메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 168-200

The gene conversion hypothesis of MHC evolution: A review

Author keywords

Adaptive mutation rates; Evolution of gene families; Histocompatibility mutants; Homologous recombination; Host pathogen interaction

Indexed keywords

DNA; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN;

EID: 0033398582     PISSN: 00937711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002510050593     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (117)

References (276)
  • 1
    • 0007383587 scopus 로고
    • Mutation in the CYP21B gene (Ile-172→Asn) causes steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency
    • Amor M, Parker KL, Globerman H, New MI, White PC (1988) Mutation in the CYP21B gene (Ile-172→Asn) causes steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1600-1604
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.85 , pp. 1600-1604
    • Amor, M.1    Parker, K.L.2    Globerman, H.3    New, M.I.4    White, P.C.5
  • 2
    • 1142292001 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical comparison of major histocompatibility complex molecules from different subspecies of Mus musculus: Evidence for trans-specific evolution of alleles
    • Arden B, Klein J (1982) Biochemical comparison of major histocompatibility complex molecules from different subspecies of Mus musculus: evidence for trans-specific evolution of alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2342-2346
    • (1982) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.79 , pp. 2342-2346
    • Arden, B.1    Klein, J.2
  • 3
    • 0031010599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular origin of the mosaic sequence arrangements of higher primate alpha-globin duplication units
    • Bailey AD, Shen CC, Shen CKJ (1997) Molecular origin of the mosaic sequence arrangements of higher primate alpha-globin duplication units. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5177-5182
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 5177-5182
    • Bailey, A.D.1    Shen, C.C.2    Shen, C.K.J.3
  • 4
    • 0013927411 scopus 로고
    • Heritable histocompatibility changes: Lysogeny in mice?
    • Bailey DW (1966) Heritable histocompatibility changes: lysogeny in mice? Transplantation 4:482-488
    • (1966) Transplantation , vol.4 , pp. 482-488
    • Bailey, D.W.1
  • 5
    • 0342300445 scopus 로고
    • A new H-2 mutation
    • Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me
    • Bailey DW, Cherry M (1975) A new H-2 mutation. Forty-sixth annual report. Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me, p 1975
    • (1975) Forty-sixth Annual Report , pp. 1975
    • Bailey, D.W.1    Cherry, M.2
  • 6
    • 0013811744 scopus 로고
    • Inherited histocompatibility changes in progeny of irradiated and unirradiated inbred mice
    • Bailey DW, Kohn HI (1965) Inherited histocompatibility changes in progeny of irradiated and unirradiated inbred mice. Genet Res 6:330-340
    • (1965) Genet Res , vol.6 , pp. 330-340
    • Bailey, D.W.1    Kohn, H.I.2
  • 7
    • 84933472146 scopus 로고
    • A rapid method of grafting skin on tales of mice
    • Bailey DW, Usama B (1960) A rapid method of grafting skin on tales of mice. Transplant Bull 7:424-425
    • (1960) Transplant Bull , vol.7 , pp. 424-425
    • Bailey, D.W.1    Usama, B.2
  • 8
    • 0019830478 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion: Some implications for immunoglobulin genes
    • Baltimore D (1981) Gene conversion: some implications for immunoglobulin genes. Cell 24:592-594
    • (1981) Cell , vol.24 , pp. 592-594
    • Baltimore, D.1
  • 9
    • 0026783866 scopus 로고
    • Simulation study of a multigene family, with special reference to the evolution of compensatory advantageous mutations
    • Basten CJ, Ohta T (1992) Simulation study of a multigene family, with special reference to the evolution of compensatory advantageous mutations. Genetics 132:247-252
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.132 , pp. 247-252
    • Basten, C.J.1    Ohta, T.2
  • 10
    • 0025676044 scopus 로고
    • Somatic diversification of immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJ genes: Evidence for somatic gene conversion in rabbits
    • Becker RS, Knight KL (1990) Somatic diversification of immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJ genes: evidence for somatic gene conversion in rabbits. Cell 63:987-997
    • (1990) Cell , vol.63 , pp. 987-997
    • Becker, R.S.1    Knight, K.L.2
  • 11
    • 0027367396 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism of the functional immunoglobulin variable region genes in the chicken by exchange of sequence with donor pseudogenes
    • Benatar T, Ratcliffe MJ (1993) Polymorphism of the functional immunoglobulin variable region genes in the chicken by exchange of sequence with donor pseudogenes. Eur J Immunol 23:2448-2453
    • (1993) Eur J Immunol , vol.23 , pp. 2448-2453
    • Benatar, T.1    Ratcliffe, M.J.2
  • 12
    • 0031907173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent origin of HLA-DRB1 alleles and implications for human evolution
    • Bergström TF, Josefsson A, Erlich HA, Gyllensten U (1998) Recent origin of HLA-DRB1 alleles and implications for human evolution. Nat Genet 18:237-242
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.18 , pp. 237-242
    • Bergström, T.F.1    Josefsson, A.2    Erlich, H.A.3    Gyllensten, U.4
  • 13
    • 0028270307 scopus 로고
    • Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin kappa gene: Critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region
    • Betz AG, Milstein C, Gonzalez-Fernandez A, Pannell R, Larson T, Neuberger MS (1994) Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin kappa gene: critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region. Cell 77:239-248
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 239-248
    • Betz, A.G.1    Milstein, C.2    Gonzalez-Fernandez, A.3    Pannell, R.4    Larson, T.5    Neuberger, M.S.6
  • 14
    • 0028208636 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion in the chicken immunoglobulin locus: A paradigm of homologous recombination in higher eukaryotes
    • Bezzubova OY, Buerstedde JM (1994) Gene conversion in the chicken immunoglobulin locus: a paradigm of homologous recombination in higher eukaryotes. Experientia 50:270-276
    • (1994) Experientia , vol.50 , pp. 270-276
    • Bezzubova, O.Y.1    Buerstedde, J.M.2
  • 15
    • 0031868081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unifying hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of somatic mutation and gene conversion in rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes
    • Blanden RV, Steele EJ (1998) A unifying hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of somatic mutation and gene conversion in rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes. Immunol Cell Biol 76:288-293
    • (1998) Immunol Cell Biol , vol.76 , pp. 288-293
    • Blanden, R.V.1    Steele, E.J.2
  • 17
    • 0343605523 scopus 로고
    • Obm25 in the strain B10.RIII(71NS)
    • obm25 in the strain B10.RIII(71NS). Mouse News Lett 84:58
    • (1989) Mouse News Lett , vol.84 , pp. 58
    • Blandova, Z.1
  • 18
    • 0016694744 scopus 로고
    • Study of H-2 mutations in mice. VI. M523, a new K end mutant
    • Blandova Z, Mnatsakanyan YA, Egorov IK (1975). Study of H-2 mutations in mice. VI. M523, a new K end mutant. Immunogenetics 2:291-295
    • (1975) Immunogenetics , vol.2 , pp. 291-295
    • Blandova, Z.1    Mnatsakanyan, Y.A.2    Egorov, I.K.3
  • 19
    • 0018098506 scopus 로고
    • Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of rat transplantation antigens
    • Blankenhorn EP, Cecka JM, Götze D, Hood L (1978) Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of rat transplantation antigens. Nature 274:90
    • (1978) Nature , vol.274 , pp. 90
    • Blankenhorn, E.P.1    Cecka, J.M.2    Götze, D.3    Hood, L.4
  • 20
    • 0024007894 scopus 로고
    • Conservative intrachromosomal recombination between inverted repeats in mouse cells: Association between reciprocal exchange and gene conversion
    • Bollag RJ, Liskay RM (1988) Conservative intrachromosomal recombination between inverted repeats in mouse cells: association between reciprocal exchange and gene conversion. Genetics 119:161-169
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.119 , pp. 161-169
    • Bollag, R.J.1    Liskay, R.M.2
  • 22
    • 0023124841 scopus 로고
    • Programmed gene rearrangements altering gene expression
    • Borst P, Greaves DR (1987) Programmed gene rearrangements altering gene expression. Science 235:658-667
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 658-667
    • Borst, P.1    Greaves, D.R.2
  • 24
    • 0025022528 scopus 로고
    • Null alleles of human complement C4: Evidence for pseudogenes at the C4A locus and for gene conversion at the C4B locus
    • Braun L, Schneider PM, Giles CM, Bertrams J, Rittner C (1990) Null alleles of human complement C4: evidence for pseudogenes at the C4A locus and for gene conversion at the C4B locus. J Exp Med 171:129-140
    • (1990) J Exp Med , vol.171 , pp. 129-140
    • Braun, L.1    Schneider, P.M.2    Giles, C.M.3    Bertrams, J.4    Rittner, C.5
  • 25
    • 0029867485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of intrachromosomal homologous recombination in human cells by electroporation with site-specific endonucleases
    • Brenneman M, Gimble FS, Wilson JH (1996) Stimulation of intrachromosomal homologous recombination in human cells by electroporation with site-specific endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3608-3612
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 3608-3612
    • Brenneman, M.1    Gimble, F.S.2    Wilson, J.H.3
  • 28
    • 0031456146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heirs of the jaguar and the anaconda: HLA, conquest and disease in the indigenous populations of the Americas
    • Cadavid LF, Watkins DI (1997) Heirs of the jaguar and the anaconda: HLA, conquest and disease in the indigenous populations of the Americas. Tissue Antigens 50:702-711
    • (1997) Tissue Antigens , vol.50 , pp. 702-711
    • Cadavid, L.F.1    Watkins, D.I.2
  • 29
    • 0022558691 scopus 로고
    • The molecular genetics of components of complement
    • Campbell RD, Carroll MC, Porter RR (1986) The molecular genetics of components of complement. Adv Immunol 38:203-244
    • (1986) Adv Immunol , vol.38 , pp. 203-244
    • Campbell, R.D.1    Carroll, M.C.2    Porter, R.R.3
  • 30
    • 0025236755 scopus 로고
    • Templated insertions in the rearranged chicken IgL V gene segment arise by intrachromosomal gene conversion
    • Carlson LM, McCormack WT, Postema CE, Humphries EH, Thompson CB (1990) Templated insertions in the rearranged chicken IgL V gene segment arise by intrachromosomal gene conversion. Genes Dev 4:536-547
