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For fluorescence experiments, cationic lipids were labeled with 0.2 mol % of DHPE-Texas Red and DNA was labeled with YoYo-1 iodide at a ratio of 1 dye molecule per 15 bp. Complexes were prepared by gently mixing DNA (0.01 mg/ml) and lipid (0.1 mg/ml) stock solutions to yield p = 3 (8). The complexes were further diluted with deionized water for observation. Giant unilamellar vesicles were prepared from mixtures of 90% DOPC (neutral) and 10% dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) (negatively charged) lipids.
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Although fluorescence microscopy studies in mouse fibroblast cell cultures show more complex behavior overall, they also show some similar features (A. Lin, N. Slack, C. R. Safinya, unpublished data).
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We thank R. Bruinsma, A. Ben-Shaul, J. Israelachvili, P. Pincus, W. Gelbart, T. Lubensky, and N. Dan for discussions. Supported by grants from the UC-Biotechnology Research and Education Program (97-02), NSF (DMR-9624091), Petroleum Research Foundation (31352-AC7), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (STB/UC:96-108). T.S. and J.O.R. acknowledge a Nato postdoctoral scholarship distributed by the DAAD and a DFG (Ra 655/1-1). The Materials Research Laboratory at Santa Barbara is supported by NSF grant DMR-9632716. The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
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