메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 796-811

Predicting and managing light in the understory of boreal forests

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; LIGHT; MEASUREMENT METHOD; UNDERSTORY;

EID: 0032780757     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x98-165     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (280)

References (155)
  • 1
    • 0001661510 scopus 로고
    • Stand structure and light penetration. II. A theoretical analysis
    • Anderson, M.C. 1964. Stand structure and light penetration. II. A theoretical analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 3: 41-54.
    • (1964) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 41-54
    • Anderson, M.C.1
  • 2
    • 0028977470 scopus 로고
    • On the importance of information-acquiring systems in plant-plant interactions
    • Aphalo, P.J., and Ballaré, C.L. 1995. On the importance of information-acquiring systems in plant-plant interactions. Funct. Ecol. 9: 5-14.
    • (1995) Funct. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 5-14
    • Aphalo, P.J.1    Ballaré, C.L.2
  • 4
    • 0002289050 scopus 로고
    • Coping with environmental heterogeneity: The physiological ecology of tree seedling regeneration across the gap-understory continuum
    • Edited by M.M Caldwell and R.W. Pearcy. Academic Press, New York
    • Bazzaz, F.A., and Wayne, P.M. 1994. Coping with environmental heterogeneity: the physiological ecology of tree seedling regeneration across the gap-understory continuum. In Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants; ecophysiological processes above and below ground. Edited by M.M Caldwell and R.W. Pearcy. Academic Press, New York. pp. 349-390.
    • (1994) Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants; Ecophysiological Processes Above and Below Ground , pp. 349-390
    • Bazzaz, F.A.1    Wayne, P.M.2
  • 5
    • 0009589168 scopus 로고
    • Effect of strip width on proportion of daily light reaching the ground
    • Berry, A.B. 1964. Effect of strip width on proportion of daily light reaching the ground. For. Chron. 40: 130-131.
    • (1964) For. Chron. , vol.40 , pp. 130-131
    • Berry, A.B.1
  • 6
    • 0000333832 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiance under a Douglasfir forest stand
    • Black, T.A., Chen, J.-M., Lee, X., and Sagar, R.M. 1991. Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiance under a Douglasfir forest stand. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1020-1028.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 1020-1028
    • Black, T.A.1    Chen, J.-M.2    Lee, X.3    Sagar, R.M.4
  • 7
    • 0028163785 scopus 로고
    • Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed species deciduous forests
    • Brown, M.J., and Parker, G.G. 1994. Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed species deciduous forests. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1694-1703.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 1694-1703
    • Brown, M.J.1    Parker, G.G.2
  • 8
    • 0025262738 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of methods for estimating forest overstory cover: Differences among techniques
    • Bunnell, F.L., and Vales, D.J. 1990. Comparison of methods for estimating forest overstory cover: differences among techniques. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 101-107.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 101-107
    • Bunnell, F.L.1    Vales, D.J.2
  • 9
    • 34250016342 scopus 로고
    • Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution
    • Campbell, G.S. 1986. Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution. Agric. For. Meteorol. 36: 317-321.
    • (1986) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.36 , pp. 317-321
    • Campbell, G.S.1
  • 10
    • 0025526869 scopus 로고
    • The description and measurement of plant community structure
    • Plant canopies: their growth, form, and function Edited by G. Russell, B. Marshall, and P.G. Jarvis
    • Campbell, G.S., and Norman, J.M. 1989. The description and measurement of plant community structure. In Plant canopies: their growth, form, and function Edited by G. Russell, B. Marshall, and P.G. Jarvis. Soc. Exp. Biol. Semin. Ser. 31: 1-19.
    • (1989) Soc. Exp. Biol. Semin. Ser. , vol.31 , pp. 1-19
    • Campbell, G.S.1    Norman, J.M.2
  • 11
    • 0024252102 scopus 로고
    • An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
    • Canham, C.D. 1988. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps. Ecology, 69: 1634-1638.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1634-1638
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 12
    • 0025683767 scopus 로고
    • Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests
    • Canham, C.D., Denslow, J.S., Platt, W.J., Runkle, J.R., Spies, T.A., and White, P.S. 1990. Light regimes beneath closed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 620-631.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 620-631
    • Canham, C.D.1    Denslow, J.S.2    Platt, W.J.3    Runkle, J.R.4    Spies, T.A.5    White, P.S.6
  • 13
    • 0028180423 scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees
    • Canham, C.D., Finzi, A.C., Pacala, S.W., and Burbank, D.H. 1994. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 337-349.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 337-349
    • Canham, C.D.1    Finzi, A.C.2    Pacala, S.W.3    Burbank, D.H.4
  • 14
    • 0027868359 scopus 로고
    • Competition for light: Detection measurement, and quantification
    • Cannell, M.G.R., and Grace, J. 1993. Competition for light: detection measurement, and quantification. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1969-1979.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 1969-1979
    • Cannell, M.G.R.1    Grace, J.2
  • 15
    • 0027047981 scopus 로고
    • Variation in shade tolerance of Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar in coastal British Columbia
    • Carter, R.E., and Klinka, K. 1992. Variation in shade tolerance of Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar in coastal British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 55: 87-105.
    • (1992) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.55 , pp. 87-105
    • Carter, R.E.1    Klinka, K.2
  • 16
    • 0001187858 scopus 로고
    • Solar equivalent leaf area: An efficient biometrical parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands
    • Cermák, J. 1989. Solar equivalent leaf area: an efficient biometrical parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands. Tree Physiol. 5: 269-289.
    • (1989) Tree Physiol. , vol.5 , pp. 269-289
    • Cermák, J.1
  • 17
    • 0009588507 scopus 로고
    • Natural reproduction of pines in east-central Alabama
    • Chapman, H.H. 1944. Natural reproduction of pines in east-central Alabama. J. For. 42: 613-614.
    • (1944) J. For. , vol.42 , pp. 613-614
    • Chapman, H.H.1
  • 18
    • 77952064976 scopus 로고
    • Sunflecks and their importance to understory plants
    • Chazdon, R.L. 1988. Sunflecks and their importance to understory plants. Adv. Ecol. Res. 18: 1-63.
    • (1988) Adv. Ecol. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 1-63
    • Chazdon, R.L.1
  • 19
    • 0000564669 scopus 로고
    • Photographic estimation of photosynthetically active radiation: Evaluation of a computerized technique
    • Chazdon, R.L., and Field, C.B. 1987. Photographic estimation of photosynthetically active radiation: evaluation of a computerized technique. Oecologia (Berl.), 73: 525-532.
