The role of prolactin in mammary carcinoma

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-27

  Clevenger, Charles V ^a   Furth, Priscilla A ^b   Hankinson, Susan E ^c   Schuler, Linda A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROLACTIN; PROLACTIN RECEPTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER CELL; ENDOCYTOSIS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MAMMARY GLAND; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STIMULATION; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENDOCYTOSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, ANIMAL; PROGNOSIS; PROLACTIN; RECEPTORS, PROLACTIN; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0037326513     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2001-0036     Document Type: Review

References (327)

1. Welsch CW, Nagasawa H 1977 Prolactin and murine mammary tumorigenesis: a review. Cancer Res 37:951-963
2. Dickson RB, Johnson MD, Bano M, Shi E, Kurebayashi J, Ziff B, Martinez-Lacaci I, Amundadottir LT, Lippman ME 1992 Growth factors in breast cancer: mitogenesis to transformation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:69-78
3. Love RR, Rose DR, Surawicz TS, Newcomb PA 1991 Prolactin and growth hormone levels in premenopausal women with breast cancer and healthy women with a strong family history of breast cancer. Cancer 68:1401-1405
4. Kwa HG, Wang DY 1977 An abnormal luteal-phase evening peak of plasma prolactin in women with a family history of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 20:12-14
5. Musey VC, Collins DC, Musey PI, Martino-Saltzman D, Preedy JR 1987 Long-term effect of a first pregnancy on the secretion of prolactin. N Engl J Med 316:229-234
6. Wang DY, De Stavola BL, Bulbrook RD, Allen DS, Kwa HG, Verstraeten AA, Moore JW, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Gravelle IH 1988 The permanent effect of reproductive events on blood prolactin levels and its relation to breast cancer risk: a population study of postmenopausal women. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24:1225-1231
7. Ingram DM, Nottage EM, Roberts AN 1990 Prolactin and breast cancer risk. Med J Aust 153:469-473
8. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Longcope C, Speizer FE 1995 Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 6:217-224
9. Apter D, Reinila M, Vihko R 1989 Some endocrine characteristics of early menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer, are preserved into adulthood. Int J Cancer 44:783-787
10. Levin PA, Malarkey WB 1981 Daughters of women with breast cancer have elevated mean 24-hour prolactin (PRL) levels and a partial resistance of PRL to dopamine suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:179-183
11. Love RR, Rose DP 1985 Elevated bioactive prolactin in women at risk for familial breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21:1553-1554
12. Fishman J, Fukushima D, O'Connor J, Rosenfeld RS, Lynch HT, Lynch JF, Guirgis H, Maloney K 1978 Plasma hormone profiles of young women at risk for familial breast cancer. Cancer Res 38:4006-4011
13. Pike MC, Casagrande JT, Brown JB, Gerkins V, Henderson BE 1977 Comparison of urinary and plasma hormone levels in daughters of breast cancer patients and controls. J Natl Cancer Inst 59:1351-1355
14. Henderson BR, Gerkins V, Rosario I, Casagrande J, Pike MC 1975 Elevated serum levels of estrogen and prolactin in daughters of patients with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 293:790-795
15. Boffard K, Clark GM, Irvine JB, Knyba RE, Bulbrook RD, Wang DY, Kwa HG 1981 Serum prolactin, androgens, oestradiol and progesterone in adolescent girls with or without a family history of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 17:1071-1077
16. Wolfe JN 1976 Risk for breast cancer development determined by mammographic parenchymal pattern. Cancer 37:2486-2492
17. Byrne C, Schairer C, Wolfe J, Parekh N, Salane M, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Haile R 1995 Mammographic features and breast cancer risk: effects with time, age, and menopause status. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1622-1629
18. nd Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, New Orleans, LA, 2001, p 558 (Abstract)
19. nd Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, New Orleans, LA, 2001, p 153 (Abstract)
20. Key TJ, Chen J, Wang DY, Pike MC, Boreham J 1990 Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain. Br J Cancer 62:631-636
21. Hayward JL, Greenwood FC, Glober G, Stemmerman G, Bulbrook RD, Wang DY, Kumaokas S 1978 Endocrine status in normal British, Japanese and Hawaiian-Japanese women. Eur J Cancer 14:1221-1228
22. Gray GE, Pike MC, Hirayama T, Tellez J, Gerkins V, Brown JB, Casagrande JT, Henderson BE 1982 Diet and hormone profiles in teenage girls in four countries at different risk for breast cancer. Prev Med 11:108-113
23. Lipworth L, Hsieh CC, Wide L, Ekbom A, Yu SZ, Yu GP, Xu B, Hellerstein S, Carlstrom K, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO 1999 Maternal pregnancy hormone levels in an area with a high incidence (Boston, USA) and in an area with a low incidence (Shanghai, China) of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 79:7-12
24. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Longcope C, Speizer FE 1995 Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1297-1302
25. Crighton IL, Dowsett M, Hunter M, Shaw C, Smith IE 1992 The effect of a low-fat diet on hormone levels in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: relevance for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 12:2024-2027
26. Shultz TD, Wilcox RB, Spuehler JM, Howie BJ 1987 Dietary and hormonal interrelationships in premenopausal women: evidence for a relationship between dietary nutrients and plasma prolactin levels. Am J Clin Nutr 46:905-911
27. Hill P, Wynder F 1976 Diet and prolactin release. Lancet 2:806-807
28. Hill P 1981 Diet and plasma prolactin. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1162-1163
29. Gray GE, Pike MC, Henderson BE 1981 Dietary fat and plasma prolactin. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1160-1162
30. Martini MC, Dancisak BB, Haggans CJ, Thomas W, Slavin JL 1999 Effects of soy intake on sex hormone metabolism in premenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 34:133-139
31. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer 1996 Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347:3106-3108
32. Mishell Jr DR, Kletzky OA, Brenner PF, Roy S, Nicoloff J 1977 The effect of contraceptive steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:60-74
33. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Krailo MD, Gerkins VR, Henderson BE, Pike MC 1984 Effects of reserpine on prolactin levels and incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res 44:3106-3108
34. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program BUMC 1974 Reserpine and breast cancer. Lancet 2:669-671
35. Heinonen OP, Shapiro S, Tuominen L, Turunen MI 1974 Reserpine use in relation to breast cancer. Lancet 2:675-677
36. Armstrong B, Skegg D, White G, Doll R 1976 Rauwolfia derivatives and breast cancer in hypertensive women. Lancet 2:8-12
37. Mack TM, Henderson BE, Gerkins VR, Arthur M, Baptista J, Pike MC 1975 Reserpine and breast cancer in a retirement community. N Engl J Med 292:1366-1371
