Current Methods for Loading Dendritic Cells with Tumor Antigen for the Induction of Antitumor Immunity

Journal of Immunotherapy

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 289-303

  Zhou, Yaling ^a   Bosch, Marnix L ^a   Salgaller, Michael L ^a  

^a Northwest Biotherapeutics Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Antigen presentation; Antigen presenting cells; Cancer vaccines; Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; Dendritic cells; Immunotherapy; Neoplasm antigens; Viral vaccines

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TOXIN; DNA; FC RECEPTOR; LIPOSOME; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; RNA; TUMOR ANTIGEN; CANCER VACCINE; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ANIMAL; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; REVIEW; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CROSS REACTION; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG SPECIFICITY; EVALUATION AND FOLLOW UP; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; BACTERIAL TOXINS; DENDRITIC CELLS; DNA, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, ACTIVE; LIPOSOMES; PEPTIDES; PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, IGG; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; RNA, NEOPLASM; ANIMAL; HUMAN;

EID: 0035990375     PISSN: 15249557     EISSN: 15374513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200207000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, et al. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996; 2:52-8.
2. Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1998; 4:328-32.
3. Thurner B, Haendle I, Roder C, et al. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1669-78.
4. Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M, et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6451-8.
5. Reichardt VL, Okada CY, Liso A, et al. Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma-a feasibility study. Blood 1999; 93:2411-9.
6. Holtl L, Rieser C, Papesh C, et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with antigen pulsed dendritic cells. J Urol 1999; 161:777-82.
7. Kugler A, Stuhler G, Walden P, et al. Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat Med 2000; 6:332-6.
8. Salgaller ML, Thurnher M, Bartsch G, et al. Report from the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) Tumor Biology Committee: UICC workshop on the use of dendritic cells in cancer clinical trials. Cancer 1999; 86:2674-83.
9. Fong L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:245-73.
10. Bhardwaj N. Processing and presentation of antigens by dendritic cells: implications for vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7:388-94.
11. Nestle FO. Dendritic cell vaccination for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2000; 19:6673-9.
12. Disis ML, Grabstein KH, Sleath PR, et al. Generation of immunity to the HER-2/neu oncogenic protein in patients with breast and ovarian cancer using a peptide-based vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:1289-97.
13. el-Shami K, Tirosh B, Bar-Haim E, et al. MHC class I-restricted epitope spreading in the context of tumor rejection following vaccination with a single immunodominant CTL epitope. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3295-301.
14. Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, et al. Induction of a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte response by cross-priming requires cognate CD4+ T cell help. J Exp Med 1997; 186:65-70.
15. Hung K, Hayashi R, Lafond-Walker A, et al. The central role of CD4(+) T cells in the antitumor immune response. J Exp Med 1998; 188:2357-68.
16. Kalams SA, Walker BD. The critical need for CD4 help in maintaining effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med 1998; 188:2199-204.
17. Ikeda H, Lethe B, Lehmann F, et al. Characterization of an antigen that is recognized on a melanoma showing partial HLA loss by CTL expressing an NK inhibitory receptor. Immunity 1997; 6:199-208.
18. Slingluff Jr., CL, Colella TA, Thompson L, et al. Melanomas with concordant loss of multiple melanocytic differentiation proteins: immune escape that may be overcome by targeting unique or undefined antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 48:661-72.
19. Kerkmann-Tucek A, Banat GA, Cochlovius B, et al. Antigen loss variants of a murine renal cell carcinoma: implications for tumor vaccination. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:114-22.
20. Storkus WJ, Zeh 3rd, HJ, Salter RD, et al. Identification of T-cell epitopes: rapid isolation of class I-presented peptides from viable cells by mild acid elution. J Immunother 1993; 14:94-103.
21. Zitvogel L, Mayordomo JI, Tjandrawan T, et al. Therapy of murine tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: dependence on T cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell 1-associated cytokines. J Exp Med 1996; 183:87-97.
22. Ribas A, Bui LA, Butterfield LH, et al. Antitumor protection using murine dendritic cells pulsed with acid-eluted peptides from in vivo grown tumors of different immunogenicities. Anticancer Res 1999; 19:1165-70.
23. Santin AD, Bellone S, Ravaggi A, et al. Induction of ovarian tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by acid-eluted peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cells. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96:422-30.
24. Liau LM, Black KL, Prins RM, et al. Treatment of intracranial gliomas with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens. J Neurosurg 1999; 90:1115-24.
25. Herr W, Ranieri E, Olson W, et al. Mature dendritic cells pulsed with freeze-thaw cell lysates define an effective in vitro vaccine designed to elicit EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses. Blood 2000; 96:1857-64.
