메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 824-839

A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTIC FACTOR; BOREAL FOREST; FOREST DYNAMICS; RECRUITMENT; REGENERATION;

EID: 0032780410     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x98-112     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (389)

References (150)
  • 1
    • 0009588979 scopus 로고
    • Englemann spruce seed dispersal in the central Rocky Mountains
    • Alexander, R.R., and Edminster, C.B. 1983. Englemann spruce seed dispersal in the central Rocky Mountains. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-424.
    • (1983) U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note , vol.RM-424
    • Alexander, R.R.1    Edminster, C.B.2
  • 2
    • 85040295151 scopus 로고
    • Englemann spruce seed production on the Fraser experimental forest, Colorado
    • Alexander, R.R., Watkins, R.K., and Edminster, C.B. 1982. Englemann spruce seed production on the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-419.
    • (1982) U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note , vol.RM-419
    • Alexander, R.R.1    Watkins, R.K.2    Edminster, C.B.3
  • 4
    • 0000043347 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the origin of adventitious roots in native Ontario conifers
    • Bannan, M.W. 1942. Notes on the origin of adventitious roots in native Ontario conifers. Am. J. Bot. 29: 593-598.
    • (1942) Am. J. Bot. , vol.29 , pp. 593-598
    • Bannan, M.W.1
  • 5
    • 0000877309 scopus 로고
    • The clonal growth habit of aspens
    • Barnes, B. V. 1966. The clonal growth habit of aspens. Ecology, 47: 439-497.
    • (1966) Ecology , vol.47 , pp. 439-497
    • Barnes, B.V.1
  • 6
    • 0026304450 scopus 로고
    • Multiple controls of cliff-edge distribution patterns of Thuya occidentalis and Acer saccharum at the stage of seedling recruitment
    • Bartlett, R.M., Reader, R.J., and Larson, D.W. 1991. Multiple controls of cliff-edge distribution patterns of Thuya occidentalis and Acer saccharum at the stage of seedling recruitment. J. Ecol. 79: 183-197.
    • (1991) J. Ecol. , vol.79 , pp. 183-197
    • Bartlett, R.M.1    Reader, R.J.2    Larson, D.W.3
  • 7
    • 0001371526 scopus 로고
    • Spruce budworm: Super silviculturist
    • Baskerville, G.L. 1975. Spruce budworm: super silviculturist. For. Chron. 51: 138-140.
    • (1975) For. Chron. , vol.51 , pp. 138-140
    • Baskerville, G.L.1
  • 8
    • 0001860902 scopus 로고
    • Forest succession following a spruce budworm outbreak in Minnesota
    • Batzer, H.O., and Popp, M.P. 1985. Forest succession following a spruce budworm outbreak in Minnesota. For. Chron. 61: 75-80.
    • (1985) For. Chron. , vol.61 , pp. 75-80
    • Batzer, H.O.1    Popp, M.P.2
  • 9
    • 0000624232 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of high temperatures on the cones and scales of jack pine
    • Beaufait, W.R. 1960. Some effects of high temperatures on the cones and scales of jack pine. For. Sci. 6: 194-199.
    • (1960) For. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 194-199
    • Beaufait, W.R.1
  • 10
    • 0027329285 scopus 로고
    • Ecological factors affecting abundance of commercial species advance growth in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) stands of the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec
    • Béland, M., and Bergeron, Y. 1993. Ecological factors affecting abundance of commercial species advance growth in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) stands of the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec. For. Chron. 69: 561-568.
    • (1993) For. Chron. , vol.69 , pp. 561-568
    • Béland, M.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 11
    • 0027836733 scopus 로고
    • Dynamique d'établissement d'un peuplement bi-étagé de bouleau blanc et de sapin baumier en zone boréale
    • Bélanger, L., Allard, D., and Meek, P. 1993. Dynamique d'Établissement d'Un peuplement bi-étagé de bouleau blanc et de sapin baumier en zone boréale. For. Chron. 69: 173-177.
    • (1993) For. Chron. , vol.69 , pp. 173-177
    • Bélanger, L.1    Allard, D.2    Meek, P.3
  • 12
    • 0001474625 scopus 로고
    • Logging practices and the subsequent development of aspen stands in east-central Saskatchewan
    • Bella, I.E. 1986. Logging practices and the subsequent development of aspen stands in east-central Saskatchewan. For. Chron. 62: 81-83.
    • (1986) For. Chron. , vol.62 , pp. 81-83
    • Bella, I.E.1
  • 13
    • 0027800086 scopus 로고
    • Decrease of forest fires in Québec's southern boreal zone and its relation to global warming since the end of the Little Ice Age
    • Bergeron, Y., and Archambault, S. 1993. Decrease of forest fires in Québec'S southern boreal zone and its relation to global warming since the end of the Little Ice Age. Holocene, 3: 255-259.
    • (1993) Holocene , vol.3 , pp. 255-259
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Archambault, S.2
  • 14
    • 0028980341 scopus 로고
    • Balsam fir mortality following the last spruce budworm outbreak in northwestern Quebec
    • Bergeron, Y., Leduc, A., Morin, H., and Joyal, C. 1995. Balsam fir mortality following the last spruce budworm outbreak in northwestern Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 1375-1384.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 1375-1384
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Leduc, A.2    Morin, H.3    Joyal, C.4
  • 15
    • 0001477663 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill) BSP at the treeline near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada
    • Black, R.A., and Bliss, L.C. 1980. Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill) BSP at the treeline near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ecol. Monogr. 50: 331-354.
    • (1980) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.50 , pp. 331-354
    • Black, R.A.1    Bliss, L.C.2
  • 16
    • 0024922464 scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests
    • Bonan, G.B., and Shugart, H.H. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 1-28.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.20 , pp. 1-28
    • Bonan, G.B.1    Shugart, H.H.2
  • 23
    • 0000841892 scopus 로고
    • Burning for black spruce regeneration on a lowland cutover site in southeastern Manitoba
    • Chrosciewicz, Z. 1976. Burning for black spruce regeneration on a lowland cutover site in southeastern Manitoba. Can. J. For. Res. 6: 179-186.
