Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-59

  McCarthy, John ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Boreal forests; Disturbance; Gap dynamics; Silviculture; Temperate forests; Tropical forests

Indexed keywords

INSECT CONTROL;

BOREAL FORESTS; GAP DYNAMICS;

FORESTRY;

SILVICULTURE; TREES; TROPICS;

EID: 0034744175     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/er-9-1-1     Document Type: Review

References (576)

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2. Effects of canopy gaps on the demography of the subcanopy tree Styrax obassia
3. A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA
4. A review of dendroecology and successional dynamics of old-growth and second-growth oak and pine forests in the eastern United States
5. Dendroecological analysis of successional dynamics for a presettlement-origin white pine-mixed-oak forest in the southern Appalachians, USA
6. Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians, USA
7. Age and size structure of Pinus sylvestris populations on mires in central and northern Sweden
8. Response of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and early huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium) seedlings to forest windthrow
9. Diameter and basal area distributions in old-growth spruce-fir stands in Colorado
10. Ecology, silviculture, and management of the Englemann spruce - Subalpine fir type in the central and southern Rocky Mountains
11. Towards a logic for assessing biodiversity in boreal forest
12. Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes
13. Age structure and growth of the tree-seedling bank in subalpine spruce-fir forests of south-central British Columbia
14. Patterns of community dynamics in Colorado Engelmann spruce - Subalpine fir forests
15. The structure and dynamics of an Abies pinsapo forest in southern Spain
16. Gap dynamics of a tropical cloud forest in northeastern Mexico
17. Natural disturbance and treefalls in a pine-oak forest on the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico
18. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management
19. A revised tolerance table
20. Gap regeneration of shade-intolerant Larix gmelini in old-growth boreal forests of northeastern China
21. Tree replacement in small canopy gaps of a Tsuga canadensis forest in the southern Appalachians, Tennessee
22. Tree replacement in a cove hardwood forest of the southern Appalachians
23. Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains
24. Neotropical pioneer and shade-tolerant tree species: Do they partition treefall gaps?
25. Heart rot of black spruce in Ontario. I. Stem rot, hidden rot, and management considerations
26. Heart rot of black spruce in Ontario. II. The mycoflora in defective and normal wood of living trees
27. Cull studies, the defects and associated basidiomycete fungi in the heartwood of living trees in the forests of Ontario
28. New information concerning balsam fir decays in eastern North America
29. Deterioration and replacement in two overmature forest stands
30. Spruce budworm, super silviculturist
31. Spruce decline as a disturbance event in the subalpine forests of the northeastern United States
32. Gap dynamics following forest decline: A case study of red spruce forests
33. Spatial patterning in the canopy gap regime of a subalpine Abies-Picea forest in the northeastern United States
34. Line intercept sampling of forest canopy gaps
35. Fine-root growth in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest gaps
36. Coping with environmental heterogeneity: The physiological ecology of tree seedling regeneration across the gap-understory continuum
37. The variety of soil microsites created by tree falls
38. The influence of island and mainland lakeshore landscapes on boreal forest fire regimes
39. Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest
40. Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest
41. Forward
42. Key issues in disturbance dynamics in boreal forests: Introduction
43. Forest management guidelines based on natural disturbance dynamics: Stand- and forest-level considerations
44. Filling the gaps: Remote sensing meets woodland ecology
45. Spruce budworm outbreaks in the past three centuries in the Laurentide Park, Quebec
46. Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada
47. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests
48. Response of Cordia megalantha Blake seedlings to gap environments in tropical rain forest
49. Growth strategy of trees related to successional status. I. Architecture and extension growth
50. Growth strategy of trees related to successional status. II. Leaf dynamics
51. Rapid soil development after windthrow disturbance in pristine forests
52. Changes in the growth pattern of white pine trees undergoing suppression
53. Characterizing canopy gap structure in forests using wavelet analysis
54. A two thousand year history of a northern Swedish boreal forest stand
55. Internal heterogeneity of gaps and species richness in Costa Rican tropical wet forest
56. Gap phase replacement in a maple-basswood forest
57. Wind throw and tree replacement in a climax beech-maple forest
58. Gap-phase regeneration in longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems
59. The definition of treefall gap and its effect on measures of forest dynamics
60. Treefalls, regrowth, and community structure in tropical forests
61. Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest
62. Gap-phase regeneration of three pioneer tree species in a tropical forest
63. Treefalls: Frequency, timing and consequences
64. Species composition in gaps and structure of a tropical forest
65. A cartographic representation of spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) infestation in eastern Canada, 1909-1966
66. Étude de la pertubation des horizons du sol par un arbre qui se renverse et de son impact sur la pedogenese