    • (1990) Genes Dev , vol.4 , pp. 536-547
    • Carlson, L.M.1    McCormack, W.T.2    Postema, C.E.3    Humphries, E.H.4    Thompson, C.B.5
  • 32
    • 0010430717 scopus 로고
    • Mapping of steroid 21-hydroxylase genes adjacent to complement component C4 genes in HLA, the major histocompatibility complex in man
    • Carroll MC, Campbell RD, Porter RR (1985) Mapping of steroid 21-hydroxylase genes adjacent to complement component C4 genes in HLA, the major histocompatibility complex in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:521-525
    • (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.82 , pp. 521-525
    • Carroll, M.C.1    Campbell, R.D.2    Porter, R.R.3
  • 33
    • 0031447141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locus-specific conservation of the HLA class I introns by intra-locus homogenization
    • Cereb N, Hughes AL, Yang SY (1997) Locus-specific conservation of the HLA class I introns by intra-locus homogenization. Immunogenetics 47:30-36
    • (1997) Immunogenetics , vol.47 , pp. 30-36
    • Cereb, N.1    Hughes, A.L.2    Yang, S.Y.3
  • 34
    • 0024316726 scopus 로고
    • Pulsed field gel electrophoresis identifies a high degree of variability in the number of tandem 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 gene repeats in 21-hydroxylase deficiency haplotypes
    • Collier S, Sinnott PJ, Dyer PA, Price DA, Harris R, Strachan T (1989) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis identifies a high degree of variability in the number of tandem 21-hydroxylase and complement C4 gene repeats in 21-hydroxylase deficiency haplotypes. EMBO J 8:1393-1402
    • (1989) EMBO J , vol.8 , pp. 1393-1402
    • Collier, S.1    Sinnott, P.J.2    Dyer, P.A.3    Price, D.A.4    Harris, R.5    Strachan, T.6
  • 35
    • 0027477152 scopus 로고
    • A de novo pathological point mutation at the 21-hydroxylase locus: Implications for gene conversion in the human genome
    • Collier S, Tassabehji M, Sinnott P, Strachan T (1993) A de novo pathological point mutation at the 21-hydroxylase locus: implications for gene conversion in the human genome. Nat Genet 3:260-265
    • (1993) Nat Genet , vol.3 , pp. 260-265
    • Collier, S.1    Tassabehji, M.2    Sinnott, P.3    Strachan, T.4
  • 36
    • 0031964807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A major histocompatibility complex class I allele shared by two species of chimpanzee
    • Cooper S, Adams EJ, Wells RS, Walker CM, Parham P (1998) A major histocompatibility complex class I allele shared by two species of chimpanzee. Immunogenetics 47:212-217
    • (1998) Immunogenetics , vol.47 , pp. 212-217
    • Cooper, S.1    Adams, E.J.2    Wells, R.S.3    Walker, C.M.4    Parham, P.5
  • 37
    • 0028984946 scopus 로고
    • Pièce de résistance: Novel classes of plant disease resistance genes
    • Dangl JL (1995) Pièce de résistance: novel classes of plant disease resistance genes. Cell 80:363-366
    • (1995) Cell , vol.80 , pp. 363-366
    • Dangl, J.L.1
  • 38
    • 0026674290 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex: A hundred-fold amplicifation of MHC class I in the African pigmy mouse Nannomys setulosus
    • Delarbre C, Jaulin C, Kourilsky P, Gachelin G (1992) Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex: a hundred-fold amplicifation of MHC class I in the African pigmy mouse Nannomys setulosus. Immunogenetics 37:29-38
    • (1992) Immunogenetics , vol.37 , pp. 29-38
    • Delarbre, C.1    Jaulin, C.2    Kourilsky, P.3    Gachelin, G.4
  • 39
    • 0031894290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity
    • Diaz M, Flajnik MF (1998) Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 162:13-24
    • (1998) Immunol Rev , vol.162 , pp. 13-24
    • Diaz, M.1    Flajnik, M.F.2
  • 40
    • 0003529520 scopus 로고
    • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
    • Dieffenbach CW, Dveksler GS (1995) PCR primer. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
    • (1995) PCR Primer
    • Dieffenbach, C.W.1    Dveksler, G.S.2
  • 41
    • 0031863007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gene targeting and intrachromosomal homologous recombination stimulated by genomic double-strand breaks in mouse embryonic stem cells
    • Donoho G, Jasin M, Berg P (1998) Analysis of gene targeting and intrachromosomal homologous recombination stimulated by genomic double-strand breaks in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 18:4070-4078
    • (1998) Mol Cell Biol , vol.18 , pp. 4070-4078
    • Donoho, G.1    Jasin, M.2    Berg, P.3
  • 42
    • 0020478245 scopus 로고
    • Molecular drive: A cohesive mode of species evolution
    • Dover G (1982) Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 299:111-116
    • (1982) Nature , vol.299 , pp. 111-116
    • Dover, G.1
  • 43
    • 0004562059 scopus 로고
    • A mutation of the histocompatibility-2 locus of the mouse
    • Egorov IK (1967) A mutation of the histocompatibility-2 locus of the mouse. Genetika 3:136-144
    • (1967) Genetika , vol.3 , pp. 136-144
    • Egorov, I.K.1
  • 44
    • 0015329741 scopus 로고
    • Histocompatibilty mutations in mice: Chemical induction and linkage with the H-2 locus
    • Egorov IK, Blandova ZK (1972). Histocompatibilty mutations in mice: chemical induction and linkage with the H-2 locus. Genet Res 19:133-143
    • (1972) Genet Res , vol.19 , pp. 133-143
    • Egorov, I.K.1    Blandova, Z.K.2
  • 46
    • 0023841442 scopus 로고
    • Detection of new MHC mutations in mice by skin grafting, tumor transplantation and monoclonal antibodies: A comparison
    • Egorov IK, Egorov OS (1988) Detection of new MHC mutations in mice by skin grafting, tumor transplantation and monoclonal antibodies: a comparison. Genetics 118:287-298
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.118 , pp. 287-298
    • Egorov, I.K.1    Egorov, O.S.2
  • 50
    • 0021247949 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of divergence and convergence of the human immunoglobulin alpha 1 and alpha 2 constant region gene sequences
    • Flanagan JG, Lefranc MP, Rabbitts TH (1984) Mechanisms of divergence and convergence of the human immunoglobulin alpha 1 and alpha 2 constant region gene sequences. Cell 36:681-688
    • (1984) Cell , vol.36 , pp. 681-688
    • Flanagan, J.G.1    Lefranc, M.P.2    Rabbitts, T.H.3
  • 51
    • 0032127810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription
    • Fukita Y, Jacobs H, Rajewsky K (1998) Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription. Immunity 9:105-114
    • (1998) Immunity , vol.9 , pp. 105-114
    • Fukita, Y.1    Jacobs, H.2    Rajewsky, K.3
  • 52
    • 0020047478 scopus 로고
    • Mouse genes coding for the major class I transplantation antigens: A mosaic structure might be related to the antigenic polymorphism
    • Gachelin G, Dumas B, Abastado JP, Cami B, Papamatheakis J, Kourilsky P (1982) Mouse genes coding for the major class I transplantation antigens: a mosaic structure might be related to the antigenic polymorphism. Ann Immunol (Paris) 133C:3-20
    • (1982) Ann Immunol (Paris) , vol.133 C , pp. 3-20
    • Gachelin, G.1    Dumas, B.2    Abastado, J.P.3    Cami, B.4    Papamatheakis, J.5    Kourilsky, P.6
  • 53
    • 0029996746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancestral major histocompatibility complex DRB genes beget conserved patterns of localized polymorphisms
    • Gaur LK, Nepom GT (1996) Ancestral major histocompatibility complex DRB genes beget conserved patterns of localized polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5380-5383
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 5380-5383
    • Gaur, L.K.1    Nepom, G.T.2
  • 54
    • 0023250366 scopus 로고
    • Recombination and the concerted evolution of the murine MHC
    • Geliebter J, Nathenson SG (1987) Recombination and the concerted evolution of the murine MHC. Trends Genet 3:107-112
    • (1987) Trends Genet , vol.3 , pp. 107-112
    • Geliebter, J.1    Nathenson, S.G.2
  • 56
    • 0022454053 scopus 로고
    • Mitotic recombination in germ cells generated two major histocompatibility complex mutant genes shown to be identical by RNA sequence analysis: Kbm9 and Kbm6
    • Geliebter J, Zeff RA, Melvold RW, Nathenson SG (1986a) Mitotic recombination in germ cells generated two major histocompatibility complex mutant genes shown to be identical by RNA sequence analysis: Kbm9 and Kbm6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3371-3375
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 3371-3375
    • Geliebter, J.1    Zeff, R.A.2    Melvold, R.W.3    Nathenson, S.G.4
  • 58
    • 0029743354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A test of the double-strand break repair model for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Gilbertson LA, Stahl FW (1996) A test of the double-strand break repair model for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 144:27-41
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.144 , pp. 27-41
    • Gilbertson, L.A.1    Stahl, F.W.2
  • 59
    • 0025147087 scopus 로고
    • Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation
    • Ginsburg M, Snow MH, McLaren A (1990) Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110:521-528
    • (1990) Development , vol.110 , pp. 521-528
    • Ginsburg, M.1    Snow, M.H.2    McLaren, A.3
  • 60
    • 0026638378 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and consequences of the duplication of the human C4/P450c21/gene X locus
    • Gitelman SE, Bristow J, Miller WL (1992) Mechanism and consequences of the duplication of the human C4/P450c21/gene X locus. Mol Cell Biol 12:2124-2134
    • (1992) Mol Cell Biol , vol.12 , pp. 2124-2134
    • Gitelman, S.E.1    Bristow, J.2    Miller, W.L.3
  • 61
    • 0032969121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential sequencing with mass spectrometry
    • Graber JH, Smith CL, Cantor CR (1999) Differential sequencing with mass spectrometry. Genet Anal 14:215-219
    • (1999) Genet Anal , vol.14 , pp. 215-219
    • Graber, J.H.1    Smith, C.L.2    Cantor, C.R.3
  • 62
    • 0029035295 scopus 로고
    • Tandem genes and clustered genes
    • Graham GJ (1995) Tandem genes and clustered genes. J Theor Biol 175:71-87
    • (1995) J Theor Biol , vol.175 , pp. 71-87
    • Graham, G.J.1
  • 63
    • 0025859455 scopus 로고
    • Allelic diversity is generated by intraexon sequence exchange at the DRB1 locus of primates
    • Gyllensten UB, Sundvall M, Erlich HA (1991) Allelic diversity is generated by intraexon sequence exchange at the DRB1 locus of primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3686-3690
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 3686-3690
    • Gyllensten, U.B.1    Sundvall, M.2    Erlich, H.A.3
  • 64
