.
    • (1981) Adv Neurol , vol.31 , pp. 123-168
    • Ludwin, S.K.1
  • 2
    • 0036284982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LIF receptor signaling limits immune-mediated demyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival
    • Butzkueven H, Zhang JG, Soilu-Hanninen M, et al. LIF receptor signaling limits immune-mediated demyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival. Nat Med 2002; 8:613-619. An important paper that showed the role of LIF acting through the gp130 receptor molecule in promoting oligodendrocyte survival, without affecting the inflammatory response, in EAE.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 613-619
    • Butzkueven, H.1    Zhang, J.G.2    Soilu-Hanninen, M.3
  • 3
    • 0037122960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • Chang A, Tourtellotte WW, Rudick R, et al. Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:165-173. This paper brings the premyelinating oligodendrocyte, identifed as NG2-positive cells, to our attention. These are numerous in MS, and although they show evidence for maturation (process extension), they do not achieve remyelination.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 165-173
    • Chang, A.1    Tourtellotte, W.W.2    Rudick, R.3
  • 4
    • 0036602982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases
    • Neumann H, Medana IM, Bauer J, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases. Trends Neurosci 2002; 25:313-319. A review of evidence (including from the author's laboratory) that MHC I-restricted CD8 cytotoxic T cells mediate axonal damage.
    • (2002) Trends Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 313-319
    • Neumann, H.1    Medana, I.M.2    Bauer, J.3
  • 5
    • 0033958462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis
    • Pitt D, Werner P, Raine CS. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 2000; 6:67-70. An important study that shows one mediator exerting two kinds of pathology. This establishes an MHC unrestricted mechanism for pathology that may be influenced by the inability of glial cells to regulate glutamate levels.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 67-70
    • Pitt, D.1    Werner, P.2    Raine, C.S.3
  • 6
    • 0033511936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal pathology in myelin disorders
    • Bjartmar C, Yin X, Trapp BD. Axonal pathology in myelin disorders. J Neurocytol 1999; 28:383-395.
    • (1999) J Neurocytol , vol.28 , pp. 383-395
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Yin, X.2    Trapp, B.D.3
  • 7
    • 0036793245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis
    • Lang HL, Jacobsen H, Ikemizu S, et al. A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:940-943. An elegant study that details the exact molecular basis for cross-reactivity between myelin basic protein and a pathogen-derived peptide, and shows how tight genetic linkage between two MHC molecules could result in MHC-associated susceptibility to MS induced by infection.
    • (2002) Nat Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 940-943
    • Lang, H.L.1    Jacobsen, H.2    Ikemizu, S.3
  • 8
    • 0035405886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system
    • Yong VW, Power C, Forsyth P, et al. Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2:502-511. A comprehensive review of a recently emerged and fast-moving field.
    • (2001) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 502-511
    • Yong, V.W.1    Power, C.2    Forsyth, P.3
  • 9
    • 0036794017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats
    • Proescholdt MA, Jacobson S, Tresser N, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:914-925.