67. The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest
68. Yellow-Poplar: A component of climax forests?
69. Managing forest harvesting to maintain old growth in boreal and sub-boreal forests
70. Canopy cover and tree regeneration in old-growth cove forests of the Appalachian Mountains
71. Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: Simulations with a spatial model of forest succession
72. Estimation of tree replacement patterns in an Appalachian Picea-Abies forest
73. Structure and dynamics of cove forests in the Great Smokey Mountains
74. Composition, structure and diversity of cover forest stands in the Great Smoky Mountains: A patch dynamics perspective
75. Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: A consideration of gap partitioning concepts
76. Fine-root production in small experimental gaps in successional mixed boreal forests
77. Spatiotemporal patterns of large-scale defoliation caused by the spruce budworm in Ontario since 1941
78. Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Acer saccharum
79. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
80. Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps
81. Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species
82. Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Fagus grandifolia
83. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees
84. Light regimes beneath closed forest canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests
85. Regeneration of three sympatric birch species on experimental hurricane blowdown microsites
86. History of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and notes on it biology
87. Plant competition underground
88. Pathogens, patterns, and processes in forest ecosystems
89. Vegetation and gap dynamics of a tropical wet evergreen forest in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India
90. Photosynthetic light environments in a lowland tropical rainforest in Costa Rica
91. Forest structure in space: A case study of an old-growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China
92. Spatiotemporal growth dynamics and disturbances in a subalpine spruce forest in the Alps: A dendroecological reconstruction
93. Dendrochronological analysis of the canopy history of two Ohio old-growth forests
94. Spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics in old-growth northern hardwood and mixed forests of northern Maine
95. Effect of root competition and shading on growth of suppressed western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
96. Variation in demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic
97. Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove forest
98. Nature and structure of the climax
99. Canopy gap characteristics and drought influences in oak forests of the Coweeta Basin
100. Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: Influences of topographic position and evergreen understory
101. Conifer seedling response to northern temperate canopy gaps
102. A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management objectives
103. Patch retention harvesting as a technique for maintaining stand level biodiversity in forests of north central British Columbia
104. Influence of canopy opening on the environment and herb layer in a northern hardwoods forest
105. Demographic responses of herb layer species to experimental canopy gaps in a northern hardwood forest
106. Response of herb layer cover to experimental canopy gaps
107. Responses of forest herbs to canopy gaps
108. Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: A theoretical framework and review of experiments
109. The fundamentals of vegetational change
110. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan
111. The causes of vegetative cycles
112. Growth response of spruce and fir to release from suppression
113. Gap dynamics in boreal aspen stands: Is the forest older than we think?
114. Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands
115. Influence of light conditions in canopy gaps on forest regeneration: A new gap light index and its application in a boreal forest in east-central Sweden
116. Some forest types of central Newfoundland and their relation to environmental factors
117. The dynamics of old-growth Thuja-Tsuga forests near Vancouver, British Columbia
118. Fire history in the southern boreal forest of northwestern Quebec
119. Studies in forest pathology. XVI. Decay of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill
120. The microenvironments occupied by spruce and fir regeneration in the Rocky Mountains
121. Stand structure, succession, and use of southern Alberta's Rocky Mountain forest
122. Reconstruction of mixed hemlock-spruce stands in coastal southeast Alaska
123. Microsite effects on first-year establishment and overwinter survival of white spruce in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods
124. Successional trends and biomass of mosses on windthrow mounds in the temperate rainforests of southeast Alaska
125. Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees
126. Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity
127. Treefall gap environments and forest dynamic processes
128. Canopy gaps in forest ecosystems: An introduction
129. Growth responses of tropical shrubs to treefall gap environments
130. Treefall gap size effects on above- and below-ground processes in a tropical wet forest
131. The roles of disturbance and succession in upland forest at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan
132. Dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides forests in southern Chile
133. Long term development of black spruce advance growth released by cutting
134. Regeneration of Norway spruce in canopy gaps in Sphagnum-Myrtillus old-growth forests
135. Growth response of spruce saplings in relation to climatic conditions along a gradient of gap size
136. Early seedling demography in balsam fir seedling banks
137. Fire in taiga communities of interior Alaska
138. Uneven-aged management in the Pacific Northwest
139. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind
140. Canopy stratification, age structure, and development of multicohort stands of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock and red spruce
141. Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence in the primeval forest biotope
142. Response of advance grand fir regeneration to overstory removal in northern Idaho
143. Insect defoliators as major disturbance factors in the high-altitude balsam fir forests of Mount Mégantic, southern Quebec
144. The history and pattern of fire in the boreal forest of southeastern Labrador
145. Phytosociological description of the forest vegetation of southeastern Labrador
146. Vegetation development following fire in Picea mariana (black spruce) - Pleurozium forests of south-eastern Labrador, Canada
147. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A.
148. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsuga-dominated forest in New England
149. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests
150. Vegetation patterns in a virgin subalpine forest at Crawford Notch, White Mountains, New Hampshire
151. Size distribution and expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce-fir forest
152. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Balsam Fir
153. A silvicultural guide for spruce-fir in the Northeast
154. The selection system of silviculture in spruce-fir stands: Procedures, early results, and comparisons with unmanaged stands
155. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: Variable retention harvest systems
156. Age-class distribution and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest
157. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region
158. Patch formation and maintenance in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest
159. Silvicultural models to maintain and restore natural stand structures in Swedish boreal forests
160. Dendroecology: A tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments
161. Influence of treefall gaps on distribution of breeding birds within interior old-growth stands in Białowieża forest, Poland
162. Fire influences in Abies-dominated forests
163. Regeneration of balsam fir and spruce about fifteen years following release by spruce budworm attack
164. The causes and sizes of canopy gaps in the southern Cape forests
165. Studies of regeneration in forest stands devastated by the spruce budworm: II. Age, height growth, and related studies of balsam fir seedlings
166. Snow damage to boreal mixedwood stands in northern Alberta
167. Canopy understory interaction effects on forest population structure
168. The effects of treefall gaps on understory vegetation in New York State
169. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods: An examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept
170. The influence of the bamboo Yushania microphylla on regeneration of Abies densa in central Bhutan
171. Gap size, within-gap position and canopy structure effects on conifer seedling establishment
172. Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps
173. Canopy gaps in rain forest on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: Size distribution and methods of measurement
174. A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species
175. Crown structure and stem growth of Norway spruce undergrowth under varying shading
176. Silvicultural systems for black spruce ecosystems
177. Age and size structure of natural and second-growth peatland Picea mariana stands
178. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche
179. Uneven-aged silviculture, southern style
180. Stand structure and successional status of two spruce-fir forests in southern Utah
181. Landscape ecology of boreal forests
182. Forest response to gap formation in a climax beech forest
183. Growth patterns of tree height and stem diameter in populations of Abies veitchii, A. mariesii and Betula ermani
184. Spruce budworm handbook: An atlas of spruce budworm defoliation in eastern North America, 1938-1980
185. Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington
186. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems
187. Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics
188. Application of gap theory to tropical forest management: Natural regeneration on strip clear-cuts in the Peruvian Amazon
189. Development of balsam fir following a clearcut in Quebec
190. A study of black spruce forests in northern Quebec
191. Balsam fir advance growth after cutting in Quebec
192. Influences of gap microheterogeneity on the regeneration of Nothofagus pumillo in a xeric old-growth forest of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina
193. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota
194. Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America
195. Are heart rot fungi major factors of disturbance in gap-dynamic forests?
196. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material - An approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire
197. Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest
198. Age structure and response to fine-scale disturbances of Abies sachalinensis, Picea jezoensis, Picea glehnii, and Betula ermanii growing under the influence of a dwarf bamboo understory in northern Japan
199. 50 Years of change in a Swedish boreal old-growth Picea abies forest
200. Structure and regeneration patterns in a virgin Picea abies forest in northern Sweden
201. Seed rain quantity and quality, 1984-1992, in a high altitude old-growth spruce forest, northern Sweden
202. Structural changes in the forest-tundra ecotone: A dynamic process
203. Response of old-growth montane Picea abies (L.) Karst. forest to climatic variability in northern Sweden
204. The role of forest insects in structuring the boreal landscape
205. Effects of a spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) outbreak and fire on Lutz spruce in Alaska
206. Stand dynamics, regeneration patterns and long-term continuity in boreal old-growth Picea abies swamp-forests
207. Influence of bryophytes and microrelief conditions on Picea abies seed regeneration patterns in boreal old-growth swamp forests
208. The reproductive ecology of Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, and Betula alleghaniensis in the Tantaré Ecological Reserve, Québec
209. Fungi as contributing causes of windfall in the Northwest
210. Outbreak history of eastern hemlock looper in Newfoundland 1983-1995
211. Understory response to gaps caused by the death of Ulmus americana in central New York
212. Forest development in northwestern New Brunswick 1947-1957
213. The disturbance regime of an old-growth forest in coastal California
214. Left to nature: Forest structure and regeneration in Fiby urskog, central Sweden
215. Decay rate of Picea abies logs and the storm gap theory: A reexamination of Sernander plot III, Fiby urskog, central Sweden
216. Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forest of Vallibäcken, northern Sweden
217. Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal spruce forest
218. The regeneration process in a mixed forest in central Hokkiado, Japan
219. Disturbance history and tree establishment in old-growth Pinus koraiensis - Hardwood forests in the Russian Far East
220. Ecological and physiological studies on the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare. II. On the crescent-shaped "dead trees strips" in the Yatsugatake and the Chichibu Mountains
221. Interference of Vaccinium myrtillus on establishment, growth, and nutrition of Picea abies seedlings in a northern boreal site
222. Gaps and forest zones in tropical moist forest in Ivory Coast
223. Wildfires in the western Canadian boreal forest: Landscape patterns and ecosystem management
224. The structure and reproduction of the virgin forest of the north temperate zone
225. Treefall disturbance - A factor structuring vegetation in boreal spruce forests
226. Availability of coarse woody debris in a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest
227. Uprooting in boreal spruce forests: Long-term variation in disturbance rate
228. Treefall disturbance maintains high bryophyte diversity in a boreal spruce forest
229. Gap frequencies in lowland rain forest sites on contrasting soils in Amazonian Ecuador
230. Regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests. I. Mosaic structure and regeneration process in a Tsuga diversifolia forest
231. Regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests. II. Mortality and the pattern of death of canopy trees
232. Reproduction of black spruce (Picea mariana)
233. Growth and yield in even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems in the conifer-dominated forests of Europe
234. A cartographic history of spruce budworm defoliation 1967 to 1981 in eastern North America
235. Harvest-created and natural canopy gaps in an oak-pine forest in Maine
236. Analysis of development of a subalpine Abies stand based on the growth processes of individual trees
237. Branch growth and biomass allocation in Abies amabilis saplings in contrasting light environments
238. Light-growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir (Abies amabalis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)
239. Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Englemann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming
240. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest
241. Canopy and age structures of some old sub-boreal Picea stands in British Columbia
242. Early response of Abies balsamea seedlings to artificially created openings
243. Growth pattern of Abies mariesii saplings under conditions of open-growth and suppression
244. Classification and ecological characterization of coniferous forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido, Japan
245. Boreal forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido Island, Japan
246. Gradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forests
247. Nutrient cycling in boreal forest ecosystems of North America
248. Stand structure and growth patterns of understory trees in a coniferous forest, Taisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan
249. Cold-induced dieback of montane spruce forests in the Swedish Scandes - A modern analogue of paleoenvironmental processes
250. Cataclysmic response to rapid cooling of a natural boreal pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in northern Sweden
251. Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies forest in Sweden
252. Rapid natural decline of upper montane forests in the Swedish Scandes
253. Tree architectures adapted to efficient light utilization: Is there a basis for latitudinal gradients?
254. Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: A review
255. Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest
256. Factors related to seedling growth in a boreal Scots pine stand: A spatial analysis of a vegetation-soil system
257. Structure of a pristine Picea abies forest in northeastern Europe
258. Diversity-oriented silviculture in the boreal zone of Europe
259. Forest turnover and the dynamics of bole wood litter in subalpine balsam fir forest
260. Tree growth, mortality, recruitment, and canopy gap formation during a 10-year period in a tropical moist forest
261. Environmental resource interactions affect red raspberry growth and its competition with white spruce
262. Black spruce growth forms as a record of a changing winter environment at treeline, Quebec, Canada
263. Recent fluctuations of the lichen-spruce forest limit in subarctic Quebec
264. Canopy gaps and light penetration into a wind-exposed tropical lower montane rain forest
265. Natural disturbance and gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest
266. Long-term structural change in uneven-aged northern hardwoods
267. Sapling establishment patterns in relation to light gaps in the canopy of two primeval pine-spruce forests in Sweden
268. Canopy gaps and establishment patterns of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in two old-growth coniferous forests in central Sweden
269. Description and simulation of tree-layer composition and size distributions in a primeval Picea-Pinus forest
270. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis
271. Patterns of gap-phase replacement in a subalpine, old-growth forest
272. Gap-phase structure of a subalpine old-growth forest
273. Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal temperate rain forest
274. Tropical wet forest treefall gaps and distributions of understory birds and plants
275. Influence of decay fungi on species composition and size class structure in mature Picea glauca × engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in sub-boreal forests of central British Columbia
276. A conceptual model of biotic disturbance ecology in the central interior of B.C.: How forest management can turn Dr. Jekyll into Mr. Hyde
277. Forests are not just Swiss cheese: Canopy stereogeometry of non-gaps in tropical forests
278. Predicting and managing light in the understory of boreal forests
279. Stand structure and successional trends in virgin boreal forest reserves in Sweden
280. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest
281. Growth of tree seedlings as affected by light intensity. IV. Black spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, and eastern white cedar
282. Multiaged systems in the central and southern Rockies
283. Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest
284. Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history
285. Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure
286. A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests
287. Frequency of partial and missing rings in Acer saccharum in relation to canopy position and growth rate
288. Background and catastrophic tree mortality in tropical moist, wet and rain forests
289. Influence of local stand basal area on density and growth of regeneration in uneven-aged Picea abies stands
290. Seed size, establishment sites and species coexistence in a Chilean rain forest
291. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on the productivity and stability of balsam fir forests
292. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on vegetation, structure, and succession of balsam fir forests on Cape Breton Island, Canada
293. The impact of hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.)) on balsam fir and spruce in New Brunswick, Canada
294. Herb cover effects on tree seedling patterns in a mature hemlock-hardwood forest
295. The role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvania L.) in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems
296. On the relation between extension growth and successional status of deciduous trees of the northeastern United States
297. A case study of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) as a forest seedling bank species
298. Effect of seedbed condition and light exposure on paper birch regeneration
299. From the forest to the sea: A story of fallen trees
300. Small-scale disturbance in a northern hardwoods forest: Effects on tree species abundance and distribution
301. The spruce-fir forests of the Catskill Mountains
302. Seedbed and canopy cover effects on balsam fir seedling establishment in Isle Royale National Park
303. The origin and successional status of anthropogenic dwarf shrub heath in Newfoundland
304. Managing light and understory vegetation in boreal and temperate broadleaf-conifer forests
305. Functional ecology of advance regeneration in relation to light in boreal forests
306. Structure, growth, and drain in balanced uneven-aged forests
307. Gap characteristics and replacement patterns in the Knysna Forest, South Africa
308. Effects of shade on the morphology and physiology of amabilis fir and western hemlock seedlings
309. The vegetational history of the Killarney oakwoods, SW Ireland: Evidence from fine spatial resolution pollen analysis
310. Dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in hemlock and hardwood treefall gaps
311. Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using stem-mapped data
312. Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in old-growth Tsuga heterophylla/Thuja plicata forests
313. Responses of the herb layer to the gap dynamics of a mature beech-maple forest
314. Dynamics of balsam fir forests in relation to spruce budworm outbreaks in the Boreal Zone of Quebec
315. Importance et évolution des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette dans l'est du Canada: L'apport de la dendrochronologie
316. Histoire récente des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au nord du lac Saint-Jean (Québec): Une analyse dendrochronologique
