Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies

Lancet

Volumn 347, Issue 9017, 1996, Pages 1713-1727

  Calle, E E ^a   Heath Jr , C W ^a   Miracle McMahill, H L ^a   Coates, R J ^b   Liff, J M ^b   Franceschi, S ^c   Talamini, R ^c   Chantarakul, N ^d   Koetsawang, S ^d   RachawatRachawat, D ^d   Morabia, A ^e   Schuman, L ^e   Stewart, W ^e   Szklo, M ^e   Bain, C ^f   Schofield, F ^f   Siskind, V ^f   Band, P ^g   Coldman, A J ^g   Gallagher, R P ^g   Hislop, T G ^g   Yang, P ^g   Duffy, S W ^h   Kolonel, L M ⁱ   Nomura, A M Y ⁱ   Oberle, M W ^j   Ory, H W ^j   Peterson, H B ^j   Wilson, H G ^j   Wingo, P A ^j   Ebeling, K ^k   Kunde, D ^k   Nishan, P ^k   Colditz, G ^l   Martin, N ^m   Pardthaisong, T ^m   Silpisornkosol, S ^m   Theetranont, C ^m   Boosiri, B ⁿ   Chutivongse, S ⁿ   Jimakorn, P ⁿ   Virutamasen, P ⁿ   Wongsrichanalai, C ⁿ   McMichael, A J ^o   Rohan, T ^o   Ewertz, M ^p   Paul, C ^q   Skegg, D C G ^q   Boyle, P ^r   Evstifeeva, M ^r   Daling, J R ^s   Malone, K ^s   Noonan, E A ^s   Stanford, J L ^s   Thomas, D B ^s   Weiss, N S ^s   White, E ^s   Andrieu, N ^t   Bremond A ^t   Clavel, F ^t   Gairard, B ^t   Lansac, J ^t   Piana, L ^t   Renaud, R ^t   Fine, S R P ^u   Cuevas, H R ^v   Ontiveros, P ^v   Palet, A ^v   Salazar, S B ^v   Aristizabel, N ^w   Cuadros, A ^w   Bachelot, A ^x   Le M G ^x   Deacon, J ^y   Peto, J ^y   Taylor, C N ^y   Alfandary, E ^z   Modan, B ^z   Ron, E ^z   Friedman, G D ^aa   Hiatt, R A ^aa   Bishop, T ^ab   Kosmelj, J ^ac   Primic Zakelj, M ^ac   Ravnihar, B ^ac   Stare, J ^ac   Beeson, W L ^ad   Fraser, G ^ad   Allen, D S ^ab   Bulbrook, R D ^ab   Cuzick, J ^ab   Fentiman, I S ^ab   Hayward, J L ^ab   Wang, D Y ^ab   Hanson, R L ^u   Leske, M C ^u   Mahoney, M C ^u   Nasca, P C ^u   Varma, A O ^u   Weinstein, A L ^u   Moller, T R ^ae   Olsson, H ^ae   Ranstam, J ^ae   Goldbohm, R A ^af   van den Brandt, P A ^af   Apelo, R A ^ag   Baens, J ^ag   de la Cruz, J R ^ag   Javier, B ^ag   Lacaya, L B ^ag   Ngelangel, C A ^ag   La Vecchia, C ^ah   Negri, E ^ah   Marubini, E ^ai   Ferraroni, M ^aj   Gerber, M ^t   Richardson, S ^t   Segala, C ^t   Gatei, D ^ak   Kenya, P ^ak   Kungu, A ^ak   Mati, J G ^ak   Brinton, L A ^al   Hoover, R ^al   Schairer, C ^al   Spirtas, R ^am   Lee, H P ^an   Rookus, M A ^ao   van Leeuwen, F V ^ao   Schoenberg, J A ^ap   Gammon, M D ^aq   Clarke, E A ^ar   Jones, L ^u   McPherson, K ^u   Neil, A ^u   Vessey, M ^u   Yeates, D ^u   Beral, V ^as   Bull, D ^as   Crossley, B ^as   Hermon, C ^as   Jones, S ^as   Key, T ^as   Lewis, C ^as   Reeves, G ^as   Smith, P ^as   Collins, R ^at   Doll, R ^at   Peto, R ^at   Hannaford, P ^u   Kay, C ^u   Rosero Bixby, L ^au   Gao, Y T ^av   Yuan, J M ^av   Wei, H Y ^aw   Yun, T ^aw   Zhiheng, C ^aw   Berry, G ^u   Cooper Booth, J ^u   Jelihovsky, T ^u   MacLennan, R ^u   Shearman, R ^u   Wang, Q S ^ax   Baines, C J ^u   Miller, A B ^u   Wall, C ^u   Lund, E ^ay   Stalsberg, H ^ay   Dabancens, A ^az   Martinez, L ^az   Molina, R ^az   Salas, O ^az   Alexander, F E ^ba   Hulka, B S ^bb   Chilvers, C E D ^bc   Bernstein, L ^bd   Haile, R W ^bd   Paganini Hill, A ^bd   Pike, M C ^bd   Ross, R K ^bd   Ursin, G ^bd   Yu, M C ^bd   Adami, H O ^be   Bergstrom, R ^be   Longnecker, M P ^bf   Newcomb, P ^bf   Farley, T M N ^bg   Holck, S ^bg   Meirik, O ^bg   more..

