Cords, channels, corridors and conduits: Critical architectural elements facilitating cell interactions in the lymph node cortex

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 156, Issue , 1997, Pages 11-24

  Gretz, J Elizabeth ^a   Anderson, Arthur O ^b   Shaw, Stephen ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL INTERACTION; ENDOTHELIUM; FIBROBLAST; LYMPH NODE; PARENCHYMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETICULUM CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE; VENULE;

EID: 0030944142     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00955.x     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 1991;9:271-296.
2. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med 1995;182:389-400.
3. Szakal AK, Holmes KL, Tew JG. Transport of immune complexes from the subcapsular sinus to lymph node follicles on the surface of nonphagocytic cells, including cells with dendritic morphology. J Immunol 1983;131:1714-1727.
4. Kelly RH. Functional anatomy of lymph nodes I. Paracortical cords. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1975;48:836-849.
5. Anderson AO, Anderson ND, White JD. Lymphocyte locomotion, lymphatic tissues and lymphocyte circulation in the rat. In: Hay JB, ed. Animal models of immunological processes. New York: Academic Press, 1982:25-95.
6. Pabst R, Binns RM. Heterogeneity of lymphocyte homing physiology: several mechanisms operate in the control of migration to lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in vivo. Immunol Rev 1989;108:83-109.
7. Anderson ND, Anderson AO, Wyllie RG. Microvascular changes in lymph nodes draining skin allografts. Am J Pathol 1975;81:131-160.
8. Anderson AO. Multiple effects of immunological adjuvants on lymphatic microenvironments. Int J Immunotherapy 1985;1:185-195.
9. Cahill RN, Frost H, Trnka Z. The effects of antigen on the migration of recirculating lymphocytes through single lymph nodes. J Exp Med 1976;143:870-888.
10. Fossum S, Ford WL. The organization of cell populations within lymph nodes: their origin, life history and functional relationships. Histopathology 1985;9:469-499.
11. Smith JB, Pedersen NC, Morris B. The role of the lymphatic system in inflammatory responses. Ser Haematol 1970;3:17-61.
12. Abe Y, Sugisaki K, Dannenberg AM Jr. Rabbit vascular endothelial adhesion molecules: ELAM-1 is most elevated in acute inflammation, whereas VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 predominated in chronic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 1996;60:692-703.
13. Marchesi VT. Some electron microscopic observations on interactions between leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells in acute inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1964;116:774-788.
14. Anderson AO, Anderson ND. Studies on the structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes. Am J Pathol 1975;80:387-418.
15. Felten DL, Livnat S, Felten SY, Carlson SL, Bellinger DL, Yeh P. Sympathetic innervation of lymph nodes in mice. Brain Research Bulletin 1984;13:693-699.
16. Askenase PW, Metzler CM, Gershon RK. Localization of leukocytes in sites of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in lymph nodes: dependence on vasoactive amines. Immunology 1982;47:239-246.
17. Ottaway CA. In vitro alteration of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide changes the in vivo localization of mouse T cells. J Exp Med 1984;160:1054-1069.
18. Anderson AO, Shaw S. Lymphocyte traffic-king. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Schwartz BD, Shearer WT, Strober W, eds. Clinical immunology. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1995:39-49.
19. Ebnet K, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S. Orchestrated information transfer underlying leukocyte endothelial interactions. Annu Rev Immunol 1996;14:155-177.
20. Butcher EC Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: three (or more) steps to specificity and diversity. Cell 1991;67:1033-1036.
21. Springer TA. Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration. Annu Rev Physiol 1995;57:827-872.
22. Anderson AO, Shaw S. T cell adhesion to endothelium: The FRC conduit system and other anatomic and molecular features which facilitate the adhesion cascade in lymph node. Semin Immunol 1993;5:271-282.
23. Anderson AO, Anderson ND. Lymphocyte emigration from high endothelial venules in rat lymph nodes. Immunol 1976;31:731-748.
24. van Ewijk W, Brons NHC, Rozing J. Scanning electron microscopy of homing and recirculating lymphocyte populations. Cell Immunol 1975;19:245-261.
25. Marchesi VT, Gowans JL. The migration of lymphocytes through the endothelium of venules in lymph nodes: an electron microscope study. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1964;159:283-290.
26. Farr AG, De Bruyn PP. The mode of lymphocyte migration through postcapillary venule endothelium in lymph node. Am J Anat 1975;143:59-92.
