Axonal pathology in myelin disorders

Journal of Neurocytology

Volumn 28, Issue 4-5, 1999, Pages 383-395

  Bjartmar, Carl ^a   Yin, Xinghua ^a   Trapp, Bruce D ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MYELIN; MYELIN ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN; MYELIN PROTEIN; PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN;

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEREDITARY MOTOR SENSORY NEUROPATHY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; MYELINATION; NERVE FIBER DEGENERATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS;

EID: 0033511936     PISSN: 03004864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1007010205037     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. AGUAYO, A., ATTIWELL, M., TRECARTEN, J., PERKINS, S. & BRAY, G. (1977) Abnormal myelination in transplanted Trembler mouse Schwann cells. Nature 265, 73-75.
2. ANDERSON, T. J., SCHNEIDER, A., BARRIE, J. A., KLUGMANN, M., MCCULLOCH, M. C., KIRKHAM, D., KYRIAKIDES, E., NAVE, K.-A. & GRIFFITHS, I. R. (1998) Late-onset neurodegeneration in mice with increased dosage of the proteolipid protein gene. Journal of Comparative Neurology 394, 506-519.
3. ANZINI, P., NEUBERG, D. D.-H., SCHACHNER, M., NELLES, E., WILLECKE, K., ZIELASEK, J., TOYKA, K. V., SUTER, U. & MARTINI, R. (1997) Structural abnormalities and deficient maintenance of peripheral nerve myelin in mice lacking the gap junction protein connexin 32. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 4545-1551.
4. ARNOLD, D. L., REISS, G. T., MATTHEWS, P. M., FRANCIS, G. S., COLLINS, D. L., WOLFSON, C. & ANTEL, J. P. (1994) Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for monitoring disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 36, 76-82.
5. ARQUINT, M., RODER, J., CHIA, L.-S., DOWN, J., WILKINSON, O., BAYLEY, H., BRAUN, P. & DUNN, R. (1987) Molecular cloning and primary structure of myelin-associated glycoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 84, 600-604.
6. BARNES, D., MUNRO, P. M. G., YOUL, B. D., PRINEAS, J. W. & MCDONALD, W. I. (1991) The longstanding MS lesion. Brain 114, 1271-1280.
7. BELL, J. I. & LATHROP, G. M. (1996) Multiple loci for multiple sclerosis. Nature Genetics 13, 377-378.
8. BERGOFFEN, J., SCHERER, S. S., WANG, S., ORONZI SCOTT, M., BONE, L. J., PAUL, D. L., CHEN, K., LENSCH, M. W., CHANCE, P. F. & FISCHBECK, K. H. (1993) Connexin mutations in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Science 262, 2039-2042.
9. BJARTMAR, C., RUDICK, R., MÖRK, S. & TRAPP, B. D. (1999) Axonal transection in multiple sclerosis [abstract]. Journal of Neurochemistry 72, S40.
10. BRADLEY, W. G. (1987) Recent views on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with emphasis on electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 10, 490-502.
11. BROWN, A., MCFARLIN, D. E. & RAINE, C. S. (1982) Chronologic neuropathology of relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the mouse. Laboratory Investigation 46, 171-185.
12. BÖ, L., MÖRK, S., KONG, P. A., NYLAND, H., PARDO, C. A. & TRAPP, B. D. (1994) Detection of MHC class II-antigens on macrophages and microglia, but not on astrocytes and endothelia in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Journal of Neuroimmunology 51, 135-146.
13. CATTERALL, W. A. (1984) The molecular basis of neuronal excitability. Science 223, 653-661.
14. CHARCOT, M. (1868) Histologie de le sclerose en plaques. Gazette Hopitaux 141, 554-558.
15. COLELLO, R. J. & POTT, U. (1997) Signals that initiate myelination in the developing mammalian nervous system. Molecular Neurobiology 15, 83-100.
