Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Annual Review of Genetics

Volumn 32, Issue , 1998, Pages 561-599

  Haber, James E ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Donor preference; MAT switching; Recombination; Saccharomyces; Silencing

Indexed keywords

CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; DNA SEQUENCE; ENHANCER REGION; GENE SWITCHING; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; MATING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

ANIMALS; DNA REPAIR; ENHANCER ELEMENTS (GENETICS); FUNGI; GENES, FUNGAL; GENES, MATING TYPE, FUNGAL; GENES, SWITCH; MAMMALS; MODELS, GENETIC; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

SACCHAROMYCES; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0032412476     PISSN: 00664197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.561     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. Abraham J, Nasmyth KA, Strathern JN, Klar AJS, Hicks JB. 1984. Regulation of mating-type information in yeast. Negative control requiring sequences both 5′ and 3′ to the regulated region. J. Mol. Biol. 176:307-31
2. Aladjem Ml, Groudine M, Brody LL, Dieken ES, Fournier RE, et al. 1995. Participation of the human beta-globin locus control region in initiation of DNA replication. Science 270:815-19
3. Amann J, Kidd VJ, Lahti JM. 1997. Characterization of putative human homologues of the yeast chromosome transmission fidelity gene, CHL1. J. Biol. Chem. 272:3823-32
4. Ansari A, Gartenberg MR. 1997. The yeast silent information regulator Sir4p anchors and partitions plasmids. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7061-68
5. Aparicio OM, Weinstein DM, Bell SP. 1997. Components and dynamics of DNA replication complexes in S. cerevisiae: redistribution of MCM proteins and Cdc45p during S phase. Cell 91:59-69
6. Arcangioli B. 1998 A site and strand-specific DNA-break confers asymmetric switching potential in fission yeast. EMBO J. In press
7. Astell CR, Ahlstrom-Jonasson L, Smith M, Tatchell K, Nasmyth KA, Hall BD. 1981. The sequence of the DNAs coding for the mating-type loci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell 27:15-23
8. Axelrod A, Rine J. 1991. A role for CDC7 in repression of transcription at the silent mating-type locus HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1080-91
9. Baker BS, Gorman M, Marin I. 1994. Dosage compensation in Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:491-521
10. Benson FE, Baumann P, West SC. 1998. Synergistic actions of Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination and DNA repair. Nature 391:401-4
11. Bi X, Broach JR. 1997. DNA in transcriptionally silent chromatin assumes a distinct topology that is sensitive to cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7077-87
12. Birchler JA. 1996. X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila. Science 272:1190-91
13. Bobola N, Jansen RP, Shin TH, Nasmyth K. 1996. Asymmetric accumulation of Ash1p in postanaphase nuclei depends on a myosin and restricts yeast mating-type switching to mother cells. Cell 84:699-709
14. Brachmann CB, Sherman JM, Devine SE, Cameron EE, Pillus L, Boeke JD. 1995. The SIR2 gene family, conserved from bacteria to humans, functions in silencing, cell cycle progression, and chromosome stability. Genes Dev. 9:2888-902
15. Brand AH, Breeden L, Abraham J, Sternglanz R, Nasmyth K. 1985. Characterization of a "silencer" in yeast: a DNA sequence with properties opposite to those of a transcriptional enhancer. Cell 41:41-48
16. Braunstein M, Sobel RE, Allis CD, Turner BM, Broach JR. 1996. Efficient transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires a heterochromatin histone acetylation pattern. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 4349-56
17. Bruhn L, Sprague GF Jr. 1994. MCM1 point mutants deficient in expression of alpha-specific genes: residues important for interaction with alpha I. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2534-44
18. Chant J. 1996. Generation of cell polarity in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:557-65
19. Chen-Cleland TA, Smith MM, Le S, Sternglanz R, Allfrey VG. 1993. Nucleosome structural changes during derepression of silent mating-type loci in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1118-24
20. Chi MH, Shore D. 1996. SUM1-1, adominant suppressor of SIR mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, increases transcriptional silencing at telomeres and HM mating-type loci and decreases chromosome stability. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4281-94
21. Chien CT, Buck S, Sternglanz R, Shore D. 1993. Targeting of SIR1 protein establishes transcriptional silencing at HM loci and telomeres in yeast. Cell 75:531-41
22. Chuang PT, Albertson DG, Meyer BJ. 1994. DPY-27: a chromosome condensation protein homolog that regulates C. elegans dosage compensation through association with the X chromosome. Cell 79:459-74