    • (2002) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 914-925
    • Proescholdt, M.A.1    Jacobson, S.2    Tresser, N.3
  • 10
    • 0036254688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocyte-endothelial interactions: Clinical trials of anti-adhesion therapy
    • Harlan JM, Winn RK. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions: clinical trials of anti-adhesion therapy. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (Suppl): S214-S219.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Harlan, J.M.1    Winn, R.K.2
  • 11
    • 0036260089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration: Minocycline as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis
    • Brundula V, Rewcastle NB, Metz LM, et al. Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration: minocycline as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis. Brain 2002; 125:1297-1308. The tetracycline antibiotic inhibits the action of matrix metalloproteinases and is used here to dissect a role for matrix metalloproteinases in EAE and in-vitro migration assays.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 1297-1308
    • Brundula, V.1    Rewcastle, N.B.2    Metz, L.M.3
  • 12
    • 0036157268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline
    • Popovic N, Schubart A, Goetz BD, et al. Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:215-223. This study adopts a broader interpretation of minocycline as an anti-inflammatory reagent with effects on microglia.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 215-223
    • Popovic, N.1    Schubart, A.2    Goetz, B.D.3
  • 13
    • 0037114171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between hemopoietically derived TNF and central nervous system-resident glial chemokines underlie initiation of autoimmune inflammation in the brain
    • Murphy CA, Hoek RM, Wiekowski MT, et al. Interactions between hemopoietically derived TNF and central nervous system-resident glial chemokines underlie initiation of autoimmune inflammation in the brain. J Immunol 2002; 169:7054-7062. A very clear description of the interplay between the cytokine TNF, produced by haematogenous cells, and the induction of chemokines in the CNS. This study identifies an important pro-inflammatory role for TNF.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.169 , pp. 7054-7062
    • Murphy, C.A.1    Hoek, R.M.2    Wiekowski, M.T.3
  • 14
    • 0036250479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential intracellular expression of CCR5 and chemokines in multiple sclerosis subtypes
    • Jalonen TO, Pulkkinen K, Ukkonen M, et al. Differential intracellular expression of CCR5 and chemokines in multiple sclerosis subtypes. J Neurol 2002; 249:576-583.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 576-583
    • Jalonen, T.O.1    Pulkkinen, K.2    Ukkonen, M.3
  • 15
    • 0036214230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of chemokines in the CSF and correlation with clinical disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Mahad DJ, Howell SJ, Woodroofe MN. Expression of chemokines in the CSF and correlation with clinical disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:498-502.
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. 498-502
    • Mahad, D.J.1    Howell, S.J.2    Woodroofe, M.N.3
  • 16
    • 0037086967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IP-10 and MCP-1 levels in CSF and serum from multiple sclerosis patients with different clinical subtypes of the disease
    • Scarpini E, Galimberti D, Baron P, et al. IP-10 and MCP-1 levels in CSF and serum from multiple sclerosis patients with different clinical subtypes of the disease. J Neurol Sci 2002; 195:41-46. Both this and the papers by Jalonen et al. [14] and Mahad et al. [15] show that levels of some chemokines in serum and CSF can be correlated with disease subtype. The chemokine IP-I0/CXCL10 shows the best correlation with inflammatory disease.
    • (2002) J Neurol Sci , vol.195 , pp. 41-46
    • Scarpini, E.1    Galimberti, D.2    Baron, P.3
  • 17
    • 0036275625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: A study of CXCL10 and CXCR3 co-localization in the inflamed central nervous system
    • Sorensen TL, Trebst C, Kivisakk P, et al. Multiple sclerosis: a study of CXCL10 and CXCR3 co-localization in the inflamed central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 127:59-68. This study demonstrates that the entry of immune cells to the CSF per se, independent of inflammatory responses therein, is dependent on the chemokine IP-10/CXCL10, and its receptor CXCR3.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.127 , pp. 59-68
    • Sorensen, T.L.1    Trebst, C.2    Kivisakk, P.3
  • 18
    • 0036147311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine receptor expression on B cells and effect of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Sorensen TL, Roed H, Sellebjerg F. Chemokine receptor expression on B cells and effect of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 122:125-131.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.122 , pp. 125-131
    • Sorensen, T.L.1    Roed, H.2    Sellebjerg, F.3
  • 19
    • 0036687120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood-brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Alt C, Laschinger M, Engelhardt B. Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood-brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:2133-2144. This paper and that by Prat et al. [20] show directly that chemokines influence or direct adhesion to or migration of human leukocytes to endothelia of the BBB.
    • (2002) Eur J Immunol , vol.32 , pp. 2133-2144
    • Alt, C.1    Laschinger, M.2    Engelhardt, B.3
  • 20
    • 0036186664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration of multiple sclerosis lymphocytes through brain endothelium
    • Prat A, Biernacki K, Lavoie JF, et al. Migration of multiple sclerosis lymphocytes through brain endothelium. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:391-397.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 391-397
    • Prat, A.1    Biernacki, K.2    Lavoie, J.F.3
  • 21
    • 0037085719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, during acute and chronic inflammation in the rodent CNS
    • Hughes PM, Botham MS, Frentzel S, et al. Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, during acute and chronic inflammation in the rodent CNS. Glia 2002; 37:314-327. This study shows differences in chemokine expression in chronic versus acute inflammation, underlining the potential regulation of the disease state.