16. COLLINS, B. E., YANG, L. J.-S., MUKHOPADHYAY, G., FILBIN, M. T., KISO, M., HASEGAWA, A. & SCHNAAR, R. L. (1997) Sialic acid specificity of myelin-associated glycoprotein binding. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 1248-1255.
17. DAVIE, C. A., HAWKINS, C. P., BARKER, G. J., BRENNAN, A., TOFTS, P. S., MILLER, D. H. & MCDONALD, W. I. (1994) Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerois lesions. Brain 117, 49-58.
18. DAVIE, C. A., BARKER, G. J., WEBB, S., TOFTS, P. S., THOMPSON, A. J., HARDING, A. E., MCDONALD, W. I. & MILLER, D. H. (1995) Persistent functional deficit in multiple sclerosis and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia is associated with axon loss. Brain 118, 1583-1592.
19. DE STEFANO, N., MATTHEWS, P. M., ANTEL, J. P., PKEUL, M., FRANCIS, G. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1995) Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability. Annals of Neurology 38, 901-909.
20. DE STEFANO, N., MATTHEWS, P. M., FU, L., NARAYANAN, S., STANLEY, J., FRANCIS, G. S., ANTEL, J. P. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1998) Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 121, 1469-1477.
21. DE WAEGH, S. M. & BRADY, S. T. (1990) Slow axonal transport in Trembler mouse: Altered cytoskeletal dynamics in a myelin deficient mouse model. Journal of Neuroscience 10, 1855-1865.
22. DE WAEGH, S. M. & BRADY, S. T. (1991) Local control of axonal properties by Schwann cells: Neurofilaments and axonal transport in homologous and heterologous nerve grafts. Journal of Neuroscience Reserch 30, 201-212.
23. DE WAEGH, S. M., LEE, V. M.-Y. & BRADY, S. T. (1992) Local modulation of neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal caliber, and slow axonal transport by myelinating Schwann cells. Cell 68, 451-463.
24. + channels and node of Ranvier formation in remyelinating axons. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 492-503.
25. DUNCAN, I. D., HAMMANG, J. P. & TRAPP, B. D. (1988) Abnormal compact myelin in the myelin-deficient rat: Absence of proteolipid protein correlates with a defect in the intraperiod line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 84, 6287-6291.
26. DRESCHER, K. M., PEASE, L. R. & RODRIQUES, M. (1997) Antiviral immune responses modulate the nature of central nervous system (CNS) disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Immunological Reviews 159, 177-193.
27. DYCK, P. J., KARNES, J. L. & LAMBERT, E. H. (1989) Longitudinal study of neuropathic deficits and nerve conduction abnormalities in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1. Neurology 39, 1302-1308.
28. DYCK, P. J., CHANCE, P., LEBO. R. & CARNEY, J. A. (1993) Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. In Peripheral neuropathy, 3rd ed. (edited by DYCK, P. J., THOMAS, P. K., GRIFFIN, J. W., LOW, P. A. & PODUSLO, J. F.), pp. 1094-1136. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
29. EBERS, G. C. & DYMENT, D. A. (1998) Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Seminars in Neurology 18, 295-299.
30. FERGUSON, B., MATYSZAK, M. K., ESIRI, M. M. & PERRY, V. H. (1997) Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 120, 393-399.
31. FRIEDMAN, B., SCHERER, S. S., RUDGE, J. S., HELGREN, M., MORRISEY, D., MCCLAIN, J., WANG, D., WIEGAND, S. J., FURTH, M. E., LINDSAY, R. M. & IP, N. Y. (1992) Regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor expression in myelin-related Schwann cells in vivo. Neuron 9, 295-305.
32. FU, L., MATTHEWS, P. M., DE STEFANO, N., WORSLEY, K. J., NARAYANAN, S., FRANCIS, G. S., ANTEL, J. P., WOLFSON, C. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1998) Imaging axonal damage of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Brain 121, 103-113.
33. 0 gene disruption leads to hypomyelination, abnormal expression of recognition molecules, and degeneration of myelin and axons. Cell 71, 565-576.