38. Aromaa A, Hakama M, Hakulinen T, Saxen E, Teppo L, Idanpaan-Heikkila J 1976 Breast cancer and use of rauwolfia and other antihypertensive agents in hypertensive patients: a nationwide case-control study in Finland. Int J Cancer 18:727-738
39. Laska EM, Meisner M, Siegel C, Fischer S, Wanderling J 1975 Matched-pairs study of reserpine use and breast cancer. Lancet 2:296-301
40. Curb JD, Hardy RJ, Labarthe DR, Borhani NO, Taylor JO 1982 Reserpine and breast cancer in the hypertension detection and follow-up program. Hypertension 4:307-311
41. Labarthe DR, O'Fallon WM 1980 Reserpine and breast cancer. A community-based longitudinal study of 2,000 hypertensive women. JAMA 243:2304-2310
42. Shapiro S, Parsells JL, Rosenburg L, Kaufman DW, Stolley PD, Schottenfeld D 1984 Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of rauwolfia alkaloids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26:143-146
43. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer 1997 Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 350:1047-1059
44. Colin-Jones DG, Langman MJ, Lawson DH, Logan RF, Paterson KR, Vessey MP 1992 Postmarketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: 10 year mortality report. Gut 33:1280-1284
45. Rossing MA, Scholes D, Cushing-Haugen KL, Voigt LF 2000 Cimetidine use and risk of prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:319-323
46. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group 2002 Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: collaborative reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:606-616
47. Bernstein L, Ross RK 1993 Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk: epidemiologic reviews. Epidemiol Rev 15:48-79
48. Verkasalo PK, Thomas HV, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ 2001 Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1902 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control 12:47-59
49. Strungs I, Gray RA, Rigby HB, Strutton G 1997 Two case reports of breast carcinoma associated with prolactinoma. Pathology 29:320-323
50. Volm MD, Talamonti MS, Thangavelu M, Gradishar WK 1997 Pituitary adenoma and bilateral male breast cancer: an unusual association. J Surg Oncol 64:74-78
51. Buytaert P, Viaene P 1985 Amenorrhea, glactorrhea, hyperprolactinaemia syndrome and breast carcinoma in a young women. Eur J Gynaecol Reprod Biol 11:341-346
52. Olsson H, Alm P, Kristoffersson U, Landin-Olsson M 1984 Hypophyseal tumor and gynecomastia preceding bilateral breast cancer development in a man. Cancer 53:1974-1977
53. Theodorakis S, Tedesco III V, Sutherland C 1985 Breast cancer in a patient with prolactinoma. Surgery 98:367-369
54. Popovic V, Damjanovic S, Micic D, Nesovic M, Djurovic M, Petakov M, Obradovic S, Zoric S, Simic M, Penezic Z, Marinkovic J 1998 Increased incidence of neoplasia in patients with pituitary adenomas. The Pituitary Study Group. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 49:441-445
55. Webster J 1999 Clinical management of prolactinomas. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:395-408
56. Koenig KL, Toniolo P, Bruning PF, Bonfrer JMG, Shore RE, Pasterneck BS 1993 Reliability of serum prolactin measurements in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:411-414
57. Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Longcope C, Speizer FE 1995 Reproducibility of plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal women over a two to three year period. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:649-654
58. Muti P, Trevisan M, Micheli A, Krogh VBG, Sciajno RBF 1996 Reliability of serum hormones in premenopausal and postmenopausal women over a one-year period. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:917-922
59. Willett WC 1998 Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press
60. Spiegelman D, McDermott A, Rosner B 1997 Regression calibration method for correcting measurement-error bias in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 65(Suppl):1179S-1186S
61. Thurigen D, Spiegelman D, Blettner M, Heuer C, Brenner H 2000 Measurement error correction using validation data: a review of methods and their applicability in case-control studies. Stat Methods Med Res 9:447-474
62. van Landeghem AAJ, Poortman J, Nabuurs M, Thijssen JHH 1985 Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res 45:2900-2906
63. Thijssen JHH, Blankenstein MA, Miller WR, Milewicz A 1987 Estrogens in tissues: uptake from the peripheral circulation or local production. Steroids 50:297-306
64. Cummings S, Duong T, Kenyon E, Cauley J, Whitehead M, Krueger K 2002 Serum estradiol level and risk of breast cancer during treatment with raloxifene. JAMA 287:216-220
65. rd Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Denver, CO, 2001, p 201 (Abstract P1-242)
66. Berger RL, Joison J, Braverman LE 1966 Lactation after incision on the thoracic cage. N Engl J Med 274:1493-1495
67. Herman V, Kalk WJ, de Moor NG, Levin J 1981 Serum prolactin after chest wall surgery: elevated levels after mastectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:148-151
68. th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
69. Anderson E, Morten H, Wang DY, Burns P, Birch J, Howell A 1989 Serum bioactive lactogenic hormone levels in women with familial breast cancer and their relatives. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:1719-1725
70. Tanaka T, Shiu RPC, Gout PW, Beer CT, Nobel RL, Friesen HG 1980 A new sensitive and specific bioassay for lactogenic hormones: measurement of prolactin and growth hormone in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:1058-1063
71. Cole EN, England PC, Sellwood RA, Griffiths K 1977 Serum prolactin concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle of normal women and patients with recent breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 13:677-684
72. Malarkey WB, Schroeder LL, Stevens VC, James AG, Lanese RR 1977 Disordered nocturnal prolactin regulation in women with breast cancer. Cancer Res 37:4650-4654
73. Rose DP, Pruitt BT 1981 Plasma prolactin levels in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 48:2687-2691
74. Meyer F, Brown JB, Morrison AS, MacMahon B 1986 Endogenous sex hormones, prolactin, and breast cancer in premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:613-616
75. Sheth NA, Ranadive KJ, Suraiya JN, Sheth AR 1975 Circulating levels of prolactin in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 32:160-167
76. Drafta D, Schindler AE, Milcu SM, Keller E, Stroe E, Horodniceanu E, Balanescu I 1980 Plasma hormones in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem 13:793-802
77. Wilson RG, Buchan R, Roberts MM, Forrest AP, Boyns AR, Cole EN, Griffiths K 1974 Plasma prolactin and breast cancer. Cancer 33:1325-1327
78. Wang DY, De Stavola BL, Bulbrook RD, Allen DS, Kwa HG, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Millis RR 1992 Relationship of blood prolactin levels and the risk of subsequent breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 21:214-221
79. Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Bush TL, Longcope C, Gordon GB, Comstock GW 1994 A prospective study of endogenous hormones and breast cancer. Cancer Detection Prev 18:79-85
80. Kabuto M, Akiba S, Stevens RG, Neriishi K, Land CE 2000 A prospective study of estradiol and breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:575-579
81. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Michaud DS, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Langcope C, Rosner B, Speizer FE 1999 Plasma prolactin levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:629-634
82. Wang DY, Stepniewska KA, Allen DS, Fentiman IS, Bulbrook RD, Kwa HG, De Stavola BL, Reed MJ 1995 Serum prolactin levels and their relationship to survival in women with operable breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 48:959-968
83. Holtkamp W, Nagel GA, Wander HE, Rauschecker HF, von Heyden D 1984 Hyperprolactinemia is an indicator of progressive disease and poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer. Int J Cancer 34:323-328
84. Lissoni P, Barni S, Cazzaniga M, Ardizzoia A, Rovelli F, Tancini G, Brivio F, Frigerio F 1995 Prediction of recurrence in operable breast cancer by postoperative changes in prolactin secretion. Oncology 52:439-442
85. Ben-Jonathan N 2001 Hypothalamic control of prolactin synthesis and secretion. In: Horseman ND, ed. Prolactin. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1-24
86. Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G 2000 Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev 80:1523-1631
87. Kjaer A, Knigge U, Olsen L, Vilhardt H, Warberg J 1991 Mediation of the stress-induced prolactin release by hypothalamic histaminergic neurons and the possible involvement of vasopressin in this response. Endocrinology 128:103-110
88. Kant GJ, Bauman RA, Anderson SM, Mougey EH 1992 Effects of controllable vs. uncontrollable chronic stress on stress-responsive plasma hormones. Physiol Behav 51:1285-1288
89. Welsch CW 1985 Host factors affecting the growth of carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinomas: a review and tribute to Charles Brenton Huggins. Cancer Res 45:3415-3443
90. Welsch CW, Jenkins TW, Meites J 1970 Increased incidence of mammary tumors in the female rat grafted with multiple pituitaries. Cancer Res 30:1024-1029
91. Welsch CW 1976 Interaction of estrogen and prolactin in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis of the mouse. J Toxicol Environ Health 1:161-175
92. 3H/HeJ female mice by suppression of prolactin. Cancer Res 33:2939-2946
93. Anderson E, Ferguson JE, Morten H, Shalet SM, Robinson EL, Howell A 1993 Serum immunoreactive and bioactive lactogenic hormones in advanced breast cancer patients treated with bromocriptine and octreotide. Eur J Cancer 29A:209-217
94. McMurray RW, Weidensaul D, Allen SH, Walker SE 1995 Efficacy of bromocriptine in an open label therapeutic trial for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 22:2084-2091
95. Bonneterre J, Mauriac L, Weber B, Roche H, Fargeot P, Tubiana-Hulin M, Sevin M, Chollet P, Cappelaere P 1988 Tamoxifen plus bromocriptine vs. tamoxifen plus placebo in advanced breast cancer: results of a double blind multicenter clinical trial. Eur J Cancer 24:1851-1853
96. Lachelin GCL, Yen SSC, Alksne JFN 1977 Hormonal changes following hypophysectomy in humans. Obstet Gynecol 50:333-339
97. Nolin JM, Witorsch RJ 1976 Detection of endogenous immunoreactive prolactin in rat mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Endocrinology 99:949-958
98. Fields K, Kulig E, Lloyd RV 1993 Detection of prolactin messenger RNA in mammary and other normal and neoplastic tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 68:354-360
99. Kurtz A, Bristol LA, Toth BE, Lazar-Wesley E, Takacs L, Kacsoh B 1993 Mammary epithelial cells of lactating rats express prolactin messenger ribonucleic acid. Biol Reprod 48:1095-1103
100. Steinmetz RW, Grant AL, Malven PV 1993 Transcription of prolactin gene in milk secretory cells of the rat mammary gland. J Endocrinol 136:271-276
101. Montogomery DW, LeFevre JA, Ulrich ED, Adamson CR, Zukoski CF 1990 Identification of prolactin-like proteins synthesized by normal murine lymphocytes. Endocrinology 127:2601-2603
102. Kenner JR, Holaday JW, Bernton EW, Smith PF 1991 Prolactin-like protein in murine splenocytes: morphologic and biochemical evidence. Prog Neuroendocrinimmunol 3:188-195
103. Gellersen B, Kempf R, Telgmann R, DiMattia GE 1994 Nonpituitary human prolactin gene transcription is independent of pit-1 and differentially controlled in lymphocytes and in endometrial stoma. Mol Endocrinol 8:356-373
104. Clevenger CV, Freier DO, Kline JB 1998 Prolactin receptor signal transduction in cells of the immune system. J Endocrinol 157:187-197
105. Clevenger CV, Chang W-P, Ngo W, Pasha TLM, Montone KT, Tomaszewski JE 1995 Expression of prolactin and prolactin receptor in human breast carcinoma: evidence for an autocrine/paracrine loop. Am J Pathol 146:695-705
106. Reynolds C, Montone KT, Powell CM, Tomaszewski JE, Clevenger CV 1997 Distribution of prolactin and its receptor in human breast carcinoma. Endocrinology 138:5555-5560
107. Ginsburg E, Vonderhaar BK 1995 Prolactin synthesis and secretion by human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 55:2591-2595
108. Ellis LA, Picciano MF 1995 Bioactive and immunoreactive prolactin variants in human milk. Endocrinology 136:2711-2720
109. Ellis LA, Mastro AM, Picciano MF 1996 Milk-borne prolactin and neonatal development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1:259-269
110. Clevenger CV, Thickman K, Ngo W, Chang W-P, Takayama S, Reed JC 1997 Role of Bag-1 in the survival and proliferation of the cytokine-dependent lymphocyte lines, Ba/F3 and Nb2. Mol Endocrinol 11:608-618
111. Ormandy CJ, Camus A, Barra J, Damotte D, Lucas B, Buteau H, Edery M, Brousse N, Babinet C, Binart N, Kelly PA 1997 Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse. Genes Dev 11:167-178
112. Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP, Beuscart R, Demaille A 1990 Biological and clinical aspects of prolactin receptors in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 37:977-981
113. Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP, Beuscart R, Lefebvre J, Demaille A 1987 Prognostic significance of prolactin receptors in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 47:4724-4728
114. De Placido S, Gallo C, Perrone F, Marinelli A, Pagliarula C, Carlomagno C, Petrella G, D'Istria M, Delrio G, Bianco AR 1990 Prolactin receptor does not correlate with oestrogen and progesterone receptors in primary breast cancer and lacks prognostic significance. Ten year results of the Naples adjuvant (GUN) study. Br J Cancer 62:643-646
115. Turcot-Lemay L, Kelly PA 1982 Prolactin receptors in human breast tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 68:381-383
116. L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, Casteels S, Vokaer A, Loriaux C, Noel G, L'Hermite ML 1984 Prolactin and prolactin receptors in human breast disease. Prog Cancer Res Ther 31:325-334
117. Mertani H, Garcia-Cabellero T, Lambert A, Gerard F, Palayer C, Boutin JM, Vonderhaar BK, Waters MJ, Lobie PE, Morel G 1998 Cellular expression of growth hormone and prolactin receptors in human breast disorders. Int J Cancer 79:202-211
118. Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JFR, Blamey RW, Kelly PA, Nicholson RI, Sutherland RL 1997 Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3692-3699
119. Boutin JM, Edery M, Shirota M, Jolicoeur C, Lesueur L, Ali S, Gould D, Djiane J, Kelly PA 1989 Identification of a cDNA encoding a long form of prolactin receptor in human hepatoma and breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 3:1455-1461