    • (2002) Glia , vol.37 , pp. 314-327
    • Hughes, P.M.1    Botham, M.S.2    Frentzel, S.3
  • 22
    • 0036467417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system inflammation and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the CC chemokine CCL21 in oligodendrocytes
    • Chen SC, Leach MW, Chen Y, et al. Central nervous system inflammation and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the CC chemokine CCL21 in oligodendrocytes. J Immunol 2002; 168:1009-1017. Although these chemokines chemoattract lymphocytes in vitro, when expressed by transgenes in oligodendrocytes, CCL21 only induces neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration. This study emphasizes that in-vivo actions may differ from in-vitro actions.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 1009-1017
    • Chen, S.C.1    Leach, M.W.2    Chen, Y.3
  • 23
    • 0036229884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid levels of nitric oxide metabolites predict response to methylprednisolone treatment in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis
    • Sellebjerg F, Giovannoni G, Hand A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of nitric oxide metabolites predict response to methylprednisolone treatment in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 125:198-203.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.125 , pp. 198-203
    • Sellebjerg, F.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Hand, A.3
  • 24
    • 0032728075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice
    • Sinz EH, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:647-656. This paper shows that iNOS protects against traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. It contains some of the more convincing evidence that iNOS is beneficial in the CNS.
    • (1999) J Clin Invest , vol.104 , pp. 647-656
    • Sinz, E.H.1    Kochanek, P.M.2    Dixon, C.E.3
  • 25
    • 0033400628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Our shifting understanding of the role of nitric oxide in autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A review
    • Willenborg DO, Staykova MA, Cowden WB. Our shifting understanding of the role of nitric oxide in autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 100:21-35.
    • (1999) J Neuroimmunol , vol.100 , pp. 21-35
    • Willenborg, D.O.1    Staykova, M.A.2    Cowden, W.B.3
  • 26
    • 0036418867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-12: The role of p40 versus p75
    • Abdi K. IL-12: the role of p40 versus p75. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:1-11.
    • (2002) Scand J Immunol , vol.56 , pp. 1-11
    • Abdi, K.1
  • 27
    • 0036677420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental autoimmune encephalitis and inflammation in the absence of interleukin-12
    • Becher B, Durell BG, Noelle RJ. Experimental autoimmune encephalitis and inflammation in the absence of interleukin-12. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:493-497. IL-12 comprises two polypeptide chains. This paper shows that the lack of one of them, which necessarily abrogates expression, does not affect susceptibility to EAE. IL-12 is therefore not essential for EAE.
    • (2002) J Clin Invest , vol.110 , pp. 493-497
    • Becher, B.1    Durell, B.G.2    Noelle, R.J.3
  • 28
    • 0036105484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R, et al. Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2002; 8:500-508. This study shows the power and potential of gene microarray analysis in identifying critical mediators in MS. Predictions for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were validated by gene knockout in mice.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 500-508
    • Lock, C.1    Hermans, G.2    Pedotti, R.3
  • 29
    • 0037178760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Bphs, an autoimmune disease locus, as histamine receptor H1
    • Ma RZ, Gao J, Meeker ND, et al. Identification of Bphs, an autoimmune disease locus, as histamine receptor H1. Science 2002; 297:620-623. This study uses classical immunogenetics and molecular genetics to identify the histamine receptor-1 as the functional component of the Bphs susceptibility locus for EAE; it shows a role for histamine in organ-specific inflammation.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 620-623
    • Ma, R.Z.1    Gao, J.2    Meeker, N.D.3
  • 30
    • 0036237054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study on the relationship between infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations
    • Buljevac D, Flach HZ, Hop WC, et al. Prospective study on the relationship between infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Brain 2002; 125:952-960. Together with papers by Confavreux and colleagues [31,32], this paper shows an increased incidence of exacerbations of MS with periods of upper-airway infection.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 952-960
    • Buljevac, D.1    Flach, H.Z.2    Hop, W.C.3
  • 31
    • 0035253662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis
    • Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, et al. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:319-326.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 319-326
    • Confavreux, C.1    Suissa, S.2    Saddier, P.3
  • 32
    • 0036233601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis
    • Confavreux C. Infections and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2002; 125:933-934.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 933-934
    • Confavreux, C.1
  • 33
    • 0036841178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system
    • Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, et al. Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:1013-1021. The first demonstration of Toll-like receptors in the human brain, and on glial cells in MS.
