Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2021, Issue 9, 2021, Pages

  Forsetlund, Louise ^a   O'Brien, Mary Ann ^b   Forsén, Lisa ^a   Reinar, Liv Merete ^a   Okwen, Mbah P ^c   Horsley, Tanya ^d   Rose, Christopher J ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c YAOUNDÉ CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Cameroon)

^d ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBASE; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LEADERSHIP; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDLINE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; SCISEARCH; SKILL; SOCIAL COMPARISON; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEB OF SCIENCE;

EID: 85106050285     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003030.pub3     Document Type: Article

References (366)

1. Akici A, Kalaça S, Ugurlu MU, Karaalp A, Cali S, Oktay S. Impact of a short postgraduate course in rational pharmacotherapy for general practitioners. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004;57(3):310-21. x-wiley/crsRef/17192769
2. Alder J, Christen R, Zemp E, Bitzer J. Communication skills training in obstetrics and gynaecology: whom should we train? A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;276(6):605-12. x-wiley/crsRef/17192771
3. Ammentorp J, Sabroe S, Kofoed PE, Mainz J. Effects of a communication course for clinicians on parents' perception of care - a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 2009;23(3):506-17. x-wiley/crsRef/17192773
4. Anderson JF, Mcewan KL, Hrudey WP. Effectiveness of notification and group education in modifying prescribing of regulated analgesics. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1996;154(1):31-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192775
5. Angunawela II, Diwan VK, Tomson G. Experimental evaluation of the effects of drug information on antibiotic prescribing: a study in outpatient care in an area of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991;20:558-64. x-wiley/crsRef/2740133
6. Aubin-Auger I, Laouenan C, Le Bel J, Mercier A, Baruch D, Lebeau JP, et al. Efficacy of communication skills training on colorectal cancer screening by GPs: a cluster randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Cancer Care 2016;25(1):18-26. x-wiley/crsRef/17192777
7. Avlund K, Vass M, Kvist K, Hendriksen C, Keiding N. Educational intervention toward preventive home visitors' reduced functional decline in community-living older women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2007;60(9):954-62. x-wiley/crsRef/17192779
8. Babakazo P, Donnen P, Mapatano MA, Lulebo A, Okitolonda E. [Effect of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in Kinshasa: a cluster randomized trial]. Revue d Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 2015;63(5):285-92. x-wiley/crsRef/17192781
9. Bakker IM, van Marwijk HW, Terluin B, Anema JR, van Mechelen W, Stalman WA. Training GP's to use a minimal intervention for stress-related mental disorders with sick leave (MISS): Effects on performance: results of the MISS project; a cluster-randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN43779641]. Patient Education and Counseling 2010;78(2):206-11. x-wiley/crsRef/17192783
10. Baldwin NS, Gilpin DF, Tunney MM, Kearney MP, Crymble L, Cardwell C, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trial of an infection control education and training intervention programme focusing on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nursing homes for older people. Journal of Hospital Infection 2010;76(1):36-41. x-wiley/crsRef/17192785
11. Bekkering GE, Hendriks HJM, van Tulder MW, Knol DL, Hoeijenbos M, Oostendorp RAB. Effect on the progress of care of an active strategy to implement clinical guidelines on physiotherapy for low back pain: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2005;14:107-12. x-wiley/crsRef/2740135
12. Benrimoj SI, Langford JH, Berry G, Collins D, Lauchlan R, Stewart K, et al. Clinical intervention rates in community pharmacy: a randomised trial of the effect of education and a professional allowance. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2003;11(2):71-80. x-wiley/crsRef/17192787