26. Nair SK, Boczkowski D, Snyder D, et al. Antigen-presenting cells pulsed with unfractionated tumor-derived peptides are potent tumor vaccines. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:589-97.
27. Roskrow MA, Dilloo D, Suzuki N, et al. Autoimmune disease induced by dendritic cell immunization against leukemia. Leuk Res 1999; 23:549-57.
28. Liau LM, Black KL, Martin NA, et al. Treatment of a glioblastoma patient by vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I-matched tumor peptides. Neurosurg Focus 2000; 9:1-5.
29. Yu JS, Wheeler CJ, Zeltzer PM, et al. Vaccination of malignant glioma patients with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells elicits systemic cytotoxicity and intracranial T-cell infiltration. Cancer Res 2001; 61:842-7.
30. Sugawara S, Abo T, Kumagai K. A simple method to eliminate the antigenicity of surface class I MHC molecules from the membrane of viable cells by acid treatment at pH 3. J Immunol Methods 1987; 100:83-90.
31. Diacumakos EG, Holland S, Pecora P. A microsurgical methodology for human cells in vitro: evolution and applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 65:911-8.
32. Furusawa M, Nishimura T, Yamaizumi M, et al. Injection of foreign substances into single cells by cell fusion. Nature 1974; 249:449-50.
33. Kriegler MP, Livingston DM. Chemically facilitated microinjection of proteins into intact monolayers of tissue culture cells. Somatic Cell Genet 1977; 3:603-10.
34. McElligott MA, Dice JF. Microinjection of cultured cells using red-cell-mediated fusion and osmotic lysis of pinosomes: a review of methods and applications. Biosci Rep 1984; 4:451-66.
35. Poste G, Papahadjopoulos D, Vail WJ. Lipid vesicles as carriers for introducing biologically active materials into cells. Methods Cell Biol 1976; 14:33-71.
36. Okada CY, Rechsteiner M. Introduction of macromolecules into cultured mammalian cells by osmotic lysis of pinocytic vesicles. Cell 1982; 29:33-41.
37. McNeil PL, Murphy RF, Lanni F, et al. A method for incorporating macromolecules into adherent cells. J Cell Biol 1984; 98:1556-64.
38. Li Y, Ke Y, Gottlieb PD, et al. Delivery of exogenous antigen into the major histocompatibility complex class I and class II pathways by electroporation. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 56:616-24.
39. McNeil PL, Warder E. Glass beads load macromolecules into living cells. J Cell Sci 1987; 88:669-78.
40. Shen Z, Reznikoff G, Dranoff G, et al. Cloned dendritic cells can present exogenous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules. J Immunol 1997; 158:2723-30.
41. Lee G, Delohery TM, Ronai Z, et al. A comparison of techniques for introducing macromolecules into living cells. Cytometry 1993; 14:265-70.
42. Rock KL, Gamble S, Rothstein L. Presentation of exogenous antigen with class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. Science 1990; 249:918-21.
43. Moore MW, Carbone FR, Bevan MJ. Introduction of soluble protein into the class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation. Cell 1988; 54:777-85.
44. Norbury CC, Hewlett LJ, Prescott AR, et al. Class I MHC presentation of exogenous soluble antigen via macropinocytosis in bone marrow macrophages. Immunity 1995; 3:783-91.
45. Swanson JA, Watts C. Macropinocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 1995; 5:424-8.
46. Racoosin EL, Swanson JA. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rM-CSF) stimulates pinocytosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages. J Exp Med 1989; 170:1635-48.
47. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, et al. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med 1995; 182:389-400.
48. Norbury CC, Chambers BJ, Prescott AR, et al. Constitutive macropinocytosis allows TAP-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble antigen by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:280-8.
49. Lutz MB, Rovere P, Kleijmeer MJ, et al. Intracellular routes and selective retention of antigens in mildly acidic cathepsin D/lysosome-associated membrane protein-1/MHC class II-positive vesicles in immature dendritic cells. J Immunol 1997; 159:3707-16.
50. Paglia P, Chiodoni C, Rodolfo M, et al. Murine dendritic cells loaded in vitro with soluble protein prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes against tumor antigen in vivo. J Exp Med 1996; 183:317-22.
51. Porgador A, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Induction of antitumor immunity using bone marrow-generated dendritic cells. J Immunol 1996; 156:2918-26.
52. Brossart P, Goldrath AW, Butz EA, et al. Virus-mediated delivery of antigenic epitopes into dendritic cells as a means to induce CTL. J Immunol 1997; 158:3270-6.
53. Mitchell DA, Nair SK, Gilboa E. Dendritic cell/macrophage precursors capture exogenous antigen for MHC class I presentation by dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1923-33.
54. Brossart P, Bevan MJ. Presentation of exogenous protein antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by dendritic cells: pathway of presentation and regulation by cytokines. Blood 1997; 90:1594-9.