    • (1976) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.6 , pp. 179-186
    • Chrosciewicz, Z.1
  • 24
    • 0003003848 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia
    • British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C.
    • Coates, K.D., Haeussler, S., Lindeburgh, S., Pojar, R., and Stock, A.J. 1994. Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C., FRDA Rep. 220.
    • (1994) FRDA Rep. , vol.220
    • Coates, K.D.1    Haeussler, S.2    Lindeburgh, S.3    Pojar, R.4    Stock, A.J.5
  • 25
    • 0025232097 scopus 로고
    • Habitat relationships and survivorship of tree seedlings in hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Collins, S.L. 1990. Habitat relationships and survivorship of tree seedlings in hemlock-hardwood forest. Can. J. Bot. 68: 790-797.
    • (1990) Can. J. Bot. , vol.68 , pp. 790-797
    • Collins, S.L.1
  • 26
    • 0026267635 scopus 로고
    • Variations de la régénération prétablie dans les sapinières boréales en fonction de leurs caractéristiques écologiques
    • Coté, S., and Belanger, L. 1991. Variations de la régénération prétablie dans les sapinières boréales en fonction de leurs caractéristiques écologiques. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1779-1795.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 1779-1795
    • Coté, S.1    Belanger, L.2
  • 27
    • 0030434974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of light conditions in canopy gaps on forest regeneration: A new gap light index and its application in a boreal forest in east-central Sweden
    • Dai, X. 1996. Influence of light conditions in canopy gaps on forest regeneration: a new gap light index and its application in a boreal forest in east-central Sweden. For. Ecol. Manage. 84: 187-197.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.84 , pp. 187-197
    • Dai, X.1
  • 30
    • 0002683565 scopus 로고
    • Seed sterility and disturbances in embryogeny in conifers with particular reference to seed testing and tree breeding in Pinaceae
    • Dogra, P.D. 1967. Seed sterility and disturbances in embryogeny in conifers with particular reference to seed testing and tree breeding in Pinaceae. Stud. For. Suec. 45: 1-101.
    • (1967) Stud. For. Suec. , vol.45 , pp. 1-101
    • Dogra, P.D.1
  • 31
    • 0024197558 scopus 로고
    • La régénération pré-établie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec
    • Doucet, R. 1988. La régénération pré-établie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec. For. Chron. 64: 116-120.
    • (1988) For. Chron. , vol.64 , pp. 116-120
    • Doucet, R.1
  • 32
    • 0001462981 scopus 로고
    • Long term development of black spruce advance growth released by cutting
    • The silvics and ecology of boreal spruces. Edited by B.D. Titus, M.B. Lavigne, P.F. Newton, and W.J. Meades
    • Doucet, R. 1990. Long term development of black spruce advance growth released by cutting. In The silvics and ecology of boreal spruces. Edited by B.D. Titus, M.B. Lavigne, P.F. Newton, and W.J. Meades. For. Can. Nfld. Labrador Region Inf. Rep. N-X-271. pp. 113-121.
    • (1990) For. Can. Nfld. Labrador Region Inf. Rep. , vol.N-X-271 , pp. 113-121
    • Doucet, R.1
  • 33
    • 0028848719 scopus 로고
    • Phase initiale de régénération après feu des populations conifériennes subarctiques
    • Duchesne, S., and Sirois, L. 1995. Phase initiale de régénération après feu des populations conifériennes subarctiques. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 307-318.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 307-318
    • Duchesne, S.1    Sirois, L.2
  • 34
    • 0001386517 scopus 로고
    • The current regenerative capacity of the northern Canadian trees, Keewatin, N.W.T., Canada: Some preliminary observations
    • Elliot, D.L. 1979. The current regenerative capacity of the northern Canadian trees, Keewatin, N.W.T., Canada: some preliminary observations. Arct. Alp. Res. 11: 243-251.
    • (1979) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.11 , pp. 243-251
    • Elliot, D.L.1
  • 36
    • 0029762719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugar maple, black spruce, and tamarack do not reproduce from roots
    • Fayle, D.C.F. 1996. Sugar maple, black spruce, and tamarack do not reproduce from roots. For. Chron. 72: 283-285.
    • (1996) For. Chron. , vol.72 , pp. 283-285
    • Fayle, D.C.F.1
  • 37
    • 0028160318 scopus 로고
    • Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: Seedbed relationships
    • Fleming, R.L., and Mossa, D.S. 1994. Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: seedbed relationships. For. Chron. 70: 151-158.
    • (1994) For. Chron. , vol.70 , pp. 151-158
    • Fleming, R.L.1    Mossa, D.S.2
  • 38
    • 0013599714 scopus 로고
    • Establishment and growth of seeded upland black spruce: 7-12 year response
    • Fleming, R.L., and Mossa, D.S. 1995a. Establishment and growth of seeded upland black spruce: 7-12 year response. NODA/NFP Tech.1 Rep. TR-8.
    • (1995) NODA/NFP Tech.1 Rep. , vol.TR-8
    • Fleming, R.L.1    Mossa, D.S.2
  • 39
    • 0000490369 scopus 로고
    • Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: Temporal changes in seedbed coverage and receptivity
    • Fleming, R.L., and Mossa, D.S. 1995b. Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: temporal changes in seedbed coverage and receptivity. For. Chron. 71: 219-227.
    • (1995) For. Chron. , vol.71 , pp. 219-227
    • Fleming, R.L.1    Mossa, D.S.2
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
    • 0028975893 scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns and succession in a Minnesota southern-boreal forest
    • Frelich, L.E., and Reich, P.B. 1995. Spatial patterns and succession in a Minnesota southern-boreal forest. Ecol. Monogr. 65: 325-346.
