The selective vulnerability of striatopallidal neurons

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 59, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 691-719

  Mitchell, I J ^a   Cooper, A J ^a   Griffiths, M R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; NITRIC OXIDE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; CALCIUM BINDING; CELL DEATH; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; INTERNEURON; LEARNING; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; OBSESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0032860432     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(99)00019-2     Document Type: Review

References (285)

1. Abercrombie D.A., Keefe K.A., DiFrischia D.S., Zigmond M.J. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 52:1989;1655-1658.
2. Ahima R.S., Harlan R.E. Charting of type II glucocorticoid receptor like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS. Neuroscience. 39:1990;579-604.
3. Ahima R.S., Krozowski Z.S., Harlan R.E. Type I corticosteroid receptor like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS: distribution and regulation by corticosteroids. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;522-538.
4. Albers D.S., Zeevalk G.D., Sonsalla P.K. Damage to dopaminergic nerve terminals in mice by combined treatment of intrastriatal malonate with systemic methamphetamine or MPTP. Brain Res. 718:1996;217-220.
5. Albin R., Tagle D.A. Genetics and molecular biology of Huntington's disease. TINS. 18:1995;11-14.
6. Albin R.L., Reiner A., Anderson K.D., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington's disease: implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. Ann. Neurol. 27:1990;357-365.
7. Albin R.L., Reiner A., Anderson K.D., Leon S., Dure I.V., Handelin B., Balfour R., Whetsell W.O., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Preferential loss of striato-external pallidal projection neurons in presymptomatic Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 31:1992;425-430.
8. Alexander G.E., Delong M.R., Strick P.L. Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 9:1986;357-381.
9. Alexi T., Venero J.L., Hefti F. Protective effects of neurotrophin-4/5 and transforming growth factor-alpha on striatal neuronal phenotypic degeneration after excitotoxic lesioning with quinolinic acid. Neuroscience. 78:1997;73-86.
10. Alexi T., Hughes P.E., Knusel B., Tobin A.J. Metabolic compromise with systemic 3-nitropropionic acid produces striatal apoptosis in Sprague-Dawley rats but not in BALB/c ByJ mice. Exp. Neurol. 153:1998;74-93.
11. Anden N.E., Carlsson A., Dahlstrom A., Fuxe K., Hillarp N.A., Larsson K. Demonstration and mapping out of nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurons. Life Sci. 3:1964;523-530.
12. Andrew S.E., Goldberg Y.P., Kremer B., Telenius H., Theilmann J., Adam S., Starr E., Squitieri F., Lin B.Y., Kalchman M.A., Graham R.K., Hayden M.R. The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington's disease. Nature Genet. 4:1993;398-403.
13. Apicella P., Ljungberg T., Scarnati E., Schultz W. Responses to reward in monkey dorsal and ventral striatum. Exp. Brain Res. 85:1991;491-500.
14. Asbahr F.R., Negrao A.B., Gentil V., Zanetta D.M.T., daPaz J.A., MarquesDias M.J., Kiss M.H. Obsessive-compulsive and related symptoms in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever with and without chorea: a prospective 6-month study. Am. J. Psychiat. 155:1998;1122-1124.
15. Augood S.J., Faull R.L.M., Love D.R., Emson P.C. Reduction in enkephalin and substance P mRNA in the striatum of early grade Huntington's disease: a detailed cellular in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience. 72:1996;1023-1036.
16. Augood S.J., Faull R.L.M., Emson P.C. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the striatum in Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 42:1997;215-221.
17. Badiani A., Jakob A., Rodaros D., Stewart J. Sensitization of stress induced feeding in rats repeatedly exposed to brief restraint: the role of corticosterone. Brain Res. 710:1996;35-44.
18. Banati R.B., Graeber M.B. Surveillance, intervention and cytotoxicity: is there a protective role of microglia? Dev. Neurosci. 16:1994;114-127.
19. Bardo M.T. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of drug reward: beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 12:1998;37-67.
20. Barto A.G. Adaptive critics and the basal ganglia. Houk J.C., Davis J.L., Beiser D.G. Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia. 1995;215-232 MIT Press, Massachusetts.
21. Beal M.F. Does impairment of energy-metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses. Ann. Neurol. 31:1992;119-130.
22. Beal M.F. Role of excitotoxicity in human neurological disease. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2:1992;657-662.
23. Beal M.F., Kowall N.W., Ellison D.W., Mazurek M.F., Swartz K.J., Martin J.B. Replication of the neurochemical characteristics of Huntington's disease by quinolinic acid. Nature. 321:1986;168-171.
24. Beal M.F., Ferrante R.J., Swartz K.J., Kowall N.W. Chronic quinolinic acid lesions in rats closely resemble Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;1649-1659.
25. Becher M.W., Kotzuk J.A., Sharp A.H., Davies S.W., Bates G.P., Price D.L., Ross C.A. Intranuclear neuronal inclusions in Huntington's disease and dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy: correlation between the density of inclusions and IT15 CAG triplet repeat length. Neurobiol. Dis. 4:(6):1998;387-397.
26. Berendse H.W., Galis-de Graaf G., Groenewegen H.J. The topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 316:1992;314-347.
27. Bjorklund A., Lindvall O., Isacson O., Brudin P., Wictorin K., Strecker R.E. Mechanisms of action of intracerebral neural implants: studies on nigral and striatal grafts to the lesioned striatum. TINS. 10:1987;509-516.
28. Bolanos J.P., Almeida A., Stewart V., Peuchen S., Land J.M., Clark J.B., Heales S.J.R. Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative disease. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;2227-2240.
29. Borlongan C.V., Koutouzis T.K., Freeman T.B., Cahill D.W., Sanberg P.R. Behavioural pathology induced by repeated systemic injections of 3-nitropropionic acid mimics the motoric symptoms of Huntington's disease. Brain Res. 697:1995;254-257.
30. Bossi S.R., Simpson J.R., Isacson O. Age dependence of striatal neuronal death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. NeuroReport. 4:1993;73-76.
31. Bouyer J.J., Park D.H., Joh T.H., Pickel V.M. Chemical and structural-analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 302:1984;267-275.
32. Bowyer J.F., Clausing P., Schmued L., Davies D.L., Binienda Z., Newport G.D., Scallet A.C., Slikker W. Parenterally administered 3-nitropropionic acid and amphetamine can combine to produce damage to terminals and cell bodies in the striatum. Brain Res. 712:1996;221-229.
33. Bremner J.D., Randall P., Scott T.M., Bronen R.A., Seibyl J.P., Southwick S.M., Delaney R.C., McCarthy G., Charney D.S., Innis R.B. MRI based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat related post traumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiat. 152:1995;973-981.
34. Brown G.D.A., Hulme C., Hyland P.D., Mitchell I.J. Programmed cell death in the developing nervous system: a functional neural network model. Cognitive Brain Res. 2:1994;71-75.