55. Labeur MS, Roters B, Pers B, et al. Generation of tumor immunity by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells correlates with dendritic cell maturation stage. J Immunol 1999; 162:168-75.
56. Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Sapp M, et al. Rapid generation of broad T-cell immunity in humans after a single injection of mature dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:173-80.
57. Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1109-18.
58. Cella M, Scheidegger D, Palmer-Lehmann K, et al. Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation. J Exp Med 1996; 184:747-52.
59. Verdijk RM, Mutis T, Esendam B, et al. Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induces stable maturation of functionally active human dendritic cells. J Immunol 1999; 163:57-61.
60. Hoffmann TK, Meidenbauer N, Muller-Berghaus J, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines and CD40 ligand enhance cross-presentation and cross-priming capability of human dendritic cells internalizing apoptotic cancer cells. J Immunother 2001; 24:162-71.
61. Hoffmann TK, Meidenbauer N, Dworacki G, et al. Generation of tumor-specific T-lymphocytes by cross-priming with human dendritic cells ingesting apoptotic tumor cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60:3542-9.
62. Schnurr M, Galambos P, Scholz C, et al. Tumor cell lysate-pulsed human dendritic cells induce a T-cell response against pancreatic carcinoma cells: an in vitro model for the assessment of tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6445-50.
63. Jonuleit H, Kuhn U, Muller G, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins induce maturation of potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells under fetal calf serum-free conditions. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3135-42.
64. + T cells for efficient tumor cell lysis. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4446-52.
65. Kurokawa T, Oelke M, Mackensen A. Induction and clonal expansion of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from renal cell carcinoma patients after stimulation with autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:749-56.
66. Salgaller ML. Prostate cancer immunotherapy. Better choices for patients and clinicians. Oncology Spectrums 2001; 2:464-70.
67. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998; 392:245-52.
68. Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:767-811.
69. Steinman RM, Swanson J. The endocytic activity of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1995; 182:283-8.
70. Fanger NA, Wardwell K, Shen L, et al. Type I (CD64) and type II (CD32) Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis by human blood dendritic cells. J Immunol 1996; 157:541-8.
71. Fanger NA, Voigtlaender D, Liu C, et al. Characterization of expression, cytokine regulation, and effector function of the high affinity IgG receptor Fc gamma RI (CD64) expressed on human blood dendritic cells. J Immunol 1997; 158:3090-8.
72. Rodriguez A, Regnault A, Kleijmeer M, et al. Selective transport of internalized antigens to the cytosol for MHC class I presentation in dendritic cells. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:362-8.
73. Regnault A, Lankar D, Lacabanne V, et al. Fcgamma receptor-mediated induction of dendritic cell maturation and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation after immune complex internalization. J Exp Med 1999; 189:371-80.
74. Guyre CA, Barreda ME, Swink SL, et al. Colocalization of Fc gamma RI-targeted antigen with class I MHC: implications for antigen processing. J Immunol 2001; 166:2469-78.
75. Wallace PK, Tsang KY, Goldstein J, et al. Exogenous antigen targeted to FcgammaRI on myeloid cells is presented in association with MHC class I. J Immunol Methods 2001; 248:183-94.
76. Maurer D, Fiebiger E, Reininger B, et al. Fc epsilon receptor I on dendritic cells delivers IgE-bound multivalent antigens into a cathepsin S-dependent pathway of MHC class II presentation. J Immunol 1998; 161:2731-9.
77. Jiang W, Swiggard WJ, Heufler C, et al. The receptor DEC-205 expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells is involved in antigen processing. Nature 1995; 375:151-5.
78. Engering AJ, Cella M, Fluitsma D, et al. The mannose receptor functions as a high capacity and broad specificity antigen receptor in human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2417-25.
79. Tan MC, Mommaas AM, Drijfhout JW, et al. Mannose receptor-mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2426-35.
80. Arnold-Schild D, Hanau D, Spehner D, et al. Cutting edge: receptor-mediated endocytosis of heat shock proteins by professional antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 1999; 162:3757-60.
81. Todryk S, Melcher AA, Hardwick N, et al. Heat shock protein 70 induced during tumor cell killing induces Th1 cytokines and targets immature dendritic cell precursors to enhance antigen uptake. J Immunol 1999; 163:1398-408.
82. Castellino F, Boucher PE, Eichelberg K, et al. Receptor-mediated uptake of antigen/heat shock protein complexes results in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation via two distinct processing pathways. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1957-64.
83. Nair S, Zhou F, Reddy R, et al. Soluble proteins delivered to dendritic cells via pH-sensitive liposomes induce primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vitro. J Exp Med 1992; 175:609-12.