120. Mai JNC, Burnside J, Li L, Tang J, Davolos C, Cogburn LA 1999 Characterization of unique truncated prolactin receptor transcripts, corresponding to the intracellular domain, in the testis of the sexually mature chicken. Endocrinology 140:1165-1174
121. rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington DC, 1991, p 73 (Abstract 245A)
122. Davis JA, Linzer DIH 1989 Expression of multiple forms of the prolactin receptor in mouse liver. Mol Endocrinol 3:674-680
123. Bazan JF 1990 Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6934-6938
124. Bazan JF 1990 Haematopoietic receptors and helical cytokines. Immunol Today 11:350-354
125. DaSilva L, Howard OMZ, Rui H, Kirken RA, Farrar WL 1994 Growth signaling and JAK2 association mediated by membrane-proximal cytoplasmic regions of prolactin receptors. J Biol Chem 269:18267-18270
126. Lebrun J-J, Ali S, Ullrich A, Kelly PA 1995 Proline-rich sequence-mediated Jak2 association to the prolactin receptor is required but not sufficient for signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270:10664-10670
127. Pezet A, Buteau H, Kelly PA, Edery M 1997 The last proline of box 1 is essential for association with JAK2 and functional activation of the prolactin receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 129:199-208
128. Pezet A, Ferrag F, Kelly PA, Edery M 1997 Tyrosine docking sites of the rat prolactin receptor required for association and activation Stat5. J Biol Chem 272:25043-25050
129. Ali S, Ali S 2000 Recruitment of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the C-terminal tyrosine of the prolactin receptor and to the adaptor protein Gab2. J Biol Chem 275:39073-39080
130. Kline JB, Roehrs H, Clevenger CV 1999 Functional characterization of the intermediate isoform of the human prolactin receptor. J Biol Chem 274:35461-35468
131. Kline JB, Rycyzyn MA, Clevenger CV 2002 Characterization of a novel and functional human prolactin receptor isoform (ΔS1PRLr) containing only one fibronectin-like domain. Mol Endocrinol 16:2310-2322
132. Kinet S, Bernichtein S, Kelly PA, Martial JA, Goffin V 1999 Biological properties of human prolactin analogs depend not only on global hormone affinity, but also on the relative affinities of both receptor binding sites. J Biol Chem 274:16033-26043
133. Kline JB, Clevenger CV 2001 Identification and characterization of the prolactin-binding protein (PRLBP) in human serum and milk. J Biol Chem 276:24760-24766
134. Baumann G, Amburn KD, Buchanan TA 1987 The effect of circulating growth hormone-binding protein on metabolic clearance, distribution, and degradation of human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:657-660
135. Hu Z, Meng J, Dufau ML 2001 Isolation and characterization of two novel forms of the human prolactin receptor generated by alternative splicing of a newly identified exon 11. J Biol Chem 276:41086-41094
136. Shiu RPC 1979 Prolactin receptors in human breast cancer cells in long term tissue culture. Cancer Res 39:4381-4386
137. Shaw-Bruha CM, Pirrucello SJ, Shull JD 1997 Expression of the prolactin gene in normal and neoplastic human breast tissues and human breast cell lines: promoter usage and alternative mRNA splicing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 44:243-253
138. Vonderhaar BK 1998 Prolactin: the forgotten hormone of human breast cancer. Pharmacol Ther 79:169-178
139. Ben-Jonathan N, Mershon JL, Allen DL, Steinmetz RW 1996 Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects. Endocr Rev 17:639-669
140. Kuo CB, Coss D, Walker AM 1998 Prolactin receptor antagonists. Endocrine 9:121-131
141. Sinha YN 1995 Structural variants of prolactin: occurrence and physiological significance. Endocr Rev 16:354-369
142. Bernichtein S, Kinet S, Jeay S, Llovera M, Madern D, Martial JA, Kelly PA, Goffin V 2001 S179D-human PRL, a pseudophosphorylated human PRL analog, is an agonist and not an antagonist. Endocrinology 142:3950-3963
143. rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Denver, CO, 2001, p 340 (Abstract P2-219)
144. Vonderhaar BK 2000 Prolactin in human breast cancer development. In: Ethier SP, ed. Endocrine oncology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 101-120
145. Fuh G, Wells JA 1995 Prolactin receptor antagonists that inhibit the growth of breast cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 270:13133-13137
146. Goffin V, Kinet S, Ferrag F, Binart N, Martial JA, Kelly PA 1996 Antagonistic properties of human prolactin analogs that show paradoxical agonistic activity in the Nb2 bioassay. J Biol Chem 271:16573-16579
147. Llovera M, Pichard C, Bernichtein S, Jeay S, Touraine P, Kelly PA, Goffin V 2000 Human prolactin (hPRL) antagonists inhibit hPRL-activated signaling pathways involved in breast cancer cell proliferation. Oncogene 19:4695-4705
148. Chen WY, Ramamoorthy P, Chen N, Sticca R, Wagner TE 1999 A human prolactin antagonist, hPRL-G129R, inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 5:3583-3593
149. Schroeder MD, Symowicz J, Schuler LA 2002 Prolactin modulates cell cycle regulators in mammary tumor epithelial cells. Mol Endocrinol 16:45-57
150. Dupont J, Karas M, LeRoith D 2000 The potentiation of estrogen on insulin-like growth factor I action in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells includes cell cycle components. J Biol Chem 275:35893-35901
151. Richer JK, Lange CA, Manning NG, Owen G, Powell R, Horwitz KB 1998 Convergence of progesterone with growth factor and cytokine signaling in breast cancer - progesterone receptors regulate signal transducers and activators of transcription expression and activity. J Biol Chem 273:31317-31326
152. Carroll JS, Prall OWJ, Musgrove EA, Sutherland RL 2000 A pure estrogen antagonist inhibits cyclin E-Cdk2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and induces accumulation of p130-E2F4 complexes characteristic of quiescence. J Biol Chem 275:38221-38229
153. Wang TC, Cardiff RD, Zukerberg L, Lees M, Arnold A, Schmidt EV 1994 Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 369:669-671
154. Gillett CE, Lee AHS, Millis RR, Barnes DM 1998 Cyclin D1 and associated proteins in mammary ductal carcinoma in situ and atypical ductal hyperplasia. J Pathol 184:396-400
155. Bartkova J, Lukas J, Muller H, Lutzhoft D, Strauss M, Bartek J 1994 Cyclin D1 protein expression and function in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 57:353-361
156. Van Diest PJ, Michalides RJAM, Jannink I, Van der Valk P, Peterse HL, De Jong JS, Meijer CJLM, Baak JPA 1997 Cyclin D1 expression in invasive breast cancer - correlations and prognostic value. Am J Pathol 150:705-711
157. Yu QY, Geng Y, Sicinski P 2001 Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature 411:1017-1021
158. Brockman JL, Schroeder MD, Schuler LA 2002 Prolactin activates the cyclin D1 promoter via the JAK2-STAT pathway. Mol Endocrinol 16:774-784
159. Matsumura I, Kitamura T, Wakao H, Tanaka H, Hashimoto K, Albanese C, Downward J, Pestell RG, Kanakura Y 1999 Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 promoter by STAT5: its involvement in cytokine-dependent growth of hematopoietic cells. EMBO J 18:1367-1377
160. rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Denver, CO 2001, p 431 (Abstract P2-640)
161. Krumenacker JS, Montgomery DW, Buckley DJ, Gout PW, Buckley AR 1998 Prolactin receptor signaling - shared components with the T-cell antigen receptor in Nb2 lymphoma cells. Endocrine 9:313-320