    • (1995) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.65 , pp. 325-346
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Reich, P.B.2
  • 44
    • 0007430333 scopus 로고
    • Analyse 10 ans après coupe de bois de pâte, des problèmes de régénération dans l'Est du Canada
    • Frisque, G., Weetman, G.F., and Clemmer, E. 1978. Analyse 10 ans après coupe de bois de pâte, des problèmes de régénération dans l'Est du Canada. Inst. Can. Rech. Génie For. Rapp. Tech. Rt-23.
    • (1978) Inst. Can. Rech. Génie For. Rapp. Tech. , vol.RT-23
    • Frisque, G.1    Weetman, G.F.2    Clemmer, E.3
  • 45
    • 0001010032 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration of balsam fir and spruce about fifteen years following release by spruce budworm attack
    • Fye, R.E., and Thomas, J.B. 1963. Regeneration of balsam fir and spruce about fifteen years following release by spruce budworm attack. For. Chron. 39: 385-397.
    • (1963) For. Chron. , vol.39 , pp. 385-397
    • Fye, R.E.1    Thomas, J.B.2
  • 46
    • 0030618279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White spruce and balsam fir colonization of a site in the southeastern boreal forest as observed 68 years after fire
    • Galipeau, C., Kneeshaw, D.D., and Bergeron, Y. 1997. White spruce and balsam fir colonization of a site in the southeastern boreal forest as observed 68 years after fire. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 139-147.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 139-147
    • Galipeau, C.1    Kneeshaw, D.D.2    Bergeron, Y.3
  • 47
    • 0000445398 scopus 로고
    • Studies of regeneration in forest stands devastated by the spruce budworm. I. Evidence of trends in forest succession during the decade following budworm devastation
    • Ghent, A.W., Fraser, D.A., and Thomas, J.B. 1957. Studies of regeneration in forest stands devastated by the spruce budworm. I. Evidence of trends in forest succession during the decade following budworm devastation. For. Sci. 4: 184-208.
    • (1957) For. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 184-208
    • Ghent, A.W.1    Fraser, D.A.2    Thomas, J.B.3
  • 49
    • 0022232477 scopus 로고
    • Depletion of viable seeds of Betula pubescens and B. verrucosa sown onto some north Swedish forest soils
    • Granstrom, A., and Fries, C. 1985. Depletion of viable seeds of Betula pubescens and B. verrucosa sown onto some north Swedish forest soils. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 1176-1180.
    • (1985) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 1176-1180
    • Granstrom, A.1    Fries, C.2
  • 51
    • 0024874556 scopus 로고
    • A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1989. A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology, 70: 339-347.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 339-347
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 52
    • 0027041722 scopus 로고
    • Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersal
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1992. Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersal. Can. J. Bot. 70: 2277-2283.
    • (1992) Can. J. Bot. , vol.70 , pp. 2277-2283
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 53
    • 0028179918 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1994. Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees. Ecology, 72: 642-647.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 642-647
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 54
    • 0028984053 scopus 로고
    • Long distance dispersal of tree seeds
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1995. Long distance dispersal of tree seeds. Can. J. Bot. 73: 1036-1045.
    • (1995) Can. J. Bot. , vol.73 , pp. 1036-1045
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 55
    • 0030418761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind dispersal of seeds from a forest into a clearing
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1996. Wind dispersal of seeds from a forest into a clearing. Ecology, 77: 595-609.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 595-609
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 56
    • 0030878530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary dispersal of seeds on snow
    • Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1997. Secondary dispersal of seeds on snow. J. Ecol. 85: 329-340.
    • (1997) J. Ecol. , vol.85 , pp. 329-340
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 57
    • 0000950680 scopus 로고
    • Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight
    • Grime, J.P., and Jeffrey, D.W. 1965. Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight. J. Ecol. 53: 621-642.
    • (1965) J. Ecol. , vol.53 , pp. 621-642
    • Grime, J.P.1    Jeffrey, D.W.2
  • 58
    • 0002609786 scopus 로고
    • Silvicultural systems for black spruce ecosystems
    • 2-8 Oct., Edmonton, Alta. Edited by C.R. Bamsey. Clear Lake Ltd., Edmonton, Alta.
    • Groot, A. 1995. Silvicultural systems for black spruce ecosystems. In Proceedings: Innovative Silviculture Systems in Boreal Forests Symposium, 2-8 Oct. 1994, Edmonton, Alta. Edited by C.R. Bamsey. Clear Lake Ltd., Edmonton, Alta. pp. 47-51.
    • (1994) Proceedings: Innovative Silviculture Systems in Boreal Forests Symposium , pp. 47-51
    • Groot, A.1
  • 59
    • 0028251180 scopus 로고
    • Direct seeding black spruce on peatlands: Fifth-year results
    • Groot, A., and Adams, M.J. 1994. Direct seeding black spruce on peatlands: fifth-year results. For. Chron. 70: 585-592.
    • (1994) For. Chron. , vol.70 , pp. 585-592
    • Groot, A.1    Adams, M.J.2
  • 61
    • 0024936196 scopus 로고
    • Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests in Oregon and Washington
    • Harmon, M.E., and Franklin, J.F. 1989. Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests in Oregon and Washington. Ecology, 70: 48-59.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 48-59
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 63
    • 0009608352 scopus 로고
    • Natural reforestation in a mile-square clearcut in southeast Alaska
    • Harris, A.S. 1967. Natural reforestation in a mile-square clearcut in southeast Alaska. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-52.
    • (1967) U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. , vol.PNW-52
    • Harris, A.S.1
  • 64
    • 0009616995 scopus 로고
    • Ripening and dispersal of a bumper westernhemlock - Sitka spruce seed crop in southeast Alaska
    • Harris, A.S. 1969. Ripening and dispersal of a bumper westernhemlock - sitka spruce seed crop in southeast Alaska. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-105.