84. Nair S, Babu JS, Dunham RG, et al. Induction of primary, antiviral cytotoxic, and proliferative responses with antigens administered via dendritic cells. J Virol 1993; 67:4062-9.
85. Ludewig B, McCoy K, Pericin M, et al. Rapid peptide turnover and inefficient presentation of exogenous antigen critically limit the activation of self-reactive CTL by dendritic cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:3678-87.
86. Zheng L, Huang XL, Fan Z, et al. Delivery of liposome-encapsulated HIV type 1 proteins to human dendritic cells for stimulation of HIV type 1-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1011-20.
87. Reddy R, Zhou F, Huang L, et al. pH sensitive liposomes provide an efficient means of sensitizing target cells to class I restricted CTL recognition of a soluble protein. J Immunol Methods 1991; 141:157-63.
88. Chen W, Carbone FR, McCluskey J. Electroporation and commercial liposomes efficiently deliver soluble protein into the MHC class I presentation pathway. Priming in vitro and in vivo for class I-restricted recognition of soluble antigen. J Immunol Methods 1993; 160:49-57.
89. Serre K, Machy P, Grivel JC, et al. Efficient presentation of multivalent antigens targeted to various cell surface molecules of dendritic cells and surface Ig of antigen-specific B cells. J Immunol 1998; 161:6059-67.
90. Machy P, Serre K, Leserman L. Class I-restricted presentation of exogenous antigen acquired by Fcgamma receptor-mediated endocytosis is regulated in dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:848-57.
91. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 1998; 441:353-6.
92. Ignatius R, Mahnke K, Rivera M, et al. Presentation of proteins encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes by dendritic cells initiates CD8(+) T-cell responses in vivo. Blood 2000; 96:3505-13.
93. Nakanishi T, Hayashi A, Kunisawa J, et al. Fusogenic liposomes efficiently deliver exogenous antigen through the cytoplasm into the MHC class I processing pathway. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:1740-7.
94. Kono K, Iwamoto M, Nishikawa R, et al. Design of fusogenic liposomes using a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative having amino groups. J Control Release 2000; 68:225-35.
95. Guo X, Szoka Jr. FC, Steric stabilization of fusogenic liposomes by a low-pH sensitive PEG-diortho ester-lipid conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:291-300.
96. Shen WC, Ryser HJ. Conjugation of poly-L-lysine to albumin and horseradish peroxidase: a novel method of enhancing the cellular uptake of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:1872-6.
97. Laus R, Graddis TJ, Hakim I, et al. Enhanced major histocompatibility complex class I-dependent presentation of antigens modified with cationic and fusogenic peptides. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:1269-72.
98. Green M, Loewenstein PM. Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein. Cell 1988; 55:1179-88.
99. Frankel AD, Pabo CO. Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 1988; 55:1189-93.
100. Fawell S, Seery J, Daikh Y, et al. Tat-mediated delivery of heterologous proteins into cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:664-8.
101. Vives E, Brodin P, Lebleu B. A truncated HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates in the cell nucleus. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:16010-7.
102. Kim DT, Mitchell DJ, Brockstedt DG, et al. Introduction of soluble proteins into the MHC class I pathway by conjugation to an HIV tat peptide. J Immunol 1997; 159:1666-8.
103. Nagahara H, Vocero-Akbani AM, Snyder EL, et al. Transduction of full-length TAT fusion proteins into mammalian cells: TAT-p27Kip1 induces cell migration. Nat Med 1998; 4:1449-52.
104. Ezhevsky SA, Nagahara H, Vocero-Akbani AM, et al. Hypo-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complexes results in active pRb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10699-704.
105. Lissy NA, Van Dyk LF, Becker-Hapak M, et al. TCR antigen-induced cell death occurs from a late G1 phase cell cycle check point. Immunity 1998; 8:57-65.
106. Gius DR, Ezhevsky SA, Becker-Hapak M, et al. Transduced p16INK4a peptides inhibit hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle progression prior to activation of Cdk2 complexes in late G1. Cancer Res 1999; 59:2577-80.
107. Schwarze SR, Ho A, Vocero-Akbani A, et al. in vivo protein transduction: delivery of a biologically active protein into the mouse. Science 1999; 285:1569-72.
108. Schutze-Redelmeier MP, Gournier H, Garcia-Pons F, et al. Introduction of exogenous antigens into the MHC class I processing and presentation pathway by Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain primes cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Immunol 1996; 157:650-5.
109. Lu J, Wettstein PJ, Higashimoto Y, et al. TAP-independent presentation of CTL epitopes by Trojan antigens. J Immunol 2001; 166:7063-71.
110. Derossi D, Chassaing G, Prochiantz A. Trojan peptides: the penetratin system for intracellular delivery. Trends Cell Biol 1998; 8:84-7.