    • (1987) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.73 , pp. 525-532
    • Chazdon, R.L.1    Field, C.B.2
  • 20
    • 0000275792 scopus 로고
    • The importance of sunflecks for forest understory plants
    • Chazdon, R.L., and Pearcy, R.W. 1991. The importance of sunflecks for forest understory plants. BioScience, 41: 760-766.
    • (1991) BioScience , vol.41 , pp. 760-766
    • Chazdon, R.L.1    Pearcy, R.W.2
  • 21
    • 0031029436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light availability and photosynthesis of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in the open and in the forest understory
    • Chen, H.Y.H., and Klinka, K. 1997. Light availability and photosynthesis of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in the open and in the forest understory. Tree Physiol. 17: 23-29.
    • (1997) Tree Physiol. , vol.17 , pp. 23-29
    • Chen, H.Y.H.1    Klinka, K.2
  • 22
    • 0029661306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light on growth, crown architecture, and specific leaf area for naturally established Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca saplings
    • Chen, H.Y.H., Klinka, K., and Kayahara, G. 1996. Effects of light on growth, crown architecture, and specific leaf area for naturally established Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca saplings. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1149-1157.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1149-1157
    • Chen, H.Y.H.1    Klinka, K.2    Kayahara, G.3
  • 23
    • 9644278259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands
    • Chen, J.M. 1996. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 80: 135-163.
    • (1996) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.80 , pp. 135-163
    • Chen, J.M.1
  • 24
    • 0000198459 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of a forest stand
    • Chen, J.M., Black, T.A., and Adams, R.S. 1991. Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of a forest stand. Agric. For. Meteorol. 56: 129-143.
    • (1991) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.56 , pp. 129-143
    • Chen, J.M.1    Black, T.A.2    Adams, R.S.3
  • 25
    • 0022848613 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient, moisture, and light relations in 5-year-old Douglas-fir plantations under variable competition
    • Cole, E.C., and Newton, M. 1986. Nutrient, moisture, and light relations in 5-year-old Douglas-fir plantations under variable competition. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 727-732.
    • (1986) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 727-732
    • Cole, E.C.1    Newton, M.2
  • 26
    • 0027865106 scopus 로고
    • Effects of overtopping vegetation on light availability and growth of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings
    • Comeau, P.G., Braumandl, T.F., and Xie, C.-Y. 1993. Effects of overtopping vegetation on light availability and growth of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2044-2048.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 2044-2048
    • Comeau, P.G.1    Braumandl, T.F.2    Xie, C.-Y.3
  • 29
    • 0029661422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal patterns of light transmission through boreal mixedwood canopies
    • Constabel, A.J., and Lieffers, V.J. 1996. Seasonal patterns of light transmission through boreal mixedwood canopies. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1008-1014.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1008-1014
    • Constabel, A.J.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 30
    • 0030434974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of light condition in canopy gaps on forest regeneration: A new gap light index and its application in a boreal forest in east central Sweden
    • Dai, X. 1996. Influence of light condition in canopy gaps on forest regeneration: a new gap light index and its application in a boreal forest in east central Sweden. For. Ecol. Manage. 84: 187-197.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.84 , pp. 187-197
    • Dai, X.1
  • 31
    • 84986846080 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the understory of Canadian southern boreal forest after fire
    • DeGranpré, L., Gagnon, D., and Bergeron, Y. 1993. Changes in the understory of Canadian southern boreal forest after fire. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 803-810.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 803-810
    • DeGranpré, L.1    Gagnon, D.2    Bergeron, Y.3
  • 32
    • 0031464849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsite effects on first-year establishment and overwinter survival of white spruce in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods
    • DeLong, H.B., Lieffers, V.J., and Blenis, P.V. 1997. Microsite effects on first-year establishment and overwinter survival of white spruce in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1452-1457.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 1452-1457
    • Delong, H.B.1    Lieffers, V.J.2    Blenis, P.V.3
  • 33
    • 0026272553 scopus 로고
    • The light interception index: A potential tool for assisting in vegetation management decisions
    • DeLong, S.C. 1991. The light interception index: a potential tool for assisting in vegetation management decisions. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1037-1042.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 1037-1042
    • DeLong, S.C.1
  • 35
    • 0028981297 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of deciduous forest leaf area index using direct and indirect methods
    • Dufrêne, E., and Bréda, N. 1995. Estimation of deciduous forest leaf area index using direct and indirect methods. Oecologia (Berl.), 104: 156-162.
    • (1995) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.104 , pp. 156-162
    • Dufrêne, E.1    Bréda, N.2
  • 36
    • 0028190767 scopus 로고
    • Using hemispherical photography for estimating photosynthetic photon flux density under canopies and in gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest
    • Easter, M.J., and Spies, T.A. 1994. Using hemispherical photography for estimating photosynthetic photon flux density under canopies and in gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2050-2058.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 2050-2058
    • Easter, M.J.1    Spies, T.A.2
  • 37
    • 0002476620 scopus 로고
    • Conifer growth under different light environments in the Siskiyou Mountains of Southwestern Oregon
    • Emmingham, W.H., and Waring, R.H. 1973. Conifer growth under different light environments in the Siskiyou Mountains of Southwestern Oregon. Northwest Sci. 47: 88-99.
    • (1973) Northwest Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 88-99
    • Emmingham, W.H.1    Waring, R.H.2
  • 38
    • 0001250987 scopus 로고
    • An index of photosynthesis for comparing forest sites in Western Oregon
    • Emmingham, W.H., and Waring, R.H. 1977. An index of photosynthesis for comparing forest sites in Western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 165-174.
    • (1977) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 165-174
    • Emmingham, W.H.1    Waring, R.H.2
  • 39
    • 0027488236 scopus 로고
    • The color of light in forests and it implications
    • Endler, J.A. 1993. The color of light in forests and it implications. Ecol. Monogr. 63: 1-27.
    • (1993) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.63 , pp. 1-27
    • Endler, J.A.1
  • 40
    • 0000588308 scopus 로고
    • Hemispherical and woodland photography and the light climate
    • Evans, C.G., and Coombe, D.E. 1959. Hemispherical and woodland photography and the light climate. J. Ecol. 47: 103-113.
