Apoptosis in cancer: Therapeutic implications

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 281-297

  Negoescu, A ^a  

^a GRENOBLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Alpha2 macroglobulin; Apoptosis; Bax; By stander killing; Cancer; Caspases

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 MACROGLOBULIN; CASPASE;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; GENE THERAPY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0033971863     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (269)

1. Abe A., Takeo T., Emi N., Tanimoto M., Ueda R., Yee J.K., Friedmann T. and Saito H. (1993). Transduction of a drug-sensitive toxic gene into human leukemia cell lines with a novel retroviral vector. PSEBM 203, 354-359.
2. 2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science 281, 1322-1326.
3. Alnemri E.S., Livingston D.J., Nicholson D.W., Salvesen G., Thornberry N.A., Wong W.A. and Yuan J. (1996). Human ICE/CED3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87, 171.
4. Alvarez R.D. and Curiel D.T. (1997). Clinical protocol: A phase I study of recombinant adenovirus vector-mediated intraperitoneal delivery of HSV-TK gene and intravenous ganciclovir for previously treated ovarian and extraovarian cancer patients. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 597-613.
5. 2. Science 277, 370-372.
6. Arends M.J., McGregor A.H. and Wyllie A.H. (1994). Apoptosis is inversely related to necrosis and determines net growth in tumors bearing constitutively expressed myc, ras and HPV oncogenes. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 1045-1057.
7. Asher A.L., Mulé J.J., Kasid A., Restifo N.P., Salo J.C., Reichert C.M., Jaffe G., Fendly B., Kriegler M. and Rosenberg S.A. (1991). Murine tumor cells transduced with the gene for TNF α. J. Immunol. 146, 3227-3234.
8. Ashkenazi A. and Dixit V.M. (1998). Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 281, 1305-1308.
9. Balzarini J., de Clercq E., Verbruggen A., Ayusawa D. and Seno T. (1985). Highly selective cytostatic activity of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine derivatives for murine mammary carcinoma (FM3A) cells transformed with the HSV-TK gene. Mol. Pharmacol. 28, 581-587.
10. Barba D., Hardin J., Sadelain M. and Gage F.H. (1994). Development of anti-tumor immunity following HSV-TK-medited killing of experimental brain tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4348-4352.
11. Barrett A.J. (1981). Alpha2 macroglobulin. Meth. Enzymol. 80, 737-753.
12. Barry M.A., Behnke C.A. and Eastman A. (1990). Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40, 2353-2362.
13. Bayever E., Haines K.M., Iversen P.L., Ruddon R.W., Pirruccello S.J., Mountjoy C.P., Arneson M.A. and Smith L.J. (1994). Selective cytotoxicity to human leukemic myeloblasts produced by oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioates complementary to p53 nucleotide sequences. Leuk. Lymphoma 12, 223-231.
14. Beck C., Cayeux S., Lupton S.D., Dörken B. and Blankenstein T. (1995). The HSV-TK/ganciclovir-mediated suicide effect is variable in different tumor cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 1525-1530.
15. Bi W.L., Parysek L.M., Warnick R. and Stambrook P.J. (1993). In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the by-stander effect observed with HSV-TK retroviral gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 4, 725-731.
16. Bischoff J.R., Kirn D.H., Williams A., Heise C., Horn S., Muna M., Ng L., Nye J.A., Sampson-Johannes A., Fattaey A. and McCormick F. (1996). An adenovirus mutant that replicates selectively in p53-deficient human tumor cells. Science 274, 373-376.
17. Bishop M.R., Iversen P.L., Bayever E., Sharp J.G., Greiner T.C., Copple B.L., Ruddon R., Zon G., Spinolo J., Arneson M., Armitage J.O. and Kessinger A. (1996). Phase I trial of and antisense oligonucleotide OL(1) p53 in hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1320-1326.
18. Boothman D.A., Davis T.W. and Sahijdak W.M. (1994). Enhanced expression of thymidine kinase in human cells following ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 30, 391-398.
19. Borrelli E., Heyman R., Hsi M. and Evans R.M. (1988). Targeting of an inducible toxic phenotype in animal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7572-7576.
20. Bourhis J., Cosset J.M., Dionet C., Kreitmann T., Girinski T., Dubray B., Magdalenat H., Eschwege F. and Verrelle P. (1996). Transfert génique et radiothérapie. Bull. Cancer 83, 107-113.
21. 2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins. Cell 79, 341 -351.
22. Bracey T.S., Miller J.C., Preece A. and Paraskeva C. (1995). γ-radiation-induced apoptosis in human colorectal adenoma and carcinoma cell lines can occur in the absence of wild-type p53. Oncogene 10, 2391-2396.
23. 2 family member, Bax. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30, 647-650.
24. 2, and Bax in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 1941-1952.
25. Brough D.E., Lizonova A., Hsu C., Kulesa V. and Kovesdi I. (1996). A gene transfer vector-cell line system for complete functional complementation of adenovirus early regions E1 and E4. J. Virol. 70, 6497-6501.
26. Bruno S., del Bino G., Lassota P., Giaretti W. and Darzynkiewicz Z. (1992). Inhibitors of proteases prevent endonucleolysis accompanying apoptotic death of HL60 leukemic cells and normal thymocytes. Leukemia 6, 1113-1120.
27. Buchsbaum D.J., Raben D., Stackhouse M.A., Khazaeli M.B., Rogers B.E., Rosenfeld M.E., Liu T. and Curiel D.T. (1996). Approaches to enhance cancer radiotherapy employing gene transfer methods. Gene Ther. 3, 1042-1068.
28. Bursch W., Paffe S., Putz B., Barthel G. and Schulte-Hermann R. (1990). Determination of the length of the histological stages of apoptosis in normal liver and in altered hepatic foci of rats. Carcinogenesis 11, 847-853.
29. Cai D.W., Mukhopadhyay T., Liu Y., Fujiwara T. and Roth J.A. (1993). Stable expression of the wild-type p53 gene in human lung cancer cells after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. 4, 617-624.
30. Caruso M., Panis Y., Gagandeep S., Houssin D., Salzmann J.L. and Klatzmann D. (1993). Regression of established macroscopic liver metastases after in situ transduction of a suicide gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7024-7028.
31. Caruso M., Pham-Nguyen K., Kwong Y.L., Xu B., Kosai K.I., Finegold M., Woo S.L. and Chen S.H. (1996). Adenovirus-mediated interleukin-12 gene therapy for metastatic colon carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11302-11306.
32. Cascinelli N., Foa R., Parmiani G., Arienti F., Belli F., Bernengo M.G., Clemente C., Colombo M.P., Guarini A., Illeni M.T., Mascheroni L., Melani C., Prada A. and Sulé-Suso J. (1994). Active immunization of metastatic melanoma patients with IL 4 transduced, allogenic melanoma cells. A phase I-II study. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 1059-1064.
33. 2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 395-419.