34. GREENFIELD, J. G. & KING, L. S. (1936) Observations on the histopathology of the cerebral lesions in disseminated sclerosis. Brain 59, 445-458.
35. GRIFFITHS, I. R., SCHNEIDER, A., ANDERSON, J. & NAVE, K.-A. (1995) Transgenic and natural mouse models of proteolipid protein (PLP) related dysmyelination and demyelination. Brain Pathology 5, 275-281.
36. GRIFFITHS, I., KLUGMANN, M., ANDERSON, T., YOOL, D., THOMSON, C., SCHWAB, M. H., SCHNEIDER, A., ZIMMERMANN, F., MCCULLOCH, M., NADON, N. & NAVE, K.-A. (1998) Axonal swellings and degeneration in mice lacking the major proteolipid of myelin. Science 280, 1610-1613.
37. HAFER-MACKO, C., HSIEH, S.-T., LI, C. Y., HO, T. W., SHEIKH, K., CORNBLATH, D. R., MCKHANN, G. M., ASBURY, A. K. & GRIFFIN, J. W. (1996) Acute motor axonal neuropathy: An antibody-mediated attack on axolemma. Annals of Neurology 40, 635-644.
38. HANEMANN, C. O. & MÖLLER, H. W. (1998) Pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth IA (CMTIA) neuropathy. Trends in Neuroscience 21, 282-286.
39. HAYASAKA, K., HIMORO, M., SATO, W., TAKADA, G., UYEMURA, K., SHIMIZU, N., BIRD, T. D., CONEALLY, P. M. & CHANCE, P. F. (1993) Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1B is associated with mutations of the myelin P0 gene. Nature Genetics 5, 31-34.
40. HELYNCK., G., LUU, B., NUSSBAUM, J. L., PICKEN, D., SKALIDIS, G., TRIFILIEFF, E., VAN DORSSELAER, A., SETA, P., SANDEAUX, R., GAVACH, C., HEITZ, F., SIMON, D. & SPACH, G. (1983) Brain proteolipids. Isolation, purification and effect on ionic permeability of membranes. European Journal of Biochemistry 133, 689-695.
41. HILDEBRAND, C., REMAHL, S., PERSSON, H. & BJARTMAR, C. (1993) Myelinated nerve fibres in the CNS. Progress in Neurobiology 43, 85-141.
42. HO, T. W., MCKHANN, G. M. & GRIFFIN, J. W. (1998) Human autoimmune neuropathies. Annual Review of Neuroscience 21, 187-226.
43. HODES, M. E., PRATT, V. M. & DLOUHY, S. R. (1993) Genetics of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Developmental Neuroscience 15, 383-394.
44. HOHLFELD, R. (1997) Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives [invited review]. BRAIN 120, 865-916.
45. INOUE, K., OSAKA, H., IMAIZUMI, K., NEZU, A., TAKANASHI, J., ARII, J., MURAYAMA, K., ONO, J., KIKAWA, Y., MITO, T., SHAFFER, L. G. & LUPSKI, J. R. (1999) Proteolipid protein gene duplications causing Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: Molecular mechanism and phenotypic manifestations. Annals of Neurology 45, 624-632.
46. KAPLAN, M. R., MEYER-FRANKE, A., LAMBERT, S., BENNETT, V., DUNCAN, I. D., LEVISON, S. R. & BARRES, B. A. (1997) Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes. Nature 386, 724-728.
47. KIDD, D., THORPE, J. W., THOMPSON, A. J., KENDALL, B. E., MOSELEY, I. F., MACMANUS, D. G., MCDONALD, W. I. & MILLER, D. H. (1993) Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 43, 2632-2637.
48. KIRKPATRICK, L. L. & BRADY, S. T. (1994) Modulation of the axonal microtubule cytoskeleton by myelinating Schwann cells. Journal of Neuroscience 14, 7440-7450.