23. Chuang PT, Lieb JD, Meyer BJ. 1996. Sex-specific assembly of a dosage compensation complex on the nematode X chromosome. Science 274:1736-39
24. Clemson CM, McNeil JA, Willard HF, Lawrence JB. 1996. XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure. J. Cell Biol. 132:259-75
25. Clever B. Interthal H, Schmuckli MJ, King J, Sigrist M, Heyer WD. 1997. Recombinational repair in yeast: functional interactions between Rad51 and Rad54 proteins. EMBO J. 16:2535-44
26. Collins I, Newlon CS. 1994. Chromosomal DNA replication initiates at the same origins in meiosis and mitosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3524-34
27. Connolly B, White CI, Haber JE. 1988. Physical monitoring of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2342-49
28. De Rubertis F, Kadosh D, Henchoz S, Pauli D, Reuter G, et al. 1996. The histone deacetylase RPD3 counteracts genoinic silencing in Drosophila and yeast. Nature 384:589-91
29. Derbyshire MK, Weinstock KG, Strathern JN. 1996. HST1, a new member of the SIR2 family of genes. Yeast 12:631-40
30. Dubey DD, Davis LR, Greenfeder SA, Ong LY, Zhu JG, et al. 1991. Evidence suggesting that the ARS elements associated with silencers of the yeast mating-type locus HML do not function as chromosomal DNA replication origins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5346-55
31. Ehrenhofer-Murray AE, Gossen M, Pak DT, Botchan MR, Rine J. 1995. Separation of origin recognition complex functions by cross-species complementation, Science 270:1671-74
32. Ehrenhofer-Murray AE, Rivier DH, Rine J. 1997. The role of Sas2, an acetyltransferase homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in silencing and ORC function. Genetics 145:923-34
33. Elble R, Tye BK. 1991. Both activation and repression of a-mating-type-specific genes in yeast require transcription factor Mcml. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10966-70
34. Enomoto S, Berman J. 1998. Chromatin assembly factor 1 contributes to the maintenance, but not the re-establishment, of silencing at the yeast silent mating loci. Genes Dev. 12:219-32
35. Feldman JB, Hicks JB, Broach JR. 1984. Identification of sites required for repression of a silent mating type locus in yeast. J. Mol. Biol. 178:815-34
36. Ferguson DO, Holloman WK. 1996. Recombinational repair of gaps in DNA is asymmetric in Ustilago maydis and can be explained by a migrating D-loop model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5419-24
37. Fisher AG, Grunstein M. 1995. Yeast histone H4 and H3 N-termini have different effects on the chromatin structure of the GAL1 promoter. EMBO J. 14:1468-77
38. Fishman-Lobell J, Haber JE. 1992. Removal of nonhomologous DNA ends in double-strand break recombination: the role of the yeast ultraviolet repair gene RAD1. Science 258:480-84
39. Forrester WC, Epner E, Driscoll MC, Enver T, Brice M, et al. 1990. A deletion of the human beta-globin locus activation region causes a major alteration in chromatin structure and replication across the entire beta-globin locus. Genes Dev. 4: 1637-49
40. Foss M, McNally FJ, Laurenson P, Rine J. 1993. Origin recognition complex (ORC) in transcriptional silencing and DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 262:1838-44
41. Fox CA, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE, Loo S, Rine J. 1997. The origin recognition complex, SIR1, and the S phase requirement for silencing. Science 276:1547-51
42. Frank S, Werner S. 1996. The human homologue of the yeast CHL1 gene is a novel keratinocyte growth factor-regulated gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271:24337-40
43. Friis J, Roman H. 1968. The effect of the mating-type alleles on intragenic recombination in yeast. Genetics 59:33-36
44. Fritze CE, Verschueren K, Strich R, Easton Esposito R. 1997. Direct evidence for SIR2 modulation of chromatin structure in yeast rDNA. EMBO J. 16:6495-509
45. Gerring SL, Spencer F, Hieter P. 1990. The CHL1 (CTF1) gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for chromosome transmission and normal cell cycle progression in G2/M. EMBO J. 9:4347-58
46. Gottlieb S, Esposito RE. 1989. A new role for a yeast transcriptional silencer gene, SIR2, in regulation of recombination in ribosomal DNA. Cell 56:771-76
47. Gottschling DE, Aparicio OM, Billington BL, Zakian VA. 1990. Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: reversible repression of Pol II transcription. Cell 63:751-62
48. Goutte C, Johnson AD. 1988. a1 protein alters the DNA binding specificity of α2 repressor. Cell 52:875-82
49. Grunstein M. 1997. Molecular model for telomeric heterochromatin in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:383-87
50. Grunstein M. 1998. Yeast heterochromatin: regulation of its assembly and inheritance by histones. Cell 93:325-28
51. Haber J. 1995. In vivo biochemistry: physical monitoring of recombination induced by site-specific endonucleases. BioEssays 17:609-20
