The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 18, Issue , 2000, Pages 593-620

  Sallusto, Federica ^a   Mackay, Charles R ^b   Lanzavecchia, Antonio ^c  

^a BASEL INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b GARVAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^c INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN BIOMEDICINE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Chemokine; Dendritic cell; Immune response; Memory T cell; Th1; Th2

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL MATURATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DENDRITIC CELL; HOMEOSTASIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; LYMPHOID ORGAN; MEMORY CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL;

ANIMALS; CHEMOKINES; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE;

EID: 0034083091     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.593     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Murphy PM. 1994. The molecular biology of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:593-633
2. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. 1997. Human chemokines: an update. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:675-705
3. Yoshie O, Imai T, Nomiyama H. 1997. Novel lymphocyte-specific CC chemokines and their receptors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62:634-44
4. Rossi D, Zlotnik A. 2000. The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:000-00
5. Springer TA. 1994. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76:301-14
6. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. 1996. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272:60-66
7. Foxman EF, Campbell JJ, Butcher EC. 1997. Multistep navigation and the combinatorial control of leukocyte chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 139:1349-60
8. Premont RT, Inglese J, Lefkowitz RJ. 1995. Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J. 9:175-82
9. Daaka Y, Luttrell LM, Ahn S, Della Rocca, GJ, Ferguson SS, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1998. Essential role for G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:685-88
10. Oppenheim JJ, Zachariae CO, Mukaida N, Matsushima K. 1991. Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene "intercrine" cytokine family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:617-48
11. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. 1994. IL-8 and related chemotactic cytokines-CXC and CC chemokines. Adv. Immunol. 55:97-179
12. Schall TJ, Bacon KB. 1994. Chemokines, leukocyte trafficking, and inflammation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6:865-73
13. Bazzoni F, Cassatella MA, Rossi F, Ceska M, Dewald B, Baggiolini M. 1991. Phagocytosing neutrophils produce and release high amounts of the neutrophil-activating peptide 1/interleukin 8. J. Exp. Med. 173:771-74
14. Schall TJ, Bacon K, Toy KJ, Goeddel DV. 1990. Selective attraction of monocytes and T lymphocytes of the memory phenotype by cytokine RANTES. Nature 347:669-71
15. Jose PJ, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Collins PD, Walsh DT, Moqbel R, Totty NF, Truong O, Hsuan JJ, Williams TJ. 1994. Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 179:881-87
16. Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Leder P. 1995. Murine eotaxin: an eosinophil chemoattractant inducible in endothelial cells and in interleukin 4-induced tumor suppression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8960-64
17. Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, Clark-Lewis I, Wang J, Kassam N, Smith H, Shi X, Gonzalo J-A, Newman W, Gutierrez-Ramos J-C, Mackay CR. 1996. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin: expression, receptor binding and functional properties provide a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils. J. Clin. Invest. 97:604-12
18. Sherry B, Tekamp-Olson P, Gallegos C, Bauer D, Davatelis G, Wolpe SD, Masiarz F, Coit D, Cerami A. 1988. Resolution of the two components of macrophage inflammatory protein 1, and cloning and characterization of one of those components, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta. J. Exp. Med. 168:2251-59
19. Leonard EJ, Yoshimura T. 1990. Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-I). Immunol. Today 11:97-101
20. Luster AD, Ravetch JV. 1987. Biochemical characterization of a γ-interferon-induced protein (IP-10). J. Exp. Med. 166:1084-97
21. Kaplan G, Luster AD, Hancock G, Cohn ZA. 1987. The expression of a gamma interferon-induced protein (IP-10) in delayed immune responses in human skin. J. Exp. Med. 166:1098-108
22. Legler DF, Loetscher M, Roos RS, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1998. B cell-attracting chemokine 1, a human CXC chemokine expressed in lymphoid tissues, selectively attracts B lymphocytes via BLR1/CXCR5. J. Exp. Med. 187:655-60
23. Gunn MD, Ngo VN, Ansel KM, Ekland EH, Cyster JG, Williams LT. 1998. A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1. Nature 391:799-803