    • (2002) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 1013-1021
    • Bsibsi, M.1    Ravid, R.2    Gveric, D.3
  • 34
    • 0036019158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with a profound and sustained transcriptional activation of the genes encoding toll-like receptor 2 and CD14 in the mouse CNS
    • Zekki H, Feinstein DL, Rivest S. The clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with a profound and sustained transcriptional activation of the genes encoding toll-like receptor 2 and CD14 in the mouse CNS. Brain Pathol 2002; 12:308-319. The first demonstration of Toll-like receptor upregulation in EAE.
    • (2002) Brain Pathol , vol.12 , pp. 308-319
    • Zekki, H.1    Feinstein, D.L.2    Rivest, S.3
  • 35
    • 0034618094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction
    • Babbé H, Roers A, Waisman A, et al. Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med 2000; 192:393-404.
    • (2000) J Exp Med , vol.192 , pp. 393-404
    • Babbé, H.1    Roers, A.2    Waisman, A.3
  • 36
    • 0036681780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bystander CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination after viral infection of the central nervous system
    • Haring JS, Pewe LL, Perlman S. Bystander CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination after viral infection of the central nervous system. J Immunol 2002; 169:1550-1555. CD8 T cells do not need to recognize cognate antigen in order to mediate cytotoxicity in the CNS, if they are specifically activated.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.169 , pp. 1550-1555
    • Haring, J.S.1    Pewe, L.L.2    Perlman, S.3
  • 37
    • 0036191549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligoclonal expansion of memory CDS+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients
    • Jacobsen M, Cepok S, Quak E, et al. Oligoclonal expansion of memory CDS+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 2002; 125:538-550. This study complements and extends observations by Babbé et al. [35], in showing that CD8 T cells in the CSF are oligoclonal and show evidence of recent exposure to antigen.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 538-550
    • Jacobsen, M.1    Cepok, S.2    Quak, E.3
  • 38
    • 0036198111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Destruction of neurons by cytotoxic T cells: A new pathogenic mechanism in Rasmussen's encephalitis
    • Bien CG, Bauer J, Deckwerth TL, et al. Destruction of neurons by cytotoxic T cells: a new pathogenic mechanism in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2002; 51:311-318. The pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis shares some features with MS. This paper shows a predominance of CD8 T cells with the capability to kill neurons in lesions.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 311-318
    • Bien, C.G.1    Bauer, J.2    Deckwerth, T.L.3
  • 39
    • 0036195878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8(+) T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Karandikar NJ, Crawford MP, Yah X, et al. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8(+) T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:641-649. The first paper to show a glatiramer acetate-specific CD8 T cell response, which may play a benefical role in glatiramer acetate-mediated therapy.
    • (2002) J Clin Invest , vol.109 , pp. 641-649
    • Karandikar, N.J.1    Crawford, M.P.2    Yah, X.3
  • 40
    • 0036223573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis
    • Correale J, de Los Milagros Bassani Molinas M. Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002; 249:375-389.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 375-389
    • Correale, J.1    De Los Milagros Bassani Molinas, M.2
  • 41
    • 0037076504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis have elevated antibodies to neurofilament subunit
    • Silber E, Semra YK, Gregson NA, et al. Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis have elevated antibodies to neurofilament subunit. Neurology 2002; 58:1372-1381. This study shows evidence of anti-neurofilament antibodies in MS. These correlate with disease progression and may mediate axonal loss.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 1372-1381
    • Silber, E.1    Semra, Y.K.2    Gregson, N.A.3
  • 42
    • 0036184304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with glatiramer acetate induces specific IgG4 antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Farina C, Vargas V, Heydari N, et al. Treatment with glatiramer acetate induces specific IgG4 antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 123:188-192.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.123 , pp. 188-192
    • Farina, C.1    Vargas, V.2    Heydari, N.3
  • 43
    • 0036675279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease
    • Ure DR, Rodriguez M. Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease. Faseb J 2002; 16:1260-1262. Anti-glatiramer acetate antibodies cross-react with neural cells. Transfer to mice with viral-induced demyelination promoted remyelination. This may be a mechanism for the glatiramer acetate effect in MS.