52. Haber JE. 1992. Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Trends Genet. 8:446-52
53. Haber JE, George JP. 1979. A mutation that permits the expression of normally silent copies of mating-type information in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 93:13-35
54. Haber JE, Mascioli DW, Rogers DT. 1980. Illegal transposition of mating-type genes in yeast. Cell 20:519-28
55. Haber JE, Ray BL, Kolb JM, White CI. 1993. Rapid kinetics of mismatch repair of heteroduplex DNA that is formed during recombination in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3363-67
56. Haber JE, Rowe L, Rogers DT. 1981. Transposition of yeast mating type genes from two translocations of the left arm of chromosome III. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:1106-19
57. Hagen DC, Bruhn L, Westby CA, Sprague GF Jr. 1993. Transcription of alpha-specific genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: DNA sequence requirements for activity of the coregulator α 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6866-75
58. Hawthorne DC. 1963. A deletion in yeast and its bearing on the structure of the mating type locus. Genetics 48:1727-29
59. Hawthorne DC. 1963. Directed mutation of the mating type alleles as an explanation of homothallism in yeast. Proc. Int. Congr. Genet. 1:34-35
60. Hays SL, Firmenich AA, Berg P. 1995. Complex formation in yeast double-strand break repair: participation of Rad51, Rad52, Rad55, and Rad57 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6925-29
61. Hecht A, Laroche T, Strahl BS, Gasser SM, Grunstein M. 1995. Histone H3 and H4 N-termini interact with SIR3 and SIR4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast. Cell 80:583-92
62. Hecht A, Strahl-Bolsinger S, Grunstein M. 1996. Spreading of transcriptional repressor SIR3 from telomeric heterochromatin. Nature 383:92-96
63. Herschbach BM, Arnaud MB, Johnson AD. 1994. Transcriptional repression ditected by the yeast α2 protein in vitro. Nature 370:309-11
64. Herskowitz I. 1988. Life cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 52:536-53
65. Heude M, Fabre F. 1993. a/α control of DNA repair in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic and physiological aspects. Genetics 133:489-98
66. Hicks J, Strathern J, Klar A, Ismail S, Broach J. 1984. Structure of the SAD mutation and the location of control sites at silent mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4: 1278-85
67. Hicks J, Strathern JN, Klar AJ. 1979. Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 282:478-83
68. Hicks JB, Herskowitz I. 1977. Interconversion of yeast mating types. II. Restoration of mating ability to sterile mutants in homothallic and heterothallic strains. Genetics 85:373-93
69. Hicks JB, Strathern JN, Herskowitz I. 1977 The cassette model of mating-type interconversion. In DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes, ed. AI Bukhari, JA Shapiro, SL Adhya, pp. 457-62. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab.
70. Holmes SC, Broach JR. 1996. Silencers are required for inheritance of the repressed state in yeast. Genes Dev. 10: 1021-32
71. Holmes SG, Rose AB, Steuerle K, Saez E, Sayegh S, et al. 1997. Hyperactivation of the silencing proteins, Sir2p and Sir3p, causes chromosome loss. Genetics 145:605-14
72. Huang H, Kahana A, Gottschling DE, Prakash L, Liebman SW. 1997. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6 (Ubc2) is required for silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 6693-99
73. Ivanov EL, Haber JE. 1995. RAD1 and RAD10, but not other excision repair genes, are required for double-strand break-induced recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2245-51
74. Ivanov EL, Sugawara N, Fishman-Lobell J, Haber JE. 1996. Genetic requirements for the single-strand annealing pathway of double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 142:693-704
75. Ivanov EL, Sugawara N, White CI, Fabre F, Haber JE. 1994. Mutations in XRS2 and RAD50 delay but do not prevent mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3414-25
76. Jansen RP, Dowzer C, Michaelis C, Galova M, Nasmyth K. 1996. Mother cell-specific HO expression in budding yeast depends on the unconventional myosin myo4p and other cytoplasmic proteins. Cell 84:687-97
77. Jensen R, Herskowitz I. 1984. Directionality and regulation of cassette substitution in yeast. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:97-104
78. Jensen R, Sprague GF Jr, Herskowitz I. 1983. Regulation of yeast mating-type interconversion: feedback control of HO gene expression by the mating-type locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3035-39
79. Jin Y, Binkowski G, Simon LD, Norris D. 1997. Ho endonuclease cleaves MAT DNA in vitro by an inefficient stoichiometric reaction mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 272:7352-59