35. Brown L.L., Schneider J.S., Lidsky T.I. Sensory and cognitive functions of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;157-163.
36. Browne S.E., Bowling A.C., MacGarvey U., Baik M.J., Berger S.C., Muqit M.M.K., Bird E.D., Beal M.F. Oxidative damage and metabolic dysfunction in Huntington's disease: selective vulnerability of the basal ganglia. Ann. Neurol. 41:1997;646-653.
37. Burke R.E., Baimbridge K.G. Relative loss of the striatal striosome compartment defined by calbindin D-28K immunostaining following developmental hypoxic-ischemic injury. Neuroscience. 56:1993;305-315.
38. Butterworth N.J., Williams L., Bullock J.Y., Love D.R., Faull R.L.M., Dragunow M. Trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length is positively correlated with the degree of DNA fragmentation in Huntington's disease striatum. Neuroscience. 87:1998;49-53.
39. Cadet J.L., Brannock C. Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems. Neurochem. Int. 32:1998;117-131.
40. + ATPase. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1674-1683.
41. Calabresi P., Pisani A., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G. The corticostriatal projection: from synaptic plasticity to dysfunctions of the basal ganglia. TINS. 19:1996;19-24.
42. Calabresi P., Ascone C.M., Centonze D., Pisani A., Sancesario G., D'Anelo V., Bernardi G. Opposite membrane potential changes induced by glucose deprivation in striatal spiny neurons and in large aspiny interneurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;1940-1949.
43. Calabresi P., De Murtas M., Bernardi G. The neostriatum beyond the motor function: experimental and clinical evidence. Neuroscience. 78:1997;39-60.
44. Calabresi P., Centonze D., Pisani A., Sancessario G., Gubellini P., Marfia G.A., Bernardi G. Striatal spiny neurons and cholinergic interneurons express differential ionotropic glutamatergic responses and vulnerability: implications for ischemia and Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 43:1998;586-597.
45. Carter R.J., Hickey M.A., Mangiarini L., Mahal A., Bates G.P., Morton A.J. Abnormal motor response to (+) methamphetamine in mice transgenic for the Huntington's disease mutation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:(S10):1998;15603.
46. Castro S.L., Sved A.F., Zigmond M.J. Increased neostriatal tyrosine hydroxylation during stress: role of extracellular dopamine and excitatory amino acids. J. Neurochem. 66:1996;824-833.
47. Cha J.H.J., Kosinski C.M., Kerner J.A., Alsdorf A.S., Manigiarini L., Davies S.W., Penney J.B., Bates G.P., Young A.B. Altered brain neurotransmitter receptors in transgenic mice expressing a portion of an abnormal human Huntington disease gene. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;6480-6485.
48. Chang C., Jang T. Age-dependent neurotoxicity of striatal lesions produced by aminooxyacetic acid: quantitative in vitro NMR spectroscopic studies. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;1192-1198.
49. Chapman A.G., Durmuller N., Lees G.J., Meldrum B.S. Excitotoxicity of NMDA and kainic acid is modulated by nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibres. Neurosci. Lett. 107:1989;256-260.
50. Charlett A., Dobbs R.J., Purkiss A.G., Wright D.J., Peterson D.W., Weller C., Dobbs S.M. Cortisol is higher in parkinsonism and associated with gait deficit. Acta Neurol. Scand. 97:1998;77-85.
51. Chen Q., Veenman C.L., Reiner A. Cellular expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits on specific striatal neuron types and its implication for striatal vulnerability in glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Neuroscience. 73:1996;715-731.
52. Chen X., Herbert J. Regional changes in c-fos expression in the basal forebrain and brain-stem during adaptation to repeated stress - correlations with cardiovascular, hypothermic and endocrine responses. Neuroscience. 64:1995;675-685.
53. Cheng N., Maeda T., Kume T., Kaneko S., Kochiyama H., Akaike A., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Differential neurotoxicity induced by L-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons. Brain Res. 743:1996;278-283.
54. Choi D.W., Maulucci-Gedde M., Kriegstein A.R. Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J. Neurosci. 7:1987;357-368.
55. Cicchetti F., Parent A. Striatal interneurons in Huntington's disease: selective increase in the density of calretinin-immunoreactive medium sized neurons. Movement Disorders. 6:1996;619-626.
56. Cicchetti F., Gould P.V., Parent A. Sparing of striatal neurons coexpressing calretinin and substance P (NK1) receptors in Huntington's disease. Brain Res. 730:1996;232-237.
57. Coffey P.J., Perry V.H., Allen Y., Sinden J., Rawlins J.N.P. Ibotenic acid induced demyelination in the CNS: a consequence of a local inflammatory response. Neurosci. Lett. 84:1988;178-184.
58. Colwell C.S., Levine M.S. Glutamate receptor-induced toxicity in neostriatal cells. Brain Res. 724:1996;205-212.
59. Connop B.P., Boegman R.J., Beninger R.J., Jhamandas K. Attenuation of malonate-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Neuropharmacology. 35:1996;459-465.
60. Cooper A.J., Moser B., Mitchell I.J. A subset of striatopallidal neurons are Fos-immunopositive following acute monoamine depletion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 187:1995;189-192.
61. Cooper A.J., Wooller S., Mitchell I.J. Elevated striatal Fos immunoreactivity following 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the rat is mediated by excitatory amino acid transmission. Neurosci. Lett. 194:1995;73-76.
62. Cooper A.J., Fraser M., Foreshaw M., Barber D.J., Mitchell I.J. Acute administration of D-1 dopamine agonists and a D-2 antagonist induce apoptosis of a sub-population of striatal neurons. Brain Res. Assoc. Abstr. 14:1997;58.
63. Coplan J.D., Andrews M.W., Rosenblum L.A., Owens M.J., Friedman S., Gorman J.M., Nemeroff C.B. Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;1619-1623.
64. Coyle J.T., Schwarcz R. Lesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea. Nature. 263:1976;244-246.
65. Crossman A.R. Primate models of dyskinesia - the experimental approach to the study of basal ganglia-related involuntary movement disorders. Neuroscience. 21:1987;1-40.
66. Crossman A.R., Mitchell I.J., Jackson A., Sambrook M.A. Chorea and myoclonus in the monkey induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism in the lentiform complex: the site of drug action and a hypothesis of the neural mechanisms of chorea. Brain. 111:1988;1211-1233.
67. Davies S.W., Roberts P.J. No evidence for preservation of somatostatin-containing neurons after intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid. Nature. 327:1987;326-329.
68. Davies S.W., Turmaine M., Cozens B.A., DiFiglia M., Sharp A.H., Ross C.A., Scherzinger E., Wanker E.E., Mangiarini L., Bates G.P. Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90:1997;537-548.
69. Deshpande J., Bergstedt K., Linden T., Kalimo H., Wieloch T. Ultrastructural changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia: evidence against programmed cell death. Exp. Brain Res. 88:1992;91-105.