    • (1959) J. Ecol. , vol.47 , pp. 103-113
    • Evans, C.G.1    Coombe, D.E.2
  • 41
    • 0000598267 scopus 로고
    • Spectral distribution of light in the forest
    • Federer, C.A., and Tanner, C.B. 1966. Spectral distribution of light in the forest. Ecology, 47: 555-560.
    • (1966) Ecology , vol.47 , pp. 555-560
    • Federer, C.A.1    Tanner, C.B.2
  • 42
    • 0001359181 scopus 로고
    • Modifications of the Ozalid paper technique for measuring integrated light transmission values in the field
    • Francis, C.A. 1970. Modifications of the Ozalid paper technique for measuring integrated light transmission values in the field. Crop. Sci. 10: 321-322.
    • (1970) Crop. Sci. , vol.10 , pp. 321-322
    • Francis, C.A.1
  • 43
    • 0001724619 scopus 로고
    • A simple method of measuring integrated light values in the field
    • Friend, D.T.C. 1961. A simple method of measuring integrated light values in the field. Ecology, 42: 577-580.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 577-580
    • Friend, D.T.C.1
  • 44
    • 0003016569 scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation variability on the floor of a pine plantation
    • Gay, L.W., Knoerr, K.R., and Braaten, M.O. 1971. Solar radiation variability on the floor of a pine plantation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 8: 39-50.
    • (1971) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.8 , pp. 39-50
    • Gay, L.W.1    Knoerr, K.R.2    Braaten, M.O.3
  • 45
    • 0032503844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of different methods for estimating light transmittance in forest
    • Gendron, F., Messier, C., and Comeau, P.G. 1998. Comparison of different methods for estimating light transmittance in forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 92: 55-70.
    • (1998) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.92 , pp. 55-70
    • Gendron, F.1    Messier, C.2    Comeau, P.G.3
  • 46
    • 0024226388 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to sun and shade: A whole plant perspective
    • Givnish, T.J. 1988. Adaptation to sun and shade: a whole plant perspective. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15: 63-92.
    • (1988) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , vol.15 , pp. 63-92
    • Givnish, T.J.1
  • 47
    • 0001638956 scopus 로고
    • Simple beta distribution representation of leaf orientation in vegetation canopies
    • Goel, N.S., and Strebel, D.E. 1984. Simple beta distribution representation of leaf orientation in vegetation canopies. Agron. J. 76: 200-202.
    • (1984) Agron. J. , vol.76 , pp. 200-202
    • Goel, N.S.1    Strebel, D.E.2
  • 48
    • 0029668332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing of net primary productivity in boreal forest stands
    • Goetz, S.J., and Prince, S.D. 1996. Remote sensing of net primary productivity in boreal forest stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 78: 149-179.
    • (1996) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 149-179
    • Goetz, S.J.1    Prince, S.D.2
  • 49
    • 0000436321 scopus 로고
    • Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations
    • Gower, S.T., and Norman, J.M. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology, 72: 1896-1900.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1896-1900
    • Gower, S.T.1    Norman, J.M.2
  • 50
    • 0002260993 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the sky radiance distribution on the flux density in the shadow of a tree crown
    • Grant, R.H. 1985. The influence of the sky radiance distribution on the flux density in the shadow of a tree crown. Agric. For. Meteorol. 35: 59-70.
    • (1985) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.35 , pp. 59-70
    • Grant, R.H.1
  • 51
    • 0030618591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aboreal forest grass with an open meadow photosynthetic strategy
    • Greenway, K.J., and Lieffers, V.J. 1997. Aboreal forest grass with an open meadow photosynthetic strategy. Can. J. Bot. 75: 562-567.
    • (1997) Can. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 562-567
    • Greenway, K.J.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 52
    • 0029663808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings
    • Groot, A., and Carlson, D.W. 1996. Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1531-1538.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1531-1538
    • Groot, A.1    Carlson, D.W.2
  • 53
    • 0022180266 scopus 로고
    • Portable monitor for solar radiation that accumulates irradiance histograms for 32 leaf-mounted sensors
    • Gutschick, V.P., Barron, M.H., Waechter, D.A.,and Wolf, M.A. 1985. Portable monitor for solar radiation that accumulates irradiance histograms for 32 leaf-mounted sensors. Agric. For. Meteorol. 33: 281-290.
    • (1985) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 281-290
    • Gutschick, V.P.1    Barron, M.H.2    Waechter, D.A.3    Wolf, M.A.4
  • 54
    • 0028974517 scopus 로고
    • A method to estimate instantaneous and daily intercepted photosynthetically active radiation using a hemispherical sensor
    • Hanan, N.P., and Bégué, A. 1995. A method to estimate instantaneous and daily intercepted photosynthetically active radiation using a hemispherical sensor. Agric. For. Meteorol. 74: 155-168.
    • (1995) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.74 , pp. 155-168
    • Hanan, N.P.1    Bégué, A.2
  • 55
    • 0027829836 scopus 로고
    • Changes in vascular plant vegetation after different cutting regimes on a productive peatland site in central Sweden
    • Hannerz, M., and Hånell, B. 1993. Changes in vascular plant vegetation after different cutting regimes on a productive peatland site in central Sweden. Scand. J. For. Res. 8: 193-203.
    • (1993) Scand. J. For. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 193-203
    • Hannerz, M.1    Hånell, B.2
  • 56
    • 0020377871 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Hibbs, D.E. 1982. Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 12: 522-527.
    • (1982) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 522-527
    • Hibbs, D.E.1
  • 57
    • 0028974108 scopus 로고
    • Canopy structure and photon flux partitioning among species in a herbaceous plant community
    • Hirose, T., and Werger, M.J.A. 1995. Canopy structure and photon flux partitioning among species in a herbaceous plant community. Ecology, 76: 466-474.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 466-474
    • Hirose, T.1    Werger, M.J.A.2
  • 58
    • 0026018396 scopus 로고
    • Impact of Calamagrostis canadensis on soil thermal regimes after logging in northern Alberta
    • Hogg, E.H., and Lieffers, V.J. 1991. Impact of Calamagrostis canadensis on soil thermal regimes after logging in northern Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 382-394.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 382-394
    • Hogg, E.H.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 59
    • 0022248836 scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation at seedlings sites below partial canopies
    • Holbo, H.R., Childs, S.W., and McNabb, D.H. 1985. Solar radiation at seedlings sites below partial canopies. For. Ecol. Manage. 10: 115-124.