80. Johnson LM, Kayne PS, Kahn ES, Grunstein M. 1990. Genetic evidence for an interaction between SIR3 and histone H4 in the repression of the silent mating loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6286-90
81. Keleher CA, Passmore S, Johnson AD. 1989. Yeast repressor alpha 2 binds to its operator cooperatively with yeast protein Mcml. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5228-30
82. Kennedy BK, Austriaco NR Jr, Zhang J, Guarente L. 1995. Mutation in the silencing gene SIR4 can delay aging in S. cerevisiae. Cell 80:485-96
83. Kennedy BK, Gotta M, Sinclair DA, Mills K, McNabb DS, et al. 1997. Redistribution of silencing proteins from telomeres to the nucleolus is associated with extension of life span in S. cerevisiae. Cell 89:381-91
84. Kimmerly W, Buchman A, Kornberg R, Rine J. 1988. Roles of two DNA-binding factors in replication, segregation and transcriptional repression mediated by a yeast silencer. EMBO J. 7:2241-53
85. Klar AJ. 1987. Determination of the yeast cell lineage. Cell 49:433-35
86. Klar AJ. 1993. Lineage-dependent mating-type transposition in fission and budding yeast. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3: 745-51
87. Klar AJ, Fogel S. 1979. Activation of mating type genes by transposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:4539-43
88. Klar AJ, Hicks JB, Strathern JN. 1982. Directionality of yeast mating-type interconversion. Cell 28:551-61
89. Klar AJ, Kakar SN, Ivy JM, Hicks JB, Livi GP, Miglio LM. 1985. SUM1, an apparent positive regulator of the cryptic mating-type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 111:745-58
90. Klar AJ, Strathern JN. 1984. Resolution of recombination intermediates generated during yeast mating type switching. Nature 310:744-48
91. Klar AJ, Strathern JN, Hicks JB, 1981. A position-effect control for gene transposition: state of expression of yeast mating-type genes affects their ability to switch. Cell 25:517-24
92. Klar AJS, Fogel S, MacLeod K. 1979. MARI - a regulator of HMα and HMα loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 93:37-50
93. Kleckner N. 1996. Meiosis: How could it work? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93. 8167-74
94. Kostriken R, Strathern JN, Klar AJS, Hicks JB, Heffron F. 1983. A site-specific endonuclease essential for mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell 35:167-74
95. Laurenson P, Rine J. 1991. SUM1-1: a suppressor of silencing defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 129:685-96
96. Laurenson P, Rine J. 1992. Silencers, silencing, and heritable transcriptional states. Microbiol. Rev. 56:543-60
97. Deleted in proof
98. Deleted in proof
99. Leung W, Malkova A, Haber JE. 1997. Gene targeting by linear duplex DNA frequently occurs by assimilation of a single strand that is subject to preferential mismatch correction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6851-56
100. Li T, Stark MR, Johnson AD, Wolberger C. 1995. Crystal structure of the MATa1/MATα2 homeodomain heteromer bound to DNA. Science 270:262-69
101. Liras P, McCusker J, Mascioli D, Haber JE. 1978. Characterization of a mutation in yeast causing nonrandom chromosome loss during mitosis. Genetics 88:651-71
102. Long RM, Singer RH, Meng X. Gonzalez I, Nasmyth K, Jansen RP. 1997. Mating type switching in yeast controlled by asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA. Science 277:383-87
103. Loo S, Laurenson P, Foss M, Dillin A, Rine J. 1995. Roles of ABF1, NPL3, and YCL54 in silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 141:889-902
104. Loo S, Rine J. 1994. Silencers and domains of generalized repression. Science 264:1768-71
105. Lustig AJ. 1998. Mechanisms of silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:233-39
106. Madisen L, Groudine M. 1994. Identification of a locus control region in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus that deregulates c-myc expression in plasmacytoma and Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Genes Dev. 8:2212-26
107. Mahoney DJ, Broach JR. 1989. The HML mating-type cassette of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by two separate but functionally equivalent silencers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4621-30
108. Maillet L, Boscheron C, Gotta M, Marcand S, Gilson E, Gasser SM. 1996. Evidence for silencing compartments within the yeast nucleus: a role for telomere proximity and Sir protein concentration in silencer-mediated repression. Genes Dev. 10:1796-811
109. Malkova A, Ivanov EL, Haber JE. 1996. RAD51-independent repair of a double-strand chromosomal break: evidence for break-induced replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7131-36
110. Marcand S, Buck SW, Moretti P, Gilson E, Shore D. 1996. Silencing of genes at nontelomeric sites in yeast is controlled by sequestration of silencing factors at telomeres by Rap1 protein. Genes Dev. 10:1297-309
111. Marshall WF, Straight A, Marko JF, Swedlow J, Dernburg A, et al. 1997. Interphase chromosomes undergo constrained diffusional motion in living cells. Curr. Biol. 7:930-39