34. Chen L. and Waxman D.J. (1995). Intratumoral activation and enhanced chemotherapeutic effect of oxazaphosphorines following cytochrome P450 gene transfer: development of a combined chemotherapy/ cancer gene therapy strategy. Cancer Res. 55, 581-589.
35. Chen S.H., Shine H.D., Goodman J.C., Grossman R.G. and Woo S.L.C. (1994). Gene therapy for brain tumors: regression of experimental gliomas by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3054-3057.
36. 2 to a Bax-like death effector by caspases. Science 278, 1966-1968.
37. Cheng S.Y., Merlino G.T. and Pastan I.H. (1983). A versatile method for the coupling of protein to DNA: synthesis of alpha2 macroglobulin -DNA conjugates. Nucl. Acid Res. 11, 659-669.
38. 2 and BclX L function upstream of the CED3-like apoptotic proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4573-4576.
39. Clarke M.F., Apel I.J., Benedict M.A., Eipers P.G., Sumantran V., Gonzàlez-Garcia M., Doedens M., Fukunaga N., Davidson B., Dick J.E., Minn A.J., Boise L.H., Thompson C.B., Wicha M. and Nunez G. (1995). A recombinant bclXS adenovirus selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal bone marrow cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11024-11028.
40. Coffey M.C., Strong J.E., Forsyth P.A. and Lee P.W.K. (1998). Reovirus therapy of tumors with activated ras patway. Science 282, 1332-1334.
41. Coll J.L., Negoescu A., Louis N., Sachs L., Tenaud C., Girardot V., Demeinex B., Brambilla E., Brambilla C. and Favrot M. (1998). Antitumor activity of bax and p53 naked gene transfer in lung cancer: in vitro and in vivo analysis. Hum. Gene Ther. 9, 2063-2074.
42. Collins J.A., Schandl C.A., Young K.K., Vesely J. and Willingham M.C. (1997). Major DNA fragmentation is a late event in apoptosis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45, 923-934.
43. Connors T.A. (1995). The choice of prodrugs for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer. Gene Ther. 2, 702-709.
44. Conry R.M., LoBuglio A.F., Loechel F., Moore S.E., Sumerel L.A., Barlow D.L. and Curiel D.T. (1995). A CEA polynucleotide vaccine has in vivo antitumor activity. Gene Ther. 2, 59-65.
45. Cory S. and Adams J.M. (1998). Meeting report: Matters of life and death: programmed cell death at Cold Spring Harbor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1377, R25-R44.
46. Culver K.W., Ram Z., Wallbridge S., Ishii H., Oldfield E.H. and Blaese R.M. (1992). In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vector-producer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science 256, 1550-1552.
47. Culver K.W., Vickers T.M., Lamsam J.L., Walling H.W. and Seregina T. (1995). Gene therapy for solid tumors. Br. Med. Bull. 51, 192-204.
48. Debbas M. and White E. (1993). Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E 1A, which is inhibited by E 1B. Gene. Dev. 7, 546-554.
49. Desjardins L.M. and MacManus J.P. (1995). An adherent cell model to study different stages of apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 216, 380-387.
50. Dickman S. (1998). Antibodies stage a comeback in cancer treatment. Science 280, 1196-1197.
51. Dive C. and Hickman J.A. (1991). Drug-target interactions: only the first step in the commitment to a programmed cell death? Br. J. Cancer 64, 192-196.
52. Dole M.G., Jasty R., Cooper M.J., Thompson C.B., Nunez G. and Castle V. (1995). BclXL is expressed in neuroblastoma cells and modulates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 2576-2582.
53. Dole M.G., Clarke M.F., Holman P., Benedict M., Lu J., Jasty R., Eipers P., Thompson C.B., Rode C., Bloch C., Nunez G. and Castle V.P. (1996). BclXS enhances adenoviral vector-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 56, 5734-5740.
54. Dou Q.P., An B., Antoku K. and Johnson D.E. (1997). Fas stimulation induces Rb dephosphorylation and proteolysis that is blocked by inhibitors of the ICE protease family. J. Cell. Biochem. 64, 586-594.
55. Ealovega M.W., McGinnis P.K., Sumantran V.N., Clarke M.F. and Wicha M.S. (1996). BclXS gene therapy induces apoptosis of human mammary tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res. 56, 1965-1969.
56. Ebert O., Finke S., Salahi A., Herrmann M., Trojaneck B., Lefterova P., Wagner E., Kircheis R., Huhn D., Schreiver F. and Schmidt-Wolf I.G.H. (1997). Lymphocyte apoptosis: induction by gene transfer techniques. Gene Ther. 4, 296-302.
57. Elshami A.A., Kucharczuk J.C., Zhang H.B., Smythe W.R., Hwang H.C., Litzky L.A., Kaiser L.R. and Albelda S.M. (1996). Treatment of pleural mesothelioma in an immunocompetent rat model utilizing adenoviral transfer of the Herpes simplex virus TK gene. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 141-148.
58. Evan G. and Littlewood T. (1998). A matter of life and death. Science 281, 1317-1322.
59. Evan G.I., Wyllie A.H., Gilbert C.S., Littlewood T.D., Land H., Brooks M., Waters C.M., Penn L.Z. and Hancock D.C. (1992). Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-Myc protein. Cell 69, 119-128.
60. Ezzedine Z.D., Martuza R.L., Platika D., Short M.P., Malick A., Choi B. and Breakefield X.O. (1991). Selective killing of glioma cells in culture and in vivo by retrovirus transfer of the Herpes simplex virus TK gene. New Biol. 608, 608-614.
61. Farhood H., Serbina N. and Huang L. (1995). The role of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine in cationic liposome mediated gene transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1235, 289-295.
62. Favrot M., Coll J.L., Louis N. and Negoescu A. (1998). Cell death and cancer: replacement of apoptotic genes and inactivation of death suppressor genes in therapy. Gene Ther. 5, 728-739.
63. Fearon E.R., Pardoll D.M., Itaya T., Golumbek P., Levitsky H.I., Simons J.W., Karasuyama H., Vogelstein B. and Frost P. (1990). IL 2 production by tumor cells bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor response. Cell 60, 397-403.
64. Feige J.J., Negoescu A., Keramidas M., Souchelnitskiy S. and Chambaz E.M. (1998). Alpha2 macroglobulin: a binding protein for TGFbeta and various cytokines. Horm. Res. 45, 227-232.
65. Felgner P.L., Barenholz Y., Behr J.P., Cheng S.H., Cullis P., Huang L., Jessee J.A., Seymour L., Szoka F., Thierry A.R., Wagner E. and Wu G. (1997). Nomenclature for synthetic gene delivery systems. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 511-512.
66. Fisher D.E. (1994). Apoptosis in cancer therapy: crossing the threshold. Cell 78, 539-542.
67. Forster T.H., Allan D.J., Gobé G.C., Harmon B.V., Walsh T.P. and Kerr J.F.R. (1992). Beta radiation from tracer doses of 32P induces massive apoptosis in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 61, 365-367.