162. Beck MT, Peirce SK, Chen WY 2002 Regulation of bcl-2 gene expression in human breast cancer cells by prolactin and its antagonist, hPRL-G129R. Oncogene 21:5047-5055
163. Ramamoorthy P, Sticca R, Wagner TE, Chen WY 2001 In vitro studies of a prolactin antagonist, hPRL-G129R in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 18:25-32
164. Kops GJ, de Ruiter ND, Vries-Smits AM, Powell DR, Bos JL, Burgering BM 1999 Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B. Nature 398:630-634
165. Kane LP, Shapiro VS, Stokoe D, Weiss A 1999 Induction of NF-κB by the Akt/PKB kinase. Curr Biol 9:601-604
166. Schwertfeger KL, Richert MM, Anderson SM 2001 Mammary gland involution is delayed by activated Akt in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 15:867-881
167. rd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Denver, CO, 2001 p 551 (Abstract P3-478)
168. Bhatavdekar JM, Shah NG, Balar DB, Patel DD, Bhaduri A, Trivedi SN, Karelia NH, Ghosh N, Shukla MK, Giri DD 1990 Plasma prolactin as an indicator of disease progression in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 65:2028-2032
169. Maus MV, Reilly SC, Clevenger CV 1999 Prolactin as a chemoattractant for human breast carcinoma. Endocrinology 140:5447-5450
170. Hanahan D, Folkman J 1996 Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86:353-364
171. Hahnfeldt P, Panigrahy D, Folkman J, Hlatky L 1999 Tumor development under angiogenic signaling: a dynamical theory of tumor growth, treatment response, and postvascular dormancy. Cancer Res 59:4770-4775
172. Folkman J, D'Amore PA 1996 Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis? Cell 87:1153-1155
173. Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ 1999 Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284:1994-1998
174. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM 1999 Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 85:221-228
175. Jackson D, Volpert OV, Bouck N, Linzer DIH 1994 Stimulation and inhibition of angiogenesis by placental proliferin and proliferin-related protein. Science 266:1581-1584
176. Bengtson NW, Linzer DIH 2000 Inhibition of tumor growth by the antiangiogenic placental hormone, proliferin-related protein. Mol Endocrinol 14:1934-1943
177. Struman I, Bentzien F, Lee H, Mainfroid V, D'Angelo G, Goffin V, Weiner RI, Martial JA 1999 Opposing actions of intact and N-terminal fragments of the human prolactin/growth hormone family members on angiogenesis: an efficient mechanism for the regulation of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1246-1251
178. Ferrara N, Clapp C, Weiner R 1991 The 16K fragment of prolactin specifically inhibits basal or fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of capillary endothelial cells. Endocrinology 129:896-900
179. Clapp C, Martial JA, Guzman RC, Rentier-Delrue F, Weiner RI 1993 The 16-kilodalton N-terminal fragment of human prolactin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 133:1292-1299
180. D'Angelo G, Martini JF, Iiri T, Fantl WJ, Martial J, Weiner RI 1999 16K human prolactin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of Ras in capillary endothelial cells. Mol Endocrinol 13:692-704
181. Lee H, Struman I, Clapp C, Martial J, Weiner RI 1998 Inhibition of urokinase activity by the antiangiogenic factor 16K prolactin: activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression. Endocrinology 139:3696-3703
182. Clapp C, Weiner R 1992 A specific, high affinity, saturable binding site for the 160 kilodalton fragment of prolactin on capillary endothelial cells. Endocrinology 130:1380-1386
183. Goffin V, Touraine P, Pichard C, Bernichtein S, Kelly PA 1999 Should prolactin be reconsidered as a therapeutic target in human breast cancer? Mol Cell Endocrinol 151:79-87
184. Gout PW, Beer CT, Noble RL 1980 Prolactin-stimulated growth of cell cultures established from malignant Nb rat lymphomas. Cancer Res 40:2433-2436
185. Gout PW, Noble RL, Beer CT 1986 Cultured Nb rat lymphoma cells in endocrine and cancer research. Mol Endocrinol 64:659-666
186. Ali S, Pellegrini I, Kelly PA 1991 A prolactin-dependent immune cell line (Nb2) expresses a mutant form of prolactin receptor. J Biol Chem 266:20110-20117
187. O'Neal KD, Yu-Lee L 1994 Differential signal transduction of the short, Nb2, and long prolactin receptors. Activation of interferon regulatory factor-1 and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 269:26076-26082
188. Yu-Lee LY, Luo GY, Book ML, Morris SM 1998 Lactogenic hormone signal transduction. Biol Reprod 58:295-301
189. Clevenger CV, Kline JB 2001 Prolactin receptor signal transduction. Lupus 10:706-718
190. Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA 1998 Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev 19:225-268
191. Rane SG, Reddy EP 2000 Janus kinases: components of multiple signaling pathways. Oncogene 19:5662-5679
192. Kazansky AV, Kabotyanski EB, Wsyzomierski SL, Mancini MA, Rosen JM 1999 Differential effects of prolactin and src/abl kinases on the nuclear translocation of STAT5B and STAT5A. J Biol Chem 274:22484-22492
193. Rui H, Lebrun J-J, Kirken RA, Kelly PA, Farrar WL 1994 JAK2 activation and cell proliferation induced by antibody-mediated prolactin receptor dimerization. Endocrinology 135:1299-1306
194. Lebrun JJ, Ali S, Sofer L, Ullrich A, Kelly PA 1994 Prolactin-induced proliferation Nb2 cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the prolactin receptor and its associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. J Biol Chem 269:14021-14026
195. Frank SJ, Yi W, Zhao Y, Goldsmith JF, Gilliland G, Jiang J, Sakai I, Kraft AS 1995 Regions of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase required for coupling to the growth hormone receptor. J Biol Chem 270:14776-14785
196. c chain. J Biol Chem 270:13814-13818
197. Ball RK, Friis RR, Schoenenberger CA, Doppler W, Groner B 1988 Prolactin regulation of β-casein gene expression and of a cytosolic 120-kd protein in a cloned mouse mammary epithelial cell line. EMBO J 7:2089-2095
198. DaSilva L, Rui H, Erwin RA, Howard OM, Kirken RA, Malabarba MG, Hackett RH, Larner AC, Farrar WL 1996 Prolactin recruits STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 independent of conserved receptor tyrosines TYR402, TYR479, TYR515 and TYR580. Mol Cell Endocrinol 117:131-140
199. Schaber JD, Fang H, Xu J, Grimley PM, Rui H 1998 Prolactin activates Stat1 but does not antagonize Stat1 activation and growth inhibition by type I interferons in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 58:1914-1919
200. Watson CJ, Miller WR 1995 Elevated levels of members of the STAT family of transcription factors in breast carcinoma nuclear extracts. Br J Can 71:840-844
201. Bowman T, Garcia R, Turkson J, Jove R 2000 STATs in oncogenesis. Oncogene 19:2474-2488
202. Bromberg J, Darnell Jr JE 2000 The role of STATs in transcriptional control and their impact on cellular function. Oncogene 19:2468-2473
203. Levy DE, Gilliland DG 2000 Divergent roles of STAT1 and STAT5 in malignancy as revealed by gene disruptions in mice. Oncogene 19:2505-2510
204. Chapman RS, Lourenco P, Tonner E, Flint D, Selbert S, Takeda K, Akira S, Clarke AR, Watson CJ 2000 The role of Stat3 in apoptosis and mammary gland involution - conditional deletion of Stat3. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:129-138