112. McGill C, Shafer B, Strathern JN. 1989. Coconversion of flanking sequences with homothallic switching. Cell 57:459-67
113. McGill CB, Shafer BK, Derr LK, Strathern JN. 1993. Recombination initiated by double-strand breaks. Curr. Genet. 23:305-14
114. McMurry MT, Hernandez-Munain C, Lauzurica P, Krangel MS. 1997. Enhancer control of local accessibility to V(D)J recombinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:4553-61
115. McNally FJ, Rine J. 1991. A synthetic silencer mediates SIR-dependent functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5648-59
116. Miller AM, Nasmyth KA. 1984. Role of DNA replication in the repression of silent mating type loci in yeast. Nature 312:247-51
117. Milne GT, Weaver DT. 1993. Dominant negative alleles of RAD52 reveal a DNA repair/recombination complex including Rad51 and Rad52. Genes Dev. 7:1755-65
118. Moazed D, Johnson D. 1996. A deubiquitinating enzyme interacts with SIR4 and regulates silencing in S. cerevisiae. Cell 86:667-77
119. Moazed D, Kistler A, Axelrod A, Rine J, Johnson AD. 1997. Silent information regulator protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a SIR2/SIR4 complex and evidence for a regulatory domain in SIR4 that inhibits its interaction with SIR3. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 94:2186-91
120. Mortensen UH, Bendixen C, Sunjevaric I, Rothstein R. 1996. DNA strand annealing is promoted by the yeast Rad52 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10729-34
121. Mullen JR, Kayne PS, Moerschell RP, Tsunasawa S, Gribskov M, et al. 1989. Identification and characterization of genes and mutants for an N-terminal acetyltransferase from yeast. EMBO J. 8:2067-75
122. Nasmyth K. 1982. Molecular genetics of yeast mating type. Annu. Rev. Genet. 16:439-500
123. Nasmyth K. 1983. Molecular analysis of a cell lineage. Nature 302:670-76
124. Nasmyth K. 1987. The determination of mother cell-specific mating type switching in yeast by a specific regulator of HO transcription. EMBO J. 6:243-48
125. Nasmyth K, Shore D. 1987. Transcriptional regulation in the yeast cell cycle. Science 237:1162-70
126. Nasmyth KA 1982. The regulation of yeast mating-type chromatin structure by SIR: an action at a distance affecting both transcription and transposition. Cell 30:567-78
127. Nasmyth KA, Tatchell K. 1980. The structure of transposable yeast mating type loci. Cell 19:753-64
128. Nassif N, Penney J, Pal S, Engels WR, Gloor GB. 1994. Efficient copying of non-homologous sequences from ectopic sites via P-element-induced gap repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1613-25
129. Naumov GI, Toistorukov II. 1973. Comparative genetics of yeast. X. Reidentification of mutators of mating types in Saccharomyces. Genetika 9:82-91
130. New JH, Sugiyama T, Zaitseva E, Kowalczykowski SC. 1998. Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 and replication protein A. Nature 391:407-10
131. Nickoloff JA, Chen EY, Heffron F. 1986. A 24-base-pair DNA sequence from the MAT locus stimulates intergenic recombination in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7831-35
132. Nickoloff JA, Singer JD, Hoekstra MF, Heffron F. 1989. Double-strand breaks stimulate alternative mechanisms of recombination repair. J. Mol. Biol. 207:527-41
133. Ogawa T, Yu X, Shinohara A, Egelman EH. 1993. Similarity of the yeast Rad51 filament to the bacterial RecA filament. Science 259:1896-99
134. Oshima Y, Takano I. 1971. Mating types in Saccharomyces: their convertibility and homothallism. Genetics 67:327-35
135. Palladino F, Laroche T, Gilson E, Axelrod A, Pillus L, Gasser SM. 1993. SIR3 and SIR4 proteins are required for the positioning and integrity of yeast telomeres. Cell 75:543-55
136. Pâques F, Leung W-Y, Haber JE. 1998. Expansions and contractions in a tandem repeat induced by double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2045-54
137. Park EC, Szostak JW. 1990. Point mutations in the yeast histone H4 gene prevent silencing of the silent mating type locus HML. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4932-34
138. Parket A, Inbar O, Kupiec M. 1995. Recombination of Ty elements in yeast can be induced by a double-strand break. Genetics 140:67-77
139. Parkhurst SM, Meneely PM. 1994. Sex determination and dosage compensation: lessons from flies and worms. Science 264:924-32
140. Patterton HG, Simpson RT. 1994. Nucleosomal location of the STE6 TATA box and Mat alpha 2p-mediated repression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4002-10
141. Penny GD, Kay GF, Sheardown SA, Rastan S, Brockdorff N. 1996. Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation. Nature 379:131-37
142. Petes TD, Malone RE, Symington LS. 1991. Recombination in Yeast. In The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. ed. EW Jones, JR Pringle, pp. 407-521. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab.