    • (2002) Faseb J , vol.16 , pp. 1260-1262
    • Ure, D.R.1    Rodriguez, M.2
  • 44
    • 0036312179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical role of antigen-specific antibody in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
    • Lyons JA, Ramsbottom MJ, Cross AH. Critical role of antigen-specific antibody in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1905-1918. This study shows a requirement for B cells for EAE, but only when whole human MOG was used as the encephalitogen.
    • (2002) Eur J Immunol , vol.32 , pp. 1905-1918
    • Lyons, J.A.1    Ramsbottom, M.J.2    Cross, A.H.3
  • 45
    • 0036224107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological and regulatory effects of anti-myelin antibodies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice
    • Morris-Downes MM, Smith PA, Rundle JL, et al. Pathological and regulatory effects of anti-myelin antibodies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 125:114-124. Whether anti-myelin antibodies mediate pathological or benefical effects in the CNS depends on their specificity.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.125 , pp. 114-124
    • Morris-Downes, M.M.1    Smith, P.A.2    Rundle, J.L.3
  • 46
    • 0036662772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits the production of RANTES in glial cell cultures
    • Besong G, Battaglia G, D'Onofrio M, et al. Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits the production of RANTES in glial cell cultures. J Neurosci 2002; 22:5408-5411. Glutamate may act to inhibit RANTES: normal T cell expressed/secreted/CCL5, depending on the receptor it acts through.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 5408-5411
    • Besong, G.1    Battaglia, G.2    D'Onofrio, M.3
  • 47
    • 0036799650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation
    • John GR, Shankar SL, Shafit-Zagardo B, et al. Multiple sclerosis: re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation. Nat Med 2002; 8:1115-1121. The Notch receptor is growth inhibitory. Its ligand Jagged1 is upregulated by the cytokine transforming growth factor beta in MS lesions. This novel finding may explain the failure to remyelinate.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 1115-1121
    • John, G.R.1    Shankar, S.L.2    Shafit-Zagardo, B.3
  • 48
    • 0036191226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of a null mutation in the CNTF gene with early onset of multiple sclerosis
    • Giess R, Maurer M, Linker R, et al. Association of a null mutation in the CNTF gene with early onset of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:407-409. A very important paper that identifies a subset of MS patients whose disease is exacerbated by the lack of an oligodendrocyte growth factor. The accompanying paper by Linker et al. [49] shows that mice lacking this factor show comparable effects in EAE.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 407-409
    • Giess, R.1    Maurer, M.2    Linker, R.3
  • 49
    • 0036281689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNTF is a major protective factor in demyelinating CNS disease: A neurotrophic cytokine as modulator in neuroinflammation
    • Linker RA, Maurer M, Gaupp S, et al. CNTF is a major protective factor in demyelinating CNS disease: a neurotrophic cytokine as modulator in neuroinflammation. Nat Med 2002; 8:620-624.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 620-624
    • Linker, R.A.1    Maurer, M.2    Gaupp, S.3
  • 50
    • 0036189424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients lacking the major CNS myelin protein, proteolipid protein 1, develop length-dependent axonal degeneration in the absence of demyelination and inflammation
    • Garbern JY, Yool DA, Moore GJ, et al. Patients lacking the major CNS myelin protein', proteolipid protein 1, develop length-dependent axonal degeneration in the absence of demyelination and inflammation. Brain 2002; 125:551-561.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 551-561
    • Garbern, J.Y.1    Yool, D.A.2    Moore, G.J.3
  • 51
    • 0035705454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination
    • Arnett HA, Mason J, Marino M, et al. TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:1116-1122. A seminal paper that shows a role for TNF as an oligodendrocyte growth factor in remyelination after chemically induced demyelination in mice. The major point is that TNF exerts benefical effects only when acting through the p75 TNFRII.
    • (2001) Nat Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 1116-1122
    • Arnett, H.A.1    Mason, J.2    Marino, M.3
  • 52
    • 0036025374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNFalpha: Kill or cure for demyelinating disease?
    • Finsen B, Antel J, Owens T. TNFalpha: kill or cure for demyelinating disease? Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:820-821. A timely review of the opposing roles of TNF in the CNS and control through selective receptor signalling.