49. KITAGAVVA, K., SINOWAY, M. P., YANG, C., GOULD, R. M. & COLMAN, D. R. (1993) A proteolipid protein gene family: expression in sharks and rays and possible evolution from an ancestral gene encoding a pore-forming polypeptide. Neuron 11, 433-148.
50. KOO, E. H., SISODIA, S. S., ARCHER, D. R., MARTIN, L. J., WEIDEMANN, A., BEYREUTHER, K., FISCHER, P., MASTERS, C. L. & PRICE, D. L. (1990) Precursor of amyloid protein in Alzheimer disease undergoes fast anterograde axonal transport. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 87, 1561-1565.
51. LAI, C., BROW, M. A., NAVE, K.-A., NORONHA, A. B., QUARLES, R. H., BLOOM, F. E., MILNER, R. J. & SUTCLIFFE, J. G. (1987) Two forms of 1B236/myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a cell adhesion molecule for postnatal neural development, are produced by alternative splicing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 84, 4337-4341.
52. LI, C., TROPAK, M. B., GERIAL, R., CLAPOFF, S., ABRAMOW-NEWERLY, W., TRAPP, B., PETERSON, A. & RODER, J. (1994) Myelination in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein. Nature 369, 747-750.
53. LI, M., SHIBATA, A., LI, C., BRAUN, P. E., MCKERRACHER, L., RODER, J., KATER, S. B. & DAVID, S. (1996) Myelin-associated glycoprotein inhibits neurite/axon growth and causes growth cone collapse. Journal of Neuroscience Research 46, 404-414.
54. LININGTON, C. (1998) Experimental animal models. In Immunotherapy in Neuroimmunologic Diseases, (edited by ZHANG, J., HAFLER, D., HOHLFELD, R. & MILLER, A.), pp. 11-28. London: Martin Dunitz.
55. LLOYD, K. G. (1977) CNS compensation to dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 90, 255-266.
56. LOSSEFF, N. A., WEBB, S. L., O'RIORDAN, J. I., PAGE, R., WANG, L., BARKER, G. J., TOFTS, P. S., MCDONALD, W. I., MILLER, D. H. & THOMPSON, A. J. (1996a) Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis. A new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression. Brain 119, 701-708.
57. LOSSEFF, N. A., WANG, L., LAI, H. M., YOO, D. S., GAWNE-CAIN, M. L., MCDONALD, W. I., MILLER, D. H. & THOMPSON, A. J. (1996b) Progressive cerebral atrophy in multiple sclerosis. A serial MRI study. Brain 119, 2009-2019.
58. LOSSEFF, N. A. & MILLER, D. H. (1998) Measures of brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 64, S102-S105.
59. LOW, P. A. & MCLEOD, J. G. (1975) Hereditary demyelination neuropathy in the Trembler mouse. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 26, 565-574.
60. LUBLIN, F. D. & REINGOLD, S. C. (1996) Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. Neurology 46, 907-911.
61. MATTHEWS, P. M., PIORO, E., NARAYANAN, S., DE STEFANO, N., FU, L., FRANCIS, G., ANTEL, J., WOLFSON, C. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1996) Assessment of lesion pathology in multiple sclerosis using quantitative MRI morphometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain 119, 715-722.
62. MATTHEWS, P. M., DE STEFANO, N., NARAYANAN, S., FRANCIS, G. S., WOLINSKY, J. S., ANTEL, J. P. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1998) Putting magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in context: Axonal damage and disability in multiple sclerosis. Seminars in Neurology 18, 327-336.
63. MCFARLAND, H. F., FRANK, J. A., ALBERT, P. S., SMITH, M. E., MARTIN, R., HARRIS, J. O., PATRONAS, N., MALONI, H. & MCFARLIN, D. E. (1992) Using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging lesions to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 32, 758-766.
64. MCKERRACHER, L., DAVID, S., JACKSON, D. L., KOTTIS, V., DUNN, R. J. & BRAUN, P. E. (1994) Identification of myelin-associated glycoprotein as a major myelin-derived inhibitor of neurite growth. Neuron 13, 805-811.