13. Bergh AM, van Rooyen E, Pattinson RC. Scaling up kangaroo mother care in South Africa: 'on-site' versus 'off-site' educational facilitation. Human Resources for Health [Electronic Resource] 2008;6:13. x-wiley/crsRef/17192789
14. Bexell A, Lwando E, Von Hofsten B, Tembo S, Eriksson B, Diwan VK. Improving drug use through continuing education: a randomized controlled trial in Zambia. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1996;49:355-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740137
15. Boissel JP, Collet JP, Alborini A, Cordel JC, Filsnoel J, Gillet J, et al, PRESAGE Collaborative Group. Education program for general practitioners on breast and cervical cancer screening: a randomized trial. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 1995;43:541-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740139
16. Brock DM, Mauksch LB, Witteborn S, Hummel J, Nagasawa P, Robins LS. Effectiveness of intensive physician training in upfront agenda setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26(11):1317-23. x-wiley/crsRef/17192791
17. Brown JB, Boles M, Mullooly JP, Levinson W. Effect of clinician communication skills training on patient satisfaction. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999;131:822-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740141
18. Browner W, Baron RB, Solkowitz S, Adler LJ, Gullion DS. Physician management of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized trial of continuing medical education. The Western Journal of Medicine 1994;161:572-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740143
19. Bruce ML, Brown EL, Raue PJ, Mlodzianowski AE, Meyers BS, Leon AC, et al. A randomized trial of depression assessment intervention in home health care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(11):1793-800. x-wiley/crsRef/17192793
20. Cabana MD, Slish KK, Evans D, Mellins RB, Brown RW, Lin X, et al. Impact of physician asthma care education on patient outcomes. Pediatrics 2006;117(6):2149-57. x-wiley/crsRef/17192795
21. Carroll JC, Blaine S, Permaul J, Dicks E, Warner E, Esplen MJ, et al. Efficacy of an educational intervention on family physicians' risk assessment and management of colorectal cancer. Journal of Community Genetics 2014;5(4):303-11. x-wiley/crsRef/17192797
22. Chalker J, Ratanawijitrasin S, Chuc NTK, Petzold M, Tomson G. Effectiveness of a multi-component intervention on dispensing practices at private pharmacies in Vietnam and Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. Social Science & Medicine 2004;60:131-41. x-wiley/crsRef/2740145
23. Chassany O, Boureau F, Liard F, Bertin P, Serrie A, Ferran P, et al. Effects of training on general practitioners' management of pain in osteoarthritis: a randomized multicenter study. Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33(9):1827-34. x-wiley/crsRef/17192799
24. Chen CH, Chen YJ, Tu HP, Huang MH, Jhong JH, Lin KL. Benefits of exercise training and the correlation between aerobic capacity and functional outcomes and quality of life in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2014;30(10):521-30. x-wiley/crsRef/17192801
25. Chossis I, Lane C, Gache P, Michaud PA, Pecoud A, Rollnick S, et al. Effect of training on primary care residents' performance in brief alcohol intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(8):1144-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192803
26. Clark NM, Gong M, Schork A, Evans D, Roloff D, Hurwitz M, et al. Impact of education for physicians on patient outcomes. Pediatrics 1998;101:831-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740149
27. Clarkson JE, Turner S, Grimshaw JM, Ramsay CR, Johnston M, Scott A, et al. Changing clinicians' behavior: a randomized controlled trial of fees and education. Journal of Dental Research 2008;87(7):640-4. x-wiley/crsRef/17192805
28. Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Brennan GP, Magel J. Does continuing education improve physical therapists' effectiveness in treating neck pain? A randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2009;89(1):38-47. x-wiley/crsRef/17192807