317. Seedling bank dynamics in boreal balsam fir forests
318. Chronology of spruce budworm outbreaks near Lake Duparquet, Abitibi region
319. How old is a balsam tree?
320. The influence of canopy gap size on natural regeneration of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) in Bolivia
321. Community dynamics of evergreen broadleaf forests in southwestern Japan. I. Wind damaged trees and canopy gaps in an evergreen oak forest
322. Effect of bryophytes on survival of conifer seedlings in subalpine forests of central Japan
323. Regeneration process of climax beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forests IV. Gap formation
324. Diffused light conditions in canopy gaps in a beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forest
325. Role of uprooting in composition and dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan
326. Community dynamics of Ogawa Forest Reserve, a species rich deciduous forest, central Japan
327. Aboveground dry matter partitioning, size variation, and competitive processes within second-growth black spruce stands
328. Aboveground modular component responses to intraspecific competition within density-stressed black spruce stands
329. Spatial heterogeneity of light and woody seedling regeneration in tropical wet forests
330. Management in relation to disturbance in the boreal forest
331. Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks
332. The effects of wind disturbance on temperate rain forest structure and dynamics of southeast Alaska
333. Within-gap spatial heterogeneity and seedling performance in a Mexican tropical forest
334. Selection system in northern hardwoods
335. Forest gap formation and closure along an altitudinal gradient in Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
336. Silviculture for structural diversity: A new look at multiaged systems
337. Structure of primary Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) forests in the Chichibu Mountains, Central Japan, with special reference to regeneration processes
338. Long-term spruce forest continuity - A challenge for a sustainable Scandinavian forestry
339. Forest development in North America following major disturbances
340. Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England
341. A comparison of virgin spruce-fir forest in the northern and southern Appalachian system
342. Virgin spruce-fir of the Medicine Bow mountains, Wyoming
343. Contrasting radial growth and canopy recruitment patterns in Liriodendron tulipifera and Nyssa sylvatica: Gap-obligate versus gap-facultative tree species
344. Dendroecological and ecophysiological analysis of gap environments in mixed-oak understoreys of northern Virginia
345. Seedling responses to forest canopy disturbance following a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine
346. Spruce budworm populations, defoliation, and changes in stand condition during an uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreak on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
347. Belowground effects of canopy gaps in a tropical wet forest
348. The spruce budworm in Newfoundland: History, status and control
349. A history of recorded eastern hemlock looper outbreaks in Newfoundland
350. Effects of canopy structure on resource availability and seedling responses in a longleaf pine ecosystem
351. Productivité de pessières noires boréales régénérées par marcottage à la suite de vielles coupes totales au Québec
352. Effets d'un gradient de lumière sur la croissance en hauteur et la morphologie de la cime du sapin baumier régénéré naturellement
353. Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia
354. Tree dynamics in an old-growth, deciduous forest
355. Natural disturbance ecology
356. Canopy mortality and stand-scale change in a northern hemlock - Hardwood forest
357. Root-gap dynamics in a lodgepole pine forest: Ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fine root activity after experimental gap formation
358. Root gap dynamics in lodgepole pine forest: Nitrogen transformations in gaps of different size
359. Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest
360. The arctic tree line as a record of past and recent climate changes
361. Recent fire history of the northern Quebec biomes
362. Disturbance regime of a cold temperate forest as deduced from tree-ring patterns: The Tantaré Ecological Reserve
363. Using a hand-held electronic laser-based survey instrument for stem mapping
364. Spruce-fir decline and gap dynamics on Camels Hump, Vermont
365. Microsite and elevational influences on early forest regeneration after catastrophic windthrow
366. Microsite variation and soil dynamics within newly created treefall pits and mounds
367. Succession: An evolutionary interpretation
368. Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants
369. Differential adaptation of tropical tree species to canopy gaps and its role in community dynamics
370. The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels
371. The influence of seed-bed conditions on the regeneration of spruce and balsam fir
372. Special Feature: Gaps in forest ecology
373. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia
374. Spatial distribution of gaps along three catenas in the moist forest of Taï National Park, Ivory Coast
375. Gap light regimes influence canopy tree diversity
376. Replacement patterns of beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods, Michigan
377. Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
378. Uprooting and snapping off of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences
379. Effects of canopy openings on tree seed germination in a Malaysian dipterocarp forest
380. Response of five deciduous forest herbs to partial canopy removal and patch size
381. Structure and tree-fall gap dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests in Tierra del Fuego
382. Infection courts of butt-rotting fungi in balsam fir
383. The mosaic-cycle concept of ecosystems - An overview
384. Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest
385. Environmental heterogeneity and plant species diversity: A hypothesis
386. Modeling spatial patterns