    • 0032412476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Haber JE (1998) Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu Rev Genet 32:561-599
    • (1998) Annu Rev Genet , vol.32 , pp. 561-599
    • Haber, J.E.1
  • 65
    • 0002448869 scopus 로고
    • Disease and evolution
    • Haldane JBS (1949) Disease and evolution. Ric Sci 19 [Suppl]: 68-75
    • (1949) Ric Sci , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 68-75
    • Haldane, J.B.S.1
  • 66
    • 0030773638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of gene conversion in spermatids from transgenic mice
    • Hanneman WH, Schimenti KJ, Schimenti JC (1997) Molecular analysis of gene conversion in spermatids from transgenic mice. Gene 200:185-192
    • (1997) Gene , vol.200 , pp. 185-192
    • Hanneman, W.H.1    Schimenti, K.J.2    Schimenti, J.C.3
  • 67
    • 0020639078 scopus 로고
    • Unusual evolutionary conservation and frequent DNA segment exchange in class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex
    • Hayashida H, Miyata T (1983) Unusual evolutionary conservation and frequent DNA segment exchange in class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2671-2675
    • (1983) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.80 , pp. 2671-2675
    • Hayashida, H.1    Miyata, T.2
  • 68
    • 0024165240 scopus 로고
    • db mutants are generated by genetic micro-recombination (gene conversion) events - Impact on the H-2-restricted immune responsiveness
    • db mutants are generated by genetic micro-recombination (gene conversion) events - impact on the H-2-restricted immune responsiveness. J Exp Med 168:2319-2335
    • (1988) J Exp Med , vol.168 , pp. 2319-2335
    • Hemmi, S.1    Geliebter, J.2    Zeff, R.A.3    Melvold, R.W.4    Nathenson, S.G.5
  • 69
    • 0031449976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mhc allelic diversity and modern human origins
    • Hickson RE, Cann RL (1997) Mhc allelic diversity and modern human origins. J Mol Evol 45:589-598
    • (1997) J Mol Evol , vol.45 , pp. 589-598
    • Hickson, R.E.1    Cann, R.L.2
  • 70
    • 0042901202 scopus 로고
    • Complete nucleotide sequence of two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes tandemly arranged in human chromosome: A pseudogene and a genuine gene
    • Higashi Y, Yoshioka H, Yamane M, Gotoh O, Fujii-Kuriyama Y (1986) Complete nucleotide sequence of two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes tandemly arranged in human chromosome: a pseudogene and a genuine gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2841-2845
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 2841-2845
    • Higashi, Y.1    Yoshioka, H.2    Yamane, M.3    Gotoh, O.4    Fujii-Kuriyama, Y.5
  • 73
    • 0028077104 scopus 로고
    • A determination of the frequency of gene conversion in unmanipulated mouse sperm
    • Hogstrand K, Bohme J (1994) A determination of the frequency of gene conversion in unmanipulated mouse sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9921-9925
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 9921-9925
    • Hogstrand, K.1    Bohme, J.2
  • 74
    • 1842293381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion of major histocompatibility complex genes in the mouse spermatogenesis is a premeiotic event
    • Hogstrand K, Bohme J (1997) Gene conversion of major histocompatibility complex genes in the mouse spermatogenesis is a premeiotic event. Mol Biol Cell 8:2511-2517
    • (1997) Mol Biol Cell , vol.8 , pp. 2511-2517
    • Hogstrand, K.1    Bohme, J.2
  • 75
    • 0031837226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrachromosomal gene conversion frequency in the H2 differs between haplotypes
    • Hogstrand K, Bohme J (1998) Intrachromosomal gene conversion frequency in the H2 differs between haplotypes. Immunogenetics 48:47-55
    • (1998) Immunogenetics , vol.48 , pp. 47-55
    • Hogstrand, K.1    Bohme, J.2
  • 76
    • 0033601827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage caused by etoposide and gamma-irradiation induces gene conversion of the MHC in a mouse non-germline testis cell line
    • Hogstrand K, Bohme J (1999a) DNA damage caused by etoposide and gamma-irradiation induces gene conversion of the MHC in a mouse non-germline testis cell line. Mutat Res 423:155-169
    • (1999) Mutat Res , vol.423 , pp. 155-169
    • Hogstrand, K.1    Bohme, J.2
  • 77
    • 0032923098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion of major histocompatibility complex genes is associated with CpG-rich regions
    • Hogstrand K, Bohme J (1999b) Gene conversion of major histocompatibility complex genes is associated with CpG-rich regions. Immunogenetics 49:446-455
    • (1999) Immunogenetics , vol.49 , pp. 446-455
    • Hogstrand, K.1    Bohme, J.2
  • 78
    • 0026988817 scopus 로고
    • Genetic algorithms
    • Holland JH (1992) Genetic algorithms. Sci Am 267:44-50
    • (1992) Sci Am , vol.267 , pp. 44-50
    • Holland, J.H.1
  • 79
    • 0016660408 scopus 로고
    • The organization, expression, and evolution of antibody genes and other multigene families
    • Hood L, Campbell JH, Elgin SCR (1975) The organization, expression, and evolution of antibody genes and other multigene families. Annu Rev Genet 305-353
    • (1975) Annu Rev Genet , pp. 305-353
    • Hood, L.1    Campbell, J.H.2    Elgin, S.C.R.3
  • 81
  • 82
    • 0029351012 scopus 로고
    • Not all converted yet
    • Howard J (1995) Not all converted yet. Nat Genet 10:371-373
    • (1995) Nat Genet , vol.10 , pp. 371-373
    • Howard, J.1
  • 83
    • 0028841215 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of mutational changes at the HLA locus in single human sperm
    • Huang MM, Erlich HA, Goodman MF, Arnheim N (1995) Analysis of mutational changes at the HLA locus in single human sperm. Hum Mutat 6:303-310
    • (1995) Hum Mutat , vol.6 , pp. 303-310
    • Huang, M.M.1    Erlich, H.A.2    Goodman, M.F.3    Arnheim, N.4
  • 84
    • 0025753444 scopus 로고
    • Independent gene duplications, not concerted evolution, explain relationships among class I genes of murine rodents
    • Hughes AL (1991) Independent gene duplications, not concerted evolution, explain relationships among class I genes of murine rodents. Immunogenetics 33:367-373
    • (1991) Immunogenetics , vol.33 , pp. 367-373
    • Hughes, A.L.1
  • 85
    • 0024390910 scopus 로고
    • Ancient interlocus exon exchange in the history of the HLA-A locus
    • Hughes AL, Nei M (1989a) Ancient interlocus exon exchange in the history of the HLA-A locus. Genetics 122:681-686
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.122 , pp. 681-686
    • Hughes, A.L.1    Nei, M.2
  • 86
    • 0040771786 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class II loci: Evidence for overdominant selection
    • Hughes AL, Nei M (1989b) Nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class II loci: evidence for overdominant selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:958-962
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 958-962
    • Hughes, A.L.1    Nei, M.2
  • 87
    • 0032426345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection at major histocompatibility complex loci of vertebrates
    • Hughes AL, Yeager M (1998) Natural selection at major histocompatibility complex loci of vertebrates. Annu Rev Genet 32:415-435
    • (1998) Annu Rev Genet , vol.32 , pp. 415-435
    • Hughes, A.L.1    Yeager, M.2
  • 88
    • 0030769570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and evolution of the rp1 complex conferring rust resistance in maize
    • Hulbert SH (1997) Structure and evolution of the rp1 complex conferring rust resistance in maize. Annu Rev Phytopathol 35:293-310
    • (1997) Annu Rev Phytopathol , vol.35 , pp. 293-310
    • Hulbert, S.H.1
  • 89
    • 0026699256 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the phylogenies of the class I major histocompatibility complex genes
    • Imanishi T, Gojobori T (1992) Patterns of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the phylogenies of the class I major histocompatibility complex genes. J Mol Evol 35:196-204
    • (1992) J Mol Evol , vol.35 , pp. 196-204
    • Imanishi, T.1    Gojobori, T.2
  • 90
    • 0030994945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The partition matrix: Exploring variable phylogenetic signals along nucleotide sequence alignments
    • Jakobsen IB, Wilson SR, Easteal S (1997) The partition matrix: exploring variable phylogenetic signals along nucleotide sequence alignments. Mol Biol Evol 14:474-484
    • (1997) Mol Biol Evol , vol.14 , pp. 474-484
    • Jakobsen, I.B.1    Wilson, S.R.2    Easteal, S.3
  • 91
    • 0031709963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of reticulate evolution for the classical class I and II HLA loci
    • Jakobsen IB, Wilson SR, Easteal S (1998) Patterns of reticulate evolution for the classical class I and II HLA loci. Immunogenetics 48:312-323
    • (1998) Immunogenetics , vol.48 , pp. 312-323
    • Jakobsen, I.B.1    Wilson, S.R.2    Easteal, S.3
  • 92
    • 0029899891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic manipulation of genomes with rare-cutting endonucleases
    • Jasin M (1996) Genetic manipulation of genomes with rare-cutting endonucleases. Trends Genet 12:224-228
    • (1996) Trends Genet , vol.12 , pp. 224-228
    • Jasin, M.1
  • 93
    • 0022381026 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism in mouse and human class I H-2 and HLA genes is not the result of random independent point mutations
    • Jaulin C, Perrin A, Abastado J-P, Dumas B, Papamatheakis J, Kourilsky P (1985) Polymorphism in mouse and human class I H-2 and HLA genes is not the result of random independent point mutations. Immunogenetics 22:453-470
    • (1985) Immunogenetics , vol.22 , pp. 453-470
    • Jaulin, C.1    Perrin, A.2    Abastado, J.-P.3    Dumas, B.4    Papamatheakis, J.5    Kourilsky, P.6
  • 94
    • 0031012806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation processes at a human minisatellite
    • Jeffreys AJ, Neumann R (1997) Somatic mutation processes at a human minisatellite. Hum Mol Genet 6:129-132
    • (1997) Hum Mol Genet , vol.6 , pp. 129-132
    • Jeffreys, A.J.1    Neumann, R.2
  • 95
    • 0021979069 scopus 로고
    • Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA
    • Jeffreys JA, Wilson V, Thein SL (1985) Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA. Nature 314:67-73
    • (1985) Nature , vol.314 , pp. 67-73
    • Jeffreys, J.A.1    Wilson, V.2    Thein, S.L.3
  • 99
    • 0026722514 scopus 로고
    • Concerted evolution of the primate immunoglobulin alpha-gene through gene conversion
    • Kawamura S, Saitou N, Ueda S (1992) Concerted evolution of the primate immunoglobulin alpha-gene through gene conversion. J Biol Chem 267:7359-7367
    • (1992) J Biol Chem , vol.267 , pp. 7359-7367