24. Nagira M, Imai T, Hieshima K, Kusuda J, Ridanpaa M, Takagi S, Nishimura M, Kakizaki M, Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. 1997. Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine that is a potent chemoattractant for lymphocytes and mapped to chromosome 9p13. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19518-24
25. Hedrick JA, Zlotnik A. 1997. Identification and characterization of a novel beta chemokine containing six conserved cysteines. J. Immunol. 159:1589-93
26. Hromas R, Kim CH, Klemsz M, Krathwohl M, Fife K, Cooper S, Schnizlein-Bick C, Broxmeyer HE. 1997. Isolation and characterization of Exodus-2, a novel C-C chemokine with a unique 37-amino acid carboxyl-terminal extension. J. Immunol. 159:2554-58
27. Gunn MD, Tangemann K, Tam C, Cyster JG, Rosen SD, Williams LT. 1998. A chemokine expressed in lymphoid high endothelial venules promotes the adhesion and chemotaxis of naive T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:258-63
28. Yoshida R, Imai T, Hieshima K, Kusuda J, Baba M, Kitaura M, Nishimura M, Kakizaki M, Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. 1997. Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine EBI1-ligand chemokine that is a specific functional ligand for EBI1, CCR7. J. Biol. Chem. 272:13803-9
29. Dieu M-C, Vanbervliet B, Vicari A, Bridon J-M, Oldham E, Ait-Yahia S, Briere F, Zlotnik A, Lebecque S, Caux C. 1998. Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites. J. Exp. Med. 188:373-86
30. Ngo VN, Tang HL, Cyster JG. 1998. Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine is expressed by dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and strongly attracts naive T cells and activated B cells. J. Exp. Med. 188:181-91
31. Godiska R, Chantry D, Raport CJ, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Leviten D, Mantovani A, Gray PW. 1997. Human macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a novel chemoattractant for monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 185: 1595-604
32. Gonzalo JA, Pan Y, Lloyd CM, Jia GQ, Yu G, Dussault B, Powers CA, Proudfoot AE, Coyle AJ, Gearing D, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. 1999. Mouse monocyte-derived chemokine is involved in airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. J. Immunol. 163:403-11
33. Schaniel C, Pardali E, Sallusto F, Speletas M, Ruedl C, Shimizu T, Seidl T, Andersson J, Melchers F, Rolink AG, Sideras P. 1998. Activated murine B lymphocytes and dendritic cells produce a novel CC chemokine which acts selectively on activated T cells. J. Exp. Med. 188:451-63
34. Tang HL, Cyster JG. 1999. Chemokine up-regulation and activated T cell attraction by maturing dendritic cells. Science 284:819-22
35. Vicari AP, Figueroa DJ, Hedrick JA, Foster JS, Singh KP, Menon S, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Bacon KB, Zlotnik A. 1997. TECK: a novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity 7:291-301
36. Rossi DL, Hurst SD, Xu Y, Wang W, Menon S, Coffman RL, Zlotnik A. 1999. Lungkine, a novel CXC chemokine, specifically expressed by lung bronchoepithelial cells. J. Immunol. 162:5490-97
37. Bazan JF, Bacon KB, Hardiman G, Wang W, Soo K, Rossi D, Greaves DR, Zlotnik A, Schall TJ. 1997. A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-44
38. Webb LM, Ehrengruber MU, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Rot A. 1993. Binding to heparan sulfate or heparin enhances neutrophil responses to interleukin 8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7158-62
39. Middleton J, Neil S, Wintle J, Clark-Lewis I, Moore H, Lam C, Auer M, Hub E, Rot A. 1997. Transcytosis and surface presentation of IL-8 by venular endothelial cells. Cell 91:385-95
40. Gretz JE, Anderson AO, Shaw S. 1997. Cords, channels, corridors and conduits: critical architectural elements facilitating cell interactions in the lymph node cortex. Immunol. Rev. 156:11-24
41. Wolff B, Burns AR, Middleton J, Rot A. 1998. Endothelial cell "Memory" of inflammatory stimulation: human venular endothelial cells store interleukin 8 in weibel-palade bodies. J. Exp. Med. 188:1757-62
42. Utgaard JO, Jahnsen FL, Bakka A, Brandtzaeg P, Haraldsen G. 1998. Rapid secretion of prestored interleukin 8 from weibel-palade bodies of microvascular endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 188:1751-56
43. Wagner L, Yang OO, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Ge Y, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Pasternack MS, Luster AD. 1998. Beta-chemokines are released from HIV-1-specific cytolytic T-cell granules complexed to proteoglycans. Nature 391: 908-11
44. von Boehmer H. 1994. Positive selection of lymphocytes. Cell 76:219-28
45. Chaffin KE, Perlmutter RM. 1991. A pertussis toxin-sensitive process controls thymocyte emigration. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2565-73
46. Kim CH, Pelus LM, White JR, Broxmeyer HE. 1998. Differential chemotactic behavior of developing T cells in response to thymic chemokines. Blood 91:4434-43
47. Campbell JJ, Pan J, Butcher EC. 1999. Cutting edge: developmental switches in chemokine responses during T cell maturation. J. Immunol. 163:2353-57
48. Zaballos A, Gutierrez J, Varona R, Ardavin C, Marquez G. 1999. Identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK. J. Immunol. 162:5671-75