68. Freeman S.M., Abboud C.N., Whartenby K.A., Packman C.H., Koeplin D.S., Moolten F.L. and Abraham G.N. (1993). The by-stander effect: tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified. Cancer Res. 53, 5274-5283.
69. Freeman S.M., McCune C., Robinson W., Abboud C.N., Abraham G.N., Angel C. and Marrogi A. (1995). Clinical protocol: The treatment of ovarian cancer with a gene modified cancer vaccine. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 927-939.
70. Furman P.A., McGuirt P.V., Keller P.M., Fyfe J.A. and Elion G.B. (1980). Inhibition by acyclovir of cell growth and DNA synthesis of cells biochemically transformed with Herpesvirus genetic information. Virology 102, 420-430.
71. Gansbacher B., Bannerji R., Daniels B., Zier K., Cronin K. and Gilboa E. (1990a). Retroviral vector-mediated gamma interferon gene transfer into tumor cells generates potent and long lasting antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 50, 7820-7825.
72. Gansbacher B., Zier K., Daniels B., Cronin K., Bannerji R. and Gilboa E. (1990b). IL 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity. J. Exp. Med. 172, 1217-1224.
73. Gao X. and Huang L. (1995). Cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther. 2, 710-722.
74. Gastl G., Finstad C.L., Guarini A., Bosl G., Gilboa E., Bander E. and Gansbacher B. (1992). Retroviral vector-mediated lymphokine gene transfer into human renal cancer cells. Cancer Res. 52, 6229-6236.
75. Gjerset R.A., Turla S.T., Sobol R.E., Scalise J.J., Mercola D., Collins H. and Hopkins P.J. (1995). Use of wild-type p53 to achieve complete treatment sensitization of tumor cells expressing endogenous mutant p53. Mol. Carcinog. 14, 275-285.
76. Golstein P., Luciani M.F., Mattéi M.G. and Foa C. (1995). Molecular mechanisms of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity, with emphasis of the Fas pathway. In: Apotosis and the immune response. Gregory C.D. (ed). Wyley-Liss. New York. pp143-168.
77. Golumbek P.T., Lazenby A.J., Levitzky H.I., Jaffee L.M., Karasuyama H., Baker M. and Pardoll D.M. (1991). Treatment of established renal cancer by tumor cells engineered to secrete IL 4. Science 254, 713-716.
78. Goping I.S., Gross A., Lavoie J.N., Nguyen M., Jemmerson R., Roth K., Korsmeyer S.J. and Shore G.C. (1998). Regulated targeting of Bax to mitochondria. J. Cell Biol. 143, 207-215.
79. Gotlieb W.H., Watson J.M., Rezai A., Johnson M., Martinez-Maza O. and Berek J.S. (1994). Cytokine-induced modulation of tumor suppressor gene expression in ovarian cancer cells: up-regulation of p53 gene expression and induction of apoptosis by TNF alpha. Gynecology 170, 1121-1130.
80. Granville D.J., Carthy C.M., Hunt D.W.C. and McManus B.M. (1998). Apoptosis: molecular aspects of cell death and disease. Lab. Invest. 78, 893-913.
81. Green D.R. (1998). Apoptotic pathways: The roads to ruin. Cell 94, 695-698.
82. Green D.R., Bissonnette R.P. and Cotter T.G. (1994). Apoptosis and cancer. In: Important advances in oncology. DeVita V.T., Hellman S. and Rosenberg S.A. (eds) Lippincott J.B. Philadelphia. pp 37-52.
83. Guild B.C., Mulligan R.C., Gros P. and Housman D.E. (1988). Retroviral transfer of a murine cDNA for multidrug resistance confers pleiotropic drug resistance to cells without prior drug selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1595-1599.
84. Hallahan D.E., Spriggs D.R., Beckett M.A., Kufe D.W. and Weichselbaum R.R. (1989). Increased tumor necrosis factor α mRNA after cellular exposure to ionizing radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10104-10107.
85. Hallahan D.E., Mauceri H.J., Seung L.P., Dunphy E.J., Wayne J.D., Hanna N.N., Toledano A., Hellman S., Kufe D.W. and Weichselbaum R.R. (1995). Spatial and temporal control of gene therapy using ionizing radiation. Nature Med. 1, 786-791.
86. Hamel W., Magnelli L., Chiarugi V.P. and Israel M.A. (1996). HSV-TK/ ganciclovir-mediated apoptotic death by by-stander cells. Cancer Res. 56, 2696-2702.
87. Han J., Sabbatini P., Perez D., Rao L., Modha D. and White E. (1996). The E 1B protein blocks apoptosis by interacting with and inhibiting the p53-inducible and death-promoting Bax protein. Gene. Dev. 10, 461-477.
88. Han Z., Chatterjee D., He D.M., Early J., Pantazis P., Wyche J.H. and Hendrickson E.A. (1995). Evidence for a G2 checkpoint in p53-independent apoptosis induction by X-irradiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5849-5857.
89. Hancock B.W. and Rees R.C. (1990). IL 2 and cancer therapy. Cancer Cells 2, 29-32.
90. Hannun Y.A. (1997). Apoptosis and the dilemma of cancer chemotherapy. Blood 89, 1845-1853.
91. Harmon B.V., Corder A.M., Collins R.J., Gobé G.C., Allen D.J. and Kerr J.F.R. (1990). Cell death induced in a murine mastocytoma by 42-47 °C heating in vitro: evidence that the form of death changes from apoptosis to necrosis above a critical heat. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 58, 845-858.
92. Harmon B.V., Takano Y.S., Winterford C.M. and Gobé G.C. (1991). The role of apoptosis in the response of cells and tumors to mild hyperthermia. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 59, 489-501.
93. Harris J.D., Gutierrez A.A., Hurst H.C., Sikora K. and Lemoine N.R. (1994). Gene therapy for cancer using tumor-specific prodrug activation. Gene Ther. 1, 170-175.
94. Hasegawa Y., Emi N., Shimokata K., Abe A., Kawabe T., Hasegawa T., Kirioka T. and Saito H. (1993). Gene transfer of Herpes simplex virus type I TK gene as a drug sensitivity gene into human lung cancer cell lines using retroviral vectors. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8, 655-661.
95. Hickman J.A. (1992). Apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. Cancer Metast. Rev. 11, 121-139.
96. Hirschowitz E.A., Ohwada A., Pascal W.R., Russi T.J. and Crystal R.G. (1995). In vivo adennovirus-mediated gene transfer of the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase gene to human colon carcinoma-derived tumors induces chemosensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 1055-1063.
97. 2 in cancer, development and apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. Supplement 18, 51-55.
98. Hsu Y.T., Wolter K.G. and Youle R.J. (1997). Cytosol-to-membrane redistribution of Bax and BclX L during apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3668-3672.