70. Dessi F., Charriaut-Marlangue C., Khrestchatisky M., Ben-ari Y. Glutamate-induced neuronal death is not a programmed cell death in cerebellar culture. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1953-1955.
71. Deupree D.L., Tang X.W., Yarom M., Dickman E., Kirch R.D., Schloss J.V., Wu J.Y. Studies of NMDA- and non-NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity in cultured neurons. Neurochem. Int. 29:1996;255-261.
72. Di Monte D.A., Royland J.E., Jakowec M.W., Langston J.W. Role of nitric oxide in methamphetamine neurotoxicity: protection by 7-nitroindazole, an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;2443-2450.
73. Dragunow M., Faull R.L.M., Lawlor P., Beilharz E.J., Singleton K., Walker E.B., Mee E. In-situ evidence for DNA fragmentation in Huntington's disease striatum and Alzheimer's disease temporal lobes. Neuroreport. 6:1995;1053-1057.
74. Druga R., Rokyta R., Benes V. Thalamocaudate projections in the macaque monkey. J. Hirnforsch. 32:1991;765-774.
75. Duman R.S., Heninger G.R., Nestler E.J. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 54:1997;597-606.
76. Dunnett S.B., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. The basal forebrain-cortical cholinergic system: interpreting the functional consequences of excitotoxic lesions. TINS. 14:1991;494-501.
77. Ebert D., Speck O., Konig A., Berger M., Hennig J., Hohagen F. H-1-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for neuronal loss in the cingulate gyrus and the right striatum. Psychiat. Res. - Neuroimaging. 74:1997;173-176.
78. Eisch A.J., Gaffney M., Weihmuller F.B., O'Dell S.J., Marshall J.F. Striatal subregions are differentially vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 598:1992;321-326.
79. Ellison D.W., Beal M.F., Mazurek M.F., Malloy J.R., Bird E.D., Martin J.B. Amino acid neurotransmitter abnormalities in Huntington's disease and the quinolinic acid animal model of Huntington's disease. Brain. 110:1987;1657-1673.
80. Emery E.S., Vieco P.T. Sydenham chorea: magnetic resonance imaging reveals permanent basal ganglia injury. Neurology. 48:1997;531-533.
81. Escalona P.R., Adair J.C., Roberts B.B., Graeber D.A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder following bilateral globus pallidus infarction. Biol. Psychiat. 42:1997;410-412.
82. Farber N.B., Price M.T., Labruyere J., Nemnich J., St Peter H., Wozniak D.F., Olney J.W. Antipsychotic-drugs block phencyclidine receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Biol. Psychiat. 34:1993;119-121.
83. Ferrante R.J., Beal M.F., Kowall N.W., Richardson E.P., Martin J.B. Sparing of acetylcholinesterase-containing striatal neurons in Huntington's disease. Brain Res. 411:1987;162-166.
84. Ferrante R.J., Kowall N.W., Cipolloni P.B., Storey E., Beal M.F. Excitotoxin lesions in primates as a model for Huntington's disease - histopathologic and neurochemical characterization. Exp. Neurol. 119:1993;46-71.
85. Ferrante R.J., Gutekunst C.A., Persichetti F., McNeil S.M., Kowall N.W., Gusella J.F., MacDonald M.E., Beal M.F., Hersch S.M. Heterogeneous topographic and cellular distribution of Huntingtin expression in the normal human neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;3052-3063.
86. Ferre S., O'Connor W.T., Fuxe K., Ungerstedt U. The striopallidal neuron: a main locus for adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;5402-5406.
87. Ferrer I., Kulisevsky J., Gonzalez G., Escartin A., Chvite A., Casas R. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex and striatum in Huntington's disease. Neurodegeneration. 3:1994;169-173.
88. Ferrer I., Olive M., Ribera J., Planas A.M. Naturally occurring (programmed) and radiation-induced apoptosis are associated with selective c-Jun expression in the developing rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:1996;1286-1298.
89. Figueredo-Cardenas G., Anderson K.D., Chen Q., Veenman C.L., Reiner A. Relative survival of striatal projection neurons and interneurons after intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid in rats. Exp. Neurol. 129:1994;37-56.
90. Figueredo-Cardenas G., Harris C.L., Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Relative resistance of striatal neurons containing calbindin or parvalbumin to quinolinic acid-mediated excitotoxicity compared to other striatal neuron types. Exp. Neurol. 149:1998;356-372.
91. Finlay J.M., Zigmond M.J. The effects of stress on central dopaminergic neurons: possible clinical implications. Neurochem. Res. 22:1997;1387-1394.
92. Fomina A.F., Levitan E.S., Takimoto K. Dexamethasone rapidly increases calcium channel subunit messenger RNA expression and high voltage-activated calcium current in clonal pituitary cells. Neuroscience. 72:1996;857-862.
93. French E.D., Ceci A. Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists are potent activators of ventral tegmental A-10 dopamine neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 119:1990;159-162.
94. Frim D.M., Uhler T.A., Short M.P., Ezzedine Z.D., Klagsbrun M., Breakefield X.O., Isacson O. Effects of biologically delivered NGF, BDNF and bFGF on striatal excitotoic lesions. Neuroreport. 4:1993;367-370.
95. Fugikawa D.G. Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor blockade on high-potassium-induced neuronal death and glutamate release. Neurosci. Lett. 226:1997;25-28.
96. Galpern W.R., Matthews R.T., Beal M.F., Isacson O. NGF attenuates 3-nitrotyrosine formation in a 3-NP model of Huntington's disease. NeuroReport. 7:1996;2639-2642.
97. Gao X.M., Hashimoto T., Tamminga C. Phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK801) exert time-dependent effects on the expression of immediate early genes in rat brain. Synapse. 29:1998;14-28.
98. Garvey M.A., Giedd J., Swedo S.E. PANDAS: the search for environmental triggers of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders. Lessons from rheumatic fever. J. Child Neurol. 13:1998;413-423.
99. Gass P., Herdegen T. Neuronal expression of AP-1 proteins in excitotoxic-neurodegenerative disorders and following nerve fiber lesions. Prog. Neurobiol. 47:1995;257-290.
100. Gebicke-Haerter P.J., Van Calker D., Norenberg W., Illes P. Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation. Implications for regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem. Int. 29:1996;1-12.
101. Gerfen C.R. The neostriatal mosaic. I. Compartmental organization of projections from the striatum to the substantia nigra in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 236:1985;454-476.
102. Gerfen C.R. The neostriatal mosaic-striatal patch-matrix organization is related to cortical lamination. Science. 246:1989;385-388.
103. Gerfen C.R. The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organisation. TINS. 15:1992;133-138.
104. Gerfen C.R., Young W.S. Distribution of striatonigral and striatopallidal peptidergic neurons in both patch and matrix compartments: an in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing study. Brain Res. 460:1988;161-167.
105. Gerfen C.R., Engber T.M., Mahan L.C., Susel Z., Chase T.N., Monsma F.J., Sibley D.R. D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science. 250:1990;1429-1432.