49. Yoshida R, Nagira M, Kitaura M, Imagawa N, Imai T, Yoshie O. 1998. Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor CCR7. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 7118-22
50. Imai T, Chantry D, Raport CJ, Wood CL, Nishimura M, Godiska R, Yoshie O, Gray PW. 1998. Macrophage-derived chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1764-68
51. D'Apuzzo M, Rolink A, Loetscher M, Hoxie JA, Clark-Lewis I, Melchers F, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1997. The chemokine SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1, attracts early stage B cell precursors via the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1788-93
52. Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, Yoshida H, Kawabata K, Kataoka Y, Kitamura Y, Matsushima K, Yoshida N, Nishikawa S, Kishimoto T, Nagasawa T. 1998. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 393:591-94
53. Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, Taniuchi I, Littman DR. 1998. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 393:595-99
54. Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR, Segal RA, Nagasawa T, Kishimoto T, Bronson RT, Springer TA. 1998. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4-and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9448-53
55. Aiuti A, Webb IJ, Bleul C, Springer T, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. 1997. The chemokine SDF-1 is a chemoattractant for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and provides a new mechanism to explain the mobilization of CD34+ progenitors to peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 185:111-20
56. Ma Q, Jones D, Springer TA. 1999. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the retention of B lineage and granulocytic precursors within the bone marrow microenvironment. Immunity 10:463-71
57. Peled A, Petit I, Kollet O, Magid M, Ponomaryov T, Byk T, Nagler A, Ben-Hur H, Many A, Shultz L, Lider O, Alon R, Zipori D, Lapidot T. 1999. Dependence of human stem cell engraftment and repopulation of NOD/SCID mice on CXCR4. Science 283:845-48
58. Broxmeyer HE, Kim CH. 1999. Regulation of hematopoiesis in a sea of chemokine family members with a plethora of redundant activities. Exp. Hematol. 27:1113-23
59. Patel VP, Kreider BL, Li Y, Li H, Leung K, Salcedo T, Nardelli B, Pippalla V, Gentz S, Thotakura R, Parmelee D, Gentz R, Garotta G. 1997. Molecular and functional characterization of two novel human C-C chemokines as inhibitors of two distinct classes of myeloid progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 185:1163-72
60. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. 1998. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392:245-52
61. Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. 1994. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Exp. Med. 179:1109-18
62. Randolph GJ, Beaulieu S, Lebecque S, Steinman RM, Muller WA. 1998. Differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells in a model of transendothelial trafficking. Science 282:480-83
63. Sozzani S, Sallusto F, Luini W, Zhou D, Piemonti L, Allavena P, Van Damme J, Valitutti S, Lanzavecchia A, Mantovani A. 1995. Migration of dendritic cells in response to formyl peptides, C5a, and a distinct set of chemokines. J. Immunol. 155:3292-95
64. Sallusto F, Schaerli P, Loetscher P, Schaniel C, Lenig D, Mackay CR, Qin S, Lanzavecchia A. 1998. Rapid and coordinated switch in chemokine receptor expression during dendritic cell maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:2760-69
65. Sozzani S, Allavena P, D'Amico G, Luini W, Bianchi G, Kataura M, Imai T, Yoshie O, Bonecchi R, Mantovani A. 1998. Differential regulation of chemokine receptors during dendritic cell maturation: a model for their trafficking properties. J. Immunol. 161:1083-86
66. Gerszten RE, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lim YC, Yoshida M, Ding HA, Gimbrone MA Jr, Luster AD, Luscinskas FW, Rosenzweig A. 1999. MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions. Nature 398:718-23
67. Morelli A, Larregina A, Chuluyan I, Kolkowski E, Fainboim L. 1996. Expression and modulation of C5a receptor (CD88) on skin dendritic cells. Chemotactic effect of C5a on skin migratory dendritic cells. Immunology 89:126-34
68. Samson M, Edinger AL, Stordeur P, Rucker J, Verhasselt V, Sharron M, Govaerts C, Mollreau C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parameter M. 1998. ChemR23, a putative chemoattractant receptor, is expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages and is a coreceptor for SIV and some primary HIV-1 strains. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:1689-700
69. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A. 1995. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med. 182:839-40
70. Rescigno M, Citterio S, Thery C, Rittig M, Medaglini D, Pozzi G, Amigorena S, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. 1998. Bacteria-induced neo-biosynthesis, stabilization, and surface expression of functional class I molecules in mouse dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5229-34
