메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 2458-2473

Microsite controls on tree seedling establishment in conifer forest canopy gaps

Author keywords

Abies amabilis; Canopy gaps; Disturbance; Heterogeneity; Microsites; Old growth forest; Pacific Northwest; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Seedling establishment; Succession; Tsuga heterophylla

Indexed keywords

CANOPY GAP; CONIFEROUS FOREST; HETEROGENEITY; MICROHABITAT; REGENERATION; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT;

EID: 0031403978     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2458:MCOTSE]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (231)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 0023468569 scopus 로고
    • Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest
    • Agee, J. K., and M. H. Huff. 1987. Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:697-704.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 697-704
    • Agee, J.K.1    Huff, M.H.2
  • 2
    • 0025953208 scopus 로고
    • Response of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and early huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium) seedlings to forest windthrow
    • Alaback, P. B., and J. C. Tappeiner II. 1991. Response of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and early huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium) seedlings to forest windthrow. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:534-539.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.21 , pp. 534-539
    • Alaback, P.B.1    Tappeiner II, J.C.2
  • 4
    • 0024877886 scopus 로고
    • Macro- And micro-scale influences on riparian vegetation in western Colorado
    • Baker, W. L. 1989. Macro- and micro-scale influences on riparian vegetation in western Colorado. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79(1):65-78.
    • (1989) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.79 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-78
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 5
    • 0024257246 scopus 로고
    • Internal heterogeneity of gaps and species richness in Costa Rican tropical wet forest
    • Brandani, A., G. S. Hartshorn, and G. H. Orians. 1988. Internal heterogeneity of gaps and species richness in Costa Rican tropical wet forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4:99-119.
    • (1988) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 99-119
    • Brandani, A.1    Hartshorn, G.S.2    Orians, G.H.3
  • 7
    • 0021557610 scopus 로고
    • Variation in demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic
    • Christy, E. J., and R. N. Mack. 1984. Variation in demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic. Journal of Ecology 72:75-91.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 75-91
    • Christy, E.J.1    Mack, R.N.2
  • 8
    • 0002488214 scopus 로고
    • Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees
    • Denslow, J. D. 1980. Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees. Biotropica 12(supplement):47-55.
    • (1980) Biotropica , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 47-55
    • Denslow, J.D.1
  • 9
    • 0023467656 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity
    • Denslow, J. S. 1987. Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:431-451.
    • (1987) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.18 , pp. 431-451
    • Denslow, J.S.1
  • 10
    • 0002316343 scopus 로고
    • Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon
    • Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon. Ecology 54:57-69.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 57-69
    • Dyrness, C.T.1
  • 11
    • 0002079013 scopus 로고
    • Understory response to canopy gaps of varying size in a mature oak forest
    • Ehrenfeld, J. G. 1980. Understory response to canopy gaps of varying size in a mature oak forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 107:29-41.
    • (1980) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.107 , pp. 29-41
    • Ehrenfeld, J.G.1
  • 13
    • 3542999457 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration of Douglas-fir and associated species using modified clear-cutting systems in the Oregon Cascades
    • Franklin, J. F. 1963. Natural regeneration of Douglas-fir and associated species using modified clear-cutting systems in the Oregon Cascades. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-3.
    • (1963) USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper , vol.PNW-3
    • Franklin, J.F.1
  • 15
    • 0004085058 scopus 로고
    • Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Gause, G. F. 1934. The struggle for existence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
    • (1934) The Struggle for Existence
    • Gause, G.F.1
  • 17
    • 0028993773 scopus 로고
    • Water content measurement in forest soils and decayed wood using time domain reflectometry
    • Gray, A. N., and T. A. Spies. 1995. Water content measurement in forest soils and decayed wood using time domain reflectometry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(3):376-385.
    • (1995) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 376-385
    • Gray, A.N.1    Spies, T.A.2
  • 18
    • 0030302259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps
    • Gray, A. N., and T. A. Spies. 1996. Gap size, within-gap position, and canopy structure effects on seedling establishment of conifer species in forest canopy gaps. Journal of Ecology 84(5):635-645.