111. Plank C, Oberhauser B, Mechtler K, et al. The influence of endosome-disruptive peptides on gene transfer using synthetic virus-like gene transfer systems. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:12918-24.
112. Haicheur N, Bismuth E, Bosset S, et al. The B subunit of Shiga toxin fused to a tumor antigen elicits CTL and targets dendritic cells to allow MHC class I-restricted presentation of peptides derived from exogenous antigens. J Immunol 2000; 165:3301-8.
113. Guermonprez P, Ladant D, Karimova G, et al. Direct delivery of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. J Immunol 1999; 162:1910-6.
114. Stenmark H, Moskaug JO, Madshus IH, et al. Peptides fused to the amino-terminal end of diphtheria toxin are translocated to the cytosol. J Cell Biol 1991; 113:1025-32.
115. Madshus IH. The N-terminal alpha-helix of fragment B of diphtheria toxin promotes translocation of fragment A into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:17723-9.
116. Donnelly JJ, Ulmer JB, Hawe LA, et al. Targeted delivery of peptide epitopes to class I major histocompatibility molecules by a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:3530-4.
117. Ballard JD, Collier RJ, Starnbach MN. Anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of a cytotoxic T-cell epitope in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12531-4.
118. Goletz TJ, Klimpel KR, Arora N, et al. Targeting HIV proteins to the major histocompatibility complex class I processing pathway with a novel gp120-anthrax toxin fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:12059-64.
119. Ballard JD, Doling AM, Beauregard K, et al. Anthrax toxin-mediated delivery in vivo and in vitro of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope from ovalbumin. Infect Immun 1998; 66:615-9.
120. Fayolle C, Sebo P, Ladant D, et al. in vivo induction of CTL responses by recombinant adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis carrying viral CD8+ T cell epitopes. J Immunol 1996; 156:4697-706.
121. Saron MF, Fayolle C, Sebo P, et al. Anti-viral protection conferred by recombinant adenylate cyclase toxins from Bordetella pertussis carrying a CD8+ T cell epitope from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3314-9.
122. Fayolle C, Ladant D, Karimova G, et al. Therapy of murine tumors with recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase carrying a cytotoxic T cell epitope. J Immunol 1999; 162:4157-62.
123. Fields RC, Shimizu K, Mule JJ. Murine dendritic cells pulsed with whole tumor lysates mediate potent antitumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:9482-7.
124. Lambert LA, Gibson GR, Maloney M, et al. Intranodal immunization with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells enhances protective antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2001; 61:641-6.
125. Shimizu K, Thomas EK, Giedlin M, et al. Enhancement of tumor lysate- and peptide-pulsed dendritic cell-based vaccines by the addition of foreign helper protein. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2618-24.
126. Ashley DM, Faiola B, Nair S, et al. Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extracts or tumor RNA induce antitumor immunity against central nervous system tumors. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1177-82.
127. Nair SK, Snyder D, Rouse BT, et al. Regression of tumors in mice vaccinated with professional antigen-presenting cells pulsed with tumor extracts. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:706-15.
128. Yoshida S, Morii K, Watanabe M, et al. The generation of anti-tumoral cells using dentritic cells from the peripheral bloood of patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 50:321-7.
129. Ni HT, Spellman SR, Jean WC, et al. Immunization with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extract increases survival of mice bearing intracranial gliomas. J Neurooncol 2001; 51:1-9.
130. Mulders P, Tso CL, Gitlitz B, et al. Presentation of renal tumor antigens by human dendritic cells activates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against autologous tumor: implications for live kidney cancer vaccines. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:445-54.
131. Thurnher M, Rieser C, Holtl L, et al. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int 1998; 61:67-71.
132. Bremers AJ, Andreola S, Leo E, et al. T cell responses in colorectal cancer patients: evidence for class II HLA-restricted recognition of shared tumor-associated antigens. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:956-61.
133. Friedl J, Stift A, Paolini P, et al. Tumor antigen pulsed dendritic cells enhance the cytolytic activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human hepatocellular cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2000; 15:477-86.
134. Zhao X, Wei YQ, Peng ZL. Induction of T cell responses against autologous ovarian tumors with whole tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:33-45.
135. Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A, et al. in vitro induction of tumor-specific human lymphocyte antigen class I-restricted CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes by ovarian tumor antigen-pulsed autologous dendritic cells from patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:601-9.
136. Schott M, Feldkamp J, Schattenberg D, et al. Induction of cellular immunity in a parathyroid carcinoma treated with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 142:300-6.
137. Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A, et al. Development and therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred T cells primed by tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cells in a patient with metastatic endometrial cancer. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49:194-203.