    • (1969) U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note , vol.PNW-105
    • Harris, A.S.1
  • 65
    • 0024924011 scopus 로고
    • Site patterns of natural regeneration following clear-cutting in northwestern Quebec
    • Harvey, B.D., and Bergeron, Y. 1989. Site patterns of natural regeneration following clear-cutting in northwestern Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1458-1469.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1458-1469
    • Harvey, B.D.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 66
    • 0009576482 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration stocking in black spruce cutover and cutover-and-burned stands in Quebec
    • Hatcher, R.J. 1964. Regeneration stocking in black spruce cutover and cutover-and-burned stands in Quebec. Can. Dep. For. For. Res. Branch Que. District Rep. Q 28.
    • (1964) Can. Dep. For. For. Res. Branch Que. District Rep. , vol.Q 28
    • Hatcher, R.J.1
  • 67
    • 37049178830 scopus 로고
    • Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest
    • Hubbell, S.P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science (Washington, D.C.), 203: 1299-1309.
    • (1979) Science (Washington, D.C.) , vol.203 , pp. 1299-1309
    • Hubbell, S.P.1
  • 68
    • 0023504326 scopus 로고
    • Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forests of Vallibacken, northern Sweden
    • Hytteborn, H., Packham, J.R., and Verwijst, T. 1987. Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forests of Vallibacken, northern Sweden. Vegetatio, 72: 3-19.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.72 , pp. 3-19
    • Hytteborn, H.1    Packham, J.R.2    Verwijst, T.3
  • 70
    • 0001407967 scopus 로고
    • Buried seed populations in the subarctic forest east of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories
    • Johnson, E.A. 1975. Buried seed populations in the subarctic forest east of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Bot. 53: 2933-2941.
    • (1975) Can. J. Bot. , vol.53 , pp. 2933-2941
    • Johnson, E.A.1
  • 71
    • 0027065162 scopus 로고
    • Physical characterization of seed microsites - Movement on the ground
    • Johnson, E.A., and Fryer, G.I. 1992. Physical characterization of seed microsites - movement on the ground. J. Ecol. 80: 823-836.
    • (1992) J. Ecol. , vol.80 , pp. 823-836
    • Johnson, E.A.1    Fryer, G.I.2
  • 72
    • 0009625208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildfires and vegetation dynamics in the mixedwood boreal forest
    • Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan
    • Johnson, E.A., and Greene, D.F. 1997. Wildfires and vegetation dynamics in the mixedwood boreal forest. Environmental Innovations Program, Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan.
    • (1997) Environmental Innovations Program
    • Johnson, E.A.1    Greene, D.F.2
  • 73
    • 0000385260 scopus 로고
    • Estimating dispersability of Acer, Fraxinus, and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment
    • Johnson, W.C. 1988. Estimating dispersability of Acer, Fraxinus, and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment. Landscape Ecol. 1: 175-187.
    • (1988) Landscape Ecol. , vol.1 , pp. 175-187
    • Johnson, W.C.1
  • 74
    • 0002285187 scopus 로고
    • Study on the temperature response of pollen mother cells in Norway spruce
    • Jonsson, A.A. 1974. Study on the temperature response of pollen mother cells in Norway spruce. Stud. For. Suec. 116: 1-32.
    • (1974) Stud. For. Suec. , vol.116 , pp. 1-32
    • Jonsson, A.A.1
  • 75
    • 0002128491 scopus 로고
    • Initiation, structure and sprouting of dormant basal buds in Betula pubescens
    • Kauppi, A., Rinne, P., and Ferm, A. 1987. Initiation, structure and sprouting of dormant basal buds in Betula pubescens. Flora (Jena), 179: 55-83.
    • (1987) Flora (Jena) , vol.179 , pp. 55-83
    • Kauppi, A.1    Rinne, P.2    Ferm, A.3
  • 76
    • 0020388539 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Englemann spruce (Picea engelmanni) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming
    • Knapp, A.K., and Smith, W.K. 1982. Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Englemann spruce (Picea engelmanni) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2753-2761.
    • (1982) Can. J. Bot. , vol.60 , pp. 2753-2761
    • Knapp, A.K.1    Smith, W.K.2
  • 77
    • 0030442362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological factors affecting the abundance of advance regeneration in Quebec's southwestern boreal forest
    • Kneeshaw, D.D., and Bergeron, Y. 1996. Ecological factors affecting the abundance of advance regeneration in Quebec's southwestern boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 888-898.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 888-898
    • Kneeshaw, D.D.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 78
    • 0031824313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest
    • Kneeshaw, D.D., and Bergeron, Y. 1998. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology, 79: 783-794.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 783-794
    • Kneeshaw, D.D.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 80
    • 0002522162 scopus 로고
    • Results of long time measurements of the quality of flowering and seed crops of trees
    • Koski, V. and Tallquist, R. 1978. Results of long time measurements of the quality of flowering and seed crops of trees. Folia For. (Helsinki), 364: 1-60.
    • (1978) Folia For. (Helsinki) , vol.364 , pp. 1-60
    • Koski, V.1    Tallquist, R.2
  • 81
    • 0024195798 scopus 로고
    • Establishment of four Salicaceae species on riverbars in interior Alaska
    • Krasny, M.E., Voigt, K.A., and Zasada, J.C. 1988. Establishment of four Salicaceae species on riverbars in interior Alaska. Holarct. Ecol. 11: 210-219.
    • (1988) Holarct. Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 210-219
    • Krasny, M.E.1    Voigt, K.A.2    Zasada, J.C.3
  • 84
    • 0000258709 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of black spruce (Picea mariana) clonal population in the hemi-arctic zone, northern Québec: Population dynamics and spatial development
    • Legère, A., and Payette, S. 1981. Ecology of black spruce (Picea mariana) clonal population in the hemi-arctic zone, northern Québec: population dynamics and spatial development. Arct. Alp. Res. 13: 261-276.