    • Kawamura, S.1    Saitou, N.2    Ueda, S.3
  • 100
    • 0020077493 scopus 로고
    • Helper activity is required for the in vivo generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
    • Keene JA, Forman J (1982) Helper activity is required for the in vivo generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 155:768-782
    • (1982) J Exp Med , vol.155 , pp. 768-782
    • Keene, J.A.1    Forman, J.2
  • 101
    • 0032952481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capillary array electrophoresis DNA sequencing
    • Kheterpal I, Mathies RA (1999) Capillary array electrophoresis DNA sequencing. Anal Chem 71:31A-37A
    • (1999) Anal Chem , vol.71
    • Kheterpal, I.1    Mathies, R.A.2
  • 102
    • 0032100485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of DNA repair in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Kim N, Storb U (1998) The role of DNA repair in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. J Exp Med 187:1729-1733
    • (1998) J Exp Med , vol.187 , pp. 1729-1733
    • Kim, N.1    Storb, U.2
  • 103
    • 0017794123 scopus 로고
    • H-2 mutations: Their genetics and effect on immune functions
    • Klein J (1978) H-2 mutations: their genetics and effect on immune functions. Adv Immunol 26:55-146
    • (1978) Adv Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 55-146
    • Klein, J.1
  • 104
    • 0021150275 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion in MHC genes
    • Klein J (1984) Gene conversion in MHC genes. Transplantation 38:327-329
    • (1984) Transplantation , vol.38 , pp. 327-329
    • Klein, J.1
  • 105
    • 0022742559 scopus 로고
    • The continuation of the debate on gene conversion
    • Klein J (1986a) The continuation of the debate on gene conversion. Transplantation 42:102-105
    • (1986) Transplantation , vol.42 , pp. 102-105
    • Klein, J.1
  • 107
    • 0023616527 scopus 로고
    • Origin of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism: The trans-species hypothesis
    • Klein J (1987) Origin of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism: the trans-species hypothesis. Hum Immunol 19:155-162
    • (1987) Hum Immunol , vol.19 , pp. 155-162
    • Klein, J.1
  • 108
  • 109
    • 0027358261 scopus 로고
    • Trans-specific Mhc polymorphism and the origin of species in primates
    • Klein J, Satta Y, Takahata N, O'hUigin C (1993) Trans-specific Mhc polymorphism and the origin of species in primates. J Med Primatol 22:57-64
    • (1993) J Med Primatol , vol.22 , pp. 57-64
    • Klein, J.1    Satta, Y.2    Takahata, N.3    O'hUigin, C.4
  • 110
    • 0031920987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic diversification of IgH genes in rabbit
    • Knight KL, Barrington RA (1998) Somatic diversification of IgH genes in rabbit. Immunol Rev 162:37-47
    • (1998) Immunol Rev , vol.162 , pp. 37-47
    • Knight, K.L.1    Barrington, R.A.2
  • 111
    • 0030932541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of antibody diversity in rabbits
    • Knight KL, Winstead CR (1997) Generation of antibody diversity in rabbits. Curr Opin Immunol 9:228-232
    • (1997) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 228-232
    • Knight, K.L.1    Winstead, C.R.2
  • 113
    • 0031944788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination-based mechanisms for somatic hypermutation
    • Kong Q, Harris RS, Maizels N (1998) Recombination-based mechanisms for somatic hypermutation. Immunol Rev 162:67-76
    • (1998) Immunol Rev , vol.162 , pp. 67-76
    • Kong, Q.1    Harris, R.S.2    Maizels, N.3
  • 114
    • 0023047520 scopus 로고
    • Palindromic sequences are associated with sites of DNA breakage during gene conversion
    • Krawinkel U, Zoebelein G, Bothwell AL (1986) Palindromic sequences are associated with sites of DNA breakage during gene conversion. Nucleic Acids Res 14:3871-3882
    • (1986) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.14 , pp. 3871-3882
    • Krawinkel, U.1    Zoebelein, G.2    Bothwell, A.L.3
  • 115
    • 0026574004 scopus 로고
    • Genetic exchange in the evolution of the human MHC class II loci
    • Kuhner MK, Peterson MJ (1992) Genetic exchange in the evolution of the human MHC class II loci. Tissue Antigens 39:209-215
    • (1992) Tissue Antigens , vol.39 , pp. 209-215
    • Kuhner, M.K.1    Peterson, M.J.2
  • 116
    • 0025605621 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion in the evolution of both the H-2 and Qa class I genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex
    • Kuhner M, Watts S, Klitz W, Thomson G, Goodenow RS (1990) Gene conversion in the evolution of both the H-2 and Qa class I genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Genetics 126:1115-1126
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.126 , pp. 1115-1126
    • Kuhner, M.1    Watts, S.2    Klitz, W.3    Thomson, G.4    Goodenow, R.S.5
  • 117
    • 0026014851 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee MHC class I loci
    • Kuhner MK, Lawlor DA, Ennis PD, Parham P (1991) Gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee MHC class I loci. Tissue Antigens 38:152-164
    • (1991) Tissue Antigens , vol.38 , pp. 152-164
    • Kuhner, M.K.1    Lawlor, D.A.2    Ennis, P.D.3    Parham, P.4
  • 118
    • 0031470209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody diversification in the rabbit: Historical and contemporary perspectives
    • Lanning DK, Knight KL (1998) Antibody diversification in the rabbit: historical and contemporary perspectives. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 229:45-57
    • (1998) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.229 , pp. 45-57
    • Lanning, D.K.1    Knight, K.L.2
  • 119
    • 0021472477 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the properties of two classes, C4A and C4B, of the human complement component C4
    • Law SK, Dodds AW, Porter RR (1984) A comparison of the properties of two classes, C4A and C4B, of the human complement component C4. EMBO J 3:1819-1823
    • (1984) EMBO J , vol.3 , pp. 1819-1823
    • Law, S.K.1    Dodds, A.W.2    Porter, R.R.3
  • 121
    • 0032574750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells
    • Liang F, Han M, Romanienko PJ, Jasin M (1998) Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5172-5177
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 5172-5177
    • Liang, F.1    Han, M.2    Romanienko, P.J.3    Jasin, M.4
  • 122
    • 0029746659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of MHC class I genes in higher primates
    • Lienert K, Parham P (1996) Evolution of MHC class I genes in higher primates. Immunol Cell Biol 74:349-356
    • (1996) Immunol Cell Biol , vol.74 , pp. 349-356
    • Lienert, K.1    Parham, P.2
  • 123
    • 0022527410 scopus 로고
    • Information transfer between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mammalian cells involves contiguous regions of DNA
    • Liskay RM, Stachelek JL (1986) Information transfer between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mammalian cells involves contiguous regions of DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1802-1806
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 1802-1806
    • Liskay, R.M.1    Stachelek, J.L.2
  • 124
    • 0021646212 scopus 로고
    • Homologous recombination between repeated chromosomal sequences in mouse cells
    • Liskay RM, Stachelek JL, Letsou A (1984) Homologous recombination between repeated chromosomal sequences in mouse cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 49:183-189
    • (1984) Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol , vol.49 , pp. 183-189
    • Liskay, R.M.1    Stachelek, J.L.2    Letsou, A.3
  • 125
    • 0021246308 scopus 로고
    • Sexual preference of apparent gene conversion events in MHC genes of mice
    • Loh DY, Baltimore D (1984) Sexual preference of apparent gene conversion events in MHC genes of mice. Nature 309:639-640
    • (1984) Nature , vol.309 , pp. 639-640
    • Loh, D.Y.1    Baltimore, D.2
  • 127
    • 0026645235 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of major histocompatibility complex class II allelic diversity: Direct descent in mice and humans
    • Lundberg AS, McDevitt HO (1992) Evolution of major histocompatibility complex class II allelic diversity: direct descent in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6545-6549
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 6545-6549
    • Lundberg, A.S.1    McDevitt, H.O.2
  • 128
    • 0031596844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversification of rabbit VH genes by gene-conversion-like and hypermutation mechanisms
    • Mage RG (1998) Diversification of rabbit VH genes by gene-conversion-like and hypermutation mechanisms. Immunol Rev 162:49-54
    • (1998) Immunol Rev , vol.162 , pp. 49-54
    • Mage, R.G.1
  • 129
    • 0018203762 scopus 로고
    • Partial amino acid sequences of mouse transplantation antigens
    • Maizels RM, Frelinger JA, Hood L (1978) Partial amino acid sequences of mouse transplantation antigens. Immunogenetics 7:425-444
    • (1978) Immunogenetics , vol.7 , pp. 425-444
    • Maizels, R.M.1    Frelinger, J.A.2    Hood, L.3
  • 131
    • 0023820556 scopus 로고
    • kml mutation: A single nucleotide substitution is responsible for multiple functional differences in a class I MHC molecule
    • kml mutation: a single nucleotide substitution is responsible for multiple functional differences in a class I MHC molecule. Mol Immunol 25:267-274
    • (1988) Mol Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 267-274
    • Martinko, J.M.1    Solheim, J.C.2    Geliebter, J.3
  • 133
    • 0023887073 scopus 로고
    • The origin of MHC class II gene polymorphism within the genus Mus
    • McConnell TJ, Talbot WS, McIndoe RA, Wakeland EK (1988) The origin of MHC class II gene polymorphism within the genus Mus. Nature 332:651-654
    • (1988) Nature , vol.332 , pp. 651-654
    • McConnell, T.J.1    Talbot, W.S.2    McIndoe, R.A.3    Wakeland, E.K.4
  • 134
    • 0025194297 scopus 로고
    • Chicken IgL variable region gene conversions display pseudogene donor preference and 5′ to 3′ polarity
    • McCormack WT, Thompson CB (1990) Chicken IgL variable region gene conversions display pseudogene donor preference and 5′ to 3′ polarity. Genes Dev 4:548-558
    • (1990) Genes Dev , vol.4 , pp. 548-558
    • McCormack, W.T.1    Thompson, C.B.2
  • 135
    • 0024442954 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary comparison of the avian IgL locus: Combinatorial diversity plays a role in the generation of the antibody repertoire in some avian species
    • McCormack WT, Carlson LM, Tjoelker LW, Thompson CB (1989) Evolutionary comparison of the avian IgL locus: combinatorial diversity plays a role in the generation of the antibody repertoire in some avian species. Int Immunol 1:332-341