205. Liu X, Robinson GW, Wagner K-U, Garrett L, Wynshaw-Boris A, Hennighausen L 1997 Stat5a is mandatory for adult mammary gland development and lactogenesis. Genes Dev 11:179-186
206. Teglund S, McKay C, Schuetz E, van Deursen JM, Stravopodis D, Wang D, Brown M, Bodner S, Grosveld G, Ihle JN 1998 Stat5a and Stat5b proteins have essential and nonessential, or redundant, roles in cytokine responses. Cell 93:841-850
207. Kazansky AV, Rosen JM 2001 Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5B potentiates v-Src-mediated transformation of NIH-3T3 cells. Cell Growth Differ 12:1-7
208. Sartor CI, Dziubinski ML, Yu CL, Jove R, Ethier SP 1997 Role of epidermal growth factor receptor and STAT-3 activation in autonomous proliferation of SUM-102PT human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 57:978-987
209. Schroeder MD, Rose-Hellekant T, Sandgren EP, Schuler LA 2001 Dysregulation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1, 3, and 5 and prolactin receptors by overexpression of mammary TGFα. Mol Cell Endocrinol 175:173-183
210. Humphreys RC, Hennighausen L 1999 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a influences mammary epithelial cell survival and tumorigenesis. Cell Growth Differ 10:685-694
211. Ihle JN, Kerr IM 1995 Jaks and Stats in signaling by the cytokine receptor superfamily. Trends Genet 11:69-74
212. Parganas E, Wang D, Stravopodis D, Topham DJ, Marine JC, Teglund S, Vanin EF, Bodner S, Colamonici OR, van Deursen JM, Grosveld G, Ihle JN 1998 Jak2 is essential for signaling through a variety of cytokine receptors. Cell 93:385-395
213. Liu X, Robinson GW, Gouilleux F, Groner B, Henninghausen L 1995 Cloning and expression of Stat5 and an additional homologue (Stat 5b) involved in prolactin signal transduction in mouse mammary tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8831-8835
214. Chung CD, Liao J, Liu B, Rao X, Jay P, Berta P, Shuai K 1997 Specific inhibition of Stat3 signal transduction by PIAS3. Science 278:1803-1805
215. Liu B, Liao J, Rao X, Kushner SA, Chung CD, Chang DD, Shuai K 1998 Inhibition of Stat1-mediated gene activation by PIAS1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10626-10631
216. Rycyzyn MA, Clevenger CV 2002 The intranuclear prolactin/cyclophilin B complex as a transcriptional inducer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6790-6795
217. Yamashita H, Xu J, Erwin RA, Farrar WL, Kirken RA, Rui H 1998 Differential control of the phosphorylation state of proline-juxtaposed serine residues Ser725 of Stat5a and Ser730 of Stat5b in prolactin-sensitive cells. J Biol Chem 273:30218-30224
218. Decker T, Kovarik P 2000 Serine phosphorylation of STATs. Oncogene 19:2628-2637
219. Olayioye MA, Beuvink I, Horsch K, Daly JM, Hynes NE 1999 ErbB receptor-induced activation of Stat transcription factors is mediated by src tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 274:17209-17218
220. Berlanga JJ, Vara JAF, Martín-Pérez J, García-Ruiz JP 1995 Prolactin receptor is associated with c-src kinase in rat liver. Mol Endocrinol 9:1461-1467
221. Meng L, Lin L, Zhang H, Nassiri M, Morales AR, Nadji M 1999 Multiple mutations of the p53 gene in human mammary carcinoma. Mutat Res DNA Repair 435:263-269
222. fyn is associated with prolactin receptor and is activated by prolactin stimulation of T-lymphocytes. Mol Endocrinol 8:674-681
223. Sorensen P, Sheffield LG 1997 Involvement of c-src in β-casein expression by mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:710-713
224. Zhang Y, Turkson J, Carter-Su C, Smithgall T, Levitzki A, Kraker A, Krolewski JJ, Medveczky P, Jove R 2000 Activation of Stat3 in v-Src-transformed fibroblasts requires cooperation of Jak1 kinase activity. J Biol Chem 275:24935-24944
225. Bromberg JF, Horvath CM, Besser D, Lathem WW, Darnell Jr JE 1998 Stat3 activation is required for cellular transformation by v-src. Mol Cell Biol 18:2553-2558
226. Clevenger CV, Torigoe T, Reed JC 1994 Prolactin induces rapid phosphorylation and activation of prolactin receptor associated Raf-1 kinase in a T-cell line. J Biol Chem 269:5559-5565
227. Das R, Vonderhaar BK 1996 Activation of raf-1 MEK, and MAP kinase in prolactin responsive mammary cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 40:141-149
228. Das R, Vonderhaar BK 1996 Involvement of SHC, GRB2, SOS and RAS in prolactin signal transduction in mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 13:1139-1145
229. Chang L, Karin M 2001 Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature 410:37-40
230. Roovers K, Assoian RK 2000 Integrating the MAP kinase signal into the G1 phase cell cycle machinery. Bioessays 22:818-826
231. Pearson G, Robinson F, Beers GT, Xu BE, Karandikar M, Berman K, Cobb MH 2001 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endocr Rev 22:153-183
232. Yamauchi T, Yamauchi N, Ueki K, Sugiyama T, Waki H, Miki H, Tobe K, Matsuda S, Tsushima T, Yamamoto T, Fujita T, Taketani Y, Fukayama M, Kimura S, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Kadowaki T 2000 Constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB-2 via Jak2 by autocrine secretion of prolactin in human breast cancer. J Biol Chem 275:33937-33944
233. Gao J, Horseman ND 1999 Prolactin-independent modulation of the β-casein response element by Erk2 MAP kinase. Cell Signal 11:205-210
234. Deleted in proof
235. Wen Z, Zhong Z, Darnell Jr JE 1995 Maximal activation of transcription by stat1 and stat3 requires both tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Cell 82:241-250
236. Beuvink I, Hess D, Flotow H, Hofsteenge J, Groner B, Hynes NE 2000 Stat5a serine phosphorylation - serine 779 is constitutively phosphorylated in the mammary gland, and serine 725 phosphorylation influences prolactin-stimulated in vitro DNA binding activity. J Biol Chem 275:10247-10255
237. Schwertfeger KL, Hunter S, Heasley LE, Levresse V, Leon RP, DeGregori J, Anderson SM 2000 Prolactin stimulates activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Mol Endocrinol 14:1592-1602
238. Olazabal I, Munoz J, Ogueta S, Obregon E, Garcia-Ruiz JP 2000 Prolactin (PRL)-PRL receptor system increases cell proliferation involving JNK (c-Jun amino terminal kinase) and AP-1 activation: inhibition by glucocorticoids. Mol Endocrinol 14:564-575
239. Cheng Y, Zhizhin I, Perlman RL, Mangoura D 2000 Prolactin-induced cell proliferation in PC12 cells depends on JNK but not ERK activation. J Biol Chem 275:23326-23332
240. Roymans D, Slegers H 2001 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in tumor progression. Eur J Biochem 268:487-498
241. Toker A 2000 Protein kinases as mediators of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Mol Pharmacol 57:652-658
242. Blume-Jensen P, Hunter T 2001 Oncogenic kinase signalling. Nature 411:355-365
243. Cantrell DA 2001 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathways. J Cell Sci 114:1439-1445
244. Berlanga JJ, Gualillo O, Buteau H, Applanat M, Kelly PA, Edery M 1997 Prolactin activates tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. J Biol Chem 272:2050-2052
245. Yamauchi T, Kaburagi Y, Ueki K, Tsuji Y, Stark GR, Kerr IM, Tsushima T, Akanuma Y, Komuro I, Tobe K, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T 1998 Growth hormone and prolactin stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, -2, and -3, their association with p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), and concomitantly PI3-kinase activation via JAK2 kinase. J Biol Chem 273:15719-15726
