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Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 490-498

Analyzing the surface temperature depression in hot stage atomic force microscopy with unheated cantilevers: Application to the crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CRYSTALLIZATION; HEAT TRANSFER; PHASE TRANSITIONS; POLYETHYLENE OXIDES; SUPERCOOLING; THIN FILMS;

EID: 0037154503     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la010977x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (99)
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    • Studies on polymer crystallization close to room temperature (without active control of the specimen temperature) have been reported: (a) Hobbs, J.K.; McMaster, T.J.; Miles, M.J.; Barham, P.J. Polymer 1998, 39, 2437-2446. (b) McMaster, T.J.; Hobbs, J.K.; Barham, P.J. Miles, M.J. Probe Microsc. 1997, 1, 43. (c) Li, L.; Chan, C.-M.; Yeung, K.L.; Li, J.-X.; Ng, K.-M.; Lei, Y. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 316-325.
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    • Studies on polymer crystallization close to room temperature (without active control of the specimen temperature) have been reported: (a) Hobbs, J.K.; McMaster, T.J.; Miles, M.J.; Barham, P.J. Polymer 1998, 39, 2437-2446. (b) McMaster, T.J.; Hobbs, J.K.; Barham, P.J. Miles, M.J. Probe Microsc. 1997, 1, 43. (c) Li, L.; Chan, C.-M.; Yeung, K.L.; Li, J.-X.; Ng, K.-M.; Lei, Y. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 316-325.
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    • Different hot stage designs have been described; see also refs, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17: (a) Musevic, I.; Slak, G.; Blinc, R. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 2554-2556. (b) Prilliman, S.G.; Kavanagh, A.M.; Scher, E.C.; Robertson, S.T.; Hwang, K.S.; Colvin, V.L. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 3245-3250. (c) DiBattista M.; Patel, S.V.; Mansfield, J.F.; Schwank, J.W. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 141, 119-128. (d) Takashige M.; Hamazaki, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Shimizu, F. Ferroelectrics 2000, 240, 1359-1366.
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    • Different hot stage designs have been described; see also refs, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17: (a) Musevic, I.; Slak, G.; Blinc, R. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 2554-2556. (b) Prilliman, S.G.; Kavanagh, A.M.; Scher, E.C.; Robertson, S.T.; Hwang, K.S.; Colvin, V.L. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 3245-3250. (c) DiBattista M.; Patel, S.V.; Mansfield, J.F.; Schwank, J.W. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 141, 119-128. (d) Takashige M.; Hamazaki, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Shimizu, F. Ferroelectrics 2000, 240, 1359-1366.
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    • Different hot stage designs have been described; see also refs, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17: (a) Musevic, I.; Slak, G.; Blinc, R. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 2554-2556. (b) Prilliman, S.G.; Kavanagh, A.M.; Scher, E.C.; Robertson, S.T.; Hwang, K.S.; Colvin, V.L. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 3245-3250. (c) DiBattista M.; Patel, S.V.; Mansfield, J.F.; Schwank, J.W. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 141, 119-128. (d) Takashige M.; Hamazaki, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Shimizu, F. Ferroelectrics 2000, 240, 1359-1366.
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    • 6144233706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different hot stage designs have been described; see also refs, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17: (a) Musevic, I.; Slak, G.; Blinc, R. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 2554-2556. (b) Prilliman, S.G.; Kavanagh, A.M.; Scher, E.C.; Robertson, S.T.; Hwang, K.S.; Colvin, V.L. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 3245-3250. (c) DiBattista M.; Patel, S.V.; Mansfield, J.F.; Schwank, J.W. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 141, 119-128. (d) Takashige M.; Hamazaki, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Shimizu, F. Ferroelectrics 2000, 240, 1359-1366.
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    • note
    • If the temperature gradient between sample surface and AFM tip is eliminated, e.g., by working in liquid or by using heatable cantilevers, this effect is not present.
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    • It should be mentioned that it was necessary to adjust the excitation frequency of the cantilever oscillation at regular intervals due to condensation of n-alkanoic acid on top of the cantilever.
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    • In ref 22 the different relevant mechanisms of heat transfer are discussed. Solid solid conduction and conduction through a liquid film that forms owing to capillary condensation can be excluded based on the observed distance dependence; i.e., there is no physical contact between surface and tip. Due to its magnitude near-field radiative heat transfer may only become relevant for ultrahigh vacuum environments.
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    • note
    • Materials with low heat conduction are for instance typical organic and polymeric materials, with thermal conductivlties between 0.14 and 0.39 W/(K m).
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    • note
    • This estimate is based on the best fit for the experimental data obtained in argon and air and agrees very well with the geometry of the cantilever-tip assembly.
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    • note
    • This typical thickness is derived from AFM experiments.
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    • Reference 31, p 762
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    • note
    • It should be mentioned that the experimental data must be considered a lower estimate.
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    • note
    • Constant purge times were used; however, the glovebox is not sealed well enough to keep a 100% helium atmosphere.
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    • For a complete listing of references on morphological and kinetic work on the crystallization of PEO see refs 11, 12, 42, and 45
    • For a complete listing of references on morphological and kinetic work on the crystallization of PEO see refs 11, 12, 42, and 45.
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    • Personal communication
    • The film thicknesses of the solvent cast PEO films investigated by Vancso et al. were on the order of tens of micrometers (Vancso, G.J. Personal communication).
    • Vancso, G.J.1
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    • note
    • 2.
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    • In addition, the lamellar growth rates are a strong function of film thickness for thicknesses below 200 nm (Schönherr, H.; Waymouth, R.M.; Hawker, C.J.; Frank, C.W. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2001, 84, 453-454). For the complete study of the film thickness and molar mass dependence of the crystallization of various PEO materials see: Schönherr, H.; Frank, C.W. In preparation.
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    • In preparation
    • In addition, the lamellar growth rates are a strong function of film thickness for thicknesses below 200 nm (Schönherr, H.; Waymouth, R.M.; Hawker, C.J.; Frank, C.W. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2001, 84, 453-454). For the complete study of the film thickness and molar mass dependence of the crystallization of various PEO materials see: Schönherr, H.; Frank, C.W. In preparation.
    • Schönherr, H.1    Frank, C.W.2
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    • note
    • This estimate is based on the growth of a lamellar crystal over the distance of a typical scan size of 20 μm within the time elapsed to capture six subsequent images using the following parameters: resolution = 128 pixels/line, 16 lines scanned, scan rate = 2.5-5.0 Hz.
  • 96
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    • note
    • 43.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.