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO ONCOLOGICO   (Italy)

^d MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^g BRITISH COLUMBIA CANCER AGENCY   (Canada)

^h MRC BIOSTATISTICS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^j CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^k Central Institute of Cancer Research   (Germany)

^l HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^m CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

ⁿ CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^o CSIRO   (Australia)

^p DANISH CANCER SOCIETY RESEARCH CENTER   (Denmark)

^q UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^r EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

^s Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^t INSERM   (France)

^u Holly Lodge ^*

^v HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^w Hospital Universitario

^x INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY   (France)

^y INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^z SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^aa KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^ab IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND   (United Kingdom)

^ac INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Slovenia)

^ad LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ae LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^af MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^ag UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA   (Philippines)

^ah Istituto 'Mario Negri'   (Philippines)

^ai Istituto Nazionale Tumori   (Philippines)

^aj Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria   (Philippines)

^ak Nairobi Centre for Research in Reproduction   (Kenya)

^al NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^am National Institute of Child Health and Development   (United States)

^an NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^ao NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^ap New Jersey State Department of Health   (United States)

^aq Netherlands Cancer Institute ^*  (United States)

^ar Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation   (Canada)

^as UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^at CLINICAL TRIAL SERVICE UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^au UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA   (Costa Rica)

^av SHANGHAI CANCER INSTITUTE   (China)

^aw SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF PLANNED PARENTHOOD RESEARCH   (China)

^ax KEY LABORATORY OF CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY   (China)

^ay UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^az UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^ba UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^bb IL   (United States)

^bc UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^bd UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^be UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^bf UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^bg WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ANAMNESIS; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; ETHNIC GROUP; EUROPE; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS; METASTASIS; NORTH AMERICA; PARITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TECHNIQUE;

EID: 0242390079     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90806-5     Document Type: Note

References (71)