99. Huber B.E., Richards C.A. and Krenitsky T.A. (1991). Retroviral -mediated gene therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an innovative approach for cancer therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8039-8043.
100. Huber B.E., Austin E.A., Good S.S., Knick V.C., Tibbels S. and Richards C.A. (1993). In vivo anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorocytosine on human colorectal carcinoma cells genetically modified to express cytosine deaminase. Cancer Res. 53, 4619-4626.
101. Hughes B.W., Wells A.H., Bebok Z., Gadi V.K., Garver R.I., Parker W.B. and Sorscher E.J. (1995). Bystander killing of melanoma cells using the human tyrosine promoter to express the Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene. Cancer Res. 55, 3339-3345.
102. Hwang H.C., Smythe W.R., Elshami A.A., Kucharczuk J.C., Amin K.M., Williams J.P., Litzky L.A., Kaiser L.R. and Albelda S.M. (1995). Gene therapy using Herpes simplex virus TK gene to treat in vivo models of human malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13, 7-16.
103. Hwu P., Yannelli J., Kriegler M., Anderson W.F., Perez C., Chiang Y., Schwarz S., Cowherd R., Delgado C., Mulé J. and Rosenberg S.A. (1993). Functional and molecular characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes transduced with TNF α cDNA for the gene therapy of cancer in humans. J. Immunol. 150, 4104-4115.
104. Ido A., Nakata K., Kato Y., Nakao K., Murata K., Fujita M., Ishii N., Tamaoki T., Shiku H. and Nagataki S. (1995). Gene therapy for hepatoma cells using a retrovirus carrying Herpes simplex virus TK gene under the control of human alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter. Cancer Res. 55, 3105-3109.
105. Ishibashi Y., Nishimaki K., Asoh S., Nanbu-Wakao R., Yamada T. and Ohta S. (1998). Pore formation domain of human pro-apoptotic Bax induces mammalian apoptosis as well as bacterial death without antagonizing anti-apoptotic factors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243, 609-616.
106. Iziquierdo M., Cortès M., de Felipe P., Martin V., Diez-Guerra J., Talavera A. and Perez-Higueras P. (1995). Long-term rat survival after malignant brain tumor regression by retroviral gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2, 66-69.
107. Kaneko Y. and Tsukamoto A. (1995). Gene therapy of hepatoma: bystander effects and non-apoptotic cell death induced by TK and ganciclovir. Cancer Lett. 96, 105-110.
108. Kerr J.F.R. and Searle J. (1972). A suggested explanation for the paradoxically slow growth rate of basal-cell carcinomas that contain numerous mitotic figures. J. Pathol. 107, 41-44.
109. Kerr J.F.R., Wyllie A.M. and Currie A.R. (1972). Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26, 239-257.
110. Kerr J.F.R., Winterford C.M. and Harmon B.V. (1994). Apoptosis: its significance in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer 73, 2013-2026.
111. Kerr K.M. and Lamb D. (1984). Actual growth rate and tumour cell proliferation in human pulmonary neoplasms. Br. J. Cancer 50, 343-349.
112. Kim J.H., Kim S.H., Brown S.L. and Freytag S.O. (1994). Selective enhancement by an antiviral agent of the radiation-induced cell killing of human glioma cells transduced with HSV-TK gene. Cancer Res. 54, 6053-6056.
113. Kim J.H., Kim S.H., Kolozsvary A., Brown S.L., Kim O.B. and Freytag S.O. (1995). Selective enhancement of radiation response of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase transduced 9L gliosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo by antiviral agents. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33, 861-868.
114. Ko J.K. and Prives C. (1996). P53: puzzle and paradigm. Gene. Dev. 10, 1054-1072.
115. Koltover I., Salditt T., Rädler J.O. and Safinya C.R. (1998). An inverted hexagonal phase of cationic liposome-DNA complexes related to DNA release and delivery. Science 281, 78-81.
116. 2 gene enables rescue from in vitro myelosuppression (bone marrow cell death) induced by chemotherapy. Br. J. Cancer 70, 421-426.
117. Kondo S., Barnett G.H., Hara H., Morimura T. and Takeuchi J. (1995). MDM2 protein confers the resistance of a human glioblastoma cell line to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 10, 2001-2006.
118. 2/Bax: a rheostat that regulates an anti-oxidant pathway and cell death. Semin. Cancer Biol 4, 327-332.
119. Kroemer E.J. and Perricaudet M. (1995). Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer. Br. Med. Bull. 51, 31-44.
120. 2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Nature Med. 3, 614-620.
121. Kumagai T., Tanio Y., Osaki T., Hosoe S., Tachibana I., Ueno K., Kijima T., Horai T. and Kishimoto T. (1996). Eradication of Myc-overexpressing small cell lung cancer cells transfected with Herpes simplex virus TK gene containing myc-max response elements. Cancer Res. 56, 354-358.
122. Kyprianou N., English H.F. and Isaacs J.T. (1990). Programmed cell death during regression of PC82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res. 50, 3748-3753.
123. Kyprianou N., English H.F., Davidson N.E. and Isaacs J.T. (1991). Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. Cancer Res. 51, 162-166.
124. Labat-Moleur F., Steffan A.M., Brisson C., Perron H., Feugeas O., Furstenberger P., Oberling F., Brambilla E. and Behr J.P. (1996). An electron microscopy study into the mechanism of gene transfer with lipopolyamines. Gene Ther. 3, 1010-1017.
125. Labat-Moleur F., Guillermet C., Lorimier P., Robert C., Lantuejoul S., Brambilla E. and Negoescu A. (1998). TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections: critical evaluation and improvement. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46, 327-334.
126. 2 regulated apoptosis. Thyroid 9, 483-492.
127. Larrick J.W. and Wright S.C. (1990). Cytotoxic mechanism of TNF alpha. FASEB J. 4, 3215-3223.
128. Laster S.M., Wood J.G. and Gooding L.R. (1988). TNF can induce both apoptotic and necrotic forms of cell lysis. J. Immunol. 141, 2629-2634.
129. Lemaire C., Andréau K., Souvannavong V. and Adam A. (1998). Inhibition of caspase activity induces a switch from apoptosis to necrosis. FEBS Lett. 425, 266-270.
130. Lennon S.V., Martin S.J. and Cotter T.G. (1991). Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli. Cell Prolif. 24, 203-214.
131. Litzinger D.C. and Huang L. (1992). Phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes: drug delivery, gene transfer and immunodiagnostic applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1113, 201-227.
132. Livingston D.J. (1997). In vitro and in vivo studies of ICE inhibitors. J. Cell. Biochem. 64, 19-26.
133. Lokshin A., Mayotte J.E. and Levitt M.L. (1995). Mechanism of interferon beta-induced squamous differentiation and programmed cell death in human non small cell lung cancer cell lines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 206-212.