    • (1985) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.10 , pp. 115-124
    • Holbo, H.R.1    Childs, S.W.2    McNabb, D.H.3
  • 61
    • 0002218352 scopus 로고
    • Beam enrichment of diffuse radiation in a deciduous forest
    • Hutchison, B.A., and Matt, D.R. 1976. Beam enrichment of diffuse radiation in a deciduous forest. Agric. Meteorol. 17: 93-110.
    • (1976) Agric. Meteorol. , vol.17 , pp. 93-110
    • Hutchison, B.A.1    Matt, D.R.2
  • 62
    • 0002880515 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of solar radiation with a deciduous forest
    • Hutchison, B.A., and Matt, D.R. 1977. The distribution of solar radiation with a deciduous forest. Ecol. Monogr. 47: 185-207.
    • (1977) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.47 , pp. 185-207
    • Hutchison, B.A.1    Matt, D.R.2
  • 63
    • 0000018795 scopus 로고
    • Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests
    • Physiological plant ecology. IV. Ecosystem processes: mineral cycling, productivity and man's influence. Edited by O.L. Eang, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Zielgler. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Jarvis, P.G., and Leverenz, J.W. 1983. Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests. In Physiological plant ecology. IV. Ecosystem processes: mineral cycling, productivity and man's influence. Edited by O.L. Eang, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Zielgler. Encyclopedia of plant physiology. New Series. Vol. 12D. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 243-280.
    • (1983) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Series , vol.12 D , pp. 243-280
    • Jarvis, P.G.1    Leverenz, J.W.2
  • 64
    • 0023470992 scopus 로고
    • Irradiance in thinned Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands and the possibilities to prevent suckers of broadleaved trees
    • Johansson, T. 1987. Irradiance in thinned Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands and the possibilities to prevent suckers of broadleaved trees. For. Ecol. Manage. 20: 307-319.
    • (1987) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.20 , pp. 307-319
    • Johansson, T.1
  • 65
    • 0024192976 scopus 로고
    • Springtime recovery of photosynthetic activity of white pine in Michigan
    • Jurik, T.W., Briggs, G.M., and Gates, D.M. 1988. Springtime recovery of photosynthetic activity of white pine in Michigan. Can. J. Bot. 66: 138-141.
    • (1988) Can. J. Bot. , vol.66 , pp. 138-141
    • Jurik, T.W.1    Briggs, G.M.2    Gates, D.M.3
  • 66
    • 0009633881 scopus 로고
    • Light interception and reflectance measurements with ozalid paper
    • Kanemasu, E.T., Feltner, K.C., and Vesecky, J.F. 1971. Light interception and reflectance measurements with ozalid paper. Crop Sci. 11: 931-933.
    • (1971) Crop Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 931-933
    • Kanemasu, E.T.1    Feltner, K.C.2    Vesecky, J.F.3
  • 67
    • 0009634028 scopus 로고
    • A method to transform values of relative photon flux density in forest understorey
    • Kikuzawa, K. 1992. A method to transform values of relative photon flux density in forest understorey. Funct. Ecol. 6: 113-114.
    • (1992) Funct. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 113-114
    • Kikuzawa, K.1
  • 68
    • 0028165117 scopus 로고
    • Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees
    • Kitajima, K. 1994. Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia (Berl.), 98: 419-428.
    • (1994) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.98 , pp. 419-428
    • Kitajima, K.1
  • 69
    • 0027065164 scopus 로고
    • Light - Growth response relationships in pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)
    • Klinka, K., Wang, Q., Kayahara, G.J., Carter, R.E., and Blackwell, B.A. 1992. Light - growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Can. J. Bot. 70: 1919-1930.
    • (1992) Can. J. Bot. , vol.70 , pp. 1919-1930
    • Klinka, K.1    Wang, Q.2    Kayahara, G.J.3    Carter, R.E.4    Blackwell, B.A.5
  • 70
    • 84989675207 scopus 로고
    • Stomatal and photosynthetic responses to variable sunlight
    • Knapp, A.K., and Smith, W.K. 1990. Stomatal and photosynthetic responses to variable sunlight. Physiol. Plant. 78: 160-165.
    • (1990) Physiol. Plant. , vol.78 , pp. 160-165
    • Knapp, A.K.1    Smith, W.K.2
  • 71
    • 0028992721 scopus 로고
    • An individual tree-based model of competition for light
    • Korzukhin, M.D., and Ter-Mikaelian, M.T. 1995. An individual tree-based model of competition for light. Ecol. Model. 79: 221-229.
    • (1995) Ecol. Model. , vol.79 , pp. 221-229
    • Korzukhin, M.D.1    Ter-Mikaelian, M.T.2
  • 73
    • 21344492222 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of light environment with a chemical radiation meter using anthracene - Ethyl alcohol solution
    • Kurachi, N., and Hagihara, A. 1994. Measurement of light environment with a chemical radiation meter using anthracene - ethyl alcohol solution. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 28: 62-69.
    • (1994) Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. , vol.28 , pp. 62-69
    • Kurachi, N.1    Hagihara, A.2
  • 74
    • 0024883146 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of within-tree and between-tree shading of direct radiation in a forest canopy: Effect of crown shape and sun elevation
    • Kuuluvainen, T., and Pukkala, T. 1989. Simulation of within-tree and between-tree shading of direct radiation in a forest canopy: effect of crown shape and sun elevation. Ecol. Model. 49: 89-100.
    • (1989) Ecol. Model. , vol.49 , pp. 89-100
    • Kuuluvainen, T.1    Pukkala, T.2
  • 75
    • 1842332092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in photosynthetic rates of understory deciduous and evergreen herbs
    • Landhäusser, S.M., Stadt, K.J., and Lieffers, V.J. 1997. Seasonal changes in photosynthetic rates of understory deciduous and evergreen herbs. Oecologia (Berl.), 112: 173-178.
    • (1997) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.112 , pp. 173-178
    • Landhäusser, S.M.1    Stadt, K.J.2    Lieffers, V.J.3
  • 76
    • 45949114377 scopus 로고
    • Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun's beam
    • Lang, A.R.G. 1987. Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun's beam. Agric. For. Meteorol. 41: 179-186.