246. Al Sakkaf KA, Dobson PR, Brown BL 1997 Prolactin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p59fyn may mediate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in Nb2 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 19:347-350
247. Rodriguez-Viciana P, Marte BM, Warne PH, Downward J 1996 Phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase: one of the effectors of Ras. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351:225-231
248. Constantino S, Santos R, Lacronique V, Bouchaert I, Monni R, Bernard O, Gisselbrecht S, Gouilleux F 2001 Constitutively active STAT5 variants induce growth and survival of hematopoietic cells through a PI 3-kinase/Akt dependent pathway. Oncogene 20:2080-2090
249. Craddock BL, Hobbs J, Edmead CE, Welham MJ 2001 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent regulation of interleukin-3-induced proliferation: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases, SHP2 and Gab2. J Biol Chem 276:24274-24283
250. Lecoq-Lafon C, Verdier F, Fichelson S, Chretien S, Gisselbrecht S, Lacombe C, Mayeux P 1999 Erythropoietin induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of GAB1 and its association with SHC, SHP2, SHIP, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Blood 93:2578-2585
251. Pfeffer LM, Mullersman JE, Pfeffer SR, Murti A, Shi W, Yang CH 1997 STAT3 as an adapter to couple phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon receptor. Science 276:1418-1420
252. Deleted in proof
253. Muise-Helmericks RC, Grimes HL, Bellacosa A, Malstrom SE, Tsichlis PN, Rosen N 1998 Cyclin D expression is controlled posttranscriptionally via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 273:29864-29872
254. Gille H, Downward J 1999 Multiple ras effector pathways contribute to G(1) cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 274:22033-22040
255. Hutchinson J, Jin J, Cardiff RD, Woodgett JR, Muller WJ 2001 Activation of Akt (protein kinase B) in mammary epithelium provides a critical cell survival signal required for tumor progression. Mol Cell Biol 21:2203-2212
256. Kline JB, Moore DJ, Clevenger CV 2001 Activation and association of the Tec tyrosine kinase with the human prolactin receptor: mapping of a Tec/Vav1-receptor binding site. Mol Endocrinol 15:832-841
257. Clevenger CV, Ngo W, Luger SM, Gewirtz AM 1995 Vav is necessary for prolactin-stimulated proliferation and is translocated into the nucleus of a T-cell line. J Biol Chem 270:13246-13253
258. Canbay E, Norman M, Kilic E, Goffin V, Zachary I 1997 Prolactin stimulates the JAK2 and focal adhesion kinase pathways in human breast carcinoma T47-D cells. Biochem J 324:231-236
259. Huyer G, Alexander DR 1999 Immune signalling: SHP-2 docks at multiple ports. Curr Biol 9:R129-R132
260. Ali S, Chen ZJ, Lebrun JJ, Vogel W, Kharitonenkov A, Kelly PA, Ullrich A 1996 PTP1D is a positive regulator of the prolactin signal leading to β-casein promoter activation. EMBO J 15:135-142
261. Berchtold S, Volarevic S, Moriggl R, Mercep M, Groner B 1998 Dominant negative variants of the SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase inhibit prolactin activation of Jak2 (janus kinase 2) and induction of Stat5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5)-dependent transcription. Mol Endocrinol 12:556-567
262. Yasukawa H, Sasaki A, Yoshimura A 2000 Negative regulation of cytokine signaling pathways. Annu Rev Immunol 18:143-164
263. Gisselbrecht S 1999 The CIS/SOCS proteins: a family of cytokine-inducible regulators of signaling. Eur Cytokine Netw 10:463-470
264. Aoki N, Matsuda T 2000 A cytosolic protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B specifically dephosphorylates and deactivates prolactin-activated STAT5a and STAT5b. J Biol Chem 275:39718-39726
265. Krebs DL, Hilton DJ 2000 SOCS: physiological suppressors of cytokine signaling. J Cell Sci 113:2813-2819
266. Pezet A, Favre H, Kelly PA, Edery M 1999 Inhibition and restoration of prolactin signal transduction by suppressors of cytokine signaling. J Biol Chem 274:24497-24502
267. Tomic S, Chughtai N, Ali S 1999 SOCS-1,-2,-3: selective targets and functions downstream of the prolactin receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 158:45-54
268. Helman D, Sandowski Y, Cohen Y, Matsumoto A, Yoshimura A, Merchav S, Gertler A 1998 Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein (CIS3) and JAK2 binding protein (JAB) abolish prolactin receptor-mediated STAT5 signaling. FEBS Lett 441:287-291
269. Clevenger CV, Altmann SW, Prystowsky MB 1991 Requirement of nuclear prolactin for interleukin-2-stimulated proliferation of T lymphocytes. Science 253:77-79
270. Rycyzyn MA, Reilly SC, O'Malley K, Clevenger CV 2000 Role of cyclophilin B in PRL signal transduction and nuclear retrotranslocation. Mol Endocrinol 14:1175-1186
271. Clevenger CV, Sillman AL, Prystowsky MB 1990 Interleukin-2 driven nuclear translocation of prolactin in cloned T-lymphocytes. Endocrinology 127:3151-3159
272. Lobie PE, Mertani H, Morel G, Marales-Bustos O, Norstedt G, Waters MJ 1994 Receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of growth hormone. J Biol Chem 269:21330-21339
273. Rao Y-P, Buckley DJ, Olson MD, Buckley AR 1995 Nuclear translocation of prolactin: Collaboration of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C activation in rat Nb2 node lymphoma cells. J Cell Physiol 163:266-276
274. Lu J-C, Scott P, Strous GJ, Schuler LA 2002 Multiple internalization motifs differentially used by prolactin receptor isoforms mediate similar endocytic pathways. Mol Endocrinol 16:2515-2527
275. Vincent V, Goffin V, Rozakis-Adcock M, Mornon JP, Kelly PA 1997 Identification of cytoplasmic motifs required for short prolactin receptor internalization. J Biol Chem 272:7062-7068
276. Ross RJM, Esposito N, Shen XY, Von Laue S, Chew SL, Dobson PRM, Postel-Vinay MC, Finidori J 1997 A short isoform of the human growth hormone receptor functions as a dominant negative inhibitor of the full-length receptor and generates large amounts of binding protein. Mol Endocrinol 11:265-273
277. Strous GJ, Govers R 1999 The ubiquitin-proteasome system and endocytosis. J Cell Sci 112:1417-1423
278. Kirchhausen T 2000 Clathrin. Annu Rev Biochem 69:699-727
279. Heilker R, Spiess M, Crottet P 1999 Recognition of sorting signals by clathrin adaptors. Bioessays 21:558-567
280. Djiane J, Clauser H, Kelly PA 1979 Rapid down-regulation of prolactin receptors in mammary gland and liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 90:1371-1378
281. Djiane J, Kelly PA, Houdebine L-M 1980 Effects of lysosomotropic agents, cytochalasin B and colchicine on the "down-regulation" of prolactin receptors in mammary gland explants. Mol Cell Endocrinol 18:87-98
282. Genty N, Paly J, Edery M, Kelly PA, Djiane J, Salesse R 1994 Endocytosis and degradation of prolactin and its receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with prolactin receptor cDNA. Mol Cell Endocrinol 99:221-228
283. Perrot-Applanat M, Gualillo O, Pezet A, Vincent V, Edery M, Kelly PA 1997 Dominant negative and cooperative effects of mutant forms of prolactin receptor. Mol Endocrinol 11:1020-1032
284. Schmid RS, Pruitt WM, Maness PF 2000 A MAP kinase-signaling pathway mediates neurite outgrowth on L1 and requires Src-dependent endocytosis. J Neurosci 20:4177-4188
285. 2-adrenergic receptor internalization and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 274:1185-1188