29. Cornuz J, Humair JP, Seematter L, Stolanov R, van Melle G, Stalder H, et al. Efficacy of resident training in smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled trial of a program based on application of behavioral theory and practice with standardized patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136(6):429-37. x-wiley/crsRef/17192809
30. Cummings SR, Coates TJ, Richard RJ, Hansen B, Zahnd EG, VanderMartin R, et al. Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation: a randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110(8):640-7. x-wiley/crsRef/17192811
31. Cundill B, Mbakilwa H, Chandler CI, Mtove G, Mtei F, Willetts A, et al. Prescriber- and patient-oriented behavioural interventions to improve use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania: facility-based cluster randomised trial. BMC Medicine 2015;13:118. x-wiley/crsRef/17192813
32. Daniels EC, Bacon J, Denisio S, Fry YW, Murray V, Quarshie A, et al. Translation squared: improving asthma care for high-disparity populations through a safety net practice-based research network. Journal of Asthma 2005;42(6):499-505. x-wiley/crsRef/17192815
33. Davis J, Roberts R, Davidson DLW, Norman A, Ogston S, Grimshaw J, et al. Implementation strategies for a Scottish National Epilepsy Guideline in primary care: results of the Tayside Implementation of Guidelines in Epilepsy Randomized (TIGER) Trial. Epilepsia 2004;45:28-34. x-wiley/crsRef/2740151
34. Dawson-Rose C, Courtenay-Quirk C, Knight K, Shade SB, Vittinghoff E, Gomez C, et al. HIV intervention for providers study: a randomized controlled trial of a clinician-delivered HIV risk-reduction intervention for HIV-positive people. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010;55(5):572-81. x-wiley/crsRef/17192817
35. De Almeida Neto AC, Kavanagh DJ, Boakes RA. A pharmacy based protocol and training program for non-prescription analgesics. Journal of Social and Adminstrative Pharmacy 2000;17:183-92. x-wiley/crsRef/2740153
36. Delvaux N, Razavi D, Marchal S, Brédart A, Farvacques C, Slachmuylder JL. Effects of a 105 hours psychological training program on attitudes, communication skills and occupational stress in oncology: a randomised study. British Journal of Cancer 2004;90(1):106-14. x-wiley/crsRef/17192819
37. Dietrich AJ, O'Connor GT, Keller A, Carney PA, Levy D, Whaley FS. Cancer: improving early detection and prevention: a community practice randomised trial. BMJ 1992;304:687-91. x-wiley/crsRef/2740157
38. Dolan NC, Ng JS, Martin GJ, Robinson JK, Rademaker AW. Effectiveness of a skin cancer control educational intervention for internal medicine housestaff and attending physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1997;12:531-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740159
39. Dolovich L, Sabharwal M, Agro K, Foster G, Lee A, McCarthy L, et al. The effect of pharmacist education on asthma treatment plans for simulated patients. Pharmacy World & Science 2007;29(3):228-39. x-wiley/crsRef/17192821
40. Downs M, Turner S, Bryans M, Wilcock J, Keady J, Levin E, et al. Effectiveness of educational interventions in improving detection and management of dementia in primary care: cluster randomised controlled study. BMJ 2006;332(7543):692-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192823
41. Drevenhorn E, Bengtson A, Nilsson PM, Nyberg P, Kjellgren KI. Consultation training of nurses for cardiovascular prevention – a randomized study of 2 years duration. Blood Pressure 2012;21:293-299. x-wiley/crsRef/17192825
42. Dubowitz H1, Lane WG, Semiatin JN, Magder LS, Venepally M, Jans M. The safe environment for every kid model: impact on pediatric primary care professionals. Pediatrics 2011;127(4):e962-70. x-wiley/crsRef/17192827
43. Duclos A, Peix JL, Piriou V, Occelli P, Denis A, Bourdy S, et al, IDILIC Study Group. Cluster randomized trial to evaluate the impact of team training on surgical outcomes. British Journal of Surgery 2016;103(13):1804-14. x-wiley/crsRef/17192829
44. Dumont A, Fournier P, Abrahamowicz M, Traore M, Haddad S, Fraser WD, et al. Quality of care, risk management, and technology in obstetrics to reduce hospital-based maternal mortality in Senegal and Mali (QUARITE): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2013;382(9887):146-57. x-wiley/crsRef/17192831
45. Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett JE, Mercer J, Whitlock RML, Rea HH. Spirometry in primary care practice: the importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest 1999;116:416-23. x-wiley/crsRef/2740161
46. Ekström A, Kylberg E, Nissen E. A process-oriented breastfeeding training program for healthcare professionals to promote breastfeeding: an intervention study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2012;7(2):85-92. x-wiley/crsRef/17192833
47. El-Sayed H, Martines J, Rakha M, Zekry O, Abdel-Hak M, Abbas H. The effectiveness of the WHO training course on complementary feeding counseling in a primary care setting, Ismailia, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptain Public Health Association 2014;89(1):1-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192835
48. Engers AJ, Wensing M, van Tulder MW, Timmermans A, Oostendorp RAB, Koes BW, et al. Implementation of the Dutch low back pain guideline for general practitioners: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Spine 2005;30:595-600. x-wiley/crsRef/2740163
49. Epstein JN, Langberg JM, Lichtenstein PK, Kolb R, Altaye M, Simon JO. Use of an Internet portal to improve community-based pediatric ADHD care: a cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics 2011;128(5):e1201-08. x-wiley/crsRef/17192837
50. Esmaily HM, Silver I, Shiva S, Gargani A, Maleki-Dizaji N, Al Maniri A, et al. Can rational prescribing be improved by an outcome-based educational approach? A randomized trial completed in Iran. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2010;30(1):11-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192839
51. Evans AT, Rogers LQ, Peden JG Jr, Seelig CB, Layne RD, Levine MA, et al. Teaching dietary counseling skills to residents: patient and physician outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12(4):259-65. x-wiley/crsRef/17192841
52. Fallowfield L, Jenkins V, Farewell V, Saul J, Duffy A, Eves R. Efficacy of a cancer research UK communication skills training model for oncologists: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:650-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740165
53. Feldman PH, Peng TR, Murtaugh CM, Kelleher C, Donelson SM, McCann ME, et al. A randomized intervention to improve heart failure outcomes in community-based home health care. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 2004;23:1-23. x-wiley/crsRef/2740167
54. Filardo G, Nicewander D, Herrin J, Edwards J, Galimbertti P, Tietze M, et al. A hospital-randomized controlled trial of a formal quality improvement educational program in rural and small community Texas hospitals: one year results. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2009;21(4):225-32. x-wiley/crsRef/17192843
55. Flocke SA, Step MM, Antognoli E, Lawson PJ, Smith S, Jackson B, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate primary care clinician training to use the Teachable Moment Communication Process for smoking cessation counseling. Preventive Medicine 2014;69:267-73. x-wiley/crsRef/17192845
56. Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Håvelsrud K, Treweek S, Herrin J. Cluster randomised controlled trial of tailored interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections in women and sore throat. BMJ 2002;325:367. x-wiley/crsRef/2740171
57. Fordis M, King JE, Ballantyne CM, Jones PH, Schneider KH, Spann SJ, et al. Comparison of the instructional efficacy of Internet-based CME with live interactive CME workshops: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294(9):1043-51. x-wiley/crsRef/17192847
58. Forsetlund L, Bradley P, Forsen L, Nordheim L, Jamtvedt G, Bjørndal A. Randomised controlled trial of a theoretically grounded tailored intervention to diffuse evidence-based public health practice. BMC Medical Education 2003;3:2. x-wiley/crsRef/2740173
59. French SD, McKenzie JE, O'Connor DA, Grimshaw JM, Mortimer D, Francis JJ, et al. Evaluation of a theory-informed implementation intervention for the management of acute low back pain in general medical practice: the IMPLEMENT cluster randomised trial. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e65471. x-wiley/crsRef/17192849
60. Friedmann PD, Rose J, Hayaki J, Ramsey S, Charuvastra A, Dube C, et al. Training primary care clinicians in maintenance care for moderated alcohol use. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006;21(12):1269-75. x-wiley/crsRef/17192851