27. Cho Y, De Bruyn PPH. Internal structure of the postcapulary high-endothelial venules of rodent lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and the transendothelial lymphocyte passage. Am J Anat 1986;177:481-490.
28. Schoefl GI. The migration of lymphocytes across the vascular endothelium in lymphoid tissue. J Exp Med 1972;136:568-584.
29. Wenk EJ, Orlic D, Reith EJ, Rhodin JA. The ultrastructure of mouse lymph node venules and the passage of lymphocytes across their walls. J Ultrastructural Research 1974;47:214-241.
30. Gretz JE, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S. Sophisticated strategies for information encounter in the lymph node: the reticular network as a conduit of soluble information and a highway for cell traffic. J Immunol 1996;157:495-499.
31. Anderson ND, Anderson AO, Wyllie RG. Specialized structure and metabolic activities of high endothelial venules in rat lymphatic tissues. Immunol 1976;31:455-473.
32. Soderstrom N. Post-capillary venules as basic structural units in the development of lymphoglandular tissue. Scand J Haemat 1967;4:411-429.
33. Sainte-Marie G, Sin YM. Structures of the lymph node and their possible function during the immune response. Revue Canadienne de Biologie 1968;27:191-207.
34. Sainte-Marie G, Peng F-S. A study on binding of suspended nodal lymphocytes to high endothelial venules in sections of frozen rat lymph nodes. J Anat 1995;187:47-58.
35. Sainte-Marie G, Peng F-S. High endothelial venules of the rat lymph node: a review and a question: is their activity antigen specific? Anat Rec 1996;245:593-620.
36. Anderson ND, Anderson AO, Wyllie RG. Altered lymphocyte traffic in heparin-treated rats. Fed Proc 1975;34:842 (Abstract).
37. Jansen CR, et al. Studies on lymphocytosis. II. The production of lymphocytosis by intravenous heparin in calves. Blood 1962;20:443-452.
38. Matous-Malbohan I, Arnason BGW. Influence of heparin and protamine on enlargement of the draining lymph node during induction of EAE. Cell Immunol 1974;12:345-362.
39. Stenman S, Vaheri A. Distribution of a major connective tissue protein, fibronectin, in normal human tissues. J Exp Med 1978;147:1054-1064.
40. Karttunen T, Sormunen R, Risteli L, Risteli J, Autio-Harmainen H. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of laminin, type IV collagen, type III pN-collagen in reticular fibers of human lymph nodes. J Histochem Cytochem 1989;37:279-286.
41. Van den Berg TK, van der Ende M, Dopp EA, Kraal G, Dijkstra CD. Localization of beta 1 integrins and their extracellular ligands in human lymphoid tissues. Am J Pathol 1993;143:1098-1110.
42. Kramer RH, Rosen SD, McDonald KA. Basement-membrane components associated with the extracellular matrix of the lymph node. Cell Tissue Res 1988;252:367-375.
43. Girard J-F, Springer TA. High endothelial venules (HEVs): specialized endothelium for lymphocyte migration. Immunol Today 1995;16:449-457.
44. Soderstrom N, Stenstrom A. Outflow paths of cells from the lymph node parenchyma to the efferent lymphatics - observations in thin section histology. Scand J Haematol 1969;6:186-196.
45. Aruffo A, Stamenkovic I, Melnick M, Underhill CB, Seed B. CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell 1990;61:1303-1313.
46. Reilly JT, Nash JRG. Vitronectin (serum spreading factor): its localization in normal and fibrotic tissue. J Clin Path 1988;41:1269-1272.
47. Ushiki T, Ohtani O, Abe K. Scanning electron microscopic studies of reticular framework in the rat mesenteric lymph node. Anat Rec 1995;241:113-122.
48. Gomori G. Silver impregnation of reticulum in paraffin sections. Am J Pathol 1937;XIII:993-1001.
49. Compton CC, Raviola E. Structure of the sinus-lining cells in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. Anat Rec 1985;212:408-423.
50. Clark SL Jr. The reticulum of the lymph nodes in mice studied with the electron microscope. Am J Anat 1962;110:217-257.
51. Moe RE. Fine structure of the reticulum and sinuses of lymph nodes. Am J Anat 1963;112:311-335.
52. Olah I, Rohlich P, Toro S. Ultrastructure of lymphoid organs. An electron microscopic atlas. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co. 1975:38-43.