    • (1981) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 261-276
    • Legère, A.1    Payette, S.2
  • 85
    • 0029661421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age structure and growth of understory white spruce under aspen
    • Lieffers, V.J., Stadt, K.J., and Navratil, S. 1996. Age structure and growth of understory white spruce under aspen. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1002-1007.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1002-1007
    • Lieffers, V.J.1    Stadt, K.J.2    Navratil, S.3
  • 86
    • 0025243248 scopus 로고
    • Holocene paleoecology of the boreal forest and Great Lakes St. Lawrence forests in northern Ontario
    • Liu, K.B. 1990. Holocene paleoecology of the boreal forest and Great Lakes St. Lawrence forests in northern Ontario. Ecol. Monogr. 60: 179-212.
    • (1990) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.60 , pp. 179-212
    • Liu, K.B.1
  • 89
    • 0002614380 scopus 로고
    • Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on vegetation, structure and succession of balsam fir forests on Cape Breton Island, Canada
    • Edited by M.J.A. Werger, P.J.M. van der Aart, H.J. During, and J.T.A. Verhoeven. Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands
    • MacLean, D.A. 1988. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on vegetation, structure and succession of balsam fir forests on Cape Breton Island, Canada. In Plant form and vegetation structure. Edited by M.J.A. Werger, P.J.M. van der Aart, H.J. During, and J.T.A. Verhoeven. Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 253-261.
    • (1988) Plant Form and Vegetation Structure , pp. 253-261
    • Maclean, D.A.1
  • 90
    • 0003774191 scopus 로고
    • Dynamique de la régénération naturelle de jeunes sapinières boréales du centre du Québec
    • Université Laval, Québec, Que.
    • Marchand, S. 1990. Dynamique de la régénération naturelle de jeunes sapinières boréales du centre du Québec. Mémoire de maîtrise, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
    • (1990) Mémoire de Maîtrise
    • Marchand, S.1
  • 91
    • 0000710963 scopus 로고
    • The influence of weather on the frequency of beech mast years in England
    • Mathews, J.D. 1955. The influence of weather on the frequency of beech mast years in England. Forestry (Eynsham), 28: 107-115.
    • (1955) Forestry (Eynsham) , vol.28 , pp. 107-115
    • Mathews, J.D.1
  • 92
    • 0030442323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedbed and canopy cover effects on balsam fir seedling establishment in Isle Royale National Park
    • McLaren, B.E., and Janke, R.A. 1996. Seedbed and canopy cover effects on balsam fir seedling establishment in Isle Royale National Park. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 782-793.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 782-793
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Janke, R.A.2
  • 93
    • 0028178166 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of balsam fir forests in relation to spruce budworm outbreaks in the boreal zone of Quebec
    • Morin, H. 1994. Dynamics of balsam fir forests in relation to spruce budworm outbreaks in the boreal zone of Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 730-741.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 730-741
    • Morin, H.1
  • 94
    • 0031449253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling bank dynamics in boreal balsam fir forests
    • Morin, H., and Laprise, D. 1997. Seedling bank dynamics in boreal balsam fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1442-1451.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 1442-1451
    • Morin, H.1    Laprise, D.2
  • 95
    • 0027079226 scopus 로고
    • Effect of bryophytes on survival of conifer seedlings in subalpine forests of central Japan
    • Nakamura, T. 1992. Effect of bryophytes on survival of conifer seedlings in subalpine forests of central Japan. Ecol. Res. 7: 155-162.
    • (1992) Ecol. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 155-162
    • Nakamura, T.1
  • 96
    • 0002510133 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pollination period and strobili number on random mating in a clonal seed orchard of Picea mariana
    • O'Reilly, C., Parker, W.H., and Baker, J.E. 1982. Effect of pollination period and strobili number on random mating in a clonal seed orchard of Picea mariana. Silvae Genet. 31: 90-94.
    • (1982) Silvae Genet. , vol.31 , pp. 90-94
    • O'Reilly, C.1    Parker, W.H.2    Baker, J.E.3
  • 97
    • 0028178214 scopus 로고
    • Seedling responses to forest canopy disturbance following a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine
    • Osawa, A. 1994. Seedling responses to forest canopy disturbance following a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 850-859.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 850-859
    • Osawa, A.1
  • 98
    • 0000503225 scopus 로고
    • Sexual reproduction of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
    • Owens, J.N., and Molders, M. 1980. Sexual reproduction of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Can. J. Bot. 58: 886-901.
    • (1980) Can. J. Bot. , vol.58 , pp. 886-901
    • Owens, J.N.1    Molders, M.2
  • 99
    • 0021584081 scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.): Self-fertility, genetic load, and performance
    • Park, Y.S., and Fowler, P.D. 1984. Inbreeding in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.): self-fertility, genetic load, and performance. Can. J. For. Res. 14: 17-21.
    • (1984) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 17-21
    • Park, Y.S.1    Fowler, P.D.2
  • 100
    • 0003400425 scopus 로고
    • Manager's handbook for aspen in the North Central States
    • Perala, D.A. 1977. Manager's handbook for aspen in the North Central States. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-36.
    • (1977) U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. , vol.NC-36
    • Perala, D.A.1
  • 101
    • 0000094805 scopus 로고
    • Populus tremuloides - Aspen
    • Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654
    • Perala, D.A. 1990. Populus tremuloides - aspen. In Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654. pp. 555-569.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America. Vol 2. Hardwoods , vol.2 , pp. 555-569
    • Perala, D.A.1
  • 102
    • 0024919576 scopus 로고
    • Regenerating paper birch in the Lake States with the shelterwood method
    • Perala, D., and Alm, A. 1989. Regenerating paper birch in the Lake States with the shelterwood method. North. J. Appl. For. 6: 151-153.