61. Frostholm L, Fink P, Oernboel E, Christensen KS, Toft T, Olesen F, et al. The uncertain consultation and patient satisfaction: the impact of patients' illness perceptions and a randomized controlled trial on the training of physicians' communication skills. Psychosomatic Medicine 2005;67(6):897-905. x-wiley/crsRef/17192853
62. Fujimori M, Shirai Y, Asai M, Kubota K, Katsumata N, Uchitomi Y. Effect of communication skills training program for oncologists based on patient preferences for communication when receiving bad news: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014;32(20):2166-72. x-wiley/crsRef/17192855
63. Gadomski A, Wissow LS, Eric S, Paul J. Training clinicians in mental health communication skills: impact on primary care utilization. Academy of Pediatrics 2010;10(5):346–52. x-wiley/crsRef/17192857
64. Garcia P, Hughes J, Carcamo C, Holmes KK. Training pharmacy workers in recognition, management, and prevention of STDs: district-randomized controlled trial. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81:806-14. x-wiley/crsRef/2740175
65. Garcia-Gollarte F, Baleriola-Julvez J, Ferrero-Lopez I, Cuenllas-Diaz A, Cruz-Jentoft AJ. An educational intervention on drug use in nursing homes improves health outcomes resource utilization and reduces inappropriate drug prescription. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014;15(12):885-91. x-wiley/crsRef/17192859
66. Gask L, Dowrick C, Dixon C, Sutton C, Perry R, Torgerson D, Usherwood T. A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention for GPs in the assessment and management of depression. Psychological Medicine 2004;34:63-72. x-wiley/crsRef/2740177
67. Gerrity MS, Cole SA, Dietrich AJ, Barrett JE. Improving recognition and management of depression: is there a role for physician education? Journal of Family Practice 1999;48:949-57. x-wiley/crsRef/2740179
68. Gielen AC, Wilson ME, McDonald EM, Serwint JR, Andrews JS, Hwang WT, et al. Randomized trial of enhanced anticipatory guidance for injury prevention. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2001;155:42-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740407
69. Gilroy K, Winch PJ, Diawara A, Swedberg E, Thiero F, Kané M, et al. Impact of IMCI training and language used by provider on quality of counseling provided to parents of sick children in Bougouni district, Mali. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;54:35-44. x-wiley/crsRef/2740181
70. Girgis A, Cockburn J, Butow P, Bowman D, Schofield P, Stojanovski E, et al. Improving patient emotional functioning and psychological morbidity: evaluation of a consultation skills training program for oncologists. Patient Education & Counseling 2009;77(3):456-62. x-wiley/crsRef/17192861
71. Goldberg HI, Deyo RA, Taylor VM, Cheadle AD, Contrad DA, Loeser JD, et al. Can evidence change the rate of back surgery? A randomized trial of community-based education. Effective Clinical Practice 2001;4:95-104. x-wiley/crsRef/2740183
72. Gongora-Ortega J, Segovia-Bernal Y, Valdivia-Martinez JJ, Galaviz-deAnda JM, Prado-Aguilar CA. Educational interventions to improve the effectiveness in clinical competence of general practitioners: problem-based versus critical reading-based learning. BMC Medical Education 2012;12(1):53. x-wiley/crsRef/17192863
73. Gray R, Wykes T, Edmonds M, Leese M, Gournay K. Effect of a medication management training package for nurses on clinical outcomes for patients with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychology 2004;185:157-62. x-wiley/crsRef/2740185
74. Gülmezoglu AM, Langer A, Piaggio G, Lumbiganon P, Villar J, Grimshaw J. Cluster randomised trial of an active, multifaceted educational intervention based on the WHO Reproductive Health Library to improve obstetric practices. BJOG 2007;114:16-23. Epub 2006 Sep 27. x-wiley/crsRef/2740187 [PMID: 17010115]
75. Hadiyono JE, Suryawati S, Danu SS, Sunartono, Santoso B. Interactional group discussion: results of a controlled trial using a behavioral intervention to reduce the use of injections in public health facilities. Social Science & Medicine 1996;42:1177-83. x-wiley/crsRef/2740189