143. Pillus L, Rine J. 1989. Epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional states in S. cerevisiae. Cell 59:637-47
144. Plessis A, Perrin A, Haber JE, Dujon B. 1992. Site-specific recombination determined by 1-Scel, a mitochondrial group I intron-encoded endonuclease expressed in the yeast nucleus. Genetics 130:451-60
145. Porter SE, White MA, Petes TD. 1993. Genetic evidence that the meiotic recombination hotspot at the HIS4 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not represent a site for a symmetrically processed double-strand break. Genetics 134:5-19
146. Rastelli L, Richman R, Kuroda MI. 1995. The dosage compensation regulators MLE, MSL-1 and MSL-2 are interdependent since early embryogenesis in Drosophila. Mech. Dev. 53:223-33
147. Rattray AJ, Symington LS. 1994. Use of a chromosomal inverted repeat to demonstrate that the RAD51 and RAD52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have different roles in mitotic recombination. Genetics 138:587-95
148. Rattray AJ, Symington LS. 1995. Multiple pathways for homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:45-56
149. Raveh D, Hughes SH, Shafer BK, Strathern JN. 1989. Analysis of the HO-cleaved MAT DNA intermediate generated during the mating type switch in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:33-42
150. Ray A, Machin N, Stahl FW. 1989. A double strand break stimulates triparental recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6225-29
151. Ray BL, White CI, Haber JE. 1991. Heteroduplex formation and mismatch repair of the "stuck" mutation during mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5372-80
152. Reifsnyder C, Lowell J, Clarke A, Pillus L. 1996. Yeast SAS silencing genes and human genes associated with AML and HIV-1 Tat interactions are homologous with acetyltransferases. Nat. Genet. 14:42-49
153. Rine J. Herskowitz I. 1980. The trans action of HMRa in mating type interconversion. Mol. Gen. Genet. 180:99-105
154. Rine J, Herskowitz I. 1987. Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 116:9-22
155. Rine J, Strathern JN, Hicks JB, Herskowitz I. 1979. A suppressor of mating-type locus mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for and identification of cryptic mating-type loci. Genetics 93:877-901
156. Rivier DH, Rine J. 1992. An origin of DNA replication and a transcription silencer require a common element. Science 256:659-63
157. Roberge M, Gasser SM. 1992. DNA loops: structural and functional properties of scaffold-attached regions. Mol. Microbiol. 6:419-23
158. Rudin N, Haber JE. 1988. Efficient repair of HO-induced chromosomal breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombination between flanking homologous sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3918-28
159. Rudin N, Sugarman E, Haber JE. 1989. Genetic and physical analysis of double-strand break repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 122:519-34
160. Rundlett SE, Carmen AA, Kobayashi R, Bavykin S, Turner BM, Grunstein M. 1996. HDA1 and RPD3 are members of distinct yeast histone deacetylase complexes that regulate silencing and transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14503-8
161. Sandell LL, Zakian VA. 1993. Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery and chromosome loss. Cell 75:729-39
162. Santa Maria J, Vidal D. 1970. Segregación anormal del "mating type" en Saccharomyces. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. Conf. 30:1-21
163. Schnell R, Rine J. 1986. A position effect on the expression of a tRNA gene mediated by the SIR genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:494-501
164. Sharples GJ, Leach DRF. 1995. Structural and functional similarities between the SbcCD proteins of Escherichia coli and the RAD50 and MRE11 (RAD32) recombination and repair proteins of yeast. Mol. Microbiol. 17:1215-20
165. Shei GJ, Broach JR. 1995. Yeast silencers can act as orientation-dependent gene inactivation centers that respond to environmental signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3496-506
166. Sherman JM, Pillus L. 1997. An uncertain silence. Trends Genet. 13:308-13
167. Shinohara A, Ogawa H, Ogawa T. 1992. Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell 69:457-70
168. Shinohara A, Ogawa T. 1998. Stimulation by Rad52 of yeast Rad51-mediated recombination. Nature 391:404-7
169. Sil A, Herskowitz I. 1996. Identification of asymmetrically localized determinant, Ash1p, required for lineage-specific transcription of the yeast HO gene. Cell 84:711-22
170. Sinclair DA, Mills K, Guarente L. 1997. Accelerated aging and nucleolar fragmentation in yeast sgs 1 mutants. Science 277:1313-16
171. Smeal T, Claus J, Kennedy B, Cole F, Guarente L. 1996. Loss of transcriptional silencing causes sterility in old mother cells of S. cerevisiae. Cell 84:633-42