1. Kleinman EL, ed. Hormonal contraception. London: IPPF Medical Publications, 1990.
2. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Gerkins VR, et al. A case-control study of menopausal estrogen therapy and breast cancer. JAMA 1980; 243: 1635-39.
3. Pike MC, Henderson BE, Krailo MD, Duke A, Roy S. Breast cancer in young women and use of oral contraceptives: possible modyfying effect of formulation and age at use. Lancet 1983; ii: 926-30.
4. Vessey M, Baron J, Doll R, McPherson K, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: final report of an epidemiologic study. Br J Cancer 1983 47: 455-62.
5. Hiatt RA, Bawol R, Friedman GD, Hoover R. Exogenous estrogen and breast cancer after bilateral oophorectomy. Cancer 1984; 54: 139-44.
6. Le MG, Bachelot A, Doyon F, Kramer A, Hill C. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer or cervical cancer: preliminary results of a French case-control study. In: Wolff JP, Scott JS, eds. Hormones and sexual factors in human cancer aetiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1984.
7. Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and breast cancer in a Northern Italian population. Int J Epidemiol 1985; 14: 70-74.
8. Hislop TG, Coldman AJ, Elwood JM, Brauer G, Kan L. Childhood and recent eating patterns and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Detection Prevention 1986; 9: 47-58.
9. Meirik O, Lund E, Adami HO, Berrgstrom R, Christoffersen T, Bergsjo P. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer in young women: a joint national case-control study in Sweden and Norway. Lancet 1986; ii: 650-54.
10. Nomura AMY, Kolonel LN, Hirohata T, Lee J. The association of replacement estrogens with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1986; 37: 49-53.
11. Alexander FE, Roberts MM, Huggins A. Risk factors for breast cancer with applications to selection for the prevelance screen. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1987; 41: 101-06.
12. Lee NC, Rosero-Bixby L, Oberle MW, Grimaldo C, Whately AS, Rovira EZ. A case-control study of breast cancer and hormonal contraception in Costa Rica. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79: 1247-54.
13. McPherson K, Vessey MP, Neil A, Doll R, Jones L, Roberts M. Early oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: results of another case-control study. Br J Cancer 1987; 56: 653-60.
14. Wang DY, De Stavola BL, Bulbrook RD, et al. The relationship between blood prolactin levels and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Eur J Clin Oncol 1987; 23: 1541-48.
15. Kay CR, Hannaford PC. Breast cancer and the pill - a futher report from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Br J Cancer 1988; 58: 675-80.
16. Ravnihar B, Primic-Zakelj M, Kosmelj K, Stare J. A case-control study of breast cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use in Slovenia. Neoplasma 1988; 35: 109-21.
17. Rohan TE, McMichael AJ. Oral contraceptive agents and breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Med J Aust 1988; 149: 520-26.
18. Yuan J-M, Yu MC, Ross RK, Gao Y-T, Henderson BE. Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 1949-53.
19. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE, Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in seventh-day adventists. Cancer 1989; 64: 591-97.
20. Marubini E, Decarli A, Costa A, et al. The relationship of dietary intake and serum levels of retinol and beta-carotene with breast cancer: results of a case-control study. Cancer 1988; 61: 173-80.
21. Olsson H, Moller TR, Ranstam J. Early oral contraceptive use and cancer among premenopausal women: final report from a study in southern Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1000-04.
22. Romieu I, Willett W, Colditz G, et al. Prospective study of oral contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1313-21.
23. Siskind V, Schofield F, Rice D, Bain C. Breast cancer and breast feeding: results from an Australian case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1989: 130: 229-36.
24. Stanford JL, Brinton LA, Hoover RN. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: results from an expanded case-control study. Br J Cancer 1989; 60: 375-81.
25. UK National Case-Control Study Group. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in young women. Lancet 1989; i: 873-82.
26. Vessey MP, McPherson K, Villard-Mackintosh L, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: latest findings in a large cohort study. Br J Cancer 1989; 59: 613-17.
27. Bernstein L, Pike MC, Krailo M, Henderson BE. Update of the Los Angeles study of oral contraceptives and breast cancer: 1981 and 1983. In: Mann RD, ed. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Park Ridge: Parthenon Publishing, 1990: 169-81.
28. Paul C, Skegg DCG, Spears GFS. Oral; contraceptives and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 366-73.
29. Schildkraut JM, Hulka BS, Wilkinson WE. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a case-control study with hospital and community controls. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 395-402.
30. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: results from a multinational study. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 110-19.
31. Clavel F, Andrieu N, Gairard B, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a French case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 32-38.
32. Segala C, Gerber M, Richardson S. The pattern of risk factors for breast cancer in a Southern France population: interest for a stratified analysis by age at diagnosis. Br J Cancer 1991; 64: 919-25.
33. Weinstein AL, Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Leske MC, Varma AO. Breast cancer risk and oral contraceptive use: results from a large case-control study. Epidemiology 1991; 2: 353-58.
34. Wingo PA, Lee NC, Ory HW, Beral V, Peterson HB, Rhodes P. Age-specific differences in the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 161-70.
35. Ewertz M. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in Denmark. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1176-81.
36. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J, Day NE. Risk factors for breast cancer by age and menopausal status: a case-control study in Singapore. Cancer, Causes and Control 1992; 3: 313-22.
37. Miller AB, Baines CJ, To T, Wall C. Canadian National Breast Scrteening Study I, breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 40-49 years. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 147: 1459-76.
38. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Clarke EA, Shapiro S. A case-control study of the risk of breast cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 1437-44.
39. Ursin G, Aragaki CC, Paganini-Hill A, Siemiatycki J, Thompson WD, Haile RW. Oral contraceptives and premenopausal bilateral breast cancer: a case-control study. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 414-19.
40. Wang Q-S, Ross RK, Yu MC, Ning J-P, Henderson BE, Kimm HT. A case-control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers Prevent 1992; 1: 435-39.
41. Yang CP, Daling JR, Band PR, Gallagher RP, White E, Weiss NS. Non-contraceptive hormone use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 475-79.
42. Calle EE, Martin LM, Thun MJ, Miracle HL, Heath CW Jr. Family history, age, and risk of fatal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 675-81.
43. Ngelangel CA, Lacaya LB, Cordero C, Laudico AV. Risk factors for breast cancer among Filipino women. Phil J Intern Med 1994; 32: 231-36.
44. Morabia A, Szklo M, Stewart W, Schuman L, Thomas DB. Consistent lack of association between breast cancer and oral contraceptives using either hospital or neighbourhood controls. Prevent Med 1993; 22: 178-86.
45. Tavani A, Negri E, Franceschi S, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer in Northern Italy: final report from a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 68-71.
46. Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Exogenous hormones and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results from the Netherlands cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 416-24.
47. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 81-87.
48. Primic-Zakelj M, Evstifeeva T, Ravnihar B, Boyle P. Breast cancer risk and oral contraceptive use in Slovenian women aged 25 to 54. Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 414-20.
49. Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE for the Netherlands Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Study Group. Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer in women aged 20-54 years. Lancet 1994; 344: 844-51.
50. White E, Malone KE, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Breast cancer among young US women in relation to oral contraceptive use. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 505-14.
51. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a cooperative Italian study. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 163-67.
52. Rossing MA, Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Habel LA. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. Am J Epidemiol (in press).
53. Brinton LA, Daling JR, Liff JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among younger women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 827-35.
54. Paffenbarger RS, Fasal E, Simmons ME, Kampert JB. Cancer risk as related to use of oral contraceptives during fertile years. Cancer 1977; 39: 1887-91.
55. Sartwell PE, Arthes FG, Tonascia JA. Exogenous hormones, reproductive history and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977; 59: 1589-92.
56. Kelsey JL, Holford TR, White C, Mayer ES, Kilty SE, Acheson RM. Oral contraceptives and breast disease: an epidemiological study. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107: 236-44.
57. Ravnihar B, Seigel DG, Lindtner J. An epidemiologic study of breast cancer and benign breast neoplasias in relation to the oral contraceptive and estrogen use. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15: 395-405.
58. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray RM, Hsu J-P. The Walnut Creek contraceptive drug study: a prospective study of the side effects of oral cont raceptives. In: NIH publication no 81-564. Centre for Population Research Monograph. Volume III. Bethesda: NIH, 1981: 43-69.
59. Janerich DT, Polednak AP, Glebartis DM, Lawrence CE. Breast cancer and oral contraceptive use: a case-control study. J Chron Dis 1983 36: 639-46.
60. Brownson RC, Blackwell CW, Pearson DK, Reynolds RD, Richens JW, Papermaster BW. Risk of breast cancer in relation to cigarette smoking. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 140-44.
61. Jick SS, Walker AM, Stergachis A, Jick H. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1989; 59: 618-21.
62. Harris RE, Zang EA, Eynder EL. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 240-46.
63. Wynder EL, MacCornack FA, Stellman SD. The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women. Cancer 1978; 41: 2341-54.
64. Harris NV, Weiss NS, Francis AM, Polissar L. Breast cancer in relation to patterns of oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 116: 643-51.
65. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Rao RS, et al. Case-control study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 25-37.
66. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception (in press).
67. Mantel N. Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration. Cancer Chemother Rep 1966; 50: 163-70.
68. Peto Rm Pike MC, Armitage P, et al. Design and analysis of randomised clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient: I introduction and design. Br J Cancer 1976; 34: 585-612.
69. Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, et al. Design and analysis of randomised clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient: II, analysis and examples. Br J Cancer 1977; 35: 1-39.
70. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31 000 recurrences and 24 000 deaths among 75 000 women. Lancet 1992; 339: 1-15.
71. Easton DF, Peto J, Babiker AGAG. Floating absolute risk: an alternative to relative risk in survival and case-control analysis avoiding an arbitrary reference group. Stat Med 1991; 10: 1025-35.