    • (1987) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.41 , pp. 179-186
    • Lang, A.R.G.1
  • 78
    • 0040753910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of canopy structure assumptions from Beer's law. A comparison of deterministic and stochastic simulations
    • Larsen, D.R., and Kershaw, J.A., Jr. 1996. Influence of canopy structure assumptions from Beer's law. A comparison of deterministic and stochastic simulations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 81: 66-77.
    • (1996) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.81 , pp. 66-77
    • Larsen, D.R.1    Kershaw J.A., Jr.2
  • 79
    • 0030389708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irradiance and spectral quality affect Asian tropical rain forest tree seedling development
    • Lee, D.W., Baskaran, K., Mansor, M., Mohamad, H., and Yap, S.K. 1996. Irradiance and spectral quality affect Asian tropical rain forest tree seedling development. Ecology, 77: 568-580.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 568-580
    • Lee, D.W.1    Baskaran, K.2    Mansor, M.3    Mohamad, H.4    Yap, S.K.5
  • 81
    • 0025639541 scopus 로고
    • Shade adaptation and shade tolerance in saplings of three Acer species from eastern North America
    • Lei, T.T., and Lechowicz, M.J. 1990. Shade adaptation and shade tolerance in saplings of three Acer species from eastern North America. Oecologia (Berl.), 84: 224-228.
    • (1990) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.84 , pp. 224-228
    • Lei, T.T.1    Lechowicz, M.J.2
  • 82
    • 0032226525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of season, weather and vertical position on the variation in light quantity and quality in a Japanese deciduous broadleaf forest
    • Lei, T.T., Tabuchi, R., Kitao, M., Takahashi, K., and Koibe, T. 1998. Effects of season, weather and vertical position on the variation in light quantity and quality in a Japanese deciduous broadleaf forest. J. Sust. For. 6: 35-55.
    • (1998) J. Sust. For. , vol.6 , pp. 35-55
    • Lei, T.T.1    Tabuchi, R.2    Kitao, M.3    Takahashi, K.4    Koibe, T.5
  • 83
    • 0001478005 scopus 로고
    • A spherical densiometer for estimating forest overstory density
    • Lemmon, P.E. 1956. A spherical densiometer for estimating forest overstory density. For. Sci. 2: 314-320.
    • (1956) For. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 314-320
    • Lemmon, P.E.1
  • 85
    • 0028163385 scopus 로고
    • Growth of understory Picea glauca, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Epilobium angustifblium in relation to overstory light
    • Lieffers, V.J., and Stadt, K.J. 1994. Growth of understory Picea glauca, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Epilobium angustifblium in relation to overstory light. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1193-1198.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 1193-1198
    • Lieffers, V.J.1    Stadt, K.J.2
  • 86
    • 0023582426 scopus 로고
    • Effects of frost on shaded and exposed spruce and pine seedlings planted in the field
    • Lundmark, T., and Hällgren, J.E. 1987. Effects of frost on shaded and exposed spruce and pine seedlings planted in the field. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 1197-1201.
    • (1987) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 1197-1201
    • Lundmark, T.1    Hällgren, J.E.2
  • 87
    • 0031454810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla seedlings along a light gradient: Resource allocation and morphological acclimation
    • Mailly, D., and Kimmins, J.P. 1997. Growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla seedlings along a light gradient: resource allocation and morphological acclimation. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1424-1435.
    • (1997) Can. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 1424-1435
    • Mailly, D.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 88
    • 0030929997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal photosynthetic responses to light and temperature in white spruce seedlings planted under an aspen (Populus tremuloides) canopy and in open conditions
    • Man, R.Z., and Lieffers, V.J. 1997. Seasonal photosynthetic responses to light and temperature in white spruce seedlings planted under an aspen (Populus tremuloides) canopy and in open conditions. Tree Physiol. 17: 437-444.
    • (1997) Tree Physiol. , vol.17 , pp. 437-444
    • Man, R.Z.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 89
    • 0031456616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosynthesis of Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana saplings in relation to season and temperature
    • Man, R.Z., and Lieffers, V.J. 1998. Photosynthesis of Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana saplings in relation to season and temperature. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1766-1771.
    • (1998) Can. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 1766-1771
    • Man, R.Z.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 92
    • 0002657091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing light and understory vegetation in boreal and temperate broadleaf-conifer forests
    • Edited by P.G. Comeau and K.D. Thomas. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
    • Messier, C. 1996. Managing light and understory vegetation in boreal and temperate broadleaf-conifer forests. In Silviculture of temperate and boreal broadleaf-conifer mixtures. Edited by P.G. Comeau and K.D. Thomas. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. pp. 59-81.
    • (1996) Silviculture of Temperate and Boreal Broadleaf-Conifer Mixtures , pp. 59-81
    • Messier, C.1
  • 93
    • 0024224208 scopus 로고
    • Light quantity and quality on the forest floor of pioneer and climax stages in a birch-beech-sugar maples stand
    • Messier, C., and Bellefleur, P. 1988. Light quantity and quality on the forest floor of pioneer and climax stages in a birch - beech - sugar maples stand. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 615-622.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 615-622
    • Messier, C.1    Bellefleur, P.2
  • 94
    • 0001074788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply - The effects of directbeam light on overcast-day estimates of light availability: On the accuracy of the instantaneous one-point overcast-sky conditions method to estimate mean daily %PPFD under heterogeneous overstory canopy conditions
    • Messier, C., and Parent, S. 1997. Reply - The effects of directbeam light on overcast-day estimates of light availability: On the accuracy of the instantaneous one-point overcast-sky conditions method to estimate mean daily %PPFD under heterogeneous overstory canopy conditions. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 274-275.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 274-275
    • Messier, C.1    Parent, S.2
  • 95
    • 0028974367 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in the light environment of developing Scots pine stands: The basis for a quick and efficient method of characterizing light
    • Messier, C., and Puttonen, P. 1995. Spatial and temporal variation in the light environment of developing Scots pine stands: the basis for a quick and efficient method of characterizing light. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 343-354.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 343-354
    • Messier, C.1    Puttonen, P.2
  • 96
    • 0024910472 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic photon flux density, red:far-red ratio, and minimum light requirement for survival of Gaultheria shallon in western redcedar - Western hemlock stands in coastal British Columbia
    • Messier, C., Honer, T. W., and Kimmins, J.P. 1989. Photosynthetic photon flux density, red:far-red ratio, and minimum light requirement for survival of Gaultheria shallon in western redcedar - western hemlock stands in coastal British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1470-1477.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1470-1477
    • Messier, C.1    Honer, T.W.2    Kimmins, J.P.3
  • 97
    • 0031741093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of understory light environment in closed mixed boreal forests: Effects of overstory and understory vegetation
    • Messier, C., Parent, S., and Bergeron, Y. 1998. Characterization of understory light environment in closed mixed boreal forests: effects of overstory and understory vegetation. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 511-520.