71. Cella M, Salio M, Sakakibara Y, Langen H, Julkunen I, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. J. Exp. Med. 189:821-29
72. Cella M, Engering A, Pinet V, Pieters J, Lanzavecchia A. 1997. Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells. Nature 388:782-87
73. Delgado E, Finkel V, Baggiolini M, Mackay CR, Steinman RM, Granelli-Piperno A. 1998. Mature dendritic cells respond to SDF-1, but not to several beta-chemokines. Immunobiology 198: 490-500
74. Yanagihara S, Komura E, Nagafune J, Watarai H, Yamaguchi Y. 1998. EBI1/ CCR7 is a new member of dendritic cell chemokine receptor that is up-regulated upon maturation. J. Immunol. 161:3096-102
75. Lin CL, Suri RM, Rahdon RA, Austyn JM, Roake JA. 1998. Dendritic cell chemotaxis and transendothelial migration are induced by distinct chemokines and are regulated on maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:4114-22
76. Sallusto F, Palermo B, Lenig D, Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Julkunen I, Forster R, Brugstahler R, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Distinct patterns and kinetics of chemokine production regulate dendritic cell function. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:1617-25
77. Saeki H, Moore AM, Brown MJ, Hwang ST. 1999. Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) participate in the emigration pathway of mature dendritic cells from the skin to regional lymph nodes. J. Immunol. 162:2472-75
78. Gunn MD, Kyuwa S, Tam C, Kakiuchi T, Matsuzawa A, Williams LT, Nakano H. 1999. Mice lacking expression of secondary lymphoid organ chemokine have defects in lymphocyte homing and dendritic cell localization. J. Exp. Med. 189:451-60
79. Foerster R, Schubel A, Breitfeld D, Kremmer E, Renner-Muller I, Wolf E, Lipp M. 1999. CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell. 99:23-33
80. De Smedt T, Pajak TB, Muraille E, Lespagnard L, Heinen E, De Baetselier P, Urbain J, Leo O, Moser M. 1996. Regulation of dendritic cell numbers and maturation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 184:1413-24
81. Sousa CR, Hieny S, Scharton-Kersten T, Jankovic D, Charest H, Germain RN, Sher A. 1997. In vivo microbial stimulation induces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells and their redistribution to T cell areas [see comments]. J. Exp. Med. 186:1819-29
82. Baba M, Imai T, Nishimura M, Kakizaki M, Takagi S, Hieshima K, Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. 1997. Identification of CCR6, the specific receptor for a novel lymphocyte-directed CC chemokine LARC. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14893-98
83. Yang D, Howard OMZ, Chen Q, Oppenheim JJ. 1999. Immature dendritic cells generated from monocytes in the presence of TGF-beta1 express functional C-C chemokine receptor 6. J. Immunol. 163:1737-41
84. Kelsall BL, Strober W. 1996. Distinct populations of dendritic cells are present in the subepithelial dome and T cell regions of the murine Peyer's patch. J. Exp. Med. 183:237-47
85. Neutra MR, Frey A, Kraehenbuhl JP. 1996. Epithelial M cells: gateways for mucosal infection and immunization. Cell 86:345-48
86. Ruedl C, Hubele S. 1997. Maturation of Peyer's patch dendritic cells in vitro upon stimulation via cytokines or CD40 triggering. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1325-30
87. Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Mobilizing dendritic cells for tolerance, priming, and chronic inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 189:611-14
88. Iezzi G, Karjalainen K, Lanzavecchia A. 1998. The duration of antigenic stimulation determines the fate of naive and effector T cells. Immunity 8:89-95
89. Lanzavecchia A, Iezzi G, Viola A. 1999. From TCR engagement to T cell activation: a kinetic view of T cell behavior. Cell 96:1-4
90. Kurts C, Heath WR, Carbone FR, Allison J, Miller JF, Kosaka H. 1996. Constitutive class I-restricted exogenous presentation of self antigens in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 184:923-30
91. Kurts C, Kosaka H, Carbone FR, Miller JF, Heath WR. 1997. Class I-restricted cross-presentation of exogenous self-antigens leads to deletion of autoreactive CD8( + ) T cells. J. Exp. Med. 186:239-45
92. Salio M, Cella M, Suter M, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by herpes simplex virus. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:3245-53
93. Stoppacciaro A, Paglia P, Lombardi L, Parmiani G, Baroni C, Colombo MP. 1997. Genetic modification of a carcinoma with the IL-4 gene increases the influx of dendritic cells relative to other cytokines. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:2375-82
94. Facchetti F, de Wolf-Peeters C, van den Oord JJ, de Vos R, Destmet VJ. 1989. Plasmacytoid monocytes (so-called plasmacytoid T-cells) in Kikuchi's lymphadenitis. An immunohistologic study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 92:42-50
95. Olweus J, BitMansour A, Warnke R, Thompson PA, Carballido J, Picker LJ, Lund-Johansen F. 1997. Dendritic cell ontogeny: a human dendritic cell lineage of myeloid origin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12551-56