106. Gerlach M., Riederer P., Youdim M.B.H. Molecular mechanisms for neurodegeneration - synergism between reactive oxygen species, calcium and excitatory amino acids. Adv. Neurol. 69:1996;177-194.
107. Globus M.Y.T., Ginsberg M.D., Harik S.I., Busto R., Dietrich W.D. Role of dopamine in ischemic striatal injury. Neurology. 37:1987;1712-1719.
108. Glowinski J., Barbeito L., Cheramy A. Influence of corticostriatal glutamatergic neurons on dopaminergic transmission in the striatum. Bernardi G., Carpenter M.B., DiChiara G., Stanzione P. The Basal Ganglia. Vol. III:1989;Plenum Press.
109. Goldman-Rakic P.S., Selemon L.D. New frontiers in basal ganglia research. TINS. 13:1990;241-244.
110. Graybiel A.M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. TINS. 13:1990;244-254.
111. Graybiel A.M., Hirsch E., Agid Y.A. Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase like immunoreactivity characterise the mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix at maturity. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;303-307.
112. Graybiel A.M., Besson M.J., Weber E. Neuroleptic sensitive binding sites in the nigrostriatal system: evidence for differential distribution of sigma sites in the substantia nigra, pars compacta of the cat. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;326-338.
113. Griffiths, M. R., Cooper, A. J. and Mitchell, I. J. (1999) Phencyclidine induces D-1 dopamine receptor mediated Fos-like immunoreactivity in discretely localised populations of striatopallidal and striatoentopeduncular neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 21, 177-189.
114. Griffiths, M.R., Cooper, A.J., Barber, D.J., Mitchell, I.J. (1999) Pharmacological mechanisms mediating phencyclidine-induced apoptosis of striatopallidal neurons: the roles of glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and corticosteroids. Brain Res. (in press).
115. Groenewegen H.J., Becker N.E.H.M., Lohman A.H.M. Subcortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the cat, studied with retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and bisbenzimid. Neuroscience. 5:1980;1903-1916.
116. Gundlach A.L., Largent B.L., Snyder S.H. Phencyclidine and sigma opiate receptors in brain: biochemical and autoradiographical differentiation. Eur. J. Pharmac. 113:1985;465-466.
117. Guyot M.C., Hantraye P., Dolan R., Palfi S., Maziere M., Brouillet E. Quantifiable bradykinesia, gait abnormalities and Huntington's disease like striatal lesions in rats chronically treated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience. 79:1997;45-56.
118. Haber S.N., Lynd E., Klein C., Groenewegen H.J. Topographic organisation of the ventral striatal efferent projections in the rhesus monkey: an anterograde tracing study. J. Comp. Neurol. 293:1990;282-298.
119. Haghighi S.S., Johnson G.C., de Vergel C.F., Vergel Rivas B.J. Pretreatment with NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 improves neurophysiological outcome after an acute spinal cord injury. Neurol. Res. 18:1996;509-515.
120. Handa R.J., Nunley K.M., Bollnow M.R. Induction of c-fos mRNA in the brain and anterior pituitary gland by a novel environment. Neuroreport. 4:1993;1079-1082.
121. Harrington K.M., Kowall N.W. Parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons resist degeneration in Huntingtons-disease striatum. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 50:1991;p309.
122. Harrison M.B., Tissot M., Wiley R.G. Expression of M1 and M4 muscarinic receptor mRNA in the striatum following a selective lesion of striatonigral neurons. Brain Res. 734:1996;323-326.
123. Hashimoto N., Matsumoto T., Mabe H., Hashitani T., Nishino H. Dopamine has inhibitory and accelerating effects on ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage in the rat striatum. Brain Res. Bull. 33:1994;281-288.
124. Hassan A.H.S., VonRosenstiel P., Patchev V.K., Holsboer F., Almeida O.F. X. Exacerbation of apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of the aged rat by dexamethasone and the protective role of corticosterone. Exp. Neurol. 140:1996;43-52.
125. Hedreen J.C., Folstein S.E. Early loss of neostriatal striosome neurons in Huntington's disease. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 54:1995;105-120.
126. Heinsen H., Strik M., Bauer M., Luther K., Ulmar G., Gangus D., Jungkunz G., Eisenmenger W., Gotz M. Cortical and striatal neurone number in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 88:1994;320-333.
127. Herkenham M., Pert C.B. Mosaic distribution of opiate receptors, parafascicular projections and acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum. Nature. 291:1981;415-418.
128. Hermenegildo C., Marcaida G., Montoliu C., Grisolia S., Minana M.D., Felipo V. NMDA receptor antagonists prevent acute ammonia toxicity in mice. Neurochem. Res. 21:1996;1237-1244.
129. Hetman M., Danysz W., Kaczmarek L. Increased expression of cathepsin D in retrosplenial cortex of MK-801-treated rats. Exp. Neurol. 147:1997;229-237.
130. Hirata H., Ladenheim B., Rothman R.B., Epstein C., Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine-induced serotonin neurotoxicity is mediated by superoxide radicals. Brain Res. 677:1995;345-347.
131. Hirata H., Ladenheim B., Carlson E., Epstein C., Cadet J.L. Autoradiographic evidence for methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic loss in mouse brain: attenuation in CuZn-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Brain Res. 714:1996;95-103.
132. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell. 72:1993;971-983.
133. Ikeda J., Terakawa S., Murota S., Morita I., Hirakawa K. Nuclear disintegration as a leading step of glutamate excitotoxicity in brain neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;613-622.
134. Islam N., Aftabuddin M., Moriwaki A., Hori Y. Detection of DNA damage induced by apoptosis in the rat brain following incomplete ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 188:1995;159-162.
135. Iversen S.D. Interactions between excitatory amino acids and dopamine systems in the forebrain: implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Behav. Pharmac. 6:1995;478-491.
136. Jackson G.R., Salecker I., Dong X.Z., Yao X., Arnheim N., Faber P.W., MacDonald M.E., Zipursky S.L. Polyglutamine-expanded human huntingtin transgenes induce degeneration of Drosophila photoreceptor neurons. Neuron. 21:1998;633-642.
137. Jevtovic-Todorovic V., Kirby C.O., Olney J.W. Isoflurane and propofol block neurotoxicity caused by MK-801 in the rat posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism. 17:1997;168-174.
138. Karlovich C.A., John R.M., Ramirez L., Stainier D.Y.R., Myers R.M. Characterization of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene homolog in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Gene. 217:1998;117-125.
139. Kasof G.M., Mandelzys A., Maika S.D., Hammer R.E., Curran T., Morgan J.I. Kainic acid-induced neuronal death is associated with DNA damage and a unique immediate early gene response in c-fos-lacZ transgenic rats. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;4238-4249.