    • (2002) Mol Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 820-821
    • Finsen, B.1    Antel, J.2    Owens, T.3
  • 53
    • 0036789957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendregenesis in adult mice
    • Picard-Riera N, Decker L, Delarasse C, et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendregenesis in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13211-13216. A very important paper that shows impaired neural precursor generation in the subventricular zone in the brain during EAE-associated inflammation. The implications for EAE and MS are profound.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , pp. 13211-13216
    • Picard-Riera, N.1    Decker, L.2    Delarasse, C.3
  • 54
    • 0036842987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z in functional recovery from demyelinating lesions
    • Harroch S, Furtado GC, Brueck W, et al. A critical role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z in functional recovery from demyelinating lesions. Nat Genet 2002; 32:411-414. This study identifies a molecular mechanism for the regulation of oligodendrocyte survival in remyelination.
    • (2002) Nat Genet , vol.32 , pp. 411-414
    • Harroch, S.1    Furtado, G.C.2    Brueck, W.3
  • 55
    • 0036158610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the demyelinated multiple sclerosis spinal cord
    • Wolswijk G. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the demyelinated multiple sclerosis spinal cord. Brain 2002; 125:338-349. This study used the O4/anti-GalC combination to count oligodendrocyte precursors in MS lesions, unlike most other studies that focus on NG2-positive cells.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 338-349
    • Wolswijk, G.1
  • 56
    • 0036342788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of atrophy in multiple sclerosis: Pathological basis, methodological aspects and clinical relevance
    • Miller DH, Barkhof F, Frank JA, et al. Measurement of atrophy in multiple sclerosis: pathological basis, methodological aspects and clinical relevance. Brain 2002; 125:1676-1695.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 1676-1695
    • Miller, D.H.1    Barkhof, F.2    Frank, J.A.3
  • 57
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A, et al. Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 2002; 125:2202-2212. This study suggests that axonal damage is an early feature of MS pathology and correlates with inflammation. The number of amyloid precursor protein-staining axons was greatest in relapsing-remitting MS when T cell infiltration was most prominent, then decreased as MS progressed. The following three papers [58-60] draw similar conclusions.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3
  • 58
    • 0036161001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain atrophy in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Chard DT, Griffin CM, Parker GJ, et al. Brain atrophy in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Brain 2002; 125:327-337.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 327-337
    • Chard, D.T.1    Griffin, C.M.2    Parker, G.J.3
  • 59
    • 0036791829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal brain volume measurement in multiple sclerosis: Rate of brain atrophy is independent of the disease subtype
    • Kalkers NF, Ameziane N, Bot JC, et al. Longitudinal brain volume measurement in multiple sclerosis: rate of brain atrophy is independent of the disease subtype. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1572-1576.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 1572-1576
    • Kalkers, N.F.1    Ameziane, N.2    Bot, J.C.3
  • 60
    • 0036323343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive ventricular enlargement in patients with clinically isolated syndromes is associated with the early development of multiple sclerosis
    • Dalton CM, Brex PA, Jenkins R, et al. Progressive ventricular enlargement in patients with clinically isolated syndromes is associated with the early development of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73:141-147.
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.73 , pp. 141-147
    • Dalton, C.M.1    Brex, P.A.2    Jenkins, R.3
  • 61
    • 0036145606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heightened intrathecal release of axonal cytoskeletal proteins in multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive disease and clinical disability
    • Semra YK, Seidi OA, Sharief MK. Heightened intrathecal release of axonal cytoskeletal proteins in multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive disease and clinical disability. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 122:132-139. This and the following two papers [62,63] correlate indicators of axonal damage or loss with disability.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.122 , pp. 132-139
    • Semra, Y.K.1    Seidi, O.A.2    Sharief, M.K.3
  • 62
    • 0036136532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axon loss in the spinal cord determines permanent neurological disability in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
    • Wujek JR, Bjartmar C, Richer E, et al. Axon loss in the spinal cord determines permanent neurological disability in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:23-32.
    • (2002) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 23-32
    • Wujek, J.R.1    Bjartmar, C.2    Richer, E.3
  • 63
    • 0037052704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preservation of neurologic function during inflammatory demyelination correlates with axon sparing in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
    • Ure DR, Rodriguez M. Preservation of neurologic function during inflammatory demyelination correlates with axon sparing in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2002; 111:399-411.