76. Hagmolen of ten Have W, van den Berg NJ, van der Palen J, van Aalderen WM, Bindels PJ. Implementation of an asthma guideline for the management of childhood asthma in general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Primary Care for Respiration Journal 2008;17(2):90-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192865
77. Haist SA, Wilson JF, Lineberry MJ, Griffith CH. A randomized controlled trial using insinuated standardized patients to assess residents' domestic violence skills following a two-hour workshop. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 2007;19(4):336-42. x-wiley/crsRef/17192867
78. Harmsen H, Bernsen R, Meeuwesen L, Thomas S, Dorrenboom, Pinto D, et al. The effect of educational intervention on intercultural communication: results of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2005;55:343-50. x-wiley/crsRef/2740191
79. Haskard KB, Williams SL, DiMatteo MR, Rosenthal R, White MK, Goldstein MG. Physician and patient communication training in primary care: effects on participation and satisfaction. Health Psychology 2008;27(5):513-22. x-wiley/crsRef/17192869
80. Heale J, Davis D, Norman G, Woodward C, Neufeld V, Dodd P. A randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of problem-based versus didactic teaching methods in CME. Research in Medical Education 1988;27:72-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740193
81. Heller FH, D'Este C, Lim LL, O'Connell RL, Powell H. Randomised controlled trial to change the hospital management of unstable angina. Medical Journal of Australia 2001;174:217-21. x-wiley/crsRef/2740195
82. Herbert CP, Wright JM, Maclure M, Wakefield J, Dormuth C, Brett-MacLean P, et al. Better Prescribing Project: a randomized controlled trial of the impact of case-based educational modules and personal prescribing feedback on prescribing for hypertension in primary care. Family Practice 2004;21(5):575-81. x-wiley/crsRef/17192871
83. Hobma S, Ram P, Muijtjens, van der Vleuten C, Grol R. Effective improvement of doctor – patient communication: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2006;56:580-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192873
84. Holton C, Crockett A, Nelson M, Ryan P, Wood-Baker R, Stocks N, et al. Does spirometry training in general practice improve quality and outcomes of asthma care? International Journal of Quality Health Care 2011;23(5):545-53. x-wiley/crsRef/17192875
85. Huizing AR, Hamers JP, Gulpers MJ, Berger MP. Short-term effects of an educational intervention on physical restraint use: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:17. x-wiley/crsRef/17192877
86. Huizing AR, Hamers JPH, Gulpers MJM, Berger MPF. A cluster-randomized trial of an educational intervention to reduce the use of physical restraints with psychogeriatric nursing home residents: clinical investigations. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(7):1139-48. x-wiley/crsRef/17192879
87. Jansink R, Braspenning J, Laurant M, Keizer E, Elwyn G, Weijden T, et al. Minimal improvement of nurses' motivational interviewing skills in routine diabetes care one year after training: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:44. x-wiley/crsRef/17192881
88. Jenkins R, Othieno C, Okeyo S, Kaseje D, Aruwa J, Oyugi H, et al. Short structured general mental health in service training programme in Kenya improves patient health and social outcomes but not detection of mental health problems: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2013;7(1):25. x-wiley/crsRef/17192883
89. Jennett PA, Laxdal OE, Hayton RC, Klaassen DJ, Swanson RW, Wilson TW, et al. The effects of continuing medical education on family doctor performance in office practice: a randomized control study. Medical Education 1988;22:139-45. x-wiley/crsRef/2740197
90. Jensen BF, Gulbrandsen P, Dahl FA, Krupat E, Frankel, RM, Finset A. Efffectiveness of a short course in clinical communication skills for hospital doctors: results of a crossover randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN22153332). Patient Education and Counseling 2011;84:163-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192885