140. Kawaguchi Y. Neostriatal cell subtypes and their functional roles. Neurosci. Res. 27:1997;1-8.
141. Kawaguchi Y., Wilson C.J., Augood S.J., Emson P.C. Striatal interneurons: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. TINS. 18:1995;527-535.
142. Kelley A.E., Delfs J.M., Chu B. Neurotoxicity induced by the D-1 agonist SKF38393 following microinjection into rat brain. Brain Res. 532:1990;342-346.
143. Kemp J.M., Powell T.P.S. The corticostriate projection in the monkey. Brain. 93:1970;525-546.
144. Knowlton B.J., Squire L.R., Paulsen J.S., Swerdlow N.R., Swenson M., Butters N. Dissociation within non-declarative memory in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychology. 10:1996;538-548.
145. Knowlton B.J., Mangels J.A., Squire L.R. A neostriatal habit learning system in humans. Science. 273:1996;1399-1402.
146. Kodsi M.H., Swerdlow N.R. Mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid produces startle reflex abnormalities and striatal damage in rats that model some features of Huntington's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 231:1997;103-107.
147. Koh J.Y., Choi D.W. Cultured striatal neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase or acetylcholinesterase are selectively resistant to injury by NMDA receptor agonists. Brain Res. 46:1988;374-378.
148. Kosinski C., Cha J.H., Young A.B., Persichetti F., MacDonald M., Gusella J.F., Penney J.B., Standaert D.G. Huntingtin immunoreactivity in the rat neostriatum: differential accumulation in projection and interneurons. Exp. Neurol. 144:1997;239-247.
149. Kubota Y., Kawaguchi Y. Spatial distributions of chemically identified intrinsic neurons in relation to patch and matrix compartments of rat neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 332:1993;499-513.
150. Kuhn H.G., Dickinson-Anson H., Gage F.H. Neurogenesis in the dendate gyrus of the adult rat: age related decreases of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;2027-2033.
151. Kure S., Tominaga T., Yoshimoto T., Tada K., Narisawa K. Glutamate triggers internucleosomal DNA cleavage in neuronal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:1991;39-45.
152. Landwehrmeyer G.B., Mcneil S.M., Dure L.S., Ge P., Aizawa H., Huang Q., Ambrose C.M., Duyao M.P., Bird E.D., Bonilla E., Deyoung M., Avilagonzales A.J., Wexler N.S., Difiglia M., Gusella J.F., Macdonald M.E., Penney J.B., Young A.B., Vonsattel J.P. Huntington's disease gene regional and cellular expression in brain of normal and affected individuals. Ann. Neurol. 37:1995;218-230.
153. Landwehrmeyer G.B., Standaert D.G., Testa C.M., Penney J.B., Young A.B. NMDA receptor subunit messenger-RNA expression by projection neurons and interneurons in rat striatum. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;5297-5307.
154. Lauterbach E.C., Cummings J.L., Duffy J., Coffey C.E., Kaufer D., Lovell M., Malloy P., Reeve A., Royall D.R., Rummans T.A., Salloway S.P. Neuropsychiatric correlates and treatment of lenticulostriatal diseases: a review of the literature and overview of research opportunities in Huntington's, Wilson's and Fahr's diseases - a report of the ANPA committee on research. J. Neuropsychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 10:1998;249-266.
155. Lawrence A.D., Hodges J.R., Rosser A.E., Kershaw A., ffrench-Constant C., Rubinsztein D.C., Robbins T.W., Sahakian B.J. Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in preclinical Huntington's disease. Brain. 121:1998;1329-1341.
156. Leblhuber F., Peichl M., Neubauer C., Reisecker F., Steinparz F.X., Windhager E., Maschek W. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol measurements in Huntington's chorea. J. Neurolog. Sci. 132:1995;76-79.
157. Lee K.S., Frank S., Van der Klish P., Arai A., Lynch G. Inhibition of proteolysis protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;7233-7237.
158. Lee M.G., Chou J.Y., Lee K.H., Choi B.J., Kim S.K., Kim C.Y. MK-801 augments pilocarpine-induced electrographic seizure but protects against brain damage in rats. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmac. Psychiat. 21:1997;331-344.
159. Lees G.J. Inhibition of sodium-potassium-ATPase: a potentially ubiquitous mechanism contributing to central nervous system neuropathology. Brain Res. Rev. 16:1991;283-300.
160. Lees G.J. The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia. J. Neurol. Sci. 114:1993;119-122.
161. Le Moine C., Svenningsson P., Fredholm B., Bloch B. Dopamine-adenosine interactions in the striatum and globus pallidus: inhibition of striatopallidal neurons through either D2 or A2a receptors enhances D1 receptor-mediated effects on c-fos expression. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;8038-8048.
162. Li S.H., Schilling G., Young W.S., Li X.J., Margolis R.L., Stine O.C., Wagster M.V., Abbott M.H., Franz M.L., Ranen N.G., Folstein S.E., Hedreen J.C., Ross C.A. Huntingtons-disease gene (IT-15) is widely expressed in human and rat-tissues. Neuron. 11:1993;985-993.
163. Li X.J., Li S.H., Sharp A.H., Nucifora F.C., Schilling G., Lanahan A., Worley P., Snyder S.H., Ross C.A. A huntington-associated protein enriched in brain with implications for pathology. Nature. 378:1995;398-402.
164. Lillrank S.M., O'Connor W.T., Saransaari P., Ungerstedt U. In vivo effects of local and systemic phencyclidine on the extracellular levels of catecholamines and transmitter amino acids in the dorsolateral striatum of anaesthetized rats. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 150:1994;109-115.
165. Lindholm D. Role of neurotrophins in preventing glutamate induced neuronal cell death. J. Neurol. 241:1994;S16-S18.
166. Linnik M.D., Miller J.A., Sprinkle-Caballo J., Mason P.J., Thompson F.Y.,
167. Liste I., Guerra M.J., Caruncho H.J., Labandeira-Garcia J.L. Treadmill running induces striatal Fos expression via NMDA glutamate and dopamine receptors. Exp. Brain Res. 115:1997;458-469.
168. Liu J.L., Solway K., Messing R.O., Sharp F.R. Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;7768-7778.
169. Macdonald V., Halliday G.M., Trent R.J., McCusker E.A. Significant loss of pyramidal neurons in the angular gyrus of patients with Huntington's disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 23:1997;492-495.
170. Macmanus J.P., Buchan A.M., Hill I.E., Rasquinha I., Preston E. Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 164:1993;89-92.
171. Macmanus J.P., Hill I.E., Huang Z.G., Rasquinha I., Xue D., Buchan A.M. DNA damage consistent with apoptosis in transient focal ischemic neocortex. Neuroreport. 5:1994;493-496.
172. Malcon C., Achaval M., Komlos F., Partata W., Sauressig M., Ramirez G., Souza D.O. GMP protects against quinolinic acid induced loss of NADPH-diaphorase positive cells in the rat striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 225:1997;145-148.