96. Siegel FP, Kadowski N, Schodell M, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly PA, Shah K, Ho S, Antonenko S, Liu YJ 1999. The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 284:1835-37
97. Cella M, Jarrossay D, Facchetti F, Alebardi O, Nakajima H, Lanzavecchia A, Colonna M. 1999. Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nat. Med. 5:919-23
98. Rissoan MC, Soumelis V, Kadowaki N, Grouard G, Briere F, de Waal Malefyt R, Liu YJ. 1999. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 283:1183-86
99. Loetscher M, Gerber B, Loetscher P, Jones SA, Piali L, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1996. Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184:963-69
100. Spangrude GJ, Braaten BA, Daynes RA. 1984. Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation. I. Studies of two selective inhibitors of lymphocyte recirculation. J. Immunol. 132:354-62
101. Spangrude GJ, Sacchi F, Hill HR, Van Epps DE, Daynes RA. 1985. Inhibition of lymphocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis by pertussis toxin. J. Immunol. 135:4135-43
102. Cyster JG, Goodnow CC. 1995. Pertussis toxin inhibits migration of B and T lymphocytes into splenic white pulp cords. J. Exp. Med. 182:581-86
103. Burgstahler R, Kempkes B, Steube K, Lipp. 1995. Expression of the chemokine receptor BLR2/EBI1 is specifically transactivated by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215:737-43
104. Campbell JJ, Bowman EP, Murphy K, Youngman KR, Siani MA, Thompson DA, Wu L, Zlotnik A, Butcher EC. 1998. 6-C-kine (SLC), a lymphocyte adhesion-triggering chemokine expressed by high endothelium, is an agonist for the MIP-3beta receptor CCR7. J. Cell Biol. 141:1053-59
105. Sallusto F, Lenig D, Mackay Cr, Lanzavecchia A. 1998. Flexible programs of chemokine receptor expression on human polarized T helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 187:875-83
106. Campell JJ, Hedrick J, Zlotnik A, Siani MA, Thompson DA, Butcher EC. 1998. Chemokines and the arrest of lymphocytes rolling under flow conditions. Science 279:381-84
107. Stein J, Rot A, Narasimhaswamy M, Nakano H, Luo Y, Gunn MD, Matsuzawa A, Quackenbush EJ. Dorf ME, von Andrian UH. 1999. The CC chemokine TCA-4 (SLC, 6Ckine, Exodus-2) triggers LFA-1-mediated arrest of rolling T lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes high endothelial venules. J. Exp. Med. In press
108. Mackay CR, Martson W, Dudler L. 1992. Altered patterns of T cell migration through lymph nodes and skin following antigen challenge. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2205-10
109. Ngo VN, Korner H, Gunn MD, Schmidt KN, Riminton DS, Cooper MD, Browning JL, Sedgwick JD, Cyster JG. 1999. Lymphotoxin alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor are required for stromal cell expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen. J. Exp. Med. 189:403-12
110. Adema J, Hartgers F, Verstraten R, de Vries E, Marland G, Menon S, Foster J, Xu Y, Nooyen P, McClanahan T, Bacon KB, Figdor CG. 1997. A dendritic-cell-derived C-C chemokine that preferentially attracts naive T cells. Nature 387:713-17
111. Burkly L, Hession C, Ogata L, Reilly C, Marconi LA, Olson D, Tizard R, Cate R, Lo D. 1995. Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells. Nature 373:531-36
112. D'Ambrosio D, Iellem A, Bonecchi R, Mazzeo D, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. 1998. Selective up-regulation of chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8 upon activation of polarized human type 2 Th cells. J. Immunol. 161:5111-15
113. Sallusto F, Kremmer E, Palermo B, Hoy A, Ponath P, Qin S, Forster R, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Switch inchemokine receptor expression upon TCR stimulation reveals novel horning potential for recently activated T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:2037-45
114. Forster R, Mattis AE, Kremmer E, Wolf E, Brem G, Lipp M. 1996. A putative chemokine receptor, BLR1, directs B cell migration to defined lymphoid organs and specific anatomic compartments of the spleen. Cell 87:1037-47
115. Fu YX, Chaplin DD. 1999. Development and maturation of secondary lymphoid tissues. Annu. Rev. Imunol. 17:399-433
116. Deleted in proof
117. Mazzucchelli L, Blaser A, Kappeller A. Schaerli P. Laissue JA, Baggiolini M. Uguccioni M. 1999. BCA-1 is highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and gastric lymphoma. J. Clin. Invest. 104:R19-54
118. Garside P, Ingulli E, Merica RR, Johnson JG. Noelle RJ, Jenkins MK. 1998. Visualization of specific B and T lymphocyte interactions in the lymph node. Science 281:96-99
119. Flynn S, Toellner KM, Raykundalia C, Goodall M, Lane P. 1998. CD4 T cell cytokine differentiation: the B cell activation molecule, OX40 ligand, instructs CD4 T cells to express interleukin 4 and upregulates expression of the chemokine receptor, Blr-1. J. Exp. Med. 188:297-304
120. Ansel KM, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, Ngo VN, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Cyster JG. 1999. In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. J. Exp. Med. 190:1123-34