    • (1989) Int Immunol , vol.1 , pp. 332-341
    • McCormack, W.T.1    Carlson, L.M.2    Tjoelker, L.W.3    Thompson, C.B.4
  • 136
    • 0025763426 scopus 로고
    • Avian B-cell development: Generation of an immunoglobulin repertoire by gene conversion
    • McCormack WT, Tjoelker LW, Thompson CB (1991) Avian B-cell development: generation of an immunoglobulin repertoire by gene conversion. Annu Rev Immunol 9:219-241
    • (1991) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 219-241
    • McCormack, W.T.1    Tjoelker, L.W.2    Thompson, C.B.3
  • 137
    • 0027530514 scopus 로고
    • Germ line maintenance of the pseudogene donor pool for somatic immunoglobulin gene conversion in chickens
    • McCormack WT, Hurley EA, Thompson CB (1993) Germ line maintenance of the pseudogene donor pool for somatic immunoglobulin gene conversion in chickens. Mol Cell Biol 13:821-830
    • (1993) Mol Cell Biol , vol.13 , pp. 821-830
    • McCormack, W.T.1    Hurley, E.A.2    Thompson, C.B.3
  • 138
    • 0032205838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intragenic recombination and diversifying selection contribute to the evolution of downy mildew resistance at the RPP8 locus of Arabidopsis
    • McDowell JM, Dhandaydham M, Long TA, Aarts MGM, Goff S, Holub EB, Dangl JL (1998) Intragenic recombination and diversifying selection contribute to the evolution of downy mildew resistance at the RPP8 locus of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:1861-1874
    • (1998) Plant Cell , vol.10 , pp. 1861-1874
    • McDowell, J.M.1    Dhandaydham, M.2    Long, T.A.3    Aarts, M.G.M.4    Goff, S.5    Holub, E.B.6    Dangl, J.L.7
  • 139
    • 0021262653 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence of mutant I-A beta bm12 gene is evidence for genetic exchange between mouse immune response genes
    • McIntyre KR, Seidman JG (1984) Nucleotide sequence of mutant I-A beta bm12 gene is evidence for genetic exchange between mouse immune response genes. Nature 308:551-553
    • (1984) Nature , vol.308 , pp. 551-553
    • McIntyre, K.R.1    Seidman, J.G.2
  • 141
    • 0016702601 scopus 로고
    • Dermal histocompatibility and in vitro lymphocyte reactions of three new H-2 mutants
    • Melief CJM, Schwartz RS, Kohn HI, Melvold RW (1975) Dermal histocompatibility and in vitro lymphocyte reactions of three new H-2 mutants. Immunogenetics 2:337-348
    • (1975) Immunogenetics , vol.2 , pp. 337-348
    • Melief, C.J.M.1    Schwartz, R.S.2    Kohn, H.I.3    Melvold, R.W.4
  • 142
    • 0021068677 scopus 로고
    • A potential donor gene for the bm1 gene conversion event in the C57BL mouse
    • Mellor AL, Weiss EH, Ramachandran K, Flavell RA (1983) A potential donor gene for the bm1 gene conversion event in the C57BL mouse. Nature 306:792-795
    • (1983) Nature , vol.306 , pp. 792-795
    • Mellor, A.L.1    Weiss, E.H.2    Ramachandran, K.3    Flavell, R.A.4
  • 143
    • 0022337375 scopus 로고
    • Structure and expression of genes encoding murine Qa-2 class I antigens
    • Mellor AL, Antoniou J, Robinson PJ (1985) Structure and expression of genes encoding murine Qa-2 class I antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:5920-5924
    • (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.82 , pp. 5920-5924
    • Mellor, A.L.1    Antoniou, J.2    Robinson, P.J.3
  • 145
    • 0017063703 scopus 로고
    • Eight new histocompatibility mutations associated with the H-2 complex
    • Melvold RW, Kohn HI (1976) Eight new histocompatibility mutations associated with the H-2 complex. Immunogenetics 3:185-191
    • (1976) Immunogenetics , vol.3 , pp. 185-191
    • Melvold, R.W.1    Kohn, H.I.2
  • 147
    • 0343605508 scopus 로고
    • Responses of (CM-49 X Balb/c)F1 recipients to the H-2 congenic and recombinant grafts
    • Melvold RW, Waltenbaugh C (1986) Responses of (CM-49 X Balb/c)F1 Recipients to the H-2 congenic and recombinant grafts. Mouse News Lett 74:75
    • (1986) Mouse News Lett , vol.74 , pp. 75
    • Melvold, R.W.1    Waltenbaugh, C.2
  • 151
    • 0031461652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histocompatibility gene mutation rates in the mouse: A 25-year review
    • Melvold RW, Wang K, Kohn HI (1997) Histocompatibility gene mutation rates in the mouse: a 25-year review. Immunogenetics 47:44-54
    • (1997) Immunogenetics , vol.47 , pp. 44-54
    • Melvold, R.W.1    Wang, K.2    Kohn, H.I.3
  • 152
    • 0021174562 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion between murine class II major histocompatibility complex loci: Functional and molecular evidence from the bm12 mutant
    • Mengle-Gaw L, Conner S, McDevitt HO, Fathman CG (1984) Gene conversion between murine class II major histocompatibility complex loci: functional and molecular evidence from the bm12 mutant. J Exp Med 160:1184-1194
    • (1984) J Exp Med , vol.160 , pp. 1184-1194
    • Mengle-Gaw, L.1    Conner, S.2    McDevitt, H.O.3    Fathman, C.G.4
  • 153
    • 0021909911 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that polymorphism in the murine major histocompatibility complex may be generated by the assortment of subgene sequences
    • Miyada CG, Klofelt C, Reyes AA, McLaughlin-Taylor E, Wallace RB (1985) Evidence that polymorphism in the murine major histocompatibility complex may be generated by the assortment of subgene sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2890-2894
    • (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.82 , pp. 2890-2894
    • Miyada, C.G.1    Klofelt, C.2    Reyes, A.A.3    McLaughlin-Taylor, E.4    Wallace, R.B.5
  • 154
    • 0030188305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of a recombinational hotspot adjacent to Lmp2 gene in the mouse MHC: Fine location and chromatin structure
    • Mizuno K, Koide T, Sagai T, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T (1996) Molecular analysis of a recombinational hotspot adjacent to Lmp2 gene in the mouse MHC: fine location and chromatin structure. Mamm Genome 7:490-496
    • (1996) Mamm Genome , vol.7 , pp. 490-496
    • Mizuno, K.1    Koide, T.2    Sagai, T.3    Moriwaki, K.4    Shiroishi, T.5
  • 159
    • 0030797563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of heterozygosity induced by a chromosomal double-strand break
    • Moynahan ME, Jasin M (1997) Loss of heterozygosity induced by a chromosomal double-strand break. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8988-8993
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 8988-8993
    • Moynahan, M.E.1    Jasin, M.2
  • 160
    • 0026764183 scopus 로고
    • High-frequency germ line gene conversion in transgenic mice
    • Murti JR, Bumbulis M, Schimenti JC (1992) High-frequency germ line gene conversion in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 12:2545-2552
    • (1992) Mol Cell Biol , vol.12 , pp. 2545-2552
    • Murti, J.R.1    Bumbulis, M.2    Schimenti, J.C.3
  • 161
    • 0019270187 scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry of the gene products from murine MHC mutants
    • Nairn R, Yamaga K, Nathenson SG (1980) Biochemistry of the gene products from murine MHC mutants. Annu Rev Genet 14:241-277
    • (1980) Annu Rev Genet , vol.14 , pp. 241-277
    • Nairn, R.1    Yamaga, K.2    Nathenson, S.G.3
  • 162
    • 0022568243 scopus 로고
    • Murine major histocompatibility complex class-I mutants: Molecular analysis and structure-function implications
    • Nathenson SG, Geliebter J, Pfaffenbach GM, Zeff RA (1986) Murine major histocompatibility complex class-I mutants: molecular analysis and structure-function implications. Annu Rev Immunol 4:471-502
    • (1986) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 471-502
    • Nathenson, S.G.1    Geliebter, J.2    Pfaffenbach, G.M.3    Zeff, R.A.4
  • 163
    • 0000123460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-strand break and recombinational repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Nickoloff JA, Hoekstra MF (eds) Humana, Totowa, NJ
    • Nickoloff JA, Hoekstra MF (1998) Double-strand break and recombinational repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Nickoloff JA, Hoekstra MF (eds) DNA damage and repair: dna repair in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 335-362
    • (1998) DNA Damage and Repair: Dna Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , pp. 335-362
    • Nickoloff, J.A.1    Hoekstra, M.F.2
  • 164
    • 0028273998 scopus 로고
    • Polarity of meiotic gene conversion in fungi: Contrasting views
    • Nicolas A, Petes TD (1994) Polarity of meiotic gene conversion in fungi: contrasting views. Experientia 50:242-252
    • (1994) Experientia , vol.50 , pp. 242-252
    • Nicolas, A.1    Petes, T.D.2
  • 165
    • 0020287188 scopus 로고
    • Allelic and nonallelic homology of a supergene family
    • Ohta T (1982) Allelic and nonallelic homology of a supergene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:3251-3254
    • (1982) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.79 , pp. 3251-3254
    • Ohta, T.1
  • 166
    • 0025949290 scopus 로고
    • Role of diversifying selection and gene conversion in evolution of major histocompatibility complex loci
    • Ohta T (1991) Role of diversifying selection and gene conversion in evolution of major histocompatibility complex loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6716-6720
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 6716-6720
    • Ohta, T.1
  • 167
    • 0029004879 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion vs point mutation in generating variability at the antigen recognition site of major histocompatibility complex loci
    • Ohta T (1995) Gene conversion vs point mutation in generating variability at the antigen recognition site of major histocompatibility complex loci. J Mol Evol 41:115-119
    • (1995) J Mol Evol , vol.41 , pp. 115-119
    • Ohta, T.1
  • 168
    • 0030809908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of gene conversion in generating polymorphisms at major histocompatibility complex loci
    • Ohta T (1997) Role of gene conversion in generating polymorphisms at major histocompatibility complex loci. Hereditas 127:97-103
    • (1997) Hereditas , vol.127 , pp. 97-103
    • Ohta, T.1
  • 169
    • 0028987608 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the degree of convergence in primate Mhc-DRB genes
    • O'hUigin C (1995) Quantifying the degree of convergence in primate Mhc-DRB genes. Immunol Rev 143:123-140
    • (1995) Immunol Rev , vol.143 , pp. 123-140
    • O'hUigin, C.1
  • 170
    • 0033049472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of gene conversion in the evolution of the human beta-like globin gene family
    • Papadakis MN, Patrinos GP (1999) Contribution of gene conversion in the evolution of the human beta-like globin gene family. Hum Genet 104:117-125