138. Geiger J, Hutchinson R, Hohenkirk L, et al. Treatment of solid tumors in children with tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Lancet 2000; 356:1163-5.
139. Osman Y, Takahashi M, Zheng Z, et al. Activation of autologous or HLA-identical sibling cytotoxic T lymphocytes by blood derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cell extracts. Oncol Rep 1999; 6:1057-63.
140. Sauter B, Albert ML, Francisco L, et al. Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191:423-34.
141. Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 1998; 392:86-9.
142. Albert ML, Pearce SF, Francisco LM, et al. Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1359-68.
143. Son YI, Mailliard RB, Watkins SC, et al. Dendritic cells pulsed with apoptotic squamous cell carcinoma have anti-tumor effects when combined with interleukin-2. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:1472-8.
144. Ronchetti A, Rovere P, Iezzi G, et al. Immunogenicity of apoptotic cells in vivo: role of antigen load, antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines. J Immunol 1999; 163:130-6.
145. Rubartelli A, Poggi A, Zocchi MR. The selective engulfment of apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells is mediated by the alpha (v)beta3 integrin and requires intracellular and extracellular calcium. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1893-900.
146. Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, et al. Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1539-46.
147. Chen Z, Moyana T, Saxena A, et al. Efficient antitumor immunity derived from maturation of dendritic cells that had phagocytosed apoptotic/necrotic tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:539-48.
148. Chang JW, Peng M, Vaquerano JE, et al. Induction of Th1 response by dendritic cells pulsed with autologous melanoma apoptotic bodies. Anticancer Res 2000; 20:1329-36.
149. Gallucci S, Lolkema M, Matzinger P. Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells. Nat Med 1999; 5:1249-55.
150. Cuvillier O, Rosenthal DS, Smulson ME, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits activation of caspases that cleave poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamins during Fas- and ceramide-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2910-6.
151. Paczesny S, Beranger S, Salzmann JL, et al. Protection of mice against leukemia after vaccination with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2386-9.
152. Lambert LA, Gibson GR, Maloney M, et al. Equipotent generation of protective antitumor immunity by various methods of dendritic cell loading with whole cell tumor antigens. J Immunother 2001; 24:232-6.
153. Subklewe M, Paludan C, Tsang ML, et al. Dendritic cells cross-present latency gene products from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and expand tumor-reactive CD8(+) killer T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:405-11.
154. Inaba K, Turley S, Yamaide F, et al. Efficient presentation of phagocytosed cellular fragments on the major histocompatibility complex class II products of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1998; 188:2163-73.
155. Berard F, Blanco P, Davoust J, et al. Cross-priming of naive CD8 T cells against melanoma antigens using dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic melanoma cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1535-44.
156. Celluzzi CM, Falo Jr. LD, Physical interaction between dendritic cells and tumor cells results in an immunogen that induces protective and therapeutic tumor rejection. J Immunol 1998; 160:3081-5.
157. Gong J, Chen L, Chen D, et al. Induction of antigen-specific antitumor immunity with adenovirus-transduced dendritic cells. Gene Ther 1997; 4:1023-8.
158. Wang J, Saffold S, Cao X, et al. Eliciting T cell immunity against poorly immunogenic tumors by immunization with dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccines. J Immunol 1998; 161:5516-24.
159. Cao X, Zhang W, Wang J, et al. Therapy of established tumour with a hybrid cellular vaccine generated by using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genetically modified dendritic cells. Immunology 1999; 97:616-25.
160. Lespagnard L, Mettens P, Verheyden AM, et al. Dendritic cells fused with mastocytoma cells elicit therapeutic antitumor immunity. Int J Cancer 1998; 76:250-8.
161. Akasaki Y, Kikuchi T, Homma S, et al. Antitumor effect of immunizations with fusions of dendritic and glioma cells in a mouse brain tumor model. J Immunother 2001; 24:106-13.
162. Kikuchi T, Akasaki Y, Irie M, et al. Results of a phase I clinical trial of vaccination of glioma with fusions of dendritic and glioma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 50:337-44.
163. Gong J, Avigan D, Chen D, et al. Activation of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes by fusions of human dendritic cells and breast carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2715-8.
164. Trefzer U, Weingart G, Chen Y, et al. Hybrid cell vaccination for cancer immune therapy: first clinical trial with metastatic melanoma. Int J Cancer 2000; 85:618-26.
165. Gong J, Chen D, Kashiwaba M, et al. Induction of antitumor activity by immunization with fusions of dendritic and carcinoma cells. Nat Med 1997; 3:558-61.
166. Shu S, Cohen P. Tumor-dendritic cell fusion technology and immunotherapy strategies. J Immunother 2001; 24:99-100.
167. Zitvogel L, Regnault A, Lozier A, et al. Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Med 1998; 4:594-600.
168. Wolfers J, Lozier A, Raposo G, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes are a source of shared tumor rejection antigens for CTL cross-priming. Nat Med 2001; 7:297-303.