    • (1996) Journal of Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 635-645
    • Gray, A.N.1    Spies, T.A.2
  • 19
    • 0000052880 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche
    • Grubb, P. J. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Review 52:107-145.
    • (1977) Biological Review , vol.52 , pp. 107-145
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 21
    • 84986760735 scopus 로고
    • Physiognomic development of Pseudotsuga forests in relation to initial structure and disturbance intensity
    • Halpern, C. B., and J. F. Franklin. 1990. Physiognomic development of Pseudotsuga forests in relation to initial structure and disturbance intensity. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:472-482.
    • (1990) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.1 , pp. 472-482
    • Halpern, C.B.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 22
    • 0023582482 scopus 로고
    • The influence of litter and humus accumulations and canopy openness on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. seedlings growing on logs
    • Harmon, M. B. 1987. The influence of litter and humus accumulations and canopy openness on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. seedlings growing on logs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:1475-1479.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 1475-1479
    • Harmon, M.B.1
  • 23
    • 0024936196 scopus 로고
    • Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington
    • Harmon, M. E., and J. F. Franklin. 1989. Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology 70:48-59.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 48-59
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 24
    • 0022832740 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems
    • Harmon, M. E., et al. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302.
    • (1986) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.15 , pp. 133-302
    • Harmon, M.E.1
  • 26
    • 0000870869 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour of seeds in soil. I. the heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed
    • Harper, J. L., J. T. Williams, and G. R. Sagar. 1965. The behaviour of seeds in soil. I. The heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed. Journal of Ecology 53:273-286.
    • (1965) Journal of Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 273-286
    • Harper, J.L.1    Williams, J.T.2    Sagar, G.R.3
  • 27
    • 0023467275 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among soil microsite, ectomycorrhizae, and natural conifer regeneration of old-growth forests in western Montana
    • Harvey, A. E., M. F. Jurgesen, M. J. Larsen, and R. T. Graham. 1987. Relationships among soil microsite, ectomycorrhizae, and natural conifer regeneration of old-growth forests in western Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:58-62.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 58-62
    • Harvey, A.E.1    Jurgesen, M.F.2    Larsen, M.J.3    Graham, R.T.4
  • 28
    • 0009575164 scopus 로고
    • Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention
    • Helgerson, O. T. 1990. Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention. New Forests 3:333-358.
    • (1990) New Forests , vol.3 , pp. 333-358
    • Helgerson, O.T.1
  • 32
    • 84950658629 scopus 로고
    • Conditions under which mean square ratios in repeated measurements designs have exact F-distributions
    • Huynh, H., and L. S. Feldt. 1970. Conditions under which mean square ratios in repeated measurements designs have exact F-distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association 65:1582-1589.
    • (1970) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.65 , pp. 1582-1589
    • Huynh, H.1    Feldt, L.S.2
  • 33
    • 0025658481 scopus 로고
    • Buried propagules in an old-growth forest and their response to experimental disturbances
    • Ingersoll, C. A., and M. V. Wilson. 1990. Buried propagules in an old-growth forest and their response to experimental disturbances. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:1156-1162.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.68 , pp. 1156-1162
    • Ingersoll, C.A.1    Wilson, M.V.2
  • 34
    • 0009621907 scopus 로고
    • Life of Douglas-fir seed in the forest floor
    • Isaac, L. A. 1935. Life of Douglas-fir seed in the forest floor. Journal of Forestry 33:61-66.
    • (1935) Journal of Forestry , vol.33 , pp. 61-66
    • Isaac, L.A.1
  • 35
    • 0003699355 scopus 로고
    • Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA
    • _. 1943. Reproductive habits of Douglas-fir. Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1943) Reproductive Habits of Douglas-fir
  • 38
    • 0007416219 scopus 로고
    • Fate of sown Douglas-fir seed
    • Lawrence, W. H., and J. H. Rediske. 1962. Fate of sown Douglas-fir seed. Forest Science 8:210-218.