    • (1999) Hum Genet , vol.104 , pp. 117-125
    • Papadakis, M.N.1    Patrinos, G.P.2
  • 171
    • 0025977121 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of class I major histocompatibility complex genes and molecules in humans and apes
    • Parham P, Lawlor DA (1991) Evolution of class I major histocompatibility complex genes and molecules in humans and apes. Hum Immunol 30:119-128
    • (1991) Hum Immunol , vol.30 , pp. 119-128
    • Parham, P.1    Lawlor, D.A.2
  • 172
    • 0030006049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population biology of antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules
    • Parham P, Ohta T (1996) Population biology of antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules. Science 272:67-74
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 67-74
    • Parham, P.1    Ohta, T.2
  • 175
    • 0024344047 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and diversification of HLA-A,B,C alleles
    • Parham P, Lawlor DA, Lomen CE, Ennis PD (1989b) Diversity and diversification of HLA-A,B,C alleles. J Immunol 142:3937-3950
    • (1989) J Immunol , vol.142 , pp. 3937-3950
    • Parham, P.1    Lawlor, D.A.2    Lomen, C.E.3    Ennis, P.D.4
  • 176
    • 0028987607 scopus 로고
    • The origins of HLA-A,B,C polymorphism
    • Parham P, Adams EJ, Arnett KL (1995) The origins of HLA-A,B,C polymorphism. Immunol Rev 143:141-180
    • (1995) Immunol Rev , vol.143 , pp. 141-180
    • Parham, P.1    Adams, E.J.2    Arnett, K.L.3
  • 177
    • 0030589235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion contributes to Ig light chain diversity in cattle
    • Parng CL, Hansal S, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA (1996) Gene conversion contributes to Ig light chain diversity in cattle. J Immunol 157:5478-5486
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.157 , pp. 5478-5486
    • Parng, C.L.1    Hansal, S.2    Goldsby, R.A.3    Osborne, B.A.4
  • 178
  • 179
    • 0030777020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic selection methods for the direct analysis of point mutations
    • Parsons BL, Heflich RH (1997) Genotypic selection methods for the direct analysis of point mutations. Mutat Res 387:97-121
    • (1997) Mutat Res , vol.387 , pp. 97-121
    • Parsons, B.L.1    Heflich, R.H.2
  • 180
    • 0031879058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cretan type of non-deletional hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin [Aγ-158C→T] results from two independent gene conversion events
    • Patrinos GP, Kollia P, Loutradi-Anagnostou A, Loukopoulos D, Papadakis MN (1998) The Cretan type of non-deletional hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin [Aγ-158C→T] results from two independent gene conversion events. Hum Genet 102:629-634
    • (1998) Hum Genet , vol.102 , pp. 629-634
    • Patrinos, G.P.1    Kollia, P.2    Loutradi-Anagnostou, A.3    Loukopoulos, D.4    Papadakis, M.N.5
  • 181
    • 0021966191 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in H-2 genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules is generated by interactions between members of the major histocompatibility complex gene family
    • Pease LR (1985) Diversity in H-2 genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules is generated by interactions between members of the major histocompatibility complex gene family. Transplantation 39:227-231
    • (1985) Transplantation , vol.39 , pp. 227-231
    • Pease, L.R.1
  • 182
    • 0342735450 scopus 로고
    • Answer to "the continuation of the debate on gene conversion" from J. Klein
    • Pease L (1986) Answer to "The continuation of the debate on gene conversion" from J. Klein. Transplantation 42:104-105
    • (1986) Transplantation , vol.42 , pp. 104-105
    • Pease, L.1
  • 183
    • 0026349927 scopus 로고
    • Structure and diversity of class I antigen presenting molecules in the mouse
    • Pease LR, Horton RM, Pullen JK, Cai ZL (1991) Structure and diversity of class I antigen presenting molecules in the mouse. Crit Rev Immunol 11:1-32
    • (1991) Crit Rev Immunol , vol.11 , pp. 1-32
    • Pease, L.R.1    Horton, R.M.2    Pullen, J.K.3    Cai, Z.L.4
  • 184
    • 0027280279 scopus 로고
    • Unusual mutation clusters provide insight into class I gene conversion mechanisms
    • Pease LR, Horton RM, Pullen JK, Yun TJ (1993) Unusual mutation clusters provide insight into class I gene conversion mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 13:4374-4381
    • (1993) Mol Cell Biol , vol.13 , pp. 4374-4381
    • Pease, L.R.1    Horton, R.M.2    Pullen, J.K.3    Yun, T.J.4
  • 185
    • 0031692012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female mouse germ cells form synchronously dividing cysts
    • Pepling ME, Spradling AC (1998) Female mouse germ cells form synchronously dividing cysts. Development 125:3323-3328
    • (1998) Development , vol.125 , pp. 3323-3328
    • Pepling, M.E.1    Spradling, A.C.2
  • 186
    • 0033168559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germline cysts: A conserved phase of germ cell development?
    • Pepling ME, Cuevas M de, Spradling AC (1999) Germline cysts: a conserved phase of germ cell development? Trends Cell Biol 9:257-262
    • (1999) Trends Cell Biol , vol.9 , pp. 257-262
    • Pepling, M.E.1    De Cuevas, M.2    Spradling, A.C.3
  • 187
    • 0030063726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation
    • Peters A, Storb U (1996) Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation. Immunity 4:57-65
    • (1996) Immunity , vol.4 , pp. 57-65
    • Peters, A.1    Storb, U.2
  • 191
  • 192
    • 0024044120 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and physical analysis of the M26 recombination hotspot of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    • Ponticelli AS, Sena EP, Smith GR (1988) Genetic and physical analysis of the M26 recombination hotspot of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 119:491-497
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.119 , pp. 491-497
    • Ponticelli, A.S.1    Sena, E.P.2    Smith, G.R.3
  • 193
    • 0031455902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rabbit appendix: A site of development and selection of the B cell repertoire
    • Pospisil R, Mage RG (1998) Rabbit appendix: a site of development and selection of the B cell repertoire. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 229:59-70
    • (1998) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.229 , pp. 59-70
    • Pospisil, R.1    Mage, R.G.2
  • 194
    • 0026531092 scopus 로고
    • Structural diversity of the classical H-2 genes: K, D, and L
    • Pullen JK, Horton RM, Cai ZL, Pease LR (1992) Structural diversity of the classical H-2 genes: K, D, and L. J Immunol 148:953-967
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.148 , pp. 953-967
    • Pullen, J.K.1    Horton, R.M.2    Cai, Z.L.3    Pease, L.R.4
  • 195
    • 0028316579 scopus 로고
    • Recognition of a single amino acid change on the surface of a major transplantation antigen is in the context of self peptide
    • Pullen JK, Tallquist MD, Melvold RW, Pease LR (1994). Recognition of a single amino acid change on the surface of a major transplantation antigen is in the context of self peptide. J Immunol 152:3445-3452
    • (1994) J Immunol , vol.152 , pp. 3445-3452
    • Pullen, J.K.1    Tallquist, M.D.2    Melvold, R.W.3    Pease, L.R.4
  • 197
    • 0028455517 scopus 로고
    • Rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in chicken B cell development
    • Ratcliffe MJ, Jacobsen KA (1994) Rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in chicken B cell development. Semin Immunol 6:175-184
    • (1994) Semin Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 175-184
    • Ratcliffe, M.J.1    Jacobsen, K.A.2
  • 198
    • 0021957934 scopus 로고
    • A single rearrangement event generates most of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain diversity
    • Reynaud CA, Anquez V, Dahan A, Weill JC (1985) A single rearrangement event generates most of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain diversity. Cell 40:283-291
    • (1985) Cell , vol.40 , pp. 283-291
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Anquez, V.2    Dahan, A.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 199
    • 0023652339 scopus 로고
    • A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light chain preimmune repertoire
    • Reynaud CA, Anquez V, Grimal H, Weill JC (1987) A hyperconversion mechanism generates the chicken light chain preimmune repertoire. Cell 48:379-388
    • (1987) Cell , vol.48 , pp. 379-388
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Anquez, V.2    Grimal, H.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 200
    • 0024443875 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hyperconversion diversifies the single Vh gene of the chicken with a high incidence in the D region
    • Reynaud CA, Dahan A, Anquez V, Weill JC (1989) Somatic hyperconversion diversifies the single Vh gene of the chicken with a high incidence in the D region. Cell 59:171-183
    • (1989) Cell , vol.59 , pp. 171-183
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Dahan, A.2    Anquez, V.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 201
    • 0025970135 scopus 로고
    • Somatic generation of diversity in a mammalian primary lymphoid organ: The sheep ileal Peyer's patches
    • Reynaud CA, Mackay CR, Muller RG, Weill JC (1991) Somatic generation of diversity in a mammalian primary lymphoid organ: the sheep ileal Peyer's patches. Cell 64:995-1005
    • (1991) Cell , vol.64 , pp. 995-1005
    • Reynaud, C.A.1    Mackay, C.R.2    Muller, R.G.3    Weill, J.C.4
  • 202
    • 0032535036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-strand break repair by interchromosomal recombination: Suppression of chromosomal translocations
    • Richardson C, Moynahan ME, Jasin M (1998) Double-strand break repair by interchromosomal recombination: suppression of chromosomal translocations. Genes Dev 12:3831-3842
    • (1998) Genes Dev , vol.12 , pp. 3831-3842
    • Richardson, C.1    Moynahan, M.E.2    Jasin, M.3
  • 203
    • 0021745385 scopus 로고
    • Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch) determinants on human C4: Characterization of two C4 B5 subtypes, one of which contains Rg and Ch determinants
    • Roos MH, Giles CM, Demant P, Mollenhauer E, Rittner C (1984) Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch) determinants on human C4: characterization of two C4 B5 subtypes, one of which contains Rg and Ch determinants. J Immunol 133:2634-2640
    • (1984) J Immunol , vol.133 , pp. 2634-2640
    • Roos, M.H.1    Giles, C.M.2    Demant, P.3    Mollenhauer, E.4    Rittner, C.5
  • 205
    • 0005636077 scopus 로고
    • dm2 define a deletion of several class I genes including the entire H-2Ld gene