387. Current trends in studies of long-term plant community dynamics
388. Disturbance ecology and forest management: A review of the literature
389. Stand dynamics and conservation of an old-growth Engelmann spruce - Subalpine fir forest in Colorado
390. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence
391. Factors influencing white spruce reproduction in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
392. Fire in the boreal forest
393. Impact de la compétition exercée par le framboisier (Rubus idaeus L.) et les feuillus de lumière sur la croissance du sapin (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) en régénération
394. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States
395. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
396. Development of woody vegetation in treefall gaps in a beech-sugar maple forest
397. Disturbance regimes in temperate forests
398. Comparison of methods for determining fraction of land area in treefall gaps
399. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
400. Gap dynamics of old-growth eastern forests: Management implications
401. Guidelines and sample protocol for sampling forest gaps
402. Changes in southern Appalachian canopy tree gaps sampled thrice
403. Sapling diameter growth in gaps for two Nothofagus species in New Zealand
404. Revegetation following experimental disturbance in a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest
405. Betula papyrifera Marsh., Paper birch
406. Bark beetles
407. Fine root biomass under a tropical forest light gap opening in Costa Rica
408. Fine root biomass under light gap openings in an Amazon rain forest
409. Longevity of treethrow microtopography: Implications for mass wasting
410. Tree uprooting: Review of impacts on forest ecology
411. Tree uprooting: Review of terminology, process and environmental implications
412. Treefalls and the distribution of understory birds in a tropical forest
413. Disturbance history of a swamp forest refuge in Northern Sweden
414. The 9000-year history of vegetation development and disturbance patterns of a swamp-forest in Dalarna, northern Sweden
415. Suppressed grand fir and shasta red fir respond well to release
416. Diameter and height growth of suppressed grand fir saplings after overstory removal
417. Granskär och Fiby urskog: En studie över stormluckornas och marbuskarnas betydelse i den svenska granskogens regeneration
418. Balance and sustainability in multiaged stands: A northern conifer case study
419. Regeneration of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest at Chichijima in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands with reference to an environmental gradient and canopy gaps
420. Modeling forest landscapes and the role of disturbance in ecosystems and communities
421. Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal forests in southern Finland
422. Conifer seedling recruitment in a southeastern Canadian boreal forest: The importance of substrate
423. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in central New England: Shoot architecture and photosynthesis
424. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in central New England: Survival and growth
425. The development of spruce forest on raw humus sites in northern Finland and its ecology
426. Distribution and dynamics of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) at its northern limit in the James Bay area
427. Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington
428. The role of disturbance in natural communities
429. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington
430. Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Cascade Mountains
431. Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in the north-eastern United States
432. Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is "natural" vegetation in a changing environment?
433. Effects of light on shoot geometry and needle morphology in Abies amabilis
434. Natural layering of black spruce in northern Ontario
435. Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest stand
436. Forest development in canopy openings in old-growth Pseudotsuga forests of the western Cascade Range, Oregon
437. The significance of life history strategies in the developmental history of mixed beech (Nothofagus) forests, New Zealand
438. Forest development in canopy gaps in old-growth beech (Nothofagus) forests, New Zealand
439. Coarse woody debris as a function of age, stand structure, and disturbance in boreal Newfoundland
440. Regeneration process of coniferous forests in northern Hokkaido I. Abies sachalinensis forest and Picea glehnii forest
441. Landscape structure and forest dynamics in subcontinental Russian European taiga
442. Tree regeneration on rotten wood and soil in old-growth stand
443. Effect of size structure, forest floor type and disturbance regime on tree species composition in a coniferous forest in Japan
444. Plastic response of crown architecture to crowding in understory trees of two co-dominating conifers
445. Fifteen years of canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, Japan
446. Structure and regeneration of canopy species in an old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Aya district, southwestern Japan
447. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms
448. Regeneration patterns in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China
449. Tree replacement patterns in subalpine Abies-Betula forests, Wolong Natural Reserve, China
450. Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in the Wang Lang Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China
451. Mechanisms of plant competition
452. Trenched plots under forest canopies
453. Fire-induced succession of lichen-spruce woodland in Central Labrador - Ungava, Canada
454. Adjustments of foliar morphology in the acclimation of understory Pacific silver fir following clearcutting
455. Growth of dipterocarp seedlings in artificial gaps: An experiment in a logged-over rainforest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
456. Errors in age counts of suppressed trees
457. Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age