173. Mangiarini L., Sathasivam K., Seller M., Cozens B., Harper A., Hetherington C., Lawton M., Trottier Y., Lehrach H., Davies S.W., Bates G.P. Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell. 87:1996;493-506.
174. Martinez-Serrano A., Bjorklund A. Protection of the neostriatum against excitotoxic damage by neurotrophin-producing, genetically modified neural stem cells. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;4604-4616.
175. Martinou J.C., Dubois-Dauphin M., Staple J.K., Rodriguez I., Frankowski H., Missotten M., Albertini P., Talabot D., Catsicas S., Pietra C., Huarte J. Over expression of bcl-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron. 13:1994;1017-1030.
176. Mathe J.M., Nomikos G.G., Schilstrom B., Svensson T.H. Non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate systemic dizocilpine (MK-801) induced hyperlocomotion and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. Res. 51:1998;583-592.
177. McGeorge A.J., Faull R.L.M. The organisation of the projection from the cortex to the striatum in the rat. Neuroscience. 29:1989;503-537.
178. Meldrum, B. and Garthwaite J. (1991) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. TIPS Special Report 11, 54-61.
179. Miller D.B., O'Callaghan J.P. The role of temperature, stress, and other factors in the neurotoxicity of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and fenfluramine. Mol. Neurobiol. 11:1995;177-192.
180. Missale C., Nash S.R., Robinson S.W., Jaber M., Caron M.G. Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol. Rev. 78:1998;189-225.
181. Mitchell I.J. Striatal outputs and dyskinesia. J. Psychopharmacol. 4:1990;188-197.
182. 3H]-2-deoxyglucose in the brain of the monkey during experimental choreiform dyskinesia elicited by injection of a gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the subthalamic nucleus. Brain. 108:1985;405-422.
183. Mitchell I.J., Jackson A., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Common neural mechanisms in experimental chorea and hemiballismus in the monkey. Evidence from 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Brain Res. 339:1985;346-350.
184. Mitchell I.J., Jackson A., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. The role of the subthalamic nucleus in experimental chorea: evidence from 2-deoxyglucose metabolic studies and horseradish peroxidase tracing studies. Brain. 112:1989;1533-1548.
185. Mitchell I.J., Clarke C.E., Boyce S., Robertson R.G., Peggs D., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neuroscience. 32:1989;213-226.
186. Mitchell I.J., Boyce S., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. A 2-deoxyglucose study of the effects of dopamine agonists on the parkinsonian primate brain: implications for the neural mechanisms that mediate dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia. Brain. 115:1992;809-824.
187. Mitchell I.J., Lawson S., Moser B., Laidlaw S.M., Cooper A.J., Walkinshaw G., Waters C.M. Glutamate-induced apoptosis results in a loss of striatal neurons in the Parkinsonian rat. Neuroscience. 63:1994;1-5.
188. Mitchell I.J., Cooper A.J., Griffiths M.R., Barber D.J. Phencyclidine and corticosteroids induce apoptosis of a subpopulation of striatal neurons: a neural substrate for psychosis? Neuroscience. 84:1998;489-501.
189. Mogenson G.J., Jones D.L., Yim C. From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and motor system. Prog. Neurobiol. 14:1980;69-97.
190. Nakki R., Sharp F.R., Sagar S.M. Fos expression in the brainstem and cerebellum following phencyclidine and MK801. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;203-212.
191. Nakki R., Sharp F.R., Sagar S.M., Honkaniemi J. Effects of phencyclidine on immediate early gene expression in the brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 45:1996;13-27.
192. Nauta W.J.H. A proposed conceptual reorganization of the basal ganglia and telencephalon. Neuroscience. 20:1979;1875-1881.
193. Nauta W.J.H., Domesick V.B. Afferent and efferent relationships of the basal ganglia. Functions of the Basal Ganglia. Evered D., O'Conner M. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Vol. 107:1984;3-23 Pitman, London.
194. Nauta W.J.H., Mehler W.R. Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res. 1:1966;3-42.
195. Nicholson L.F.B., Faull R.L.M., Waldvogel H.J., Dragunow M. GABA and GABAA receptor changes in the substantia nigra of the rat following quinolinic acid lesions in the striatum closely resemble Huntington's disease. Neuroscience. 66:1995;507-521.
196. Nishino H., Fujimoto I., Shimano Y., Hida H., Kumazaki M., Fukuda A. 3-Nitropropionic acid produces striatum selective lesions accompanied by iNOS expression. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 10:1996;209-212.
197. Oades R.D., Halliday G.M. Vental tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity. Brain Res. Rev. 12:1987;117-165.
198. Offen D., Ziv I., Sternin H., Melamed E., Hochman A. Prevention of dopamine induced cell death by thiol antioxidants: possible implications for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 141:1996;32-39.
199. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. Efficacy of clozapine compared with other antipsychotics in preventing NMDA-antagonist neurotoxicity. J. Clin. Psychiat. 55:1994;43-46.
200. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. Response to commentaries and to the challenge of building a perfect theory to explain schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 52:1995;1019-1024.
201. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. NMDA antagonists as neurotherapeutic drugs., psychotogens, neurotoxins, and research tools for studying schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 113:1995;335-345.
202. Olney J.W., Price M.T., Fuller T.A., Labruyere J., Sampson L., Carpenter M., Mahan K. The anti-excitotoxic effects of certain anesthetics., analgesics and sedative-hypnotics. Neurosci. Lett. 68:1986;29-34.
203. Olney J.W., Labruyere J., Price M.T. Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science. 244:1989;1360-1362.
204. Olney J.W., Labruyere J., Wang G., Wozinak D.F., Price M.T., Sesma M.A. NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Science. 254:1991;1515-1518.
205. Ordway J.M., Tallaksen-Greene S., Gutekunst C.A., Bernstein E.M., Cearley J.A., Wiener H.W., Dure L.S., Lindsey R., Hersch S.M., Jope R.S., Albin R.L., Detloff P.J. Ectopically expressed CAG repeats cause intranuclear inclusions and a progressive late onset neurological phenotype in the mouse. Cell. 91:1997;753-763.
206. Overton P.G., Tong Z.Y., Brain P.F., Clark D. Preferential occupation of mineralocorticoid receptors by corticosterone enhances glutamate-induced burst firing in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 737:1996;146-154.
207. Palfi S., Ferrante R.J., Brouillet E., Beal M.F., Dolan R., Guyot M.C., Perchanski M., Hantraye P. Chronic 3-nitropropionic acid treatment in baboons replicates the cognitive and motor deficits of Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;3019-3025.
208. Parent A. Comparative Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia. 1986;Wiley.
209. Parent A., Bouchard C., Smith Y. The striatopallidal and striatonigral projections: two distinct fibres systems in primate. Brain Res. 303:1984;385-390.
210. Pasinetti G.M., Morgan D.G., Finch C.E. Disappearance of GAD mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra following striatal ibotenic acid lesions. Exp. Neurol. 112:1991;131-139.