    • (1962) Forest Science , vol.8 , pp. 210-218
    • Lawrence, W.H.1    Rediske, J.H.2
  • 39
    • 0024193939 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest
    • Lawton, R. O., and F. E. Putz. 1988. Natural disturbance and gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest. Ecology 69:764-777.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 764-777
    • Lawton, R.O.1    Putz, F.E.2
  • 40
    • 0026499416 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of gap-phase replacement in a subalpine, old-growth forest
    • Lertzman, K. P. 1992. Patterns of gap-phase replacement in a subalpine, old-growth forest. Ecology 73:657-669.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 657-669
    • Lertzman, K.P.1
  • 41
    • 0000836182 scopus 로고
    • Stomatal characteristics and transpiration of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut
    • Livingston, N. J., and T. A. Black. 1987. Stomatal characteristics and transpiration of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:1273-1282.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 1273-1282
    • Livingston, N.J.1    Black, T.A.2
  • 42
    • 0001617959 scopus 로고
    • The growth and water use of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut
    • Livingston, N. J., and T. A. Black. 1988. The growth and water use of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high elevation south-facing clear-cut. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18:1234-1242.
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.18 , pp. 1234-1242
    • Livingston, N.J.1    Black, T.A.2
  • 44
    • 0001256390 scopus 로고
    • Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure
    • Lorimer, C. G. 1989. Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure. Ecology 70:565-567.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 565-567
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 46
    • 0001975358 scopus 로고
    • Douglas-fir forests: Managing for timber and mature-forest habitat
    • McComb, W. C., T. A. Spies, and W. H. Emmingham. 1993 Douglas-fir forests: managing for timber and mature-forest habitat. Journal of Forestry 91:31-42.
    • (1993) Journal of Forestry , vol.91 , pp. 31-42
    • McComb, W.C.1    Spies, T.A.2    Emmingham, W.H.3
  • 48
    • 0000141049 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of hardwoods 10 years after cutting as affected by site and opening size
    • Minckler, L. S., and J. D. Woerhide. 1965. Reproduction of hardwoods 10 years after cutting as affected by site and opening size. Journal of Forestry 63:103-107.
    • (1965) Journal of Forestry , vol.63 , pp. 103-107
    • Minckler, L.S.1    Woerhide, J.D.2
  • 51
    • 3543001222 scopus 로고
    • Germination, survival, and early growth of conifer seedlings in two habitat types. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon
    • _. 1986. Germination, survival, and early growth of conifer seedlings in two habitat types. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. USDA Porest Service Research Paper PNW-348.
    • (1986) USDA Porest Service Research Paper , vol.PNW-348
  • 52
    • 0024874891 scopus 로고
    • Role of uprooting in composition and dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan
    • Nakashizuka, T. 1989. Role of uprooting in composition and dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan. Ecology 70:1273-1278.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1273-1278
    • Nakashizuka, T.1
  • 53
    • 0001525590 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England
    • Oliver, C. D., and E. P. Stephens. 1977. Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England. Ecology 58:562-572.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 562-572
    • Oliver, C.D.1    Stephens, E.P.2
  • 54
    • 0000124204 scopus 로고
    • The influence of tree-falls in tropical forests in tree species richness
    • Orians, G. H. 1982. The influence of tree-falls in tropical forests in tree species richness. Tropical Ecology 23:255-279.
