Direct observations of the growth of spherulites of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) using atomic force microscopy

Polymer

Volumn 39, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 2437-2446

  Hobbs, J K ^a   McMaster, T J ^a   Miles, M J ^a   Barham, P J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

AFM; Crystal growth; Spherulite

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CRYSTAL GROWTH; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; THIN FILMS;

LAMELLAR GROWTH; POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE COVALERATE; SPHERULITES;

ORGANIC POLYMERS;

EID: 0032097650     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00586-7     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bernauer, F., Gedrillte Kristalle. Borstrager, Berlin, 1929.
2. Bassett, D. C., Principles of Polymer Morphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.
3. Keller, A., J. Polym. Sci., 1995, 17, 291.
4. Keller, A., J. Polym. Sci., 1995, 17, 351.
5. Keller, A. and Waring, J. R. S., J. Polym. Sci., 1955, 17, 447.
6. Keller, A., J. Polym. Sci., 1959, 39, 151.
7. Keith, H. D. and Padden, F. J., J. Polym. Sci., 1959, 39, 101.
8. Price, F. P., J. Polym. Sci., 1959, 39, 139.
9. Johannsen, A., A Descriptive Petrography of Igneous Rocks. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1931.
10. Keller, A. and Sawada, S., Makromol. Chem., 1964, 74, 190.
11. Lustiger, A., Lotz, B. and Duff, T. S., J. Polym. Sci. B. Polym. Phys., 1989, 27, 561.
12. Singfield, K. L., Klass, J. M. and Brown, G. R., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 8006.
13. Schonherr, R., Snetvy, D. and Julius Vansco, G., Polym. Bull., 1993, 30, 567.
14. Bassett, D. C. and Hodge, A. M., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1981, A377, 25.
15. Bassett, D. C. and Hodge, A. M., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1981, A377, 39.
16. Bassett, D. C. and Hodge, A. M., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1981, A377, 61.
17. Organ, S. J. and Barham, P. J., J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26, 1368.
18. Palys, L. H. and Phillips, P. J., J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed., 1980, 18, 829.
19. Keith, H. D. and Padden, F. J., Polymer, 1984, 25, 28.
20. Keith, H. D. and Padden, F. J., J. Polym. Sci. Lett. Ed., 1961, 51, 54.
21. Bassett, D. C., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1994, A348, 29.
22. Langer, J. S., Rev. Mod. Phys., 1980, 52, 1.
23. Ben-Jacob, E., Deutscher, G., Garik, P., Goldenfield, N. D. and Lareah, Y., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1903, 1986, 57.
24. Lauritzen, J. I. and Hoffman, J. D., J. Res. Nat. Phys. Chem., 1960, 648, 73.
25. Frank, F. C. and Tosi, M., Proc. R. Soc., 1961, A263, 323.
26. Lauritzen, J. I. and Hoffman, J. D., J. Appl. Phys., 1973, 44, 4340.
27. Hoffman, J. D., Lauritzen, J. I. and Davis, G. T., in Treatise on Solid State Chemistry, ed. N. B. Hannay. Plenum Press, New York, 1976.
28. Sadler, D. M. and Gilmer, G. H., Polymer, 1984, 25, 1446.
29. Armistead, K. A. and Goldbeck-Wood, G., Advances in Polymer Science, 1992, 100, 219.
30. Thomson, N. H., Miles, M. J., Ring, S. G., Shewry, P. R. and Tatham, A. S., J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B, 1994, 12, 1565.
31. Zhong, Q., Innis, D., Kjoller, K. and Elings, V. B., Surf. Sci. Lett., 1993, 290, 688.
32. Magonov, S. N., Kemps, S., Kinning, M. and Cantour, H. J., Polym. Bull., 1991, 26, 715.
33. Shakesheff, K. M., Davies, M. C., Domb, A., Jackson, D. E., Roberts, C. J., Tendler, S. J. B. and Williams, P. M., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 1108.
34. Shakesheff, K. M., Davies, M. C., Roberts, C. J., Tendler, S. J. B., Shard, A. G. and Domb, A., Langmuir, 1994, 10, 4417.
35. Davies, M. C., Shakesheff, K. M., Shard, A. G., Domb, A., Roberts, C. J., Tendler, S. J. B. and Williams, P. M., Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 2205.
36. Harron, H. R., Pritchard, R. G., Cope, B. C. and Goddard, D. T., J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 1996, 34, 173.
37. Leclère, Ph., Lazzaroni, R., Bredas, J. L., Yu. J. M., Dubois, Ph. and Jerome, R., Langmuir, 1996, 12, 4317.
38. Barham, P. J., Keller, A., Otun, E. L. and Holmes, P. A., J. Mater. Sci., 1984, 19, 2781.
39. Barham, P. J., J. Mater. Sci., 1984, 19, 3826.
40. Akhtar, S., Pouton, C. W. and Notarianni, L. J., Polymer, 1992, 33, 117.
41. Organ, S. J. and Barham, P. J., J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1989, 8, 621.
42. McMaster, T. J., Hobbs, J. K., Barham, P. J. and Miles, M. J., Probe Microscopy, 1997, 1, 43.
43. Davis, G. T., Eby, R. K. and Colson, J. P., J. Appl. Phys., 1970, 41, 4316.
44. Hoffman, J. D. and Miller, R. L., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 3038.