121. Cyster JG, Hartley SB, Goodnow CC. 1994. Competition for follicular niches exludes self-reactive cells from the recirculating B-cell repertoire. Nature 371:389-95
122. Brocker T, Gulbranson-Judge A, Flynn S, Riedinger M, Raykundalia C, Lane P. 1999. CD4 T cell traffic control: in vivo evidence that ligation of OX40 on CD4 T cells by OX40-ligand expressed on dendritic cells leads to the accumulation of CD4 T cells in B follicles. Eur. J. Immunol. 29:1610-16
123. Kearney ER, Pape KA, Loh DY, Jenkins MK. 1994. Visualizing of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo. Immunity 1:327-39
124. Spangrude GJ, Araneo BA, Daynes RA. 1985. Site-selective homing of antigen-primed lymphocyte populations can play a crucial role in the efferent limb of cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 134:2900-7
125. Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Mackay CR. 1998. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in T-cell priming and Th1/Th2-mediated responses. Immunol. Today 19:568-74
126. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:145-73
127. Seder RA, Paul WE. 1994. Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:635-73
128. Romagnani, S. 1994. Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:227-57
129. Li L, Xia Y, Nguyen A, Lai YH, Feng L, Mosmann TR, Lo D. 1999. Effects of Th2 cytokines on chemokine expression in the lung: IL-13 potently induces eotaxin expression by airway epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 162:2477-87
130. Bonecchi R, Sozzani S, Stine JT, Luini W, D'Amico G, Allavena P, Chantry D, Mantovani A. 1998. Divergent effects of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma on macrophage-derived chemokine production: an amplification circuit of polarized T helper 2 responses. Blood 92:2668-71
131. Luster AD, Ravetch JV. 1987. Genomic characterization of a gamma-interferon-inducible gene (IP-10) and identification of an interferon-inducible hypersensitive site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3723-31
132. MacLean JA, Ownbey R, Luster AD. 1996. T cell-dependent regulation of eotaxin in antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophila. J. Exp. Med. 184:1461-69
133. Ganzalo JA, Jia GQ, Aguirre V, Friend D, Coyle AJ, Jenkins NA, Lin GS, Katz H, Lichtman A, Copeland N, Kopf M, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. 1996. Mouse Eotaxin expression parallels eosinophil accumulation during lung allergic inflammation but it is not restricted to a Th2-type response. Immunity 4:1-14
134. Ponath PD, Qin S, Post TW, Wang J, Wu L, Gerard NP, Newman W, Gerard C, Mackay CR. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 183:2437-48
135. Uguccioni M, Mackay CR, Ochensberger B, Loetscher P, Rhis S, LaRosa GJ, Rao P, Ponath PD, Baggiolini M, Dahinden CA. 1997. High expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 in human blood basophils. Role in activation by eotaxin, MCP-4, and other chemokines. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1137-43
136. Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A. 1997. Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 277:2005-7
137. Gerber B, Zanni MP, Uguccioni M, Loetscher M, Mackay CR, Pichler WJ, Yawalkar N, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1997. Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in T lymphocytes co-localising with eosinophils. Curr. Biol. 7:836-43
138. Bonecchi R, Bianchi G, Bordignon PP, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Borsatti A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Gray PA, Mantovani A, Sinigaglia F. 1998. Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J. Exp. Med. 187:129-34
139. Imai T, Nagira M, Takagi S, Kakizaki M, Nishimura M, Wang J, Gray PW, Matsushima K, Yoshie O. 1999. Selective recruitment of CCR4-bearing Th2 cells toward antigen-presenting cells by the CC chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine. Int. Immunol. 11:81-88
140. Power CA, Meyer A, Nemeth K, Bacon KB, Hoogewerf AJ, Proudfoot AE, Wells TN. 1995. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel CC chemokine receptor cDNA from a human basophilic cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 270:19495-500
141. Goya I, Gutierrez J, Varona R, Kremer L, Zaballos A, Marquez G. 1998. Identification of CCR8 as the specific receptor for the human beta-chemokine I-309: cloning and molecular characterization of murine CCR8 as the receptor for TCA-3. J. Immunol. 160:1975-81
142. Nagata K, Tanaka K, Ogawa K, Kemmotsu K, Imai T, Yoshie O, Abe H, Tada K, Nakamura M, Sugamura K, Takano S. 1999. Selective expression of a novel surface molecule by human Th2 cells in vivo. J. Immunol. 162:1278-86
143. Campbell JJ, Haraldsen G, Pan J, Rottman J, Qin S, Ponath P, Andrew DP, Warnke R, Ruffing N, Kassam N, Wu L, Butcher EC. 1999. The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells. Nature 400:776-80
144. Deleted in proof
145. Deleted in proof
146. Loetscher P, Uguccioni M, Bordoli L, Baggiolini M, Moser B, Chizzolini C, Dayer JM. 1998. CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes. Nature 391:344-45