286. Fielding CJ 2001 Caveolae and signaling. Curr Opin Lipidol 12:281-287
287. Schlegel A, Lisanti MP 2001 Caveolae and their coat proteins, the caveolins: from electron microscopic novelty to biological launching pad. J Cell Physiol 186:329-337
288. Snyderwine EG 1999 Mammary gland carcinogenesis by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in rats: possible mechanisms. Cancer Lett 143:211-215
289. Welsch CW 1978 Prolactin and the development and progression of early neoplastic mammary gland lesions. Cancer Res 38:4054-4058
290. Welsch CW, Goodrich-Smith M, Brown CK, Roth L 1981 The prophylaxis of rat and mouse mammary gland tumorigenesis by suppression of prolactin secretion: a reappraisal. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1:225-232
291. Welsch CW, Brown CK, Goodrich-Smith M, Chiusano J, Moon RC 1980 Synergistic effect of chronic prolactin suppression and retinoid treatment in the prophylaxis of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Res 40:3095-3098
292. Welsch CW, Brown CK, Goodrich-Smith M, Van J, Denenberg B, Anderson TM, Brooks CL 1979 Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis in carcinogen-treated Lewis rats by suppression of prolactin secretion. J Natl Cancer Inst 63:1121-1124
293. Russo J, Russo IH 1996 Experimentally induced mammary tumors in rats. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39:7-20
294. Russo J, Tay LK, Russo IH 1982 Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2:5-73
295. Thordarson G, Van Horn K, Guzman RC, Nandi S, Talamantes F 2001 Parous rats regain high susceptibility to chemically induced mammary cancer after treatment with various mammotropic hormones. Carcinogenesis 22:1027-1033
296. Hennighausen L, Robinson GW 2001 Signaling pathways in mammary gland development. Dev Cell 1:467-475
297. Hynes NE, Cella N, Wartmann M 1997 Prolactin mediated intracellular signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2:19-27
298. Deleted in proof
299. Han Y, Watling D, Rogers NC, Stark GR 1997 JAK2 and STAT5, but not JAK1 and STAT1, are required for prolactin-induced β-lactoglobulin transcription. Mol Endocrinol 11:1180-1188
300. Gao J, Hughes JP, Auperin B, Buteau H, Edery M, Zhuang H, Wojchowski DM, Horseman ND 1996 Interactions among Janus kinases and the prolactin (PRL) receptor in the regulation of a PRL response element. Mol Endocrinol 10:847-856
301. Campbell GS, Argetsinger LS, Ihle JN, Kelly PA, Rillema JA, Carter-Su C 1994 Activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase by prolactin receptors in Nb2 cells and mouse mammary gland explants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:5232-5236
302. Deleted in proof
303. Li M, Liu X, Robinson G, Bar-Peled U, Wagner KU, Young WS, Hennighausen L, Furth PA 1997 Mammary-derived signals activate programmed cell death during the first stage of mammary gland involution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3425-3430
304. Deleted in proof
305. Deleted in proof
306. Lucas BK, Ormandy CJ, Binart N, Bridges RS, Kelly PA 1998 Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces a defect in maternal behavior. Endocrinology 139:4102-4107
307. Liu X, Gallego MI, Smith GH, Robinson GW, Hennighausen L 1998 Functional release of Stat5a-null mammary tissue through the activation of compensating signals including Stat5b. Cell Growth Differ 9:795-803
308. Lindeman GJ, Wittlin S, Lada H, Naylor MJ, Santamaria M, Zhang JG, Starr R, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Ormandy CJ, Visvader J 2001 SOCS1 deficiency results in accelerated mammary gland development and rescues lactation in prolactin receptor-deficient mice. Genes Dev 15:1631-1636
309. Wennbo H, Gebre-Medhin M, Griti-Linde A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson OGP, Tornell J 1997 Activation of the prolactin receptor but not the growth hormone receptor is important for induction of mammary tumors in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 100:2744-2751
310. Wennbo H, Tornell J 2000 The role of prolactin and growth hormone in breast cancer. Oncogene 19:1072-1076
311. Holly JMP, Gunnell DJ, Smith GD 1999 Growth hormone, IGF-1 and cancer. Less intervention to avoid cancer? More intervention to prevent cancer? J Endocrinol 162:321-330
312. Pollak M 1998 IGF-1 physiology and breast cancer. Recent Res Cancer Res 152:
313. Vomachka AJ, Pratt SL, Lockefeer JA, Horseman ND 2000 Prolactin gene-disruption arrests mammary gland development and retards T-antigen-induced tumor growth. Oncogene 19:1077-1084
314. Horseman ND 1999 Prolactin and mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 4:79-88
315. Horseman ND, Zhao W, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Tanaka M, Nakashima K, Engle SJ, Smith F, Markoff E, Dorshkind K 1997 Defective mammopoiesis, but normal hematopoiesis, in mice with a targeted disruption of the prolactin gene. EMBO J 16:6926-6935
316. Brisken C, Kaur S, Chavarria TE, Binart N, Sutherland RL, Weinberg RA, Kelly PA, Ormandy CJ 1999 Prolactin controls mammary gland development via direct and indirect mechanisms. Dev Biol 210:96-106
317. Furth PA 1997 Conditional control of gene expression in the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2:373-383
318. Shillingford JM, Miyoshi K, Grimm SL, Neubauser H, Pfeffer K, Hennighausen L 2002 Jak2 is an essential tyrosine kinase involved in pregnancy-mediated development of mammary secretory epithelium. Mol Endocrinol 16:563-570
319. Furth PA, Ren S, Cai H, Li M 2002 Loss of Stat5a delays mammary cancer progression in a mouse model. Oncogene 21:4335-4339
320. Miyoshi K, Shillingford JM, Smith GH, Grimm SL, Wagner KU, Oka T, Rosen JM, Robinson G, Hennighausen L 2001 Signal transducer and activator of transcription Stat5 controls the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelium. J Cell Biol 155:531-542
321. Matsumoto A, Seki Y, Kubo M, Ohtsuka S, Suzuki A, Hayashi I, Tsuji K, Nakahata T, Okabe M, Yamada S, Yoshimura A 1999 Suppression of STAT5 functions in liver, mammary glands, and T cells in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein 1 transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 19:6396-6407
322. Lange CA, Richer JK, Horwitz KB 1999 Hypothesis: progesterone primes breast cancer cells for cross-talk with proliferative or antiproliferative signals. Mol Endocrinol 13:829-836
323. Yee D, Lee AV 2000 Crosstalk between the insulin-like growth factors and estrogens in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 5:107-115
324. Danielson KG, Oborn CJ, Durban EM, Butel JS, Medina D 1984 Epithelial mouse mammary cell line exhibiting normal morphogenesis in vivo and functional differentiation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3756-3760
325. Doppler W, Groner B, Ball RK 1989 Prolactin and glucocorticoid hormones synergistically induce expression of transfected rat β-casein gene promoter constructs in a mammary epithelial cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:104-108
326. Taverna D, Groner B, Hynes NE 1991 Epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and c-erbB-2 receptor activation all promote growth but have distinctive effects upon mouse mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 2:145-154
327. Wagner KU, Wall RJ, St Onge L, Gruss P, Wynshaw-Boris A, Garrett L, Li M, Furth PA, Hennighausen L 1997 Cre-mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4323-4330