169. Amigorena S. Cancer immunotherapy using dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Medicina (B Aires) 2000; 60(Suppl 2):51-4.
170. Thery C, Boussac M, Veron P, et al. Proteomic analysis of dendritic cell-derived exosomes: a secreted subcellular compartment distinct from apoptotic vesicles. J Immunol 2001; 166:7309-18.
171. Raposo G, Nijman HW, Stoorvogel W, et al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1161-72.
172. Thery C, Regnault A, Garin J, et al. Molecular characterization of dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Selective accumulation of the heat shock protein hsc73. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:599-610.
173. Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Nam JH, et al. Induction of tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells transfected with messenger RNA amplified from tumor cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1028-34.
174. Heiser A, Maurice MA, Yancey DR, et al. Induction of polyclonal prostate cancer-specific CTL using dendritic cells transfected with amplified tumor RNA. J Immunol 2001; 166:2953-60.
175. Mitchell DA, Nair SK. RNA transfected dendritic cells as cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2000; 2:176-81.
176. Mitchell DA, Nair SK. RNA-transfected dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1065-9.
177. Heiser A, Maurice MA, Yancey DR, et al. Human dendritic cells transfected with renal tumor RNA stimulate polyclonal T-cell responses against antigens expressed by primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3388-93.
178. Zhang W, He L, Yuan Z, et al. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cells after genetic modification with lymphotactin. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1151-61.
179. Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, et al. Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1996; 184:465-72.
180. Koido S, Kashiwaba M, Chen D, et al. Induction of antitumor immunity by vaccination of dendritic cells transfected with MUC1 RNA. J Immunol 2000; 165:5713-9.
181. Nair SK, Boczkowski D, Morse M, et al. Induction of primary carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro using human dendritic cells transfected with RNA. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16:364-9.
182. Heiser A, Dahm P, Yancey DR, et al. Human dendritic cells transfected with RNA encoding prostate-specific antigen stimulate prostate-specific CTL responses in vitro. J Immunol 2000; 164:5508-14.
183. Heiser A, Coleman D, Dannull J, et al. Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:409-17.
184. Arthur JF, Butterfield LH, Roth MD, et al. A comparison of gene transfer methods in human dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 1997; 4:17-25.
185. Van Tendeloo VF, Snoeck HW, Lardon F, et al. Nonviral transfection of distinct types of human dendritic cells: high-efficiency gene transfer by electroporation into hematopoietic progenitor-but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Gene Ther 1998; 5:700-7.
186. Rughetti A, Biffoni M, Sabbatucci M, et al. Transfected human dendritic cells to induce antitumor immunity. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1458-66.
187. Irvine AS, Trinder PK, Laughton DL, et al. Efficient nonviral transfection of dendritic cells and their use for in vivo immunization. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:1273-8.
188. Walter E, Dreher D, Kok M, et al. Hydrophilic poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for the delivery of DNA to human-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Control Release 2001; 76:149-68.
189. Denis-Mize KS, Dupuis M, MacKichan ML, et al. Plasmid DNA adsorbed onto cationic microparticles mediates target gene expression and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2000; 7:2105-12.
190. Dietz AB, Vuk-Pavlovic S. High efficiency adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human dendritic cells. Blood 1998; 91:392-8.
191. Szabolcs P, Gallardo HF, Ciocon DH, et al. Retrovirally transduced human dendritic cells express a normal phenotype and potent T-cell stimulatory capacity. Blood 1997; 90:2160-7.
192. Kruse M, Rosorius O, Kratzer F, et al. Mature dendritic cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 exhibit inhibited T-cell stimulatory capacity. J Virol 2000; 74:7127-36.
193. Jenne L, Hauser C, Arrighi JF, et al. Poxvirus as a vector to transduce human dendritic cells for immunotherapy: abortive infection but reduced APC function. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1575-83.
194. Strobel I, Krumbholz M, Menke A, et al. Efficient expression of the tumor-associated antigen MAGE-3 in human dendritic cells, using an avian influenza virus vector. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:2207-18.
195. Velders MP, McElhiney S, Cassetti MC, et al. Eradication of established tumors by vaccination with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles delivering human papillomavirus 16 E7 RNA. Cancer Res 2001; 61:7861-7.
196. Zhong L, Granelli-Piperno A, Choi Y, et al. Recombinant adenovirus is an efficient and non-perturbing genetic vector for human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:964-72.
197. Boyd JM, Malstrom S, Subramanian T, et al. Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa and Bcl-2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins. Cell 1994; 79:341-51.