134. Lotze M.T., Rubin J.T., Carty S., Edington H., Ferson P., Landerneau R., Pimmin B., Posner M., Rosenfelder D., Watson C., Carlos T., Kirkwood J., Lembersky J., Logan T., Rosenstein M., Rybak M.E., Whiteside T., Elder E., Moen R.C., Jacob W., Chen Y., Pinkus R.L. and Bryant J. (1994). Clinical protocol: Gene therapy of cancer: a pilot study of IL 4-gene-modified fibroblasts admixed with autologous tumor to elicit an immune response. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 41-55.
135. Lowe S.W. and Ruley H.E. (1993). Stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor is induced by adenovirus 5 E 1A and accompanies apoptosis. Gene. Dev. 7, 535-545.
136. Lynch T., Vasilakos J.P., Raser K., Keane K.M. and Shivers B.D. (1997). Inhibition of the ICE family rescues neurons from apoptotic death. Mol. Psychiatry 2, 227-238.
137. Macklis R.M., Lin J.Y., Beresford B., Atcher R.W., Mines J.J. and Humm J.L. (1992). Cellular kinetics, dosimetry and radiobiology of α-particle radioimmunotherapy: induction of apoptosis. Rad. Res. 130, 220-226.
138. Macri P. and Gordon J.W. (1994). Delayed morbidity and mortality of albumin/SV40 T antigen transgenic mice after insertion of an alpha fetoprotein/Herpes simplex virus TK transgene and treatment with ganciclovir. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 175-182.
139. Manome Y., Abe M., Hagen M.F., Fine H.A. and Kufe D.W. (1994). Enhancer sequences of the DF3 gene regulate expression of the Herpes simplex virus TK gene and confer sensitivity of human breast cancer cells to ganciclovir. Cancer Res. 54, 5408-5413.
140. Marks D.I. and Fox R.M. (1991). DNA damage, poly(ADP ribosilation) and apoptotic cell death as a potential common pathway of cytotoxic drug action. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, 1859-1867.
141. Martin S.J. and Green D.R. (1995). Protease activation during apoptosis: death by a thousand cuts? Cell 82, 349-352.
142. May C., Gunther R. and McIvor S. (1995). Protection of mice from lethal doses of methotrexate by transplantation with transgenic marrow expressing drug-resistant dihydrofolate reductase activity. Blood 86, 2439-2448.
143. McBride W.H. and Dougherty G.J. (1995). Radiotherapy for genes that cause cancer. Nature Med. 1, 1215-1217.
144. McDonnell T.J., Meyn R.E. and Robertson L.E. (1995). Implications of apoptotic cell death regulation in cancer therapy. Semin. Cancer Biol. 6, 53-60.
145. McLachlin J.R., Eglitis M.A., Ueda K., Kantoff P.W., Pastan I.H., Anderson W.F. and Gottesman M.M. (1990). Expression of a human complementary DNA for the multidrug resistance gene in murine hematopoietic precursor cells with the use of retroviral gene transfer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 1260-1263.
146. Merrouche Y., Negrier S., Bain C., Combaret V., Mercatello A., Coronel B., Moskovtchenko J.F., Tolstochev P., Moen R., Philip T. and Favrot M.C. (1995). Clinical application of retroviral gene transfer in oncology: results of a French study with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes transduced with the gene of resistance to neomycin. J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 410-418.
147. Mesnil M., Piccoli C., Tiraby G., Willecke K. and Yamasaki H. (1996). By-stander killing of cancer cells by HSV-TK is mediated by connexins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1831-1835.
148. Messam C.A. and Pittman R.N. (1998). Asynchrony and commitment to die during apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 238, 389-398.
149. Meyn R.E., Stephens L.C., Ang K.K., Hunter N.R., Brock W.A., Milas L. and Peters L.J. (1993). Heterogeneity in the development of apoptosis in irradiated murine tumors of different histologies. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 64, 583-591.
150. Mickish G.H., Aksentijevich I., Schoenlein P.V., Goldstein L.J., Galski H., Stahle C., Sachs D.H., Pastan I. and Gottesman M.M. (1992). Transplantation of bone marrow cells from transgenic mice expressing the human MDR 1 gene results in long - term protection against the myelosuppressive effect of chemotherapy in mice. Blood 79, 1087-1093.
151. Mignotte B. and Vayssiere J.L. (1998). Mitochondria and apoptosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 252, 1-15.
152. Minn A.J., Rudin C.M., Boise L.H. and Thompson C.B. (1995). Expression of bclX L can confer a multidrug resistance phenotype. Blood 86, 1903-1910.
153. 2 gene. Cancer Res. 54, 3131-3135.
154. 2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9, 1799-1805.
155. Miyashita T. and Reed J.C. (1995). Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80, 293-299.
156. Moolten F.L. (1986). Tumor chemosensitivity by inserted Herpes TK genes: paradigm for a prospective cancer control strategy. Cancer Res. 46, 5276-5281.
157. Moolten F.L. (1994). Drug sensitivity (suicide) genes for selective cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 1, 279-287.
158. Moolten F.L. and Wells J.M. (1990). Curability of tumors bearing Herpes TK genes transfected by retroviral vectors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 297-300.
159. Moolten F.L., Wells J.M., Heyman R.A. and Evans R.M. (1990). Lymphoma regression induced by ganciclovir in mice bearing a Herpes TK transgene. Hum. Gene Ther. 1, 125-134.
160. Moolten F.L., Wells J.M. and Mroz P.J. (1992). Multiple transduction as a means of preserving ganciclovir chemosensitivity in sarcoma cells carrying retrovirally transduced Herpes TK genes. Cancer Lett. 64, 257-263.
161. Moritz T., Mackay W., Glassner B.J., Williams D.A. and Samson L. (1995). Retrovirus-mediated expression of a DNA repair protein in bone marrow protects hematopoietic cells from nitrosourea-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 55, 2608-2614.
162. Mroz P.J. and Moolten F.L. (1993). Retrovirally transduced Escherichia coli gpt genes combine selectability with chemosensitivity capable of mediating tumor eradication. Hum. Gene Ther. 4, 589-595.
163. Mullen C.A., Coale M.M., Lowe R. and Blaese R.M. (1994). Tumors expressing the cytosine deaminase suicide gene can be eliminated in vivo with 5-fluorocytosine and induce protective immunity to wild type tumor. Cancer Res. 54, 1503-1506.
164. Nabel G.J., Nabel E.G., Yang Z.Y., Fox B.A., Plautz G.E., Gao X., Huang L., Shu S., Gordon D. and Chang A.E. (1993). Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, bilogic activity and lack of toxicity in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11307-11311.
165. Nabel G.J., Chang A.E., Nabel E.G., Plautz G.E., Ensminger W., Fox B.A., Felgner P., Shu S. and Cho K. (1994). Immunotherapy for cancer by direct gene transfer into tumors. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 57-77.