211. Paulson H.L., Fischbeck K.H. Trinucleotide repeats in neurogenetic disorders. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19:1996;79-107.
212. Pearson S.J., Heathfield K.W.G., Reynolds G.P. Pallidal GABA and chorea in Huntington's disease. J. Neural Transm. [GenSect.]. 81:1990;241-246.
213. Penney J.B., Young A.B. Striatal inhomogeneities and basal ganglia function. Movement Disorders. 1:1986;3-15.
214. Penney J.B., Vonsattel J.P., MacDonald M.E., Gusella J.F., Myres R.H. CAG repeat number governs the development rate of pathology in Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol. 41:1997;689-692.
215. Penny G.R., Wilson C.J., Kitai S.T. Relationship of the axonal and dendritic geometry of spiny projection neurons to the compartmental organization of the neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 269:1988;273-289.
216. Piazza P.V., Le Moal N. Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Brain Res. Rev. 25:1997;359-372.
217. Piazza P.V., RougePont F., DeRoche V., Maccari S., Simon S., Le Moal M. Glucocorticoids have state dependent stimulant effects on the mesencephalic dopaminergic transmission. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;8716-8720.
218. Portera-Cailliau C., Hedreen J.C., Price D.L., Koliatsos V.E. Evidence for apoptotic cell death in Huntington's diseae and excitotoxic animal models. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;3775-3787.
219. Pringle A.K., Iannotti F., Wilde G.J.C., Chad J.E., Seeley P.J., Sundstrom L.E. Neuroprotection by both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists in in vitro ischemia. Brain Res. 755:1997;36B46.
220. Purcell R., Maruff P., Kyrios M., Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of frontal-striatal function. Biol. Psychiat. 43:1998;348-357.
221. Raff M.C., Barres B.A., Burne J.F., Coles H.S., Ishizaki Y., Jacobson M.D. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lesson from the nervous system. Science. 262:1993;695-700.
222. Raja S.N., Guyenet P.G. Effects of phencyclidine on the spontaneous activity of monoaminergic neurons. Eur. J. Pharmac. 63:1980;229-233.
223. Rajdev S., Fix A.S., Sharp F.R. Acute phencyclidine neurotoxicity in rat forebrain: induction of haem oxygenase-1 and attenuation by the antioxidant dimethylthiourea. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;3840-3852.
224. Ray D.E., Brown A.W., Cavanagh J.B., Nolan C.C., Richards H.K., Wylie S.P. Functional/metabolic modulation of the brainstem lesions caused by 1,3-dinitrobenzene in the rat. Neurotoxicology. 13:1992;379-388.
225. Reddy P.H., Williams M., Charles V., Garrett L., PikeBuchanan L., Whetsell W.O., Miller G., Tagle D.A. Behavioural abnormalities and selective neuronal loss in HD transgenic mice expressing mutated full-length HD cDNA. Nature Genet. 20:1998;198-202.
226. Reiner A., Albin R.L., Anderson K.D., Damato C.J., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington's disease. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;5733-5737.
227. Reynolds D.S., Carter R.J., Morton A.J. Dopamine modulates the susceptibility of striatal neurons to 3-nitropropionic acid in the rat model of Huntington's disease. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;10116-10127.
228. Richfield E.K., Maguire-Ziess K.A., Vonkeman H.E., Voorn P. Preferential loss of preproenkephalin verses preprotachykinin neurons form the striatum of Huntington's disease patients. Ann. Neurol. 38:1995;852-861.
229. Robertson H.A., Paul M.L., Moratalla R., Graybiel A.M. Expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in basal ganglia: induction by dopaminergic drugs. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 18:1991;380-383.
230. Rosenberg D.R., Keshavan M.S., O'Hearn K.M., Dick E.L., Bagwell W.W., Seymour A.B., Montrose D.M., Pierri J.N., Birmaher B. Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 54:1997;824-830.
231. Saji M., Volpe B.T. Delayed histologic damage and neuron death in the substantia nigra reticulata following transient forebrain ischemia depends on the extent of initial striatal injury. Neurosci. Lett. 155:1993;47-50.
232. Salloway S., Cummings J. Subcortical structures and neuropsychiatric illness. Neuroscientist. 2:1996;66-75.
233. Sanberg P.R., Calderon S.F., Giordano M., Tew J.M., Norman A.B. The quinolinic acid model of Huntington's disease - locomotor abnormalities. Exp. Neurol. 105:1989;45-53.
234. Sapolsky R.M. A mechanism for glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: increased neuronal vulnerability to metabolic insults. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;1228-1232.
235. Sapolsky R.M., Krey L.C., McEwen B.S. Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;1222-1227.
236. Sato I., Kim Y., Himi T., Murota S. Induction of calcium independent nitric oxide synthase activity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 184:1995;145-148.
237. Sato D., Umino A., Kaneda K., Takigawa M., Nishikawa T. Developmental changes in distribution patterns of phencyclidine-induced c-fos in rat forebrain. Neurosci. Lett. 239:1997;21-24.
238. Scherzinger E., Lurz R., Turmaine M., Mangiarini L., Hollenbach B., Hasenbank R., Bates G.P., Davies S.W., Lehrach H., Wanker E.E. Huntingtin-encoded polyglutamine expansions form amyloid-like protein aggregates in vitro and in vivo. Cell. 90:1997;549-558.
239. Schreiber S.S., Baudry M. Selective neuronal vulnerability in the hippocampus - a role for gene expression? TINS. 18:1995;446-450.
240. Schultz W., Apicella P., Scarnatti E., Ljungberg T. Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4595-4610.
241. Schultz W., Romo R., Ljungberg T., Mirenowicz J., Hollerman J.R., Dickinson A. Reward-related signals carried by dopamine neurons. Houk J.C., Davis J.L., Beiser D.G. Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia. 1995;233-248 MIT Press, Massachusetts.
242. Seckl J.R. 11-β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the brain: a novel regulator of glucocorticoid action? Frontiers Neuroendocrinol. 18:1997;49-99.
243. Selemon L.D., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Longitudinal topography and interdigitation of corticostriatal projections in the rhesus monkey. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;776-794.
244. Servan-Schreiber D., Printz H.W., Cohen J.D. A network model of catecholamine effects: gain, signal to noise ratio and behaviour. Science. 249:1990;892-895.
245. Sloviter R.S., Valiquette G., Abrams G.M., Ronk E.C., Sollas A.L., Paul L.A., Neubort S. Selective loss of hippocampal cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy. Science. 243:1989;535-538.
246. Smeyne R.J., Vendrell M., Hayward M., Baker S.J., Miao G.C., Schilling K., Robertson L.M., Curran T., Morgan J.I. Continuous c-fos expression preceeds programmed cell death in vivo. Nature. 363:1993;166-169.
247. Smith A.D., Bolam J.P. The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons. TINS. 13:1990;259-265.
248. Smith Y., Bevan M.D., Shink E., Bolam J.P. Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Neuroscience. 86:1998;353-387.