91. Jones A, Carr EK, Newham DJ, Wilson-Barnett J. Positioning of stroke patients: evaluation of a teaching intervention with nurses. Stroke 1998;29:1612-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740199
92. Juul L, Maindal HT, Zoffmann V, Frydenberg M, Sandbaek A. Effectiveness of a training course for general practice nurses in motivation support in type 2 diabetes care: a cluster-randomised trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2014;9(5):e96683. x-wiley/crsRef/17192887
93. Kasje WN, Denig P, Stewart RE, de Graeff PA, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. An educational programme for peer review groups to improve treatment of chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus type 2 in general practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12:613-21. x-wiley/crsRef/2740201
94. Kendrick T, Burns T, Freeling P. Randomised controlled trial of teaching general practitioners to carry out structured assessments of their long term mentally ill patients. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 1995;311(6997):93-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192889
95. Kennedy CC, Ioannidis G, Thabane L, Adachi JD, Marr S, Giangregorio LM, et al. Successful knowledge translation intervention in long-term care: final results from the vitamin D and osteoporosis study (ViDOS) pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2015;16:214. x-wiley/crsRef/17192891
96. Kerse NM, Flicker L, Jolley D, Arroll B, Young D. Improving the health behaviours of elderly people: randomised controlled trial of a general practice education programme. BMJ 1999;319:683-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740203
97. Khodadadi E, Ebrahimi H, Moghaddasian S, Babapour J. The effect of communication skills training on quality of care, self-efficacy, job satisfaction and communication skills rate of nurses in hospitals of tabriz, iran. Journal of Caring Sciences 2013;2(1):27-37. x-wiley/crsRef/17192893
98. Kiessling A, Henriksson P. Efficacy of case method learning in general practice for secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease: randomised controlled study. BMJ 2002;325:877-80. x-wiley/crsRef/2740205
99. Kimberlin CL, Berardo DH, Pendergast JF, McKenzie LC. Effects of an education program for community pharmacists on detecting drug-related problems in elderly patients. Medical Care 1993;31:451-68. x-wiley/crsRef/2740207
100. King M, Davidson O, Taylor F, Haines A, Sharp D, Turner R. Effectiveness of teaching general practitioners skills in brief cognitive behaviour therapy to treat patients with depression: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;324:947. x-wiley/crsRef/2740209
101. Kok R, Hoving JL, Smits PB, Ketelaar SM, van Dijk FJ, Verbeek JH. A clinically integrated post-graduate training programme in evidence-based medicine versus 'no intervention' for improving disability evaluations: a cluster randomised clinical trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2013;8(3):e57256. x-wiley/crsRef/17192895
102. Konner F, Budnick A, Kuhnert R, Wulff I, Kalinowski S, Martus P, et al. Interventions to address deficits of pharmacological pain management in nursing home residents - a cluster-randomized trial. European Journal of Pain 2015;19(9):1331-41. x-wiley/crsRef/17192897
103. Kottke TE, Brekke ML, Solberg LI, Hughes JR. A randomized trial to increase smoking intervention by physicians: doctors helping smokers, Round I. JAMA 1989;261:2101-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740211
104. Keller H, Krones T, Becker A, Hirsch O, Sønnichsen AC, Popert U, et al. Arriba: effects of an educational intervention on prescribing behaviour in prevention of CVD in general practice. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2011;19(3):322-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192899
105. Krones T, Keller H, Sonnichsen A, Sadowski EM, Baum E, Wegscheider K, et al. Absolute cardiovascular disease risk and shared decision making in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2008;6(3):218-27. x-wiley/crsRef/17192900
106. Lalonde L, Normandeau M, Lamarre D, Lord A, Berbiche D, Corneille L, et al. Evaluation of a training and communication-network nephrology program for community pharmacists. Pharmacy World & Science 2008;30(6):924-33. x-wiley/crsRef/17192902