53. He Y. Scanning electron microscope studies of the rat mesenteric lymph node with special reference to high-endothelial venules and hitherto unknown lymphatic labyrinth. Arch Histol Jap 1985;48:1-15.
54. Hayakawa M, Kobayashi M, Hoshino T. Direct contact between reticular fibers and migratory cells in the paracortex of mouse lymph nodes: a morphological and quantitative study. Arch Histol Cytol 1988;51:233-240.
55. Austyn JM. New insights into the mobilization and phagocytic activity of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1996;183:1287-1292.
56. Drinker C, Wislocki B, Field ME. The structure of the sinuses in the lymph nodes. Anat Rec 1935;56:261-266.
57. Farr AG, Cho Y, De Bruyn PP. The structure of the sinus wall of the lymph node relative to its endocytic properties and transmural cell passage. Am J Anat 1980;157:265-284.
58. Fossum S. The architecture of rat lymph nodes II. Lymph node compartments. Scand J Immunol 1980;12:411-410.
59. Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Myrvik QN, Ockers JR. The "mosaic" structure of the sinuses in the hilar lymph node complex of the lungs in rabbits undergoing a pulmonary cell-mediated reaction: an electron microscopic study. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1978;24(5):527-545.
60. Forkert P-G, Thliveris JA, Bertalanffy FD. Structure of sinuses in the human lymph node. Cell Tissue Res 1977;183:115-130.
61. Lewis WH. Locomotion of lymphocytes. Bull Johns Hopkins Univ 1931;49:29-36.
62. Blaschke V, Micheel B, Pabst R, Westermann J. Lymphocyte traffic through lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the rat: B- and T-cell-specific migration patterns within the tissue and their dependence on splenic tissue. Cell Tissue Res 1995;282:377-386.
63. Herman PG, Yamamoto I, Mellins HZ. Blood microcirculation in the lymph node during the primary immune response. J Exp Med 1972;136:697-714.
64. Kruger G. Morphology of postcapillary venules under different experimental conditions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;41:287-301.
65. Kelly RH, Wolstencroft RA, Dumonde DC, Balfour BM. Role of lymphocyte activation products (LAP) in cell-mediated immunity II. Effects of lymphocyte activation products on lymph node architecture and evidence for peripheral release of LAP following antigenic stimulation. Clin Exp Immunol 1972;10:49-65.
66. Hendriks HR, Duijvestijn AM, Kraal G. Rapid decrease in lymphocyte adherence to high endothelial venules in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels. Eur J Immunol 1987;17:1691-1695.
67. Hendriks HR, Eestermans IL. Disappearance and reappearance of high endothelial venules and immigrating lymphocytes in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels: a possible regulatory role of macrophages in lymphocyte migration. Eur J Immunol 1983;13:663-669.
68. Mebius RE, Streeter PR, Breve J, Duijvestijn AM, Kraal G. The influence of afferent lymphatic vessel interruption on vascular addressin expression. J Cell Biol 1991;115:85-95.
69. Larsen CG, Anderson AO, Appella E, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes. Science 1989;243:1464-1466.
70. Sainte-Marie G, Peng F-S. Diffusion of a lymph-carried antigen in the fiber network of the lymph node of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 1986;245:481-486.
71. Dabelow A. Die blutgefassversorgung der lymphatischen organe. Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft 1939;46:179-224.
72. Tanaka Y, Adams DH, Hubscher S, Hirano H, Siebenlist U, Shaw S. T-cell adhesion induced by proteoglycan-immobilized cytokine MIP-1β. Nature 1993;361:79-82.
73. Rot A. Endothelial cell binding of NAP-1/IL-8: role in neutrophil emigration. Immunol Today 1992;13:291-294.
74. Belisle C, Sainte-Marie G. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node I. Topography of the deep cortex. Anat Rec 1981;199:45-59.
75. Belisle C, Sainte-Marie G. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node II. Relation of deep cortex units to afferent lymphatic vessels. Anat Rec 1981;199:61-72.
76. Belisle C, Sainte-Marie G. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node III. Morphology of the deep cortex units. Anat Rec 1981;199:213-226.
77. Sainte-Marie G, Belisle C. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node IV. Differential labelling of the deep cortex units with 3H-uridine. Anat Rec 1981;199:227-237.
78. Sainte-Marie G, Belisle C, Peng F-S. The deep cortex of the lymph node: morphological variations and functional aspects. Curr Top Pathol 1990;84(1):33-63.