198. Spergel JM, Chen-Kiang S. Interleukin 6 enhances a cellular activity that functionally substitutes for E1A protein in transactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:6472-6.
199. Spergel JM, Hsu W, Akira S, et al. NF-IL6, a member of the C/EBP family, regulates E1A-responsive promoters in the absence of E1A. J Virol 1992; 66:1021-30.
200. Chiou SK, Tseng CC, Rao L, et al. Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein with Bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. J Virol 1994; 68:6553-66.
201. Doerfler W. Abortive infection and malignant transformation by adenoviruses: integration of viral DNA and control of viral gene expression by specific patterns of DNA methylation. Adv Virus Res 1991; 39:89-128.
202. Subklewe M, Chahroudi A, Schmaljohn A, et al. Induction of Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells pulsed with EBNA-3A peptides or UV-inactivated, recombinant EBNA-3A vaccinia virus. Blood 1999; 94:1372-81.
203. Salio M, Cella M, Suter M, et al. Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by herpes simplex virus. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3245-53.
204. Gruber A, Kan-Mitchell J, Kuhen KL, et al. Dendritic cells transduced by multiply deleted HIV-1 vectors exhibit normal phenotypes and functions and elicit an HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in vitro. Blood 2000; 96:1327-33.
205. Cella M, Salio M, Sakakibara Y, et al. Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. J Exp Med 1999; 189:821-9.
206. Kaplan JM, Yu Q, Piraino ST, et al. Induction of antitumor immunity with dendritic cells transduced with adenovirus vector-encoding endogenous tumor-associated antigens. J Immunol 1999; 163:699-707.
207. Rea D, Schagen FH, Hoeben RC, et al. Adenoviruses activate human dendritic cells without polarization toward a T-helper type 1-inducing subset. J Virol 1999; 73:10245-53.
208. Morelli AE, Larregina AT, Ganster RW, et al. Recombinant adenovirus induces maturation of dendritic cells via an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. J Virol 2000; 74:9617-28.
209. Jonuleit H, Tuting T, Steitz J, et al. Efficient transduction of mature CD83+ dendritic cells using recombinant adenovirus suppressed T cell stimulatory capacity. Gene Ther 2000; 7:249-54.
210. Yang Y, Li Q, Ertl HC, et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses to viral antigens create barriers to lung-directed gene therapy with recombinant adenoviruses. J Virol 1995; 69:2004-15.
211. Reeves ME, Royal RE, Lam JS, et al. Retroviral transduction of human dendritic cells with a tumor-associated antigen gene. Cancer Res 1996; 56:5672-7.
212. Kim CJ, Prevette T, Cormier J, et al. Dendritic cells infected with poxviruses encoding MART-1/Melan A sensitize T lymphocytes in vitro. J Immunother 1997; 20:276-86.
213. De Veerman M, Heirman C, Van Meirvenne S, et al. Retrovirally transduced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells require CD4+ T cell help to elicit protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity. J Immunol 1999; 162:144-51.
214. Philip R, Alters SE, Brunette E, et al. Dendritic cells loaded with MART-1 peptide or infected with adenoviral construct are functionally equivalent in the induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in patients with melanoma. J Immunother 2000; 23:168-76.
215. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, McBride WH, et al. Genetic immunization for the melanoma antigen MART-1/Melan-A using recombinant adenovirus-transduced murine dendritic cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57:2865-9.
216. Song W, Kong HL, Carpenter H, et al. Dendritic cells genetically modified with an adenovirus vector encoding the cDNA for a model antigen induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1247-56.
217. McArthur JG, Mulligan RC. Induction of protective anti-tumor immunity by gene-modified dendritic cells. J Immunother 1998; 21:41-7.
218. Wan Y, Emtage P, Zhu Q, et al. Enhanced immune response to the melanoma antigen gp100 using recombinant adenovirus-transduced dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 1999; 198:131-8.
219. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, Hu B, et al. Generation of T-cell immunity to a murine melanoma using MART-1-engineered dendritic cells. J Immunother 2000; 23:59-66.
220. Schnell S, Young JW, Houghton AN, et al. Retrovirally transduced mouse dendritic cells require CD4+ T cell help to elicit antitumor immunity: implications for the clinical use of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2000; 164:1243-50.
221. Kirk CJ, Mule JJ. Gene-modified dendritic cells for use in tumor vaccines. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:797-806.
222. Jenne L, Schuler G, Steinkasserer A. Viral vectors for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:102-7.
223. Ludewig B, Barchiesi F, Pericin M, et al. in vivo antigen loading and activation of dendritic cells via a liposomal peptide vaccine mediates protective antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Vaccine 2000; 19:23-32.
224. Chattergoon MA, Kim JJ, Yang JS, et al. Targeted antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells by engineered Fas-mediated apoptosis. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:974-9.