    • (1989) North. J. Appl. For. , vol.6 , pp. 151-153
    • Perala, D.1    Alm, A.2
  • 103
  • 104
    • 0002513782 scopus 로고
    • Studies in seed dissemination in British Columbia
    • Pickford, A.R. 1929. Studies in seed dissemination in British Columbia. For. Chron. 5: 8-16.
    • (1929) For. Chron. , vol.5 , pp. 8-16
    • Pickford, A.R.1
  • 106
    • 0022845715 scopus 로고
    • Direct seeding techniques to regenerate white spruce in interior Alaska
    • Putman, W., and Zasada, J. 1986. Direct seeding techniques to regenerate white spruce in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 660-664.
    • (1986) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 660-664
    • Putman, W.1    Zasada, J.2
  • 107
    • 84986761466 scopus 로고
    • Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest
    • Qinghong, L., and Hytteborn, H. 1991. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci. 2: 391-402.
    • (1991) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 391-402
    • Qinghong, L.1    Hytteborn, H.2
  • 108
    • 0028161466 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment in forests: Calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersal
    • Ribbens, E.J., Silander, A., Jr., and. Pacala, S.W. 1994. Recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersal. Ecology, 75: 1794-1804.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1794-1804
    • Ribbens, E.J.1    Silander A., Jr.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 109
    • 0027332232 scopus 로고
    • Origine et dynamique postglaciaire de la forêt mixte au Québec
    • Richard, P.J.H. 1993. Origine et dynamique postglaciaire de la forêt mixte au Québec. Rev. Palaéobot. Palynol. 79: 31-68.
    • (1993) Rev. Palaéobot. Palynol. , vol.79 , pp. 31-68
    • Richard, P.J.H.1
  • 110
    • 0009589472 scopus 로고
    • Induction of adventitious buds and sprouts on birch seedlings (Betula pendilla Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh)
    • Rinne, P., Kauppi, A., and Ferm, A. 1987. Induction of adventitious buds and sprouts on birch seedlings (Betula pendilla Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh). Can. J. For. Res. 17: 545-555.
    • (1987) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 545-555
    • Rinne, P.1    Kauppi, A.2    Ferm, A.3
  • 111
    • 0002779289 scopus 로고
    • Meristems, growth, and development in woody plants
    • Romberger, J.A. 1963. Meristems, growth, and development in woody plants. U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Bull. 1293.
    • (1963) U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Bull. , vol.1293
    • Romberger, J.A.1
  • 113
    • 0009588975 scopus 로고
    • Advance growth and regeneration patterns after clearcutting in Quebec
    • 27-28 Mar. 1990, Fredericton, N.B. Edited by C.M. Simpson. Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region, Fredericton, N.B.
    • Ruel, J.C. 1991. Advance growth and regeneration patterns after clearcutting in Quebec. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Regeneration Management, 27-28 Mar. 1990, Fredericton, N.B. Edited by C.M. Simpson. Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region, Fredericton, N.B.
    • (1991) Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Regeneration Management
    • Ruel, J.C.1
  • 114
    • 0001821029 scopus 로고
    • Impact de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) sur la régénération des sapinières après la coupe à blanc
    • Ruel, J.C., and Huot, M. 1993. Impact de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'Épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) sur la régénération des sapinières après la coupe à blanc. For. Chron. 69: 163-172.
    • (1993) For. Chron. , vol.69 , pp. 163-172
    • Ruel, J.C.1    Huot, M.2
  • 115
    • 0029666849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen scavenging and rain involvement in the pollination mechanism of interior spruce
    • Runions, C.J., and Owens, J.N. 1996. Pollen scavenging and rain involvement in the pollination mechanism of interior spruce. Can. J. Bot. 74: 115-124.
    • (1996) Can. J. Bot. , vol.74 , pp. 115-124
    • Runions, C.J.1    Owens, J.N.2
  • 116
    • 0001395597 scopus 로고
    • Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch
    • Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654
    • Safford, L.O., Bjorkbom, J.C., and Zasada, J.C. 1990. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch. In Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654. pp. 158-171.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods , vol.2 , pp. 158-171
    • Safford, L.O.1    Bjorkbom, J.C.2    Zasada, J.C.3
  • 117
    • 0001082676 scopus 로고
    • Effects of spruce budworm on cone production of balsam fir
    • Schooley, H.O. 1978. Effects of spruce budworm on cone production of balsam fir. For. Chron. 54: 298-301.
    • (1978) For. Chron. , vol.54 , pp. 298-301
    • Schooley, H.O.1
  • 118
    • 0001269997 scopus 로고
    • Seed-seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment
    • Schupp, E.W. 1995. Seed-seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment. Am. J. Bot. 82: 399-409.
    • (1995) Am. J. Bot. , vol.82 , pp. 399-409
    • Schupp, E.W.1
  • 120
    • 0002846631 scopus 로고
    • The effect of harvesting activities on soil compaction, root damage, and suckering in Colorado aspen
    • Sheppard, W.D. 1993. The effect of harvesting activities on soil compaction, root damage, and suckering in Colorado aspen. West. J. Appl. For. 8: 62-66.
    • (1993) West. J. Appl. For. , vol.8 , pp. 62-66
    • Sheppard, W.D.1
  • 121
    • 0001584753 scopus 로고
    • Sexual reproduction of Englemann spruce (Picea englemanii)
    • Singh, H., and Owens, J.N. 1981. Sexual reproduction of Englemann spruce (Picea englemanii). Can. J. Bot. 59: 793-810.