166. Nagata S. (1997). Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 88, 355-365.
167. Nakagawara A., Nakamura Y., Ikeda H., Hiwasa T., Kuida K., Su M.S.S., Zhao H., Cnaan A. and Sakiyama S. (1997). High levels of expression and nuclear localization of ICE and CPP32 in favorable human neuroblastomas. Cancer Res. 57, 4578-4584.
168. Negoescu A., Labat-Moleur F., Brambilla E., Chambaz E.M. and Feige J.J. (1994). Steroidogenic aderenocortical cells synthesize alpha2 macroglobulin in vitro, not in vivo. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 105, 155-163.
169. Negoescu A., Labat-Moleur F., Defaye G., Mezin P., Drouet C., Brambilla E., Chambaz E.M. and Feige J.J. (1995). Contribution of apoptosis to the phenotypic changes of adrenocortical cells in primary culture. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 110, 175-184.
170. Negoescu A., Girardot V., Tenaud C., Brambilla E., Favrot M. and Coll J.L. (1996a). Antitumoral effect of non-virally delivered apoptosis -inducing genes p53, bax and bclXS. AACR Special Conference Cell Death, B59 (Abstract)
171. Negoescu A., Lorimier P., Labat-Moleur F., Drouet C., Robert C., Guillermet C., Brambilla C. and Brambilla E. (1996b). In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL. method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 44, 959-968.
172. O'Malley B.W., Chen S.H., Schwartz M.R. and Woo L.C. (1995). Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy for human head and neck squamous cell cancer in a nude mouse model. Cancer Res. 55, 1080-1085.
173. 2 prevents caspase-independent cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32768.
174. 2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death. Cell 74, 609-619.
175. Osaki T., Tanio Y., Tachibana I., Hosoe S., Kumagai T., Kawase I., Oikawa S. and Kishimoto T. (1994). Gene therapy for carcino-embryonic antigen-producing human lung cencer cells by cell type-specific expression of Herpes simplex virus TK gene. Cancer Res. 54, 5258-5261.
176. Pennisi E. (1998). Training viruses to attack cancers. Science 282, 1244-1246.
177. 2 acts upstream of the PARP protease and prevents its activation. Cell Death Differ. 4, 29-33.
178. Plautz G., Nabel E.G. and Nabel G.J. (1991). Selective elimination of recombinant genes in vivo with a suicide retroviral vector. New Biol. 3, 709-715.
179. Plautz G.E., Yang Z.Y., Wu B.Y., Gao X., Huang L. and Nabel G.J. (1993). Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo gene transfer into tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4645-4649.
180. Porgador A., Tzehoval E., Katz A., Vadai E., Revel M., Feldman M. and Eisenbach L. (1992). IL 6 transfection into Lewis carcinoma tumor cells suppresses the malignant phenotype and confers immunotheraputic competence against parental metastatic cells. Cancer Res. 52, 3679-3686.
181. Porgador A., Gansbacher B., Bannerji R., Tzehoval E., Gilboa E., Feldman M. and Eisenbach L. (1993). Anti-metastatic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with IL 2-gene inserted tumor cells. Int. J. Cancer 53, 471-477.
182. Pyles R.B., Warnick R.E., Chalk C.L., Szanti B.E. and Parysek L.M. (1997). A novel multiply-mutated HSV-1 strain for the treatment of human brain tumors. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 533-544.
183. Raben D., Buchsbaum D.J., Khazaeli M.B., Rosenfeld M.E., Gillespie G.Y., Grizzle W.E., Liu T. and Curiel D.T. (1996). Enhancement of radiolabeled antibody binding and tumor localization through adenoviral transduction of the human carcinoembryonic antigen gene. Gene Ther. 3, 567-580.
184. Radford I.R., Murphy T.K., Radley J.M. and Ellis S.L. (1994). Radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines. Part II. Apoptotic death is shown by all lines. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65, 217-227.
185. Raff M.C. (1992). Social control on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356, 397-399.
186. Ram Z., Culver K.W., Wallbridge S., Blaese R.M. and Oldfield E.H. (1993). In situ retroviral-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of brain tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 53, 83-88.
187. Ram Z., Wallbridge S., Oshiro E.M., Viola J.J., Chiang Y., Mueller S.N., Blaese R.M. and Oldfield E.H. (1994). Intrathecal gene therapy for malignant leptomeningeal neoplasia. Cancer Res. 54, 2141-2145.
188. Rampino N., Yamamoto H., Ionov Y., Li Y., Sawai H., Reed J.C. and Perucho M. (1997). Somatic frameshift mutations in the bax gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275, 967-969.
189. 2 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7742-7746.
190. Restifo N.P., Spiess P.J., Karp S.E., Mulé J.J. and Rosenberg S.A. (1992). A nonimmunogenic sarcoma transduced with the cDNA for interferon γ ellicits CD8+ T cells against the wild-type tumor: correlation with antigen presentation capability. J. Exp. Med. 175, 1423-1431.
191. Rosenberg S.A., Abersold P., Cornetta K., Kasid A., Morgan R.A., Moen R., Karson E.M., Lotze M.T., Yang J.C., Topalian S.L., Merino M.J., Culver K., Miller A.D., Blaese R.M. and Anderson W.F. (1990). Gene transfer into humans: immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma, using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes modified by retroviral gene transduction. New Engl. J. Med. 323, 570-578.
192. Rosenfeld M.E., Feng M., Michael S.I., Siegal G.P., Alvarez R.D. and Curiel D.T. (1995). Adenoviral-mediated delivery of the Herpes simplex virus TK gene selectively sensitizes human ovarian carcinoma cells to ganciclovir. Clin. Cancer Res. 1, 1571-1580.
193. Roth J.A. and Cristiano R.J. (1997). Gene therapy for cancer: what have we done and where are we going? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 21-39.
194. Sakakura C., Sweeney E.A., Shirayama T., Igarashi Y., Hakomori S.I., Nakatani H., Tsujimoto H., Imanishi T., Ohgaki M., Ohyama T., Yamazaki J., Hagiwara A., Yamaguchi T., Sawai K. and Takahashi T. (1996). Overexpression of bax sensitizes human breast cancer MCF7 cells to radiation-induced apoptosis. Int. J. Cancer 67, 101-105.
195. Samejima Y. and Meruelo D. (1995). By-stander killing induces apoptosis and is inhibited by forskolin. Gene Ther. 2, 50-58.
196. Sarraf C.E. and Bowen I.D. (1986). Kinetic studies on a murine sarcoma and an analysis of apoptosis. Br. J. Cancer 54, 989-998.
197. Sarraf C.E. and Bowen I.D. (1988). Proportions of mitotic and apoptotic cells in a range of untreated experimental tumors. Cell Tissue Kinet. 21, 45-49.
198. Savona C., Negoescu A., Labat-Moleur F., Keramidas M., Shi D.L., Chambaz E.M. and Feige J.J. (1994). Alpha2 macroglobulin and the control of adrenocortical steroidogenic function. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 737, 399-408.