    • dm2 define a deletion of several class I genes including the entire H-2Ld gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9606-9610
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 9606-9610
    • Rubocki, R.J.1    Hansen, T.H.2    Lee, D.R.3
  • 207
    • 13844322458 scopus 로고
    • Frequency and nature of specific-locus mutations induced in female mice by radiations and chemicals: A review
    • Russel LB, Russel WL (1992) Frequency and nature of specific-locus mutations induced in female mice by radiations and chemicals: a review. Mutat Res 296:107-127
    • (1992) Mutat Res , vol.296 , pp. 107-127
    • Russel, L.B.1    Russel, W.L.2
  • 208
    • 0031032549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination
    • Sargent RG, Brenneman MA, Wilson JH (1997) Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination. Mol Cell Biol 17:267-277
    • (1997) Mol Cell Biol , vol.17 , pp. 267-277
    • Sargent, R.G.1    Brenneman, M.A.2    Wilson, J.H.3
  • 209
    • 0027275349 scopus 로고
    • The synonymous substitution rate of the major histocompatibility complex loci in primates
    • Satta Y, O'hUigin C, Takahata N, Klein J (1993) The synonymous substitution rate of the major histocompatibility complex loci in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7480-7484
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 7480-7484
    • Satta, Y.1    O'hUigin, C.2    Takahata, N.3    Klein, J.4
  • 210
    • 0024356449 scopus 로고
    • Statistical tests for detecting gene conversion
    • Sawyer S (1989) Statistical tests for detecting gene conversion. Mol Biol Evol 6:526-538
    • (1989) Mol Biol Evol , vol.6 , pp. 526-538
    • Sawyer, S.1
  • 211
    • 0028309305 scopus 로고
    • Gene conversion and the evolution of gene families in mammals
    • Schimenti JC (1994) Gene conversion and the evolution of gene families in mammals. Soc Gen Physiol Ser 49:85-91
    • (1994) Soc Gen Physiol Ser , vol.49 , pp. 85-91
    • Schimenti, J.C.1
  • 212
    • 0033360996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice and the role of unequal recombination in gene-family evolution
    • Schimenti JC (1999) Mice and the role of unequal recombination in gene-family evolution. Am J Hum Genet 64:40-45
    • (1999) Am J Hum Genet , vol.64 , pp. 40-45
    • Schimenti, J.C.1
  • 213
    • 0015293587 scopus 로고
    • Natural mutation rates in the house mouse: Estimates for recessive visible mutations
    • Schlager G (1972) Natural mutation rates in the house mouse: estimates for recessive visible mutations. Mutat Res 14:254-258
    • (1972) Mutat Res , vol.14 , pp. 254-258
    • Schlager, G.1
  • 214
    • 0014993099 scopus 로고
    • Natural mutation rates in the house mouse: Estimates for five specific loci and dominant mutations
    • Schlager G, Dickie MM (1971) Natural mutation rates in the house mouse: estimates for five specific loci and dominant mutations. Mutat Res 11:89-96
    • (1971) Mutat Res , vol.11 , pp. 89-96
    • Schlager, G.1    Dickie, M.M.2
  • 216
    • 0028972024 scopus 로고
    • Identification of double Holliday junctions as intermediates in meiotic recombination
    • Schwacha A, Kleckner N (1995) Identification of double Holliday junctions as intermediates in meiotic recombination. Cell 83:783-791
    • (1995) Cell , vol.83 , pp. 783-791
    • Schwacha, A.1    Kleckner, N.2
  • 217
    • 0027296532 scopus 로고
    • The paradox of MHC-DRB exon/intron evolution: Alpha-helix and beta-sheet encoding regions diverge while hypervariable intronic simple repeats coevolve with beta-sheet codons
    • Schwaiger FW, Weyers E, Epplen C, Brun J, Ruff G, Crawford A, Epplen JT (1993) The paradox of MHC-DRB exon/intron evolution: alpha-helix and beta-sheet encoding regions diverge while hypervariable intronic simple repeats coevolve with beta-sheet codons. J Mol Evol 37:260-272
    • (1993) J Mol Evol , vol.37 , pp. 260-272
    • Schwaiger, F.W.1    Weyers, E.2    Epplen, C.3    Brun, J.4    Ruff, G.5    Crawford, A.6    Epplen, J.T.7
  • 218
    • 0019790943 scopus 로고
    • A history of the human fetal globin gene duplication
    • Shen SH, Slightom JL, Smithies O (1981) A history of the human fetal globin gene duplication. Cell 26:191-203
    • (1981) Cell , vol.26 , pp. 191-203
    • Shen, S.H.1    Slightom, J.L.2    Smithies, O.3
  • 219
    • 0027346423 scopus 로고
    • Hotspots of meiotic recombination in the mouse major histocompatibility complex
    • Shiroishi T, Sagai T, Moriwaki K (1993) Hotspots of meiotic recombination in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Genetica 88:187-196
    • (1993) Genetica , vol.88 , pp. 187-196
    • Shiroishi, T.1    Sagai, T.2    Moriwaki, K.3
  • 220
    • 0026501171 scopus 로고
    • Exon encoding the antigen-binding site of MHC class II betachains is divided into two subregions with different evolutionary histories
    • Sigurdardottir S, Borsch C, Gustafsson K, Andersson L (1992) Exon encoding the antigen-binding site of MHC class II betachains is divided into two subregions with different evolutionary histories. J Immunol 148:968-973
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.148 , pp. 968-973
    • Sigurdardottir, S.1    Borsch, C.2    Gustafsson, K.3    Andersson, L.4
  • 221
    • 0020319240 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a porcine genomic clone encoding a major transplantation antigen: Expresion in mouse L cells
    • Singer D, Camerini-Otero R, Satz M, Osborne B, Sachs D, Rudikoff S (1982) Characterization of a porcine genomic clone encoding a major transplantation antigen: expresion in mouse L cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1403
    • (1982) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.79 , pp. 1403
    • Singer, D.1    Camerini-Otero, R.2    Satz, M.3    Osborne, B.4    Sachs, D.5    Rudikoff, S.6
  • 222
    • 0018952782 scopus 로고
    • Human fetal G gamma-and A gamma-globin genes: Complete nucleotide sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged between these duplicated genes
    • Slightom JL, Blechl AE, Smithies O (1980) Human fetal G gamma-and A gamma-globin genes: complete nucleotide sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged between these duplicated genes. Cell 21:627-638
    • (1980) Cell , vol.21 , pp. 627-638
    • Slightom, J.L.1    Blechl, A.E.2    Smithies, O.3
  • 223
    • 0030582673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meiotic recombination in yeast: Coronation of the double-strand-break repair model
    • Stahl F (1996) Meiotic recombination in yeast: coronation of the double-strand-break repair model. Cell 87:965-968
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 965-968
    • Stahl, F.1
  • 225
    • 0031047442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J genes in the mouse
    • Steele EJ, Rothenfluh HS, Blanden RV (1997) Mechanism of antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J genes in the mouse. Immunol Cell Biol 75:82-95
    • (1997) Immunol Cell Biol , vol.75 , pp. 82-95
    • Steele, E.J.1    Rothenfluh, H.S.2    Blanden, R.V.3
  • 226
    • 0020071582 scopus 로고
    • Clusters of genes encoding mouse transplantation antigens
    • Steinmetz M, Winoto A, Minard K, Hood L (1982) Clusters of genes encoding mouse transplantation antigens. Cell 28:489-498
    • (1982) Cell , vol.28 , pp. 489-498
    • Steinmetz, M.1    Winoto, A.2    Minard, K.3    Hood, L.4
  • 227
    • 0022486989 scopus 로고
    • Gene organization and recombinational hotspots in the murine major histocompatibility complex
    • Steinmetz M, Stephan D, Fischer Lindahl K (1986) Gene organization and recombinational hotspots in the murine major histocompatibility complex. Cell 44:895-904
    • (1986) Cell , vol.44 , pp. 895-904
    • Steinmetz, M.1    Stephan, D.2    Fischer Lindahl, K.3
  • 228
    • 0029001752 scopus 로고
    • Searching sequence space
    • Stemmer WPC (1995) Searching sequence space. Biotechnology 13:549-553
    • (1995) Biotechnology , vol.13 , pp. 549-553
    • Stemmer, W.P.C.1
  • 229
    • 0022410317 scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods of DNA sequence analysis: Detection of intragenic recombination or gene conversion
    • Stephens JC (1985) Statistical methods of DNA sequence analysis: detection of intragenic recombination or gene conversion. Mol Biol Evol 2:539-556
    • (1985) Mol Biol Evol , vol.2 , pp. 539-556
    • Stephens, J.C.1
  • 232
    • 0022358581 scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of the dm1 mutation in the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse: A D/L hybrid gene
    • Sun YH, Goodenow RS, Hood L (1985) Molecular basis of the dm1 mutation in the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse: a D/L hybrid gene. J Exp Med 162:1588-1602
    • (1985) J Exp Med , vol.162 , pp. 1588-1602
    • Sun, Y.H.1    Goodenow, R.S.2    Hood, L.3
  • 233
    • 0026019344 scopus 로고
    • Extensive 3′-overhanging, single-stranded DNA associated with the meiosis-specific double-strand breaks at the ARG4 recombination initiation site
    • Sun H, Treco D, Szostak JW (1991) Extensive 3′-overhanging, single-stranded DNA associated with the meiosis-specific double-strand breaks at the ARG4 recombination initiation site. Cell 64:1155-1161
    • (1991) Cell , vol.64 , pp. 1155-1161
    • Sun, H.1    Treco, D.2    Szostak, J.W.3
  • 235
    • 0030779879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal double-strand breaks induce gene conversion at high frequency in mammalian cells
    • Taghian DG, Nickoloff JA (1997) Chromosomal double-strand breaks induce gene conversion at high frequency in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 17:6386-6393
    • (1997) Mol Cell Biol , vol.17 , pp. 6386-6393
    • Taghian, D.G.1    Nickoloff, J.A.2
  • 236
    • 7344223312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection, convergence, and intragenic recombination in HLA diversity
    • Takahata N, Satta Y (1998) Selection, convergence, and intragenic recombination in HLA diversity. Genetica 102-103:157-169
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 157-169
    • Takahata, N.1    Satta, Y.2
  • 237
    • 0026464440 scopus 로고
    • Creation of immunoglobulin diversity by intrachromosomal gene conversion
    • Thompson CB (1992) Creation of immunoglobulin diversity by intrachromosomal gene conversion. Trends Genet 8:416-422
    • (1992) Trends Genet , vol.8 , pp. 416-422
    • Thompson, C.B.1
  • 238
    • 0023652303 scopus 로고
    • Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain gene is limited to the rearranged variable gene segment
    • Thompson CB, Neiman PE (1987) Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain gene is limited to the rearranged variable gene segment. Cell 48:369-378
    • (1987) Cell , vol.48 , pp. 369-378
    • Thompson, C.B.1    Neiman, P.E.2