    • (1981) Can. J. Bot. , vol.59 , pp. 793-810
    • Singh, H.1    Owens, J.N.2
  • 122
    • 0009589890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal variations in black spruce reproductive potential across a transect from boreal forest to treeline
    • August 1996, Rouyn-Noranda, Que. Edited by Y. Bergeron and G. Frisque. Presses de l'Université du Québec, Rouyn-Noranda
    • Sirois, L. 1996. Spatio-temporal variations in black spruce reproductive potential across a transect from boreal forest to treeline. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forest, August 1996, Rouyn-Noranda, Que. Edited by Y. Bergeron and G. Frisque. Presses de l'Université du Québec, Rouyn-Noranda. pp. 231-235.
    • (1996) Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forest , pp. 231-235
    • Sirois, L.1
  • 123
    • 0025607558 scopus 로고
    • The advantage of mast years for wind pollination
    • Smith, C.C., Hamrick, J.L., and Kramer, C.L. 1990. The advantage of mast years for wind pollination. Am. Nat. 136: 154-166.
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.136 , pp. 154-166
    • Smith, C.C.1    Hamrick, J.L.2    Kramer, C.L.3
  • 124
    • 0027519092 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of mast fruiting in three species of North American oaks
    • Sork, V.L., Bramble, J., and Sexton, O. 1993. Ecology of mast fruiting in three species of North American oaks. Ecology, 74: 528-541.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 528-541
    • Sork, V.L.1    Bramble, J.2    Sexton, O.3
  • 126
    • 0023511081 scopus 로고
    • Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest stand
    • Steijlen, I., and Zackrisson, O. 1987. Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest stand. Can. J. Bot. 65: 839-848.
    • (1987) Can. J. Bot. , vol.65 , pp. 839-848
    • Steijlen, I.1    Zackrisson, O.2
  • 127
    • 0031799899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil properties and aspen development five years after compaction and forest floor removal
    • Stone, D.M., and Elioff, J.D. 1998. Soil properties and aspen development five years after compaction and forest floor removal. Can. J. Soil Sci. 78: 51-58.
    • (1998) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.78 , pp. 51-58
    • Stone, D.M.1    Elioff, J.D.2
  • 128
    • 0002560384 scopus 로고
    • Basal buds in Betula populifolia
    • Stone, E.H., and Cornwall, S.M. 1968. Basal buds in Betula populifolia. For. Sci. 14: 64-65.
    • (1968) For. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 64-65
    • Stone, E.H.1    Cornwall, S.M.2
  • 129
    • 0026540030 scopus 로고
    • Régénération après feu de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana) et du pin gris (Pinus banksiana) dans la forêt boréale, Québec
    • St. Pierre, H., Gagnon, R., and Bellefleur, P. 1992. Régénération après feu de l'Épinette noire (Picea mariana) et du pin gris (Pinus banksiana) dans la forêt boréale, Québec. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 474-481.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 474-481
    • St. Pierre, H.1    Gagnon, R.2    Bellefleur, P.3
  • 130
    • 0030498982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm
    • Su, Q., MacLean, D.A., and Needham, T.D. 1996. The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1620-1628.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1620-1628
    • Su, Q.1    MacLean, D.A.2    Needham, T.D.3
  • 131
    • 0029668717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration on rotten wood and on soil in old-growth stands
    • Szewczyk, J., and Szwagrzyk, J. 1996. Tree regeneration on rotten wood and on soil in old-growth stands. Vegetatio, 122: 37-46.
    • (1996) Vegetatio , vol.122 , pp. 37-46
    • Szewczyk, J.1    Szwagrzyk, J.2
  • 132
    • 0020412136 scopus 로고
    • Aspen root systems and suckering in red pine stands
    • Tappeiner, J.C. 1982. Aspen root systems and suckering in red pine stands. Am. Midl. Nat. 107: 408-410.
    • (1982) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.107 , pp. 408-410
    • Tappeiner, J.C.1
  • 133
    • 0009588989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black spruce stocking returns to near preharvest levels 18 years following alternate-strip clear-cutting
    • Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie
    • Tenhagen, M.D., and Jeglum, J.K. 1997. Black spruce stocking returns to near preharvest levels 18 years following alternate-strip clear-cutting. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Tech. Note No. 90.
    • (1997) Ont. Tech. Note , vol.90
    • Tenhagen, M.D.1    Jeglum, J.K.2
  • 134
    • 0001635888 scopus 로고
    • Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. - Black spruce
    • Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654
    • Viereck, L.A., and Johnston, W.F. 1990. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. - black spruce. In Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Conifers. Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. U.S. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Conifers , vol.1
    • Viereck, L.A.1    Johnston, W.F.2
  • 136
    • 0009575932 scopus 로고
    • Extended cone collection period of white spruce and red pine using artificial ripening
    • Winston, D.A. and Haddon, B.D. 1981. Extended cone collection period of white spruce and red pine using artificial ripening. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 817-826.
    • (1981) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.11 , pp. 817-826
    • Winston, D.A.1    Haddon, B.D.2
  • 137
    • 0002001388 scopus 로고
    • An exceptional case of natural regeneration of white spruce in interior Alaska
    • Current topics in forest research: emphasis on contributions by women scientists. Proceedings of a National Symposium, 4-6 Nov. 1986, Gainesville, Fla. Compiled by S. Kossuth and N. Pywell
    • Wurtz, T., and Zasada, J. 1987. An exceptional case of natural regeneration of white spruce in interior Alaska. In Current topics in forest research: emphasis on contributions by women scientists. Proceedings of a National Symposium, 4-6 Nov. 1986, Gainesville, Fla. Compiled by S. Kossuth and N. Pywell. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-46. pp. 86-89.
    • (1987) U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. , vol.SE-46 , pp. 86-89
    • Wurtz, T.1    Zasada, J.2
  • 138
    • 0025664791 scopus 로고
    • Effect of shelterwood removal methods on established regeneration in an interior Alaska white spruce stand
    • Youngblood, A.P. 1990. Effect of shelterwood removal methods on established regeneration in an interior Alaska white spruce stand. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 1378-1381.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 1378-1381
    • Youngblood, A.P.1
  • 139
    • 0028975669 scopus 로고
    • Development patterns in young coniferhardwood forests of interior Alaska
    • Youngblood, A.P. 1995. Development patterns in young coniferhardwood forests of interior Alaska. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 229-236.