    • (1998) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 511-520
    • Messier, C.1    Parent, S.2    Bergeron, Y.3
  • 98
    • 0002941501 scopus 로고
    • Über den lichtfaktor in den pflanzengesellschaften und seine bedeutung für die stoffproduktion
    • Monsi, M., and Saeki, T. 1953. Über den lichtfaktor in den pflanzengesellschaften und seine bedeutung für die stoffproduktion. Jpn. J. Bot. 14: 22-53.
    • (1953) Jpn. J. Bot. , vol.14 , pp. 22-53
    • Monsi, M.1    Saeki, T.2
  • 100
    • 0000262778 scopus 로고
    • Non-photosynthetic responses to light quality
    • Physiological plant ecology. I. Responses to the physical environment. Edited by O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Ziedler. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Morgan, D.C., and Smith, H. 1981. Non-photosynthetic responses to light quality. In Physiological plant ecology. I. Responses to the physical environment. Edited by O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Ziedler. Encyclopedia of plant physiology. Vol. 12A. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 109-133.
    • (1981) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology , vol.12 A , pp. 109-133
    • Morgan, D.C.1    Smith, H.2
  • 101
    • 84982685903 scopus 로고
    • Some observations on the spectral distribution characteristics of short-wave radiation within Pinus radiata D. Don canopies
    • Morgan, D.C., Warrington, I.J., and Rook, D.A. 1985. Some observations on the spectral distribution characteristics of short-wave radiation within Pinus radiata D. Don canopies. Plant Cell Environ. 8: 201-206.
    • (1985) Plant Cell Environ. , vol.8 , pp. 201-206
    • Morgan, D.C.1    Warrington, I.J.2    Rook, D.A.3
  • 102
    • 34548430117 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands
    • Nilson, T. 1971. A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 8: 25-38.
    • (1971) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.8 , pp. 25-38
    • Nilson, T.1
  • 103
    • 0001267286 scopus 로고
    • Canopy structure
    • Edited by R.W. Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
    • Norman, J.M., and Campbell, G.S. 1989. Canopy structure. In Plant physiological ecology. Field methods and instrumentation. Edited by R.W. Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K. pp. 301-325.
    • (1989) Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation , pp. 301-325
    • Norman, J.M.1    Campbell, G.S.2
  • 104
    • 0000566649 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Part V. Radiation penetration theory and a test case
    • Norman, J.M., and Jarvis, P.G. 1975. Photosynthesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Part V. Radiation penetration theory and a test case. J. Appl. Ecol. 12: 839-879.
    • (1975) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.12 , pp. 839-879
    • Norman, J.M.1    Jarvis, P.G.2
  • 105
    • 0001268840 scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer in an array of canopies
    • Norman, J.M., and Welles, J.M. 1983. Radiative transfer in an array of canopies. Agron. J. 75: 481-488.
    • (1983) Agron. J. , vol.75 , pp. 481-488
    • Norman, J.M.1    Welles, J.M.2
  • 107
    • 0022822929 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic radiation regime and canopy structure in modeled forest stands
    • Oker-Blom, P. 1986. Photosynthetic radiation regime and canopy structure in modeled forest stands. Acta For. Fenn. 197: 1-44.
    • (1986) Acta For. Fenn. , vol.197 , pp. 1-44
    • Oker-Blom, P.1
  • 108
    • 0000044367 scopus 로고
    • Performance of canopy light interception model for conifer shoots, trees and stands
    • Oker-Blom, P., Kaufmann, M.R., and Ryan, M.G. 1991. Performance of canopy light interception model for conifer shoots, trees and stands. Tree Physiol. 9: 227-243.
    • (1991) Tree Physiol. , vol.9 , pp. 227-243
    • Oker-Blom, P.1    Kaufmann, M.R.2    Ryan, M.G.3
  • 110
    • 0026499421 scopus 로고
    • Mixed-conifer seedling growth varies in response to overstory release
    • Oliver, W.W., and Dolph, K.L. 1992. Mixed-conifer seedling growth varies in response to overstory release. For. Ecol. Manage. 48: 170-183.
    • (1992) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.48 , pp. 170-183
    • Oliver, W.W.1    Dolph, K.L.2
  • 111
    • 0029667145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy
    • Parent, S., and Messier, C. 1996. A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 151-154.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 151-154
    • Parent, S.1    Messier, C.2
  • 112
    • 0002747453 scopus 로고
    • Radiation and light measurements
    • Edited by R.W. Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
    • Pearcy, R.W. 1989. Radiation and light measurements. In Plant physiological ecology. Field methods and instrumentation. Edited by R.W. Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K. pp. 97-116.
    • (1989) Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation , pp. 97-116
    • Pearcy, R.W.1
  • 113
    • 0024182821 scopus 로고
    • Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer
    • Pierce, L.L., and Running, S.W. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer. Ecology, 69: 1762-1767.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1762-1767
    • Pierce, L.L.1    Running, S.W.2
  • 114
    • 0000040474 scopus 로고
    • A cheap quantum sensor using a gallium arsenide photodiode
    • Pontailler, J.Y. 1990. A cheap quantum sensor using a gallium arsenide photodiode. Funct. Ecol. 4: 591-595.
    • (1990) Funct. Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 591-595
    • Pontailler, J.Y.1
  • 115
    • 0029170433 scopus 로고
    • Measuring incident light on grape clusters using photosensitive paper and image analysis
    • Price, S.F., Schuette, M.L., and Tassie, E. 1995. Measuring incident light on grape clusters using photosensitive paper and image analysis. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 120: 235-240.
    • (1995) J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. , vol.120 , pp. 235-240
    • Price, S.F.1    Schuette, M.L.2    Tassie, E.3
  • 116
    • 0027869233 scopus 로고
    • Below-canopy distribution of photosynthetically active radiation and its relation to seedling growth in a boreal Pinus sylvestris stand
    • Pukkala, T., Kuuluvainen, T., and Stenberg, P. 1993. Below-canopy distribution of photosynthetically active radiation and its relation to seedling growth in a boreal Pinus sylvestris stand. Scand. J. For. Res. 8: 313-325.