199. Schackert H.K. and Frost P. (1993). Gentherapie maligner Tumoren. Chirurg 64, 678-683.
200. Schatten W.E. (1962). An experimental study of necrosis in tumors. Cancer Res. 22, 286-290.
201. Schendel D.J. and Gansbacher B. (1993). Tumor-specific lysis of human renal cell carcinomas by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: modulation of recognition through retroviral transduction of tumor cells with IL 2 complementary DNA and exogenous alpha interferon treatment. Cancer Res. 53, 4020-4025.
202. Schlaifer D., Krajewski S., Galoin S., Rigal-Huguet F., Laurent G., Massip P., Pris J., Delsol G., Reed J.C. and Brousset P. (1996). Immunodetection of apoptosis-regulating proteins in lymphomas from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 177-185.
203. 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11357-11362.
204. Schultze-Osthoff K., Ferrari D., Los M., Wesselborg S. and Peter M.E. (1998). Apoptosis signaling by death receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 254, 439-459.
205. Searle J., Lawson T.A., Abbott P.J., Harmon B. and Kerr J.F.R. (1975). An electron-microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells. J. Pathol. 116, 129-138.
206. Sen S. and d'Incalci M. (1992). Apoptosis: biochemical events and relevance to cancer chemotherapy . FEBS Lett. 307, 122-127.
207. Sersa G., Willingham V. and Milas L. (1988). Anti-tumor effects of tumor necrosis factor alone or combined with radiotherapy. Int. J. Cancer 42, 129-134.
208. Seung L.P., Mauceri H.J., Beckett M.A., Hallahan D.E., Hellman S. and Weichselbaum R.R. (1995). Genetic radiotherapy overcomes tumor resistance to cytotoxic agents. Cancer Res. 55, 5561-5565.
209. Shaham S. (1998). Identification of multiple Caenorhabditis elegans caspases and their potential roles in proteolytic cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 273, -32768.
210. Shewach D.S., Zerbe L.K., Hughes T.L., Roessler B.J., Breakefield X.O. and Davidson B.L. (1994). Enhanced cytotoxicity of antiviral drugs mediated by adenovirus directed transfer of the Herpes simplex virus TK gene in rat glioma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 1, 107-112.
211. Shier W.T. (1988). Why study mechanisms of cell death? Meth. Achiev. Exp. Pathol. 13, 1-17.
212. Simonian P.L., Grillot D.A.M., Andrews D.W., Leber B. and Nunez G. (1996). Bax homodimerization is not required for Bax to accelerate chemotherapy-induced cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32073-32077.
213. Smythe W.R., Hwang H.C., Amin K.M., Eck S.L., Davidson B.L., Wilson J.M., Kaiser L.R. and Albelda S.M. (1994). Use of recombinant adenovirus to transfer the Herpes simplex virus TK gene to thoracic neoplasms: an effective in vitro drug sensitization system. Cancer Res. 54, 2055-2059.
214. Soengas M.S., Alarcon R.M., Yoshida H., Giaccia A.J., Hakem R., Mak T.W. and Lowe S.W. (1999). Apaf1 and caspase 9 in p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor inhibition. Science 284, 156-159.
215. Soini Y., Pääkkö P. and Lehto V.P. (1998). Histopathological evaluation of apoptosis in cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 1041-1053.
216. Sorrentino B.P., Brandt S.J., Bodine D., Gottesman M., Pastan I., Cline A. and Nienhuis A.W. (1992). Selection of drug-resistant bone marrow cells in vivo after retroviral transfer of human MDR 1. Science 257, 99-103.
217. Spencer H.T., Sleep S.E.H., Rehg J.E., Blakley R.L. and Sorrentino B.P. (1996). A gene transfer strategy for making bone marrow cells resistant to trimetrexate. Blood 87, 2579-2587.
218. Spitz F.R., Nguyen D., Skibber J.M., Meyn R.E., Cristiano R.J. and Roth J.A. (1996). Adenoviral-mediated wild-type p53 gene expression sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Clin. Cancer Res. 2, 1665-1671.
219. Staunton M.J. and Gaffney E.F. (1995). Tumor type is a determinant of susceptibility to apoptosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 103, 300-307.
220. Steel G.G. (1967). Cell loss as a factor in the growth rate of human tumors. Eur. J. Cancer 3, 381-387.
221. Steel G.G. (1968). Cell loss from experimental tumors. Cell Tissue Kinet. 1, 193-207.
222. Stephens L.C., Ang K.K., Schultheiss T.E., Milas L. and Meyn R.E. (1991). Apoptosis in irradiated murine tumors. Rad. Res. 127, 308-316.
223. Stephens L.C., Hunter N.R., Ang K.K., Milas L. and Meyn R.E. (1993). Development of apoptosis in irradiated murine tumors as a function of time and dose. Rad. Res. 135, 75-80.
224. 2 and Fas/Apo1 regulate distinct pathways to lymphocyte apoptosis. EMBO J. 14, 6136-6147.
225. Strobel T., Swanson L., Korsmeyer S. and Cannistra S.A. (1996). Bax inhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14094-14099.
226. Sträter J., Günthert A.R., Brüderlein S. and Möller P. (1995). Microwave irradiation of paraffin-embedded tissues sensitizes the TUNEL method for in situ detection of apoptotic cells. Histochemistry 103, 157-160.
227. Sumantran V.N., Ealovega M.W., Nunez G., Clarke M.F. and Wicha M.S. (1995). Overexpression of bclX S sensitizes MCF7 cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 2507-2510.
228. Takamiya Y., Short M.P., Ezzedine Z.D., Moolten F.L., Breakefield X.O. and Martuza R.L. (1992). Gene therapy of malignant brain tumors: a rat glioma line bearing the Herpes simplex virus type 1 TK gene and wild type retrovirus kills other tumor cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 33, 493-503.
229. Takano Y.S., Harmon B.V. and Kerr J.F.R. (1991). Apoptosis induced by mild hyperthermia in human and murine tumor cell lines: a study using electron microscopy and DNA gel electrophoresis. J. Pathol. 163, 329-336.
230. Tamura T., Ishihara M., Lamphier M.S., Tanaka N., Oishi I., Aizawa S., Matsuyama T., Mak T.W., Taki S. and Taniguchi T. (1995). An IRF1-dependent pathway of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in mitogen-activated T lymphocytes. Nature 376, 596-599.
231. Tanaka N., Ishihara M., Kitagawa M., Harada H., Kimura T., Matsuyama T., Lamphier M.S., Aizawa S., Mak T.W. and Taniguchi T. (1994). Cellular commitment to oncogene-induced transformation or apoptosis is dependent on the transcription factor IRF1. Cell 77, 829-839.
232. Tenniswood M.P., Guenette R.S., Lakins J., Mooibroek M., Wong P. and Welsh J.E. (1992). Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues. Cancer Metast. Rev. 11, 197-220.