    • (2002) Neuroscience , vol.111 , pp. 399-411
    • Ure, D.R.1    Rodriguez, M.2
  • 64
    • 0037069230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eight-year follow-up study of brain atrophy in patients with MS
    • Fisher E, Rudick RA, Simon JH, et al. Eight-year follow-up study of brain atrophy in patients with MS. Neurology 2002; 59:1412-1420. This and the following four studies [65-68] show that atrophy correlates with disease progression, and that IFN-β1a or steroids reduced atrophy.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 1412-1420
    • Fisher, E.1    Rudick, R.A.2    Simon, J.H.3
  • 65
    • 0036193441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI brain volume changes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1a
    • Gasperini C, Paolillo A, Giugni E, et al. MRI brain volume changes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1a. Mult Scler 2002; 8:119-123.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 119-123
    • Gasperini, C.1    Paolillo, A.2    Giugni, E.3
  • 66
    • 0037056309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylprednisolone effect on brain volume and enhancing lesions in MS before and during IFNbeta-1b
    • Rao AB, Richert N, Howard T, et al. Methylprednisolone effect on brain volume and enhancing lesions in MS before and during IFNbeta-1b. Neurology 2002; 59:688-694.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 688-694
    • Rao, A.B.1    Richert, N.2    Howard, T.3
  • 67
    • 0036783424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral volume changes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone
    • Hoogervorst EL, Polman CH, Barkhof F. Cerebral volume changes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. Mult Scler 2002; 8:415-419.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 415-419
    • Hoogervorst, E.L.1    Polman, C.H.2    Barkhof, F.3
  • 68
    • 0036835959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with interferon-beta
    • Paolillo A, Pozzilli C, Giugni E, et al. A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with interferon-beta. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9:645-655.
    • (2002) Eur J Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 645-655
    • Paolillo, A.1    Pozzilli, C.2    Giugni, E.3
  • 69
    • 0036264075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory strategies to prevent axonal injury in multiple sclerosis
    • Rieckmann P, Maurer M. Anti-inflammatory strategies to prevent axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2002; 15:361-370.
    • (2002) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 361-370
    • Rieckmann, P.1    Maurer, M.2
  • 70
    • 0036407449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choline is increased in pre-lesional normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis
    • Tartaglia MC, Narayanan S, De Stefano N, et al. Choline is increased in pre-lesional normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002; 249:1382-1390. An important study showing evidence for axonal dysfunction in normal-appearing white matter before conventional magnetic resonance imaging detection of lesions.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 1382-1390
    • Tartaglia, M.C.1    Narayanan, S.2    De Stefano, N.3
  • 71
    • 0036310111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localized (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in mainly cortical gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Sarchielli P, Presciutti O, Tarducci R, et al. Localized (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in mainly cortical gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002; 249:902-910. This and the following two papers [72,73] show evidence of gray matter pathology in relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive MS, related to axonal damage and loss.
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 902-910
    • Sarchielli, P.1    Presciutti, O.2    Tarducci, R.3
  • 72
    • 0036830526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thalamic neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
    • Cifelli A, Arridge M, Jezzard P, et al. Thalamic neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2002; 52:650-653.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 650-653
    • Cifelli, A.1    Arridge, M.2    Jezzard, P.3
  • 73
    • 0036717266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of normal-appearing white and gray matter in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Rovaris M, Bozzali M, Iannucci G, et al. Assessment of normal-appearing white and gray matter in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1406-1412.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 1406-1412
    • Rovaris, M.1    Bozzali, M.2    Iannucci, G.3
  • 74
    • 0035400122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal survival after CNS insult is determined by a genetically encoded autoimmune response
    • Kipnis J, Yoles E, Schori H, et al. Neuronal survival after CNS insult is determined by a genetically encoded autoimmune response. J Neurosci 2001; 21:4564-4571. A conceptually ground-breaking study that correlates genetic disposition to axonal survival/repair with resistance to autoimmune demyelination, and relates this to benefical immune response.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 4564-4571
    • Kipnis, J.1    Yoles, E.2    Schori, H.3
  • 75
    • 0035384902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha control the immune cell response that mediates rapid phagocytosis of myelin from the adult mouse spinal cord
    • Ousman SS, David S. MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha control the immune cell response that mediates rapid phagocytosis of myelin from the adult mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci 2001; 21:4649-4656.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 4649-4656
    • Ousman, S.S.1    David, S.2
  • 76
    • 0035370214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective autoimmunity is a physiological response to CNS trauma
    • Yoles E, Hauben E, Palgi O, et al. Protective autoimmunity is a physiological response to CNS trauma. J Neurosci 2001; 21:3740-3748.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 3740-3748
    • Yoles, E.1    Hauben, E.2    Palgi, O.3
  • 77
    • 0037047380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration
    • Tsai H, Frost E, To V, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration. Cell 2002; 110:373-383. An elegant study of the role of a chemokine in oligodendrocyte development.