    • (1993) Scand. J. For. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 313-325
    • Pukkala, T.1    Kuuluvainen, T.2    Stenberg, P.3
  • 117
    • 0001973840 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation beneath forest canopies
    • Reifsnyder, W.E., Furnival, G.M., and Horwitz, J.L. 1971. Spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation beneath forest canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 9: 21-37.
    • (1971) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.9 , pp. 21-37
    • Reifsnyder, W.E.1    Furnival, G.M.2    Horwitz, J.L.3
  • 118
    • 0030453423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest
    • Ricard, J.-P., and Messier, C. 1996. Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 81: 153-160.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.81 , pp. 153-160
    • Ricard, J.-P.1    Messier, C.2
  • 119
    • 0027880806 scopus 로고
    • Long-term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography
    • Rich, P.M., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., and Oberbauer, S.F. 1993. Long-term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. Agric. For. Meteorol. 65: 107-127.
    • (1993) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.65 , pp. 107-127
    • Rich, P.M.1    Clark, D.B.2    Clark, D.A.3    Oberbauer, S.F.4
  • 120
    • 0030944938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for red:far red signaling and photomorphogenic growth response in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
    • Ritchie, G.A. 1997. Evidence for red:far red signaling and photomorphogenic growth response in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Tree Physiol. 17: 161-168.
    • (1997) Tree Physiol , vol.17 , pp. 161-168
    • Ritchie, G.A.1
  • 122
    • 0000519795 scopus 로고
    • An instrument to measure forest crown cover
    • Robinson, M.W. 1947. An instrument to measure forest crown cover. For. Chron. 23: 222-225.
    • (1947) For. Chron. , vol.23 , pp. 222-225
    • Robinson, M.W.1
  • 123
    • 0022855373 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and successional changes in light quality and quantity in the understory of boreal forest ecosystems
    • Ross, M.S., Flanagan, L.B., and La Roi, G.H. 1986. Seasonal and successional changes in light quality and quantity in the understory of boreal forest ecosystems. Can. J. Bot. 64: 2792-2799.
    • (1986) Can. J. Bot. , vol.64 , pp. 2792-2799
    • Ross, M.S.1    Flanagan, L.B.2    La Roi, G.H.3
  • 124
    • 0001394367 scopus 로고
    • Uses of undergrowth plants in forestry
    • Rowe, J.S. 1955. Uses of undergrowth plants in forestry. Ecology, 37: 461-473.
    • (1955) Ecology , vol.37 , pp. 461-473
    • Rowe, J.S.1
  • 125
    • 0000443708 scopus 로고
    • Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests in the eastern United States
    • Runkle, J.R. 1981. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests in the eastern United States. Ecology, 62: 1041-1051.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1041-1051
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 126
    • 0023468464 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls revisited: Gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians
    • Runkle, J.R., and Yetter, T.C. 1987. Treefalls revisited: gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians. Ecology, 68: 417-424.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 417-424
    • Runkle, J.R.1    Yetter, T.C.2
  • 127
    • 0027388103 scopus 로고
    • Influence of canopy architecture on light penetration in lodgepole pine forests
    • Sampson, D.A., and Smith, F.W. 1993. Influence of canopy architecture on light penetration in lodgepole pine forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 64: 63-79.
    • (1993) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.64 , pp. 63-79
    • Sampson, D.A.1    Smith, F.W.2
  • 128
    • 0001832432 scopus 로고
    • L'horizontoscope: Un étonnant outil pratique de sylviculture, notamment en haute montagne
    • Schütz, J., and Brang, P. 1995. L'horizontoscope: un étonnant outil pratique de sylviculture, notamment en haute montagne. ONF- Bull. Tech. 28: 1-8.
    • (1995) ONF-Bull. Tech. , vol.28 , pp. 1-8
    • Schütz, J.1    Brang, P.2
  • 129
    • 0027330834 scopus 로고
    • Sunfleck frequency and duration affects growth rate of the understory plant, Alocasia macrorrhiza
    • Sims, D.A., and Pearcy, R.W. 1993. Sunfleck frequency and duration affects growth rate of the understory plant, Alocasia macrorrhiza. Funct. Ecol. 7: 683-689.
    • (1993) Funct. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 683-689
    • Sims, D.A.1    Pearcy, R.W.2
  • 130
    • 0020377230 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in the canopy of a loblolly pine plantation
    • Sinclair, T.R., and Knoerr, K.R. 1982. Distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in the canopy of a loblolly pine plantation. J. Appl. Ecol. 19: 183-191.
    • (1982) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.19 , pp. 183-191
    • Sinclair, T.R.1    Knoerr, K.R.2
  • 132
    • 0028161433 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of forest canopy transmittance estimators
    • Smith, E.R., and Riitters, K.H. 1994. A comparison of forest canopy transmittance estimators. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 188-192.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 188-192
    • Smith, E.R.1    Riitters, K.H.2
  • 133
    • 0001390901 scopus 로고
    • Light quality, photoreception, and plant strategy
    • Smith, H. 1982. Light quality, photoreception, and plant strategy. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33: 481-518.
    • (1982) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , vol.33 , pp. 481-518
    • Smith, H.1
  • 134
    • 0024823157 scopus 로고
    • Penumbral effects on sunlight penetration in plant communities
    • Smith, W.K., Knapp, A.K., and Reiners, W.A. 1989. Penumbral effects on sunlight penetration in plant communities. Ecology, 70: 1603-1609.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1603-1609
    • Smith, W.K.1    Knapp, A.K.2    Reiners, W.A.3
  • 135
    • 0001002673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment - The effects of direct-beam light on overcast-day estimates of light availability
    • Stadt, K.J., Landhäusser, S.M., and Stewart, J.D. 1997. Comment - The effects of direct-beam light on overcast-day estimates of light availability. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 272-274.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 272-274
    • Stadt, K.J.1    Landhäusser, S.M.2    Stewart, J.D.3
  • 136
    • 0027449603 scopus 로고
    • Light requirements of some broadleaf tree seedling in natural conditions
    • St-Jacques, C., and Bellefleur, P. 1993. Light requirements of some broadleaf tree seedling in natural conditions. For. Ecol. Manage. 56: 329-341.