147. Qin S, Rottman JB, Myers P, Kassam N, Weinblatt M, Loetscher M, Koch AE, Moser B, Mackay CR. 1997. The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 101:746-54
148. Balashov KE, Rottman JB, Weiner HL, Hancock WW. 1999. CCR5( + ) and CXCR3( + ) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1 alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:6873-78
149. Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Liesnard C, Farber CM, Saragosti S, Lapoumeroulie C, Cognaux J, Forceille C, Muyldermans G, Verhofstede C, Burtonboy G, Georges M, Imai T, Rana S, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Collman RG, Doms RW, Vassart G, Parmentier M, 1996. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 382:722-25
150. Libert F, Cochaux P, Beckman G, Samson M, Aksenova M, Cao A, Czeizel A, Claustres M, de la Rua C, Ferrari M, Ferrec C, Glover G, Grinde B, Guran S, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Mercier B, Ogur G, Peltonen L, Rosatelli C, Schwartz M, Spitsyn V, Timar L, Beckman L, Vassart G, et al. 1998. The deltaccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7:399-406
151. Loetscher P, Seitz M, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1996. Interleukin-2 regulates CC chemokine receptor expression and chemotactic responsiveness in T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184:569-77
152. Mackay CR, Hein WR, Brown MH, Matzinger P. 1988. Unusual expression of CD2 in sheep: implications for T cell interactions. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1681-88
153. Mackay CR, Marston WL, Dudler L. 1990. Naive and memory T cells show distinct pathways of lymphocyte recirculation. J. Exp. Med. 171:801-17
154. Pope M, Betjes MG, Romani N, Hirmand H, Cameron PU, Hoffman L, Gezelter S, Schuler G, Steinman RM. 1994. Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate productive infection with HIV-1. Cell 78:389-98
155. Scotet E, David-Ameline J, Peyrat MA, Moreau-Aubry A, Pinczon D, Lim A, Even J, Semana G, Berthelot JM, Breathnach R, Bonneville M, Houssaint E. 1996. T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus transactivators in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 184:1791-800
156. Ludewig B, Odermatt B, Landmann S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. 1998. Dendritic cells induce autoimmune diabetes and maintain disease via de novo formation of local lymphoid tissue. J. Exp. Med. 188:1493-501
157. Zinkernagel RM, Bachmann MF, Kundig TM, Oehen S, Pirchet H, Hengartner H. 1996. On immunological memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:333-67
158. Ahmed R, Gray D. 1996. Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation. Science 272:54-60
159. Dutton RW, Bradley LM, Swain SL. 1998. T cell memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:201-23
160. Mackay CR. 1991. T-cell memory: the connection between function, phenotype and migration pathways. Immunol. Today 12:189-92
161. Sallusto F, Lenig D, Forster R, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A. 1999. Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potential and effector function. Nature 401:708-12
162. Sad S, Mosmann TR. 1994. Single IL-2-secreting precursor CD4 T cell can develop into either Th1 or Th2 cytokine secretion phenotype. J. Immunol. 153: 3514-22
163. Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. 1997. Antiviral immunity. Immunol. Today 18:258-60
164. Ridge JP, Di Rosa F, Matzinger P. 1998. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature 393:474-78
165. Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, Flavell RA, Miller JF, Heath WR. 1998. Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling. Nature 393:478-80
166. Schoenberger SP, Toes RE, van der Voort EI, Offringa R, Melief CJ. 1998. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature 393:480-83
167. Berg EL, Yoshino T, Rott LS, Robinson MK, Warnock RA, Kishimoto TK, Picker LJ, Butcher EC. 1991. The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J. Exp. Med. 174:1461-66
168. Fuhlbrigge RC, Kieffer JD, Armerding D, Kupper TS. 1997. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a specialized form of PSGL-1 expressed on skin-homing T cells. Nature 389:978-81
169. Yoneyama H, Harada A, Imai T, Baba M, Yoshie O, Zhang Y, Higashi H, Murai M, Asakura H, Matsushima K. 1998. Pivotal role of TARC, a CC chemokine, in bacteria-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 102:1933-41
170. Berlin C, Berg EL, Briskin MJ, Andrew DP, Kilshaw PJ, Holzmann B, Weissman IL, Hamann A, Butcher EC. 1993. Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 74:185-85
171. Bargatze RF, Jutila MA, Butcher EC. 1995. Distinct roles of L-selectin and integrins alpha 4 beta 7 and LFA-1 in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patch-HEV in situ: the multistep model confirmed and refined. Immunity 3:99-108
172. Zabel BA, Agace WW, Campbell JJ, Heath HM, Parent D, Roberts AI, Ebert EC, Kassam N, Qin S, Zovko M, LaRosa GJ, Yang LL, Soler D, Butcher EC, Ponath PD, Parker CM, Andrew DP. 1999. Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymusexpressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis. J. Exp. Med. 190:1241-56