458. Dynamics of dead wood in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests of northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan
459. Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps
460. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: A review
461. Canopy closure rate and forest structure
462. Pathogens as agents of diversity in forested landscapes
463. Pattern and process in the plant community: Fifty years after A. S. Watt
464. Formation and closure of canopy gaps in the rain forest at Nouragues, French Guiana
465. Patterns of tree-fall and branch-fall in a tropical rain forest in French Guiana
466. Defining canopy gaps in a tropical rain forest: Effects on gap size and turnover rate
467. Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle
468. Forest development in tree-fall gaps in temperate rain forests of Chile
469. Stand dynamics in Chilean Nothofagus forests
470. Age and size structure of subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range
471. Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in subalpine forests of the central Rockies
472. Nothofagus regeneration in treefall gaps in northern Patagonia
473. Regeneration dynamics
474. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada
475. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Black spruce
476. Balsam fir and white spruce reproduction on the Green River watershed
477. Development of balsam fir thickets in the Green River watershed following the spruce budworm outbreak of 1913-1919
478. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in treefall gaps of a lowland tropical rainforest
479. White spruce regeneration on the Peace and Slave river lowlands
480. Spatial dispersion of woody regeneration in an old-growth forest
481. Pattern and process in the plant community
482. Alternative silvicultural systems for Ontario's boreal mixedwoods: A review of potential options
483. Silviculture systems in Canada's boreal forests
484. Coupling a spatially-explicit forest gap model with a 3-D solar routine to simulate latitudinal effects
485. Forest health in boreal ecosystems of Alaska
486. Mortality of white spruce during a spruce beetle outbreak on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska
487. The spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in white spruce (Picea glauca) forests of Alaska
488. Age structure and successional dynamics of a Colorado subalpine forest
489. Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation
490. Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction
491. Natural disturbance and gap phase dynamics in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests
492. A critique on overstory/understory comparisons based on transition probability analysis of an old-growth spruce-fir stand in the Appalachians
493. Gaps in the forest canopy
494. On pattern and process in forests
495. Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees
496. Perspectives in tropical rain forest research
497. Dipterocarp seedling growth in rain forest canopy gaps during six and a half years
498. Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: Measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest
499. Root rot of spruce and balsam fir in northwestern Ontario: Damage and implications for forest management
500. Root rot damage in naturally regenerated stands of spruce and balsam fir in Ontario
501. Root-rotting fungi in white spruce, black spruce, and balsam fir in northern Ontario
502. Effects of root rot on the growth of balsam fir
503. Root-rotting fungi associated with mortality of conifer saplings in northern Ontario
504. Root rot fungi in four Ontario conifers
505. The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities
506. Fine root biomass within experimental canopy gaps: Evidence for a below-ground gap
507. Pattern and seral composition in an old-growth beech-maple forest
508. Forest types of the Grand Lake and northwestern Lake Melville areas of Labrador
509. The forests of Labrador
510. Newfoundland forest fire history 1619-1960
511. Reciprocal replacement and the maintenance of codominance in a beech-maple forest
512. Canopy-understory interaction and the internal dynamics of mature hardwood and hemlock-hardwood forests
513. Etiology of canopy gaps in spruce-fir forests at Crawford Notch, New Hampshire
514. Regeneration from seed of six tree species in the interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia as affected by substrate and canopy gap position
515. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: A paradigm shift in ecology
516. Growth pattern of Picea rubens prior to canopy recruitment
517. Gap dynamics in climax Fagus crenata forests
518. The gap theory in forest dynamics
519. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests of western Japan
520. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt Ontake, central Honshu, Japan
521. Gap regeneration in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests with or without a major canopy tree, Distylium racemosum, southwestern Japan: A comparative analysis
522. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in subalpine old-growth coniferous forests, central Japan
523. Gap regeneration of major tree species in different forest types of Japan
524. Canopy gap formation and replacement pattern of major tree species among developmental stages of beech (Fagus crenata) stands, Japan
525. Forest fire cycles and life tables: A case study from interior Alaska
526. The canopy gap regime in a secondary neotropical forest in Panama
527. Crown asymmetry, treefalls, and repeat disturbance of broad-leaved forest gaps
528. Influence of forest fires on the north Swedish boreal forest
529. Regeneration pulses and climate-vegetation interactions in nonpyrogenic boreal Scots pine stands
530. Interference mechanisms in conifer-Ericaceae-feathermoss communities
531. The reproductive process in boreal forest trees
532. Effects of gap size on nutrient release from plant litter decomposition in a natural forest ecosystem
533. Effects of gap size on litter decomposition and microbial activity in a subtropical forest
534. Dynamics of the boreal forest in northwestern Ontario