    • (1993) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.56 , pp. 329-341
    • St-Jacques, C.1    Bellefleur, P.2
  • 137
    • 0000089476 scopus 로고
    • The Beer-Lambert law
    • Swinehart, D.F. 1962. The Beer-Lambert law. J. Chem. Educ. 39: 333-335.
    • (1962) J. Chem. Educ. , vol.39 , pp. 333-335
    • Swinehart, D.F.1
  • 138
    • 0025956412 scopus 로고
    • Salmonberry clonal and population structure: The basis for a persistent cover
    • Tappeiner, J.C., Zasada, J.C., Ryan, P., and Newton, M. 1991. Salmonberry clonal and population structure: the basis for a persistent cover. Ecology, 72: 609-618.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 609-618
    • Tappeiner, J.C.1    Zasada, J.C.2    Ryan, P.3    Newton, M.4
  • 139
    • 0030618982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a mechanistic model to evaluate sampling designs for light transmission through forest plant canopies
    • Ter-Mikaelian, M.T., Wagner, R.G., Shropshire, C., Bell, F.W., and Swanton, C.J. 1997. Using a mechanistic model to evaluate sampling designs for light transmission through forest plant canopies. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 117-126.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 117-126
    • Ter-Mikaelian, M.T.1    Wagner, R.G.2    Shropshire, C.3    Bell, F.W.4    Swanton, C.J.5
  • 141
    • 0028976956 scopus 로고
    • Light interception and partioning in a shrub/grass mixture
    • Tournebise, R., and Sinoquet, H. 1995. Light interception and partioning in a shrub/grass mixture. Agric. For. Meteorol. 72: 277-294.
    • (1995) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.72 , pp. 277-294
    • Tournebise, R.1    Sinoquet, H.2
  • 142
    • 0027470396 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation in the red/far-red ratio and photon flux density in an Australian subtropical rainforest
    • Turnbull, M.H., and Yates, D.J. 1993. Seasonal variation in the red/far-red ratio and photon flux density in an Australian subtropical rainforest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 64: 111-127.
    • (1993) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.64 , pp. 111-127
    • Turnbull, M.H.1    Yates, D.J.2
  • 143
    • 0028036026 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of leaf phenology in forest understory
    • Uemura, S. 1994. Patterns of leaf phenology in forest understory. Can. J. Bot. 72: 409-414.
    • (1994) Can. J. Bot. , vol.72 , pp. 409-414
    • Uemura, S.1
  • 144
    • 0024258660 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between transmission of solar radiation and coniferous forest stand characteristics
    • Vales, D.J., and Bunnell, F.L. 1988b. Relationships between transmission of solar radiation and coniferous forest stand characteristics. Agric. For. Meteorol. 43: 201-223.
    • (1988) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.43 , pp. 201-223
    • Vales, D.J.1    Bunnell, F.L.2
  • 145
    • 0024254090 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of methods for estimating forest overstory cover. I. Observer effects
    • Vales, D.J., and Bunnell, F.L. 1988b. Comparison of methods for estimating forest overstory cover. I. Observer effects. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 606-609.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 606-609
    • Vales, D.J.1    Bunnell, F.L.2
  • 146
    • 0030613997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy closure rate and forest structure
    • Valverde, T., and Silvertown, J. 1997. Canopy closure rate and forest structure. Ecology, 78: 1555-1562.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1555-1562
    • Valverde, T.1    Silvertown, J.2
  • 147
    • 0000597709 scopus 로고
    • Assessing seasonal leaf area dynamics and veritical leaf area distribution in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) with a portable light meter
    • Vose, J.M., and Swank, W.T. 1990. Assessing seasonal leaf area dynamics and veritical leaf area distribution in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) with a portable light meter. Tree Physiol. 7: 125-134.
    • (1990) Tree Physiol. , vol.7 , pp. 125-134
    • Vose, J.M.1    Swank, W.T.2
  • 148
    • 0001839363 scopus 로고
    • Influence of crown structural properties and transpiration in Sitka spruce: Application of a model (MAESTRO)
    • Wang, Y.P., and Jarvis, P.G. 1990. Influence of crown structural properties and transpiration in Sitka spruce: application of a model (MAESTRO). Tree Physiol. 7: 297-316.
    • (1990) Tree Physiol. , vol.7 , pp. 297-316
    • Wang, Y.P.1    Jarvis, P.G.2
  • 150
    • 0027461017 scopus 로고
    • Birch seedling responses to daily time courses of light experimental forest gaps and shadehouses
    • Wayne, P.M., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1993. Birch seedling responses to daily time courses of light experimental forest gaps and shadehouses. Ecology, 74: 1500-1515.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1500-1515
    • Wayne, P.M.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 151
    • 0002126806 scopus 로고
    • Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure
    • Welles, J.M. 1990. Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sens. Rev. 5: 31-43.
    • (1990) Remote Sens. Rev. , vol.5 , pp. 31-43
    • Welles, J.M.1
  • 152
    • 0027882652 scopus 로고
    • Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: Measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest
    • Whitmore, T.C. 1993. Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 9: 131-151.
    • (1993) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 131-151
    • Whitmore, T.C.1
  • 153
    • 0009578411 scopus 로고
    • A photochemical light meter suitable for ecological survey
    • Wolfenden, E.A., Agnew, A.D.Q., and Causton, D.R. 1982. A photochemical light meter suitable for ecological survey. Acta Oecol. Plant. 3: 101-111.
    • (1982) Acta Oecol. Plant. , vol.3 , pp. 101-111
    • Wolfenden, E.A.1    Agnew, A.D.Q.2    Causton, D.R.3
  • 154
    • 0029158599 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four methods for estimating total light interception by apple trees of varying forms
    • Wünsche, J.N., Lakso, A.N., and Robinson, T.L. 1995. Comparison of four methods for estimating total light interception by apple trees of varying forms. HortScience, 30: 272-276.
    • (1995) HortScience , vol.30 , pp. 272-276
    • Wünsche, J.N.1    Lakso, A.N.2    Robinson, T.L.3
  • 155
    • 0001373302 scopus 로고
    • Ground vegetation biomass production, and efficiency of energy utilization in some northern Wisconsin forest ecosystems
    • Zavitkovski, J. 1976. Ground vegetation biomass production, and efficiency of energy utilization in some northern Wisconsin forest ecosystems. Ecology, 57: 694-706.
    • (1976) Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 694-706
    • Zavitkovski, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.