173. Liao F, Rabin RL, Smith CS, Sharma G, Nutman TB, Farber JM. 1999. CC-chemokine receptor 6 is expressed on diverse memory subsets of T cells and determines responsiveness to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha. J. Immunol. 162:186-94
174. Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkel SL. 1989. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 84:1045-49
175. Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1997. Blocking chemokine receptors. J. Exp. Med. 186:1189-91
176. Heath H, Qin S, Rao P, Wu L, LaRosa G, Kassam N, Ponath PD, Mackay CR. 1997. Chemokine receptor usage by human eosinophils. The importance of CCR3 demonstrated using an antagonistic monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Invest. 99:178-84
177. Wu L, LaRosa G, Kassam N, Gordon CJ, Heath H, Ruffing N, Chen H, Humblias J, Samson M, Parmentier M, Moore JP, Mackay CR. 1997. Interaction of chemokine receptor CCR5 with its ligands: multiple domains for HIV-1 gp120 binding and a single domain for chemokine binding. J. Exp. Med. 186:1373-81
178. Grimaldi JC, Yu NX, Grunig G, Seymour BW, Cottrez F, Robinson DS, Hosken N, Ferlin WG, Wu X, Soto H, O'Garra A, Howard MC, Coffman RL. 1999. Depletion of eosinophils in mice through the use of antibodies specific for C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3). J. Leukocyte Biol. 65:846-53
179. Moser B, Dewald B, Barella L, Schumacher C, Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. 1993. Interleukin-8 antagonists generated by N-terminal modification. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7125-28
180. Gong JH, Uguccioni M, Dewald B, Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. 1996. RANTES and MCP-3 antagonists bind multiple chemokine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:10521-27
181. Simmons G, Clapham PR, Picard L, Offord RE, Rosenkilde MM, Schwartz TW, Buser R, Wells TNC, Proudfoot AE. 1997. Potent inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist. Science 276:276-79
182. Mack M, Luckow B, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Signoret N, Marsh M, Stangassinger M, Borlat F, Wells TN, Schlondorff D, Proudfoot AE. 1998. Aminooxypentane-RANTES induces CCR5 internalization but inhibits recycling: a novel inhibitory mechanism of HIV infectivity. J. Exp. Med. 187:1215-24
183. Gong JH, Ratkay LG, Waterfield JD, Clark-Lewis I. 1997. An antagonist of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) inhibits arthritis in the MRL-1pr mouse model. J. Exp. Med. 186:131-37
184. Schols D, Struyf S, Van Damme J, Este JA, Henson G, De Clercq E. 1997. Inhibition of T-tropic HIV strains by selective antagonization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. J. Exp. Med. 186: 1383-88
185. Murakami T, Nakajima T, Koyanagi Y, Tachibana K, Fujii N, Tamamura H, Yoshida N, Waki M, Matsumoto A, Yoshie O, Kishimoto T, Yamamoto N, Nagasawa T. 1997. A small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor that blocks T cell line-tropic HIV-1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 186:1389-93
186. Doranz BJ, Grovit-Ferbas K, Sharron MP, Mao SH, Goetz MB, Daar ES, Doms RW, O'Brien WA. 1997. A small-molecule inhibitor directed against the chemokine receptor CXCR4 prevents its use as an HIV-1 coreceptor. J. Exp. Med. 186:1395-400
187. Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. 1999. Chemoattractant receptors and immune responses. Immunologist 7:112-18
188. Sozzani S, Luini W, Bianchi G, Allavena P, Wells TN, Napolitano M, Bernardini G, Vecchi A, D'Ambrosio D, Mazzeo D, Sinigaglia F, Santoni A, Maggi E, Romagnani S, Mantovani A. 1998. The viral chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood 92:4036-39
189. Endres MJ, Garlisi CG, Xiao H, Shan L, Hedrick JA. 1999. The Kaposi's sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-I is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J. Exp. Med. 189:1993-98
190. Dairaghi DJ, Fan RA, McMaster BE, Hanley MR, Schall TJ. 1999. HHV8-encoded vMIP-I selectively engages chemokine receptor CCR8. Agonist and antagonist profiles of viral chemokines. J. Biol. Chem. 274:21569-74
191. Moore PS, Boshoff C, Weiss RA, Chang Y. 1996. Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 274:1739-44
192. Boshoff C, Endo Y, Collins PD, Takeuchi Y, Reeves JD, Schweickart VL, Siani MA, Sasaki T, Williams TJ, Gray PW, Moore PS, Chang Y, Weiss RA. 1997. Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 278:290-94
193. Damon I, Murphy PM, Moss B. 1998. Broad spectrum chemokine antagonistic activity of a human poxvirus chemokine homolog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:6403-7
194. Alcami A, Symons JA, Collins PD, Williams TJ, Smith GL. 1998. Blockade of chemokine activity by a soluble chemokine binding protein from vaccinia virus. J. Immunol. 160:624-33
195. Lalani AS, Masters J, Graham K, Liu L, Lucas A, McFadden G. 1999. Role of the myxoma virus soluble CC-chemokine inhibitor glycoprotein, M-T1, during myxoma virus pathogenesis. Virology 256:233-45