249. Sonsalla P.K., Nicklas W.J., Hiekkila R.E. Role for the excitatory amino acids in methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity. Science. 243:1989;398-400.
250. Spokes E.G.S. Neurochemical alterations in Huntington's disease. Brain. 103:1980;179-210.
251. Sprague J.E., Nichols D.E. Inhibition of MAO-B protects against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum. Psychopharmacology. 118:1995;357-359.
252. Strauss K.I., Schulkin J., Jacobowitz D.M. Corticosterone effects on rat calretinin mRNA in discrete brain nuclei and the testes. Mol. Brain Res. 28:1995;81-86.
253. Strijbos P.J.L.M. Nitric oxide in cerebral ischemia neurodegeneration and excitotoxicity. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 12:1998;223-243.
254. Strong T.V., Tagle D.A., Valdes J.M., Elmer L.W., Boehm K., Swaroop M., Kaatz K.W., Collins F.S., Albin R.L. Widespread expression of the human and rat Huntingtons-disease gene in brain and nonneural tissues. Nature Genet. 5:1993;259-265.
255. Swerdlow N.R., Paulsen J., Braff D.L., Butters N., Geyer M.A., Swenson M.R. Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntingtons-disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 58:1995;192-200.
256. Szabo C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Brain Res. Bull. 3:1996;131-141.
257. Tamminga C.A., Holcomb H.H., Gao X.M., Lahti A.C. Glutamate pharmacology and the treatment of schizophrenia - current status and future-directions. Int. Clin. Psychopharmac. 10:1980;29-37.
258. Tanaka J., Fujita H., Matsuda S., Toku K., Sakanaka M., Maeda N. Glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors in microglial cells: the two receptors mediate differential effects of corticosteroids. Glia. 20:1997;23-37.
259. Taylor-Robinson S.D., Weeks R.A., Bryant D.J., Sargentoni J., Marcus C.D., Harding A.E., Brooks D.J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Huntington's disease: evidence in favour of the glutamate excitotoxic theory? Movement Dis. 11:1996;167-173.
260. Thomas L.B., Gates D.J., Richfield E.K., Obrien T.F., Schweitzer J.B., Steindler D.A. DNA end labeling (tunel) in Huntington's disease and other neuropathological conditions. Exp. Neurol. 133:1995;265-272.
261. Thompson K., Wasterlain C. Partial protection of hippocampal neurons by MK-801 during perforant path stimulation in the immature brain. Brain Res. 755:1997;96-101.
262. Tidey J.W., Miczek K.A. Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 721:1996;140-149.
263. Trottier Y., Devys D., Imbert G., Saudou F., An I., Lutz Y., Weber C., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C., Mandel J.L. Cellular-localization of the Huntington's disease protein and discrimination of the normal and mutated form. Nature Genet. 10:1995;104-110.
264. Uemura Y., Kowall N.W., Beal M.F. Selective sparing of NADPH-diaphorase-somatostatin-neuropeptide Y neurons in ischemic gerbil striatum. Ann. Neurol. 27:1990;620-625.
265. Uno H., Eisele S., Sakai A., Shelton S., Baker E., Dejesus O., Holden J. Neurotoxicity of glucocorticoids in the primate brain. Hormones Behav. 28:1994;336-348.
266. Vaidya V.A., Marek G.J., Aghajanian G.K., Duman R.S. 5-HT2A receptor-mediated regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the hippocampus and the neocortex. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;2785-2795.
267. Van LookerenCampagne M., Gill R. Ultrastructural morphological changes are not characteristic of apoptotic cell death following cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 213:1996;111-114.
268. + depleting effect on dopamine levels in rat striatal slices. Neurochem. Int. 29:1996;411-416.
269. Vickroy T.W., Johnson K.M. Similar dopamine-releasing effects of phencyclidine and nonamphetamine stimulants in striatal slices. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 223:1982;669-674.
270. 3H]BTCP): a new phencyclidine analogue selective for the dopamine uptake complex. Eur. J. Pharmac. 148:1988;427-436.
271. Vonsattel J.P., Myers R.H., Stevens T.J., Ferrante R.J., Bird E.D., Richardson E. Neuropathological classification of Huntington's disease. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 44:1985;559-577.
272. Vreugdenhil E., DeJong J., Schaaf M.J.M., Meijer O.C., Busscher J., Vuijst C., DeKloet E.R. Molecular dissection of corticosteroid action in the rat hippocampus. J. Molec. Neurosci. 7:1996;135-146.
273. Waldvogel H.J., Faull R.L.M., Williams M.N., Dragunow M. Differential sensitivity of calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactive cells in the striatum to excitotoxins. Brain Res. 546:1991;329-335.
274. Walkinshaw G., Waters C.M. Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC-12 cells by L-DOPA. Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;2458-2464.
275. Wang S., Mason J., Charney D., Yehuda R., Riney S., Southwick S. Relationship between hormonal profile and novelty seeking in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiat. 41:1997;145-151.
276. Weiss J.H., Hartley D.M., Koh J., Choi D.W. The calcium channel blocker nifedipine attenuates slow excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity. Science. 247:1990;1474-1477.
277. White N., Hiroi N. Preferential localization of self-stimulation sites in striosomes/patches in the rat striatum. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;6486-6491.
278. Wirtshafter D., Asin K.E. Interactive effects of stimulation of D-1 and D-2 dopamine-receptors on fos-like immunoreactivity in the normosensitive rat striatum. Brain Res. Bull. 35:1994;85-91.
279. Wise R.A., Leone P., Rivest R., Leeb K. Elevations of nucleus accumbens dopamine and DOPAC levels during intravenous heroin self-administration. Synapse. 21:1995;140-148.
280. Woolley C.S., Gould E., McEwen B.S. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res. 531:1990;225-231.
281. Wozniak D.F., Brosnan-Watters G., Nardi A., McEwen M., Corso T.D., Olney J.W., Fix A.S. MK-801 neurotoxicity in male mice: histological effects and chronic impairment in spatial learning. Brain Res. 707:1996;165-179.
282. Zeitlin S., Liu J.P., Chapman D.L., Papaioannou V.E., Efstratiadis A. Increased apoptosis and early embryonic lethality in mice. Nature Genet. 11:1995;155-163.
283. Zhang X., Chiodo L.A., Freeman A.S. Electrophysiological effects of MK-801 on rat nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbal dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 590:1992;153-163.
284. Zhang X., Boulton A.A., Yu P.H. Expression of heat shock protein-70 and limbic seizure-induced neuronal death in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:1996;1432-1440.
285. Zhang X., Boulton A.A., Zuo D.M., Yu P.H. MK-801 induces apoptotic neuronal death in the rat retrosplenial cortex: prevention by cycloheximide and R(-)-2-hexyl-N-methylpropargylamine. J. Neurosci. Res. 46:1996;82-89.