    • (1982) Tropical Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 255-279
    • Orians, G.H.1
  • 55
    • 85038536977 scopus 로고
    • Cutworms: Noctuidae
    • P. B. Hamm, S. J. Campbell, and E. M. Hansen, editors Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
    • Overhulser, D. L. 1990. Cutworms: Noctuidae. Pages 46-47 in P. B. Hamm, S. J. Campbell, and E. M. Hansen, editors. Growing healthy seedlings: identification and management of pests in northwest forest nurseries. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
    • (1990) Growing Healthy Seedlings: Identification and Management of Pests in Northwest Forest Nurseries , pp. 46-47
    • Overhulser, D.L.1
  • 56
    • 0028181203 scopus 로고
    • Root gap dynamics in lodgepole pine forest: Nitrogen transformations in gaps of different size
    • Parsons, W. F. J., D. H. Knight, and S. L. Miller. 1994. Root gap dynamics in lodgepole pine forest: nitrogen transformations in gaps of different size. Ecological Applications 4:354-362.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 354-362
    • Parsons, W.F.J.1    Knight, D.H.2    Miller, S.L.3
  • 57
    • 0025224385 scopus 로고
    • Patch-size effects on early succession in southern Appalachian forests
    • Phillips, D. L., and D. J. Shure. 1990. Patch-size effects on early succession in southern Appalachian forests. Ecology 71:204-212.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 204-212
    • Phillips, D.L.1    Shure, D.J.2
  • 59
    • 0022205953 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction
    • S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, editors. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White. 1985. Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. Pages 3-13 in S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White, editors. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , pp. 3-13
    • Pickett, S.T.A.1    White, P.S.2
  • 60
    • 0024936743 scopus 로고
    • Gaps in forest ecology
    • Platt, W. J., and D. R. Strong. 1989. Gaps in forest ecology. Ecology 70:535.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 535
    • Platt, W.J.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 61
    • 0000012670 scopus 로고
    • Gap light regimes influence canopy tree diversity
    • Poulson, T. L., and W. J. Platt. 1989. Gap light regimes influence canopy tree diversity. Ecology 70:553-555.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 553-555
    • Poulson, T.L.1    Platt, W.J.2
  • 62
    • 0020870946 scopus 로고
    • Tree fall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
    • Putz, F. E. 1983. Tree fall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology 64:1069-1074.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1069-1074
    • Putz, F.E.1
  • 63
    • 0027064289 scopus 로고
    • Effect of forest floor on growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without fertilizer
    • Radwan, M. A. 1992. Effect of forest floor on growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without fertilizer. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1222-1229.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.22 , pp. 1222-1229
    • Radwan, M.A.1
  • 64
    • 0000432060 scopus 로고
    • Environmental heterogeneity and plant species diversity: A hypothesis
    • Ricklefs, R. E. 1977. Environmental heterogeneity and plant species diversity: a hypothesis. American Naturalist 111:376-381.
    • (1977) American Naturalist , vol.111 , pp. 376-381
    • Ricklefs, R.E.1
  • 65
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • Runkle, J. R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63:1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 66
    • 0025631105 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
    • _. 1990. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:632-641.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 632-641
  • 67
    • 0023468464 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls revisited: Gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians
    • Runkle, J. R., and T. C. Yetter. 1987 Treefalls revisited: gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians. Ecology 68:417-424.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 417-424
    • Runkle, J.R.1    Yetter, T.C.2
  • 68
    • 3142592956 scopus 로고
    • Harvest cuttings and regeneration in young-growth western hemlock
    • A. B. Berg, editor. School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
    • Ruth, R. H. 1976. Harvest cuttings and regeneration in young-growth western hemlock. Pages 41-74 in A. B. Berg, editor. Managing young forests in the Douglas-fir region. School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
    • (1976) Managing Young Forests in the Douglas-fir Region , pp. 41-74
    • Ruth, R.H.1
  • 70
    • 0003371152 scopus 로고
    • Seeds of woody plants in the United States
    • technical coordinator USDA, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture handbook 450. USDA, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1974) Agriculture Handbook , vol.450
    • Schopmeyer, C.S.1
  • 71
    • 3142630794 scopus 로고
    • Comparative ecological behavior of western hemlock in the Washington Cascades
    • W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, editors. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
    • Scott, D. R. M., J. N. Long, and J. Kotar. 1976. Comparative ecological behavior of western hemlock in the Washington Cascades. Pages 26-33 in W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, editors. Western hemlock management. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
    • (1976) Western Hemlock Management , pp. 26-33
    • Scott, D.R.M.1    Long, J.N.2    Kotar, J.3
  • 72
    • 0027803473 scopus 로고
    • ANOVA for unbalanced data: An overview
    • Shaw, R. G., and T. Mitchell-Olds. 1993. ANOVA for unbalanced data: an overview. Ecology 74:1638-1645.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1638-1645
    • Shaw, R.G.1    Mitchell-Olds, T.2
  • 74
    • 3543036562 scopus 로고
    • The influence of seedbed conditions on the regeneration of eastern white pine
    • Smith, D. M. 1951. The influence of seedbed conditions on the regeneration of eastern white pine. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 545.