    • (1995) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 229-236
    • Youngblood, A.P.1
  • 140
    • 0025995109 scopus 로고
    • White spruce regeneration options on river flood plains in interior Alaska
    • Youngblood, A.P., and Zasada, J.C. 1991. White spruce regeneration options on river flood plains in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 423-433.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 423-433
    • Youngblood, A.P.1    Zasada, J.C.2
  • 141
    • 0009616996 scopus 로고
    • Effect of cone storage method and collection date on Alaskan white spruce (Picea glauca) seed quality
    • IUFRO, Bergen, Norway
    • Zasada, J.C. 1973. Effect of cone storage method and collection date on Alaskan white spruce (Picea glauca) seed quality. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seed Processing. IUFRO, Bergen, Norway, p. 19.
    • (1973) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Seed Processing , pp. 19
    • Zasada, J.C.1
  • 142
    • 0009575933 scopus 로고
    • Production dispersal and germination of white spruce and paper birch and first-year seedling establishment after the Rosie Creek fire
    • Edited by G.P. Juday and C.T. Dyrness. Misc. Publ. 85-2, Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
    • Zasada, J.C. 1985. Production dispersal and germination of white spruce and paper birch and first-year seedling establishment after the Rosie Creek fire. In Early results of the Rosie Creek fire research project 1984. Edited by G.P. Juday and C.T. Dyrness. Misc. Publ. 85-2, Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, pp. 34-37.
    • (1985) Early Results of the Rosie Creek Fire Research Project 1984 , pp. 34-37
    • Zasada, J.C.1
  • 143
    • 0001904752 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration of trees and tall shrubs on forest sites in interior Alaska
    • Edited by K. Van Cleve, F.S. Chapin III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A. Viereck, and C.T. Dyrness. Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Zasada, J. 1986. Natural regeneration of trees and tall shrubs on forest sites in interior Alaska. In Forest ecosystems in the Alaska taiga: a synthesis of structure and function. Edited by K. Van Cleve, F.S. Chapin III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A. Viereck, and C.T. Dyrness. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 44-73.
    • (1986) Forest Ecosystems in the Alaska Taiga: A Synthesis of Structure and Function , pp. 44-73
    • Zasada, J.1
  • 144
    • 0002463003 scopus 로고
    • Embryo growth in Alaskan white spruce seeds
    • Zasada, J.C. 1988. Embryo growth in Alaskan white spruce seeds. Can. J. For. Res. Res. 18: 64-67.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 64-67
    • Zasada, J.C.1
  • 145
    • 0002416337 scopus 로고
    • The effects of silvicutural system and seedbed preparation on natural regeneration of white spruce and associated species
    • Gainesville, Fla. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, La.
    • Zasada, J.C., and Grigal, D. 1978. The effects of silvicutural system and seedbed preparation on natural regeneration of white spruce and associated species. Proceedings of the Fifth North American Forest Biology Workshop, 1978, Gainesville, Fla. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, La. pp. 213-220.
    • (1978) Proceedings of the Fifth North American Forest Biology Workshop, 1978 , pp. 213-220
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Grigal, D.2
  • 146
    • 0000853591 scopus 로고
    • Observations on primary dispersal of white spruce, Picea glauca, seed
    • Zasada, J.C., and Lovig, D.N. 1983. Observations on primary dispersal of white spruce, Picea glauca, seed. Can. Field-Nat. 97: 104-106.
    • (1983) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.97 , pp. 104-106
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Lovig, D.N.2
  • 147
    • 0003727286 scopus 로고
    • Case history of an excellent white spruce cone and seed crop in interior Alaska: Cone and seed production, germination, and seedling survival
    • Zasada, J.C., Foote, M.H., Deneke, F.J., and Parkerson, R.H. 1978. Case history of an excellent white spruce cone and seed crop in interior Alaska: cone and seed production, germination, and seedling survival. U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Rep. PNW-177.
    • (1978) U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Rep. , vol.PNW-177
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Foote, M.H.2    Deneke, F.J.3    Parkerson, R.H.4
  • 148
    • 0003421721 scopus 로고
    • Quantity and quality of dispersed seed
    • The ecological effects of the Wickersham Dome fire near Fairbanks, Alaska. Edited by L.A. Viereck and C.T. Dyrness
    • Zasada, J.C., Viereck, L.A., and Foote, M.J. 1979. Quantity and quality of dispersed seed. In The ecological effects of the Wickersham Dome fire near Fairbanks, Alaska. Edited by L.A. Viereck and C.T. Dyrness. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-90. pp. 45-50.
    • (1979) U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. , vol.PNW-90 , pp. 45-50
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Viereck, L.A.2    Foote, M.J.3
  • 149
    • 0020899491 scopus 로고
    • Artificial regeneration of trees and tall shrubs in experimentally burned upland black spruce/feathermoss stands in Alaska
    • Zasada, J.C., Norum, R.A., Van Veldherizen, R.M., and Teutsch, C.E. 1983. Artificial regeneration of trees and tall shrubs in experimentally burned upland black spruce/feathermoss stands in Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 903-913.
    • (1983) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 903-913
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Norum, R.A.2    Van Veldherizen, R.M.3    Teutsch, C.E.4
  • 150
    • 0002825716 scopus 로고
    • The reproductive process in boreal forest trees
    • Edited by H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, and G. Bonan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
    • Zasada, J.C., Sharik, T.L., and Nygren, M. 1992. The reproductive process in boreal forest trees. In A system analysis of the global boreal forest. Edited by H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, and G. Bonan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 85-125.
    • (1992) A System Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest , pp. 85-125
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Sharik, T.L.2    Nygren, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.