  • 239
    • 0030924613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide hypermutation in a subpopulation of stationary-phase cells underlies recombination-dependent adaptive mutation
    • Torkelson J, Harris RS, Lombardo MJ, Nagendran J, Thulin C, Rosenberg SM (1997) Genome-wide hypermutation in a subpopulation of stationary-phase cells underlies recombination-dependent adaptive mutation. EMBO J 16:3303-3311
    • (1997) EMBO J , vol.16 , pp. 3303-3311
    • Torkelson, J.1    Harris, R.S.2    Lombardo, M.J.3    Nagendran, J.4    Thulin, C.5    Rosenberg, S.M.6
  • 241
    • 0022775294 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of a meiotic recombinational hotspot enhancing homologous equal crossing-over
    • Uematsu Y, Kiefer H, Schulze R, Fischer-Lindahl K, Steinmetz M (1986) Molecular characterization of a meiotic recombinational hotspot enhancing homologous equal crossing-over. EMBO J 5:2123-2129
    • (1986) EMBO J , vol.5 , pp. 2123-2129
    • Uematsu, Y.1    Kiefer, H.2    Schulze, R.3    Fischer-Lindahl, K.4    Steinmetz, M.5
  • 244
    • 0029014312 scopus 로고
    • Control of gene expression in trypanosomes
    • Vanhamme L, Pays E (1995) Control of gene expression in trypanosomes. Microbiol Rev 59:223-240
    • (1995) Microbiol Rev , vol.59 , pp. 223-240
    • Vanhamme, L.1    Pays, E.2
  • 245
    • 0026048450 scopus 로고
    • The use of synthetic tandem repeats to isolate new VNTR loci: Cloning of a human hypermutable sequence
    • Vergnaud G, Mariat D, Apiou F, Aurias A, Lathrop M, Lauthier V (1991) The use of synthetic tandem repeats to isolate new VNTR loci: cloning of a human hypermutable sequence. Genomics 11:135-144
    • (1991) Genomics , vol.11 , pp. 135-144
    • Vergnaud, G.1    Mariat, D.2    Apiou, F.3    Aurias, A.4    Lathrop, M.5    Lauthier, V.6
  • 248
    • 0029872907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
    • Wagner SD, Neuberger MS (1996) Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Annu Rev Immunol 14:441-457
    • (1996) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.14 , pp. 441-457
    • Wagner, S.D.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 249
    • 0025195140 scopus 로고
    • The generation and maintenance of MHC class II gene polymorphism in rodents
    • Wakeland EK, Boehme S, She JX (1990a) The generation and maintenance of MHC class II gene polymorphism in rodents. Immunol Rev 113:207-226
    • (1990) Immunol Rev , vol.113 , pp. 207-226
    • Wakeland, E.K.1    Boehme, S.2    She, J.X.3
  • 251
    • 0023388474 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of base-pair mismatch on intrachromosomal versus extrachromosomal recombination in mouse cells
    • Waldman AS, Liskay RM (1987) Differential effects of base-pair mismatch on intrachromosomal versus extrachromosomal recombination in mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5340-5344
    • (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.84 , pp. 5340-5344
    • Waldman, A.S.1    Liskay, R.M.2
  • 252
    • 0023684936 scopus 로고
    • Dependence of intrachromosomal recombination in mammalian cells on uninterrupted homology
    • Waldman AS, Liskay RM (1988) Dependence of intrachromosomal recombination in mammalian cells on uninterrupted homology. Mol Cell Biol 8:5350-5357
    • (1988) Mol Cell Biol , vol.8 , pp. 5350-5357
    • Waldman, A.S.1    Liskay, R.M.2
  • 253
    • 0023686189 scopus 로고
    • A primate species with limited major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphism
    • Watkins DI, Hodi FS, Letvin NL (1988) A primate species with limited major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:7714-7718
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.85 , pp. 7714-7718
    • Watkins, D.I.1    Hodi, F.S.2    Letvin, N.L.3
  • 254
    • 0025292531 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the MHC class-1 genes of a New-World primate from ancestral homologs of human nonclassical genes
    • Watkins DI, Chen ZW, Hughes AL, Evans MG, Tedder TF, Letvin NL (1990) Evolution of the MHC class-1 genes of a New-World primate from ancestral homologs of human nonclassical genes. Nature 346:60-63
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 60-63
    • Watkins, D.I.1    Chen, Z.W.2    Hughes, A.L.3    Evans, M.G.4    Tedder, T.F.5    Letvin, N.L.6
  • 255
    • 0023510299 scopus 로고
    • The chicken B cell compartment
    • Weill JC, Reynaud CA (1987) The chicken B cell compartment. Science 238:1094-1098
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 1094-1098
    • Weill, J.C.1    Reynaud, C.A.2
  • 256
    • 0020696406 scopus 로고
    • The structure of a mutant H-2 gene suggests that the generation of polymorphism in H-2 genes may occur by gene conversion-like events
    • Weiss EH, Mellor A, Golden L, Fahrner K, Simpson E, Hurst J, Flavell RA (1983) The structure of a mutant H-2 gene suggests that the generation of polymorphism in H-2 genes may occur by gene conversion-like events. Nature 301:671-674
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 671-674
    • Weiss, E.H.1    Mellor, A.2    Golden, L.3    Fahrner, K.4    Simpson, E.5    Hurst, J.6    Flavell, R.A.7
  • 258
    • 0025118235 scopus 로고
    • Microconversion between murine H-2 genes integrated into yeast
    • Wheeler CJ, Maloney D, Fogel S, Goodenow RS (1990) Microconversion between murine H-2 genes integrated into yeast. Nature 347:192-194
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 192-194
    • Wheeler, C.J.1    Maloney, D.2    Fogel, S.3    Goodenow, R.S.4
  • 260
    • 0007996186 scopus 로고
    • Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes
    • White PC, New MI, Dupont B (1986) Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5111-5115
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 5111-5115
    • White, P.C.1    New, M.I.2    Dupont, B.3
  • 262
    • 0021438376 scopus 로고
    • The nucleotide sequence of the murine I-E beta b immune response gene: Evidence for gene conversion events in class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex
    • Widera G, Flavell RA (1984).The nucleotide sequence of the murine I-E beta b immune response gene: evidence for gene conversion events in class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. EMBO J 3:1221-1225
    • (1984) EMBO J , vol.3 , pp. 1221-1225
    • Widera, G.1    Flavell, R.A.2
  • 263
    • 0018838791 scopus 로고
    • Cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors reactive against mutant Kb alloantigens are as frequent as those reactive against a whole foreign haplotype
    • Widmer MB, Macdonald HR (1980) Cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors reactive against mutant Kb alloantigens are as frequent as those reactive against a whole foreign haplotype. J Immunol 12:48-55
    • (1980) J Immunol , vol.12 , pp. 48-55
    • Widmer, M.B.1    Macdonald, H.R.2
  • 264
    • 0032555715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation, transcription, and DNA mismatch repair
    • Wiesendanger M, Scharff MD, Edelmann W (1998) Somatic hypermutation, transcription, and DNA mismatch repair. Cell 94:415-418
    • (1998) Cell , vol.94 , pp. 415-418
    • Wiesendanger, M.1    Scharff, M.D.2    Edelmann, W.3
  • 265
    • 0029101616 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination, and predisposition to cancer
    • Wind N de, Dekker M, Berns A, Radman M, Riele H te (1995) Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination, and predisposition to cancer. Cell 82:321-330
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 321-330
    • De Wind, N.1    Dekker, M.2    Berns, A.3    Radman, M.4    Te Riele, H.5
  • 266
    • 0022979611 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism of human Ia antigens generated by reciprocal intergenic exchange between two DR beta loci
    • Wu S, Saunders TL, Bach FH (1986) Polymorphism of human Ia antigens generated by reciprocal intergenic exchange between two DR beta loci. Nature 324:676-679
    • (1986) Nature , vol.324 , pp. 676-679
    • Wu, S.1    Saunders, T.L.2    Bach, F.H.3
  • 269
    • 0029928983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interallelic recombination has not played a major role in the history of the HLA-C locus
    • Yeager M, Hughes AL (1996) Interallelic recombination has not played a major role in the history of the HLA-C locus. Immunogenetics 44:128-133
    • (1996) Immunogenetics , vol.44 , pp. 128-133
    • Yeager, M.1    Hughes, A.L.2
  • 272
    • 0026021215 scopus 로고
    • The complete exon-intron structure of a human complement component C4A gene: DNA sequences, polymorphism, and linkage to the 21-hydroxylase gene
    • Yu CY (1991) The complete exon-intron structure of a human complement component C4A gene: DNA sequences, polymorphism, and linkage to the 21-hydroxylase gene. J Immunol 146:1057-1066
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.146 , pp. 1057-1066
    • Yu, C.Y.1
  • 273
    • 0022814528 scopus 로고
    • Structural basis of the polymorphism of human complement components C4A and C4B: Gene size, reactivity and antigenicity
    • Yu CY, Belt KT, Giles CM, Campbell RD, Porter RR (1986) Structural basis of the polymorphism of human complement components C4A and C4B: gene size, reactivity and antigenicity. EMBO J 5:2873-2881
    • (1986) EMBO J , vol.5 , pp. 2873-2881
    • Yu, C.Y.1    Belt, K.T.2    Giles, C.M.3    Campbell, R.D.4    Porter, R.R.5
  • 274
    • 0028216506 scopus 로고
    • Exchanges of short polymorphic DNA segments predating speciation in feline major histocompatibility complex class I genes
    • Yuhki N, O'Brien SJ (1994) Exchanges of short polymorphic DNA segments predating speciation in feline major histocompatibility complex class I genes. J Mol Evol 39:22-33
    • (1994) J Mol Evol , vol.39 , pp. 22-33
    • Yuhki, N.1    O'Brien, S.J.2
  • 275
    • 0031026267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A complex major histocompatibility complex D locus variant generated by an unusual recombination mechanism in mice
    • Yun TJ, Melvold RW, Pease LR (1997). A complex major histocompatibility complex D locus variant generated by an unusual recombination mechanism in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1384-1389
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 1384-1389
    • Yun, T.J.1    Melvold, R.W.2    Pease, L.R.3
  • 276
    • 0029120677 scopus 로고
    • New HLA-DPB1 alleles generated by interallelic gene conversion detected by analysis of sperm
    • Zangenberg G, Huang MM, Arnheim N, Erlich H (1995) New HLA-DPB1 alleles generated by interallelic gene conversion detected by analysis of sperm. Nat Genet 10:407-414
    • (1995) Nat Genet , vol.10 , pp. 407-414
    • Zangenberg, G.1    Huang, M.M.2    Arnheim, N.3    Erlich, H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.