    • (1951) Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin , vol.545
    • Smith, D.M.1
  • 75
    • 0000012668 scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest
    • Spies, T. A., and J. F. Franklin. 1989. Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 70:543-545.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 543-545
    • Spies, T.A.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 76
    • 0002099478 scopus 로고
    • The structure of natural young, mature, and old-growth Douglas-fir forests
    • L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests
    • Spies, T. A., and J. F. Franklin. 1991. The structure of natural young, mature, and old-growth Douglas-fir forests Pages 91-110 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285.
    • (1991) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report , vol.PNW-GTR-285 , pp. 91-110
    • Spies, T.A.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 79
    • 0022855954 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in canopy openings in old-growth Pseudotsuga forests of the western Cascade Range, Oregon
    • Stewart, G. H. 1986. Forest development in canopy openings in old-growth Pseudotsuga forests of the western Cascade Range, Oregon, Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:558-568.
    • (1986) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.16 , pp. 558-568
    • Stewart, G.H.1
  • 80
    • 2542511394 scopus 로고
    • Site preparation
    • B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, editors. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
    • Stewart, R. E. 1978. Site preparation. Pages 99-129 in B. D. Cleary, R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann, editors. Regenerating Oregon's forests. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
    • (1978) Regenerating Oregon's Forests , pp. 99-129
    • Stewart, R.E.1
  • 82
    • 0024192268 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps
    • Uhl, C., K. Clark, N. Dezzeo, and P. Maquirino. 1988. Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology 69:751-763.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 751-763
    • Uhl, C.1    Clark, K.2    Dezzeo, N.3    Maquirino, P.4
  • 84
    • 0022236777 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in tree-fall gaps in the temperate rain forests of Chile
    • Veblen, T. T. 1985. Forest development in tree-fall gaps in the temperate rain forests of Chile. National Geographic Reports Spring 1985:162-183.
    • (1985) National Geographic Reports Spring , vol.1985 , pp. 162-183
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 85
    • 0000012669 scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient
    • _. 1989 Tree regeneration responses to gaps along a transandean gradient. Ecology 70:541-543.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 541-543
  • 86
    • 0006993060 scopus 로고
    • Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns
    • Vogt, K. A., D. J. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R. A. Dahlgren. 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. Plant and Soil 168-169:113-123.
    • (1995) Plant and Soil , vol.168-169 , pp. 113-123
    • Vogt, K.A.1    Vogt, D.J.2    Asbjornsen, H.3    Dahlgren, R.A.4
  • 88
    • 0022221887 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and gap phase dynamics in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests
    • White, P. S., M. D. MacKenzie, and R. T. Busing. 1985. Natural disturbance and gap phase dynamics in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15:233-240.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.15 , pp. 233-240
    • White, P.S.1    MacKenzie, M.D.2    Busing, R.T.3
  • 90
    • 3543035393 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration of western hemlock
    • W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, editors. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
    • _. 1976. Natural regeneration of western hemlock Pages 26-33 in W. A. Atkinson and R. J. Zasoski, editors. Western hemlock management. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
    • (1976) Western Hemlock Management , pp. 26-33
  • 91
    • 0008302101 scopus 로고
    • Age structure patterns in Abies amabilis stands of the Cascade Mountains
    • Wilson, M. V. 1991. Age structure patterns in Abies amabilis stands of the Cascade Mountains. American Midland Naturalist 125:331-339.
    • (1991) American Midland Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 331-339
    • Wilson, M.V.1
  • 92
    • 0026350461 scopus 로고
    • Growth and development of natural seedlings of Abies and Tsuga in old-growth forest
    • Zobel, D. B., and J. A. Antos. 1991. Growth and development of natural seedlings of Abies and Tsuga in old-growth forest. Journal of Ecology 79:985-998.
    • (1991) Journal of Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 985-998
    • Zobel, D.B.1    Antos, J.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.