172. Smith DL, Johnson AD. 1994. Operator-constitutive mutations in a DNA sequence recognized by a yeast homeodomain. EMBO J. 13:2378-87
173. Smith JS, Boeke JD. 1997. An unusual form of transcriptional silencing in yeast ribosomal DNA. Genes Dev. 11:241-54
174. Smith JS, Brachmann CB, Pillus L, Boeke JD. 1998. Distribution of a limited Sir2 protein pool regulates the strength of yeast rDNA silencing and is modulated by Sir4p. Genetics 149:1205-19
175. Sprague GF Jr, Rine J, Herskowitz I. 1981. Homology and non-homology at the yeast mating type locus. Nature 289: 250-52
176. Stone EM, Pillus L. 1996. Activation of an MAP kinase cascade leads to Sir3p hyperphosphorylation and strengthens transcriptional silencing. J. Cell Biol. 135:571-83
177. Stone EM, Pillus L. 1998. Silent chromatin in yeast: an orchestrated medley featuring Sir3p. BioEssays 20:30-40
178. Strahl-Bolsinger S, Hecht A, Luo K, Grunstein M. 1997. SIR2 and SIR4 interactions differ in core and extended telomeric heterochromatin in yeast. Genes Dev. 11:83-93
179. Straight AF, Marshall WF, Sedat JW, Murray AW. 1997. Mitosis in living budding yeast, anaphase A but no metaphase plate. Science 277:574-78
180. Strathern J, Hicks J, Herskowitz I. 1981. Control of cell type in yeast by the mating type locus. The α1-α2 hypothesis. J. Mol. Biol. 147:357-72
181. Strathern J, Shafer B, Hicks J, McGill C. 1988. a/α-specific repression by MATa2. Genetics 120:75-81
182. Strathern JN. 1989. Control and execution of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Genetic Recombination, ed. R Kucherlapati, GR Smith, pp. 445-64. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
183. Strathern JN, Herskowitz I. 1979. Asymmetry and directionality in production of new cell types during clonal growth: the switching pattern of homothallic yeast. Cell 17:371-81
184. Strathern JN, Klar AJS, Hicks JB, Abraham JA, Ivy JM, et al. 1982. Homothallic switching of yeast mating type cassettes is initiated by a double-stranded cut in the MAT locus. Cell 31:183-92
185. Strathern JN, Newlon CS, Herskowitz I, Hicks JB. 1979. Isolation of a circular derivative of yeast chromosome III: implications for the mechanism of mating type interconversion. Cell 18:309-19
186. Strathern JN, Spatola E, McGill C, Hicks JB. 1980. Structure and organization of transposable mating type cassettes in Saccharomyces yeasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2839-43
187. Sugawara N, Haber JE. 1992. Characterization of double-strand break-induced recombination: homology requirements and single-stranded DNA formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:563-75
188. Sugawara N, Ivanov EL, Fishman LJ, Ray BL, Wu X, Haber JE. 1995. DNA structure-dependent requirements for yeast RAD genes in gene conversion. Nature 373:84-86
189. Sugawara N, Paques F, Coláiacóvo M, Haber JE. 1997. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 and Msh3 repair proteins in double-strand break-induced recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9214-19
190. Sung P. 1997. Function of yeast Rad52 protein as a mediator between replication protein A and the Rad51 recombinase. J. Biol. Chem. 272:28194-97
191. Sung P. 1997. Yeast Rad55 and Rad57 proteins form a heterodimer that functions with replication protein A to promote DNA strand exchange by Rad51 recombinase. Genes Dev. 11:1111-21
192. Sung P, Robberson DL. 1995. DNA strand exchange mediated by a RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament with polarity opposite to that of RecA. Cell 82:453-61
193. Szeto L, Broach JR. 1997. Role of alpha2 protein in donor locus selection during mating type interconversion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:751-59
194. Szeto L, Fafalios MK, Zhong H, Vershon AK, Broach JR. 1997. Alpha2p controls donor preference during mating type interconversion in yeast by inactivating a recombinational enhancer of chromosome III. Genes Dev. 11:1899-911
195. Szostak JW, Orr-Weaver T, Rothstein RJ, Stahl FW. 1983. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33:25-35
196. Takahashi T. 1958. Complementary genes controlling homothallism in Saccharomyces. Genetics 43:705
197. Takano I, Oshima Y. 1967. An allele specific and a complementary determinant controlling homothallism in Saccharomyces oviformis. Genetics 57:875-85
198. Takizawa PA, Sil A, Swedlow JR, Herskowitz I, Vale RD. 1997. Actin-dependent localization of an RNA encoding a cell-fate determinant in yeast Nature 389:90-93
199. Tan S, Richmond TJ. 1998. Crystal structure of the yeast MATα2/Mcml/DNA ternary complex. Nature 391:660-66
200. Tanaka K, Oshima T, Araki H, Harashima S, Oshima Y. 1984. Mating type control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a frameshift mutation at the common DNA sequence, X, of the HMLα locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:203-11
