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1
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85192391045
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The communication of (Shannon-type) information necessarily adds uncertainty because Shannon (1948) defined information as probabilistic entropy: H = - ∑i x log2pi. Probabilistic entropy is coupled to Gibbs' formula for thermodynamic entropy S = kB × H. In Gibbs' equation, kB is the Boltzmann constant that provides the dimensionality Joule/Kelvin to S, while H is dimensionless and can be measured in bits of information (or any other base for the logarithm) given a probability distribution (containing uncertainty). The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases with each operation, and Shannon-type information is therefore always positive (because kB is a constant)
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B is a constant).
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2
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85192345935
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In the case of three (or an uneven number of) dimensions, mutual redundancy is equal to mutual information, but in the case of an even number of dimensions, the sign has to be changed
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In the case of three (or an uneven number of) dimensions, mutual redundancy is equal to mutual information, but in the case of an even number of dimensions, the sign has to be changed.
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3
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85192346778
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These addresses point to 725,354 records contained in this database on a total of 778,446 items. Only 3.7% of these records contain no address information. The total number of authors in this database is 3,060,436. Thus, on average, each record relates to four authors but at two addresses
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These addresses point to 725,354 records contained in this database on a total of 778,446 items. Only 3.7% of these records contain no address information. The total number of authors in this database is 3,060,436. Thus, on average, each record relates to four authors but at two addresses.
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4
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85192368868
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NACE is an abbreviation of Nomenclature générale des Activités économiques dans les Communautés Européennes. The NACE code can be translated into the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
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NACE is an abbreviation of Nomenclature générale des Activités économiques dans les Communautés Européennes. The NACE code can be translated into the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
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5
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85192395433
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NUTS is an abbreviation for Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques (that is, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics). The NUTS classification is a hierarchical system for dividing up the economic territory of the EU
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NUTS is an abbreviation for Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques (that is, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics). The NUTS classification is a hierarchical system for dividing up the economic territory of the EU.
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