233. Teodora J.C., Shore G.C. and Branton P.E. (1995). Adenovirus E 1A proteins induce apoptosis by both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Oncogene 11, 467-474.
234. Tepper R.I., Pattengale P.K. and Leder P. (1989). Murine IL 4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Cell 57, 503-512.
235. Tepper R.I. (1992). The tumor-cytokine transplantation assay and the antitumor activity of IL 4. Bone Marrow Transpl. 9, 177-181.
236. Thornberry N.A. and Lazebnik Y. (1998). Caspases: enemies within. Science 281, 1312-1316.
237. Townsend S.E. and Allison J.P. (1993). Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 259, 368-370.
238. Tsai S.C.J., Gansbacher B., Tait L., Miller F.R. and Heppner G.H. (1993). Induction of antitumor immunity by IL 2 gene-transduced mouse mammary tumor cells versus transduced mammary stromal fibroblasts. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 546-553.
239. Tsujimoto Y., Gorham J., Cossman J., Jaffe E. and Croce C.M. (1985). The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B-cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science 229, 1390-1393.
240. van Leuven F. (1984). Human alpha2 macroglobulin. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 58, 121-128.
241. Vile R.G. and Hart I.R. (1993). Use of tissue-specific expression of Herpes simplex virus TK gene to inhibit growth of established murine melanomas following direct intratumoral injection of DNA. Cancer Res. 53, 3860-3864.
242. Vile R.G. and Russell S.J. (1995). Retroviruses as vectors. Br. Med. Bull. 51, 12-30.
243. Vile R.G., Nelson J.A., Castleden S., Chong H. and Hart I.R. (1994). Systemic gene therapy of murine melanoma using tissue specific expression of the HSV-TK gene involves an immune component. Cancer Res. 54, 6228-6234.
244. Voll R.E., Herrmann M., Roth E.A., Stach C., Kalden J.R. and Girkontaite I. (1997). Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390, 350-351.
245. 2 protein function. Histol. Histopathol. 13, 521-530.
246. Watanabe Y., Kuribayashi K., Miyatake S., Nishihara K., Nakayama E.I., Taniyama T. and Sakata T.A. (1989). Exogeneous expression of mouse interferon gamma c DNA in mouse neuroblastoma C1300 cells results in reduced tumorigenicity by augmented anti-tumor immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9456-9460.
247. Weichselbaum R.R., Hallahan D.E., Sukhatme V.P. and Kufe D.W. (1992). Gene therapy targeted by ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 24, 565-567.
248. Weichselbaum R.R., Hallahan D.E., Beckett M.A., Mauceri H.J., Lee H., Sukhatme V.P. and Kufe D.W. (1994). Gene therapy targeted by radiation preferentially radiosensitizes tumor cells. Cancer Res. 54, 4266-4269.
249. Weinberg R.A. (1991). Tumor suppressor genes. Science 254, 1138-1146.
250. Weller M., Malipieiro U., Rensing-Ehl A., Barr P.J. and Fontana A. (1995). Fas/APO1 gene transfer for human malignant glioma. Cancer Res. 55, 2936-2944.
251. Westin P., Stattin P., Damber J.E. and Bergh A. (1995). Castration therapy rapidly induces apoptosis in a minority and decreases proliferation in a majority of human prostatic tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1368-1375.
252. Whartenby K.A., Abboud C.N., Marrogi A.J., Ramesh R. and Freeman S.M. (1995). The biology of cancer gene therapy. Lab. Invest. 72, 131-145.
253. White E., Cipriani R., Sabbatini P. and Denton A. (1991). Adenovirus E 1B 19kDa protein overcomes the cytotoxicity of E 1A proteins. J. Virol. 65, 2968-2978.
254. Wolter K.G., Hsu Y.T., Smith C.L., Nechustan A., Xi X.G. and Yaule R.J. (1997). Movement of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria during apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 139, 1281-1292.
255. Wu J.K., Cano W.G., Meylaerts S.A.G., Qi P., Vrionis F. and Cherington V. (1994). By-stander tumoricidal effect in the treatment of experimental brain tumors. Neurosurgery 35, 1094-1103.
256. Wyllie A.H. (1985). The biology of cell death in tumors. Anticancer Res. 5, 131-136.
257. Wyllie A.H., Kerr J.F.R. and Currie A.R. (1980). Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 68, 251-305.
258. Xiang J., Chao D.T. and Korsmeyer S.J. (1996). Bax-induced cell death may not require ICE enzyme-like proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14559-14563.
259. Xu G.W., Sun Z.T., Forrester K., Wang X.W., Coursen J. and Harris C.C. (1996). Tissue-specific growth suppression and chemosensitivity promotion in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by retroviral-mediated transfer of the wild-type p53 gene. Hepatology 24, 1264-1268.
260. Xu M., Kumar D., Srinvas S., Detolla L.J., Yu S.F., Stass S.A. and Mixson A.J. (1997). Parenteral gene therapy with p53 inhibits human breast tumors in vivo through a by-stander mechanism without evidence of toxicity. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 177-185.
261. 2 family and cell death. Blood 88, 386-401.
262. Yang B., Eshelman J.R., Berger N.A. and Markowitz S.D. (1996). Wild-type p53 protein potentiates cytotoxicity of therapeutic agents in human colon cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2, 1649-1657.
263. Yee D., McGuire S.E., Brünner N., Kozelsky T.W., Allred D.C., Chen S.H. and Woo S.L.C. (1996). Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Herpes simplex virus TK in an ascites model of human breast cancer. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 1251-1257.
264. Yin C., Knudson C.M., Korsmeyer S.J. and van Dyke T. (1997). Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo. Nature 385, 637-640.
265. Yoshida K., Kawami H., Yamaguchi Y., Kuniyasu H., Nishiyama M., Hirai T., Yanagihara K., Tahara E. and Toge T. (1995). Retrovirally transmitted gene therapy for gastric carcinoma using Herpes simplex virus TK gene. Cancer 75, 1467-1471.
266. Yu J.S., Sena-Esteves M., Paulus W., Breakfield X.O. and Reeves S.A. (1996). Retroviral delivery and tetracycline-dependent expression of IL-1B-converting enzyme (ICE) in a rat glioma model provides controlled induction of apoptotic death in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 56, 5423-5427.
267. Zhang H., Heim J. and Meyhack B. (1998). Redistribution of Bax from cytosol to membranes is induced by apoptotic stimuli and is an early step in the apoptotic pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251, 454-459.
268. Zhang L., Wikenheiser K.A. and Whitsett J.A. (1997). Limitations of retrovirus-mediated Herpes simplex virus TK gene transfer to pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 563-574.
269. Zhang W.W., Alemany R., Wang J., Koch P.E., Ordonez N.G. and Roth J.A. (1995). Safety evaluation of Ad5CMV-p53 in vitro and in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 155-164.