201. Tatchell K, Nasmyth KA, Hall BD, Astell C, Smith M. 1981. In vitro mutation analysis of the mating-type locus in yeast. Cell:25-35
202. Thompson JS, Johnson LM, Grunstein M. 1994. Specific repression of the yeast silent mating locus HMR by an adjacent telomere. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:446-55
203. Thompson JS, Ling X, Grunstein M. 1994. Histone H3 amino terminus is required for telomeric and silent mating locus repression in yeast. Nature 369:245-47
204. Thon G, Cohen A, Klar AJ. 1994. Three additional linkage groups that repress transcription and meiotic recombination in the mating-type region of
205. Thon G, Friis T. 1997. Epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional silencing and switching competence in fission yeast. Genetics 145:685-96
206. Thon G, Klar AJ. 1992. The c1r1 locus regulates the expression of the cryptic mating-type loci of fission yeast. Genetics 131:287-96
207. Thon G, Klar AJ. 1993. Directionality of fission yeast mating-type interconversion is controlled by the location of the donor loci. Genetics 134:1045-54
208. Tsubouchi H, Ogawa H. 1998. A novel mre11 mutation impairs processing of double-strand breaks of DNA during both mitosis and meiosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:260-68
209. Tsukamoto Y, Kato J, Ikeda H. 1996. Hdf1, a yeast Ku-protein homologue, is involved in illegitimate recombination, but not in homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:2067-72
210. Tsukamoto Y, Kato J, Ikeda H. 1997. Silencing factors participate in DNA repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 388:900-3
211. Umezu K, Sugawara N, Chen C, Haber JE, Kolodner RD. 1998. Genetic analysis of yeast RPA1 reveals its multiple functions in DNA metabolism. Genetics 148:989-1005
212. Wang R, Jin Y, Norris D. 1997. Identification of a protein that binds to the Ho endonuclease recognition sequence at the yeast mating type locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:770-77
213. Weiffenbach B, Haber JE. 1981. Homothallic mating type switching generates lethal chromosome breaks in rad52 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:522-34
214. Weiler KS, Broach JR. 1992. Donor locus selection during Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating type interconversion responds to distant regulatory signals. Genetics 132:929-42
215. Weiler KS, Szeto L, Broach JR. 1995. Mutations affecting donor preference during mating type interconversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:1495-510
216. Weinstock KG, Mastrangelo MF, Burkett TJ, Garfinkel DJ, Strathern JN. 1990. Multimeric arrays of the yeast retrotransposon Ty. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2882-92
217. Weiss K, Simpson RT. 1997. Cell type-specific chromatin organization of the region that governs directionality of yeast mating type switching. EMBO J. 16:4352-60
218. Weiss K, Simpson RT. 1998. Discontinuous chromatin organization at HMLα. Mol. Cell. Biol. In press
219. Weng YS, Whelden J, Gunn L, Nickoloff JA. 1996. Double-strand break-induced mitotic gene conversion: examination of tract polarity and products of multiple recombinational repair events. Curr: Genet. 29:335-43
220. White CI, Haber JE. 1990. Intermediates of recombination during mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 9:663-74
221. Whiteway M, Freedman R, Van Arsdell S, Szostak JW, Thorner J. 1987. The yeast ARD1 gene product is required for repression of cryptic mating-type information at the HML locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3713-22
222. Wu C, Weiss K, Yang C, Harris MA, Tye B-K, et al. 1998. Mcml regulates donor preference controlled by the Recombination Enhancer in Sacchammyces mating-type switching. Genes Dev. 12:1726-37
223. Wu X, Haber JE. 1995. MATα donor preference in yeast mating-type switching: activation of a large chromosomal region for recombination. Genes Dev. 9:1922-32
224. Wu X, Haber JE. 1996. A 700 bp cisacting region controls mating-type dependent recombination along the entire left arm of yeast chromosome III. Cell 87:277-85
225. Wu X, Moore JK, Haber JE. 1996. Mechanism of MATa donor preference during mating-type switching of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:657-68
226. Wu X, Wu C, Haber JE. 1997. Rules of donor preference in Saccharomyces mating-type gene switching revealed by a competition assay involving two types of recombination. Genetics 147:399-407
227. Zhang Z, Buchman AR. 1997. Identification of a member of a DNA-dependent ATPase family that causes interference with silencing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5461-72