65. MEWS, I., BERGMANN, M., BUNKOWSKI, S., GULLOTTA, F. & BRÜCK, W. (1998) Oligodendrocytc and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions. Multiple Sclerosis 4, 55-62.
66. MONTAG, D., GIESE, K. P., BARTSCH, U., MARTINI, R., LANG, Y., BLÜTHMANN, H., KARTHIGASAN, J., KIRSCHNER, D. A., WINTERGERST, E. S., NAVE, K.-A., ZIELASEK, J., TOYKA, K. V., LIPP, H.-P. & SCHACHNER, M. (1994) Mice deficient for the myelin-associated glycoprotein show subtle abnormalities in myelin. Neuron 13, 229-246.
67. MUKHOPADHYAY, G., DOHERTY, P., WALSH, F. S., CROCKER, P. R. & FILBIN, M. T. (1994) A novel role for myelin-associated glycoprotein as an inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Neuron 13, 757-767.
68. NARAYANAN, S., FU, L., PIORO, E., DE STEFANO, N., COLLINS, D. L., FRANCIS, G. S., ANTEL, J. P., MATTHEWS, P. M. & ARNOLD, D. L. (1997) Imaging of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: spatial distribution of magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Annals of Neurology 41, 385-391.
69. NJENGA, M. K., MURRAY, P. D., MCGAVERN, D., LIN, X., DRESCHER, K. M. & RODRIGUEZ, M. (1999) Absence of spontaneous central nervous system remyelination in class II-deficient mice infected with Theiler's virus. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 58, 78-91.
70. NOTTERPEK, L. M. & ROME, L. H. (1994) Functional evidence for the role of axolemma in CNS myelination. Neuron 13, 473-485.
71. OPPENHEIMER, D. R. (1978) The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 4, 151-162.
72. OWENS, T. & SRIRAM, S. (1995) The immunology of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neurologic Clinics 13, 51-73.
73. PERKINS, S., AGUAYO, A. & BRAY, G. (1981) Behaviour of Schwann cells from Trembler mouse unmyelinated fibers transplanted into myelinated nerves. Experimental Neurology 71, 515-526.
74. PRINEAS, J. W. & MCDONALD, W. I. (1997) Demyelinating diseases. In Greenfield's Neuropathology, 6th ed. (edited by GRAHAM, D. I. & LANTOS, P. L.), pp. 813-881. International Society of Neuropathology.
75. POWELL, H. C. & MYERS, R. R. (1996) The axon in Guillain-Barr, syndrome: Immune target or innocent bystander? Annals of Neurology 39, 4-5.
76. PUTNAM, T. J. (1936) Studies in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 35, 1289-1308.
77. RAINE, C. S. (1984) Biology of disease. Analysis of autoimmune demyelination: its impact upon multiple sclerosis. Laboratory Investigation 50, 608-635.
78. RAINE, C. S. & CROSS, A. H. (1989) Axonal dystrophy as a consequence of long-term demyelination. Laboratory Investigation 60, 714-725.
79. RITCHIE, J. M. (1984) Physiological basis of conduction in myelinated nerve fibers. In Myelin (edited by MORELL, P.), pp. 117-146. New York: Plenum Press.
80. RIVERA-QUINONES, C., MCCAVERN, D., SCHMELZER, J. D., HUNTER, S. F., LOW, P. A. & RODRIGUEZ, M. (1998) Absence of neurological deficits following extensive demyelination in a class I-deficient murine model of multiple sclerosis. Nature Medicine 4, 187-193.
81. RODRIGUEZ, M., OLEZAK, E. & LEIBOWITZ, J. (1987) Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis: A model of demyelination and persistence of virus. Critical Reviews in Immunology 7, 325-365.
82. ROSENBLUTH, J. (1988) Role of glial cells in the differentiation and function of myelinated axons. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 6, 3-24.
83. RUDICK, R., COHEN, J. A., WEINSTOCK-GUTTMAN, B., KINKEL, R. P. & RANSOHOFF, R. M. (1997) Management of Multiple Sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 1604-1611.