    • (2002) Cell , vol.110 , pp. 373-383
    • Tsai, H.1    Frost, E.2    To, V.3
  • 78
    • 0037161237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
    • Dhib-Jalbut S. Mechanisms of action of interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2002; 58 (Suppl 4):S3-S9. This and the following paper [79] make the point that IFN-β and glatiramer acetate have distinct mechanisms of effect as MS therapeutic agents, relating to their action at the BBB or within the CNS.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Dhib-Jalbut, S.1
  • 79
    • 0037167526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential mechanisms of action of interferon-beta and glatiramer aetate in MS
    • Yong VW. Differential mechanisms of action of interferon-beta and glatiramer aetate in MS. Neurology 2002; 59;802-808.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 802-808
    • Yong, V.W.1
  • 80
    • 0037154138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label trial of combination therapy with interferon beta-1a and oral methotrexate in MS
    • Calabresi PA, Wilterdink JL, Rogg JM, et al. An open-label trial of combination therapy with interferon beta-1a and oral methotrexate in MS. Neurology 2002; 58:314-317. The first report of combination therapy using IFN-β and other drugs for MS.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 314-317
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Wilterdink, J.L.2    Rogg, J.M.3
  • 81
    • 0036189052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: Rationale for early treatment and evidence for dose- and frequency-dependent effects on clinical response
    • Coyle PK, Hartung HP. Use of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: rationale for early treatment and evidence for dose- and frequency-dependent effects on clinical response. Mult Scler 2002; 8:2-9.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 2-9
    • Coyle, P.K.1    Hartung, H.P.2
  • 82
    • 0036195791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paclitaxel (Taxol) attenuates clinical disease in a spontaneously demyelinating transgenic mouse and induces remyelination
    • Moscarello MA, Mak B, Nguyen TA, et al. Paclitaxel (Taxol) attenuates clinical disease in a spontaneously demyelinating transgenic mouse and induces remyelination. Mult Scler 2002; 8:130-138.
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 130-138
    • Moscarello, M.A.1    Mak, B.2    Nguyen, T.A.3
  • 83
    • 0037089096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling large areas of demyelination in the rat reveals the potential and possible limitations of transplanted glial cells for remyelination in the CNS
    • Blakemore WF, Chari DM, Gilson JM, et al. Modelling large areas of demyelination in the rat reveals the potential and possible limitations of transplanted glial cells for remyelination in the CNS. Glia 2002; 38:155-168. This and the following paper [84] show that adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are less effective at remyelination than neonatal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and that the more time since axons were demyelinated, the less permissive they become for remyelination.
    • (2002) Glia , vol.38 , pp. 155-168
    • Blakemore, W.F.1    Chari, D.M.2    Gilson, J.M.3
  • 84
    • 0037085715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient recolonisation of progenitor-depleted areas of the CNS by adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
    • Chari DM, Blakemore WF. Efficient recolonisation of progenitor-depleted areas of the CNS by adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Glia 2002; 37:307-313.
    • (2002) Glia , vol.37 , pp. 307-313
    • Chari, D.M.1    Blakemore, W.F.2
  • 85
    • 0036838576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth factor treatment of demyelinating disease: At last, a leap into the light
    • Ransohoff RM, Howe CL, Rodriguez M. Growth factor treatment of demyelinating disease: at last, a leap into the light. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:512-516.
    • (2002) Trends Immunol , vol.23 , pp. 512-516
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1    Howe, C.L.2    Rodriguez, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.