84. SAHENK, Z. & CHEN, L. (1998) Abnormalities in the axonal cytoskeleton induced by a Connexin32 mutation in nerve xenografts. Journal of Neuroscience Research 51, 174-184.
85. SAHENK, Z., CHEN, L. & MENDELL, J. R. (1999) Effects of PMP22 duplication and deletions on the axonal cytoskeleton. Annals of Neurology 45, 16-24.
86. SALZER, J. L., HOLMES, W. P. & COLMAN, D. R. (1987) The amino acid sequences of the myelin-associated glycoproteins: homology to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Journal of Cell Biology 104, 957-965.
87. SANCHEZ, I., HASSINGER, L., PASKEVICH, P. A., SHINE, H. D. & NIXON, R. A. (1996) Oligodendroglia regulate the regional expansion of axon caliber and local accumulation of neurofilaments during development independently of myelin formation. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 5095-5105.
88. SCHERER, S. (1999) Axonal pathology in demyelinating diseases. Annals of Neurology 45, 6-7.
89. SCHERER, S. S., XU, Y. T., NELLES, E., FISCHBECK, K. & BONE, L. J. (1998) Connexin32-null mice develop demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Glia 24, 8-20.
90. SEITELBERGER, F. (1995) Neuropathology and genetics of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Brain Pathology 5, 267-273.
91. SHEIKH, K. A., SUN, J., KAWAI, H., CRAWFORD, T. O., PROIA, R. L., GRIFFIN, J.W. & SCHNAAR, R. L. (1999) Mice lacking complex gangliosides develop Wallerian degeneration and myelination defects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 96, 7532-7537.
92. STERNBERGER, N. H., QUARLES, R. H., ITOYAMA, Y. & WEBSTER, H. D. (1979) Myelin-associated glycoprotein demonstrated immunocytochemically in myelin and myelin forming cells of developing rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 76, 1510-1514.
93. TASAKI, I. (1982) Physiology and Electrochemistry of Nerve Fibers. New York: Academic.
94. TRAPP, B. D., ANDREWS, S. B., COOTAUCO, C. & QUARLES, R. H. (1989) The myelin-associated glycoprotein is enriched in multivesicular bodies and periaxonal membranes of actively myelinating oligodendrocytes. Journal of Cell Biology 109, 2417-2426.
95. TRAPP, B. D., PETERSON, J., RANSOHOFF, R. M., RUDICK, R., MÖRK, S. & BÖ, L. (1998) Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 278-285.
96. TRAPP, B. D., RANSOHOFF, R. M., FISHER, E. & RUDICK, R. (1999) Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurological disability. The Neuroscientist 5, 48-57.
97. VOYVODIC, J. T. (1989) Target size regulates calibre and myelination of sympathetic axons. Nature 342, 430-433.
98. WAXMAN, S. G. (1998) Demyelinating diseases - new pathological insights, new therapeutic targets. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 223-225.
99. WINDENBANK, A. J., WOOD, P., BUNGE, R. P. & DYCK, P. J. (1985) Myelination determines the caliber of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. Journal of Neuroscience 5, 1563-1569.
100. YANG, L. J.-S., ZELLER, C. B., SHAPER, N. L., KISO, M., HASEGAWA, A., SHAPIRO, R. E. & SCHNAAR, R. L. (1996) Gangliosides are neuronal ligands for myelin-associated glycoprotein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93, 814-818.
101. YIN, X., CRAWFORD, T. O., GRIFFIN, J. W., TU, P., LEE, V. M.-Y., LI, C., RODER, J. & TRAPP, B. D. (1998) Myelin-associated glycoprotein is a myelin signal that modulates the caliber of myelinated axons. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 1953-1963.
102. YU, M., NISHIYAMA, A., TRAPP, B. D., TUOHY, V. (1996) Interferon-β inhibits progression of relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuroimmunology 64, 91-100.