107. Lattanzio F, Di Bari M, Sgadari A, Baccini M, Ercolani S, Rengo F, et al. Improving the diagnostic accuracy of depression in older persons: the depression in the aged female national evaluation cluster randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(4):588-93. x-wiley/crsRef/17192904
108. Le Corvoisier P, Renard V, Roudot-Thoraval F, Cazalens T, Veerabudun K, Canoui-Poitrine F, et al. Long-term effects of an educational seminar on antibiotic prescribing by GPs: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2013;63(612):e455-64. x-wiley/crsRef/17192906
109. Lester H, Birchwood M, Freemantle N, Michail M, Tait L. REDIRECT: cluster randomised controlled trial of GP training in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of General Practice 2009;59(563):403-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192908
110. Levinson W, Roter D. The effects of two continuing medical education programs on communication skills of practicing primary care physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1993;8(6):318-24. x-wiley/crsRef/2740213
111. Leviton LC, Goldenberg RL, Baker C S, Schwartz RM, Freda MC, Fish LJ, et al. Methods to encourage the use of antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. JAMA 1999;281:46-52. x-wiley/crsRef/2740215
112. Lewin S, Dick J, Zwarenstein M, Lombard CJ. Staff training and ambulatory tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a cluster randomized trial in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2005;83:250-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740217
113. Liekens S, Vandael E, Roter D, Larson S, Smits T, Laekeman G, et al. Impact of training on pharmacists' counseling of patients starting antidepressant therapy. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;94(1):110-5. x-wiley/crsRef/17192910
114. Lienard A, Merckaert I, Libert Y, Bragard I, Delvaux N, Etienne A-M, et al. Is it possible to improve residents breaking bad news skills? A randomised study assessing the efficacy of a communication skills training program. British Journal of Cancer 2010;103(2):171-7. x-wiley/crsRef/18141099
115. Lienard A, Delevallez F, Razavi D, Gibon AS, Libert Y, Delvaux N, et al. Is it possible to improve communication around radiotherapy delivery? A randomized study to assess the efficacy of team training? Radiotherapy and Oncology 2016;119(2):361-7. x-wiley/crsRef/18141101
116. Linden M, Westram A, Schmidt LG, Haag C. Impact of the WHO depression guideline on patient care by psychiatrists: a randomized controlled trial. European Psychiatry 2008;23(6):403-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192916
117. López TM, Camacho JCD, Lozano JMS, Carillo AC, Acevedo JS, León MLP. Efficacy of educational sessions to modify the prescription of new drugs [Eficacia de las sesiones educativas para modificar la prescripción de fármacos nuevos]. Aten Primaria 2005;36(7):367-72. x-wiley/crsRef/17192918
118. Maiman LA, Becker MH, Liptak GS, Nazarian LF, Rounds KA. Improving pediatricians' compliance-enhancing practices: a randomized trial. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1988;142:773-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740219
119. Manheim LM, Feinglass J, Hughes R, Martin GJ, Conrad K, Hughes EF. Training house officers to be cost conscious: effects of an educational intervention on charges and length of stay. Medical Care 1990;28(1):29-42. x-wiley/crsRef/17192920
120. Martín-Madrazo C, Soto-Días S, Cañada-Dorado A, Salinero-Fort MA, Medina-Fernández M, Carrillo de Santa Pau, et al. Cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effect of a multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy in primary care. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2012;33(7):681-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192922
121. Mazzuca SA, Barger GJ, Brandt KD. Arthritis care in older-adult centers: a controlled study of an education program for public health nurses. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1987;30:275-80. x-wiley/crsRef/2740221
122. Mbacham WF, Mangham-Jefferies L, Cundill B, Achonduh OA, Chandler CI, Ambebila JN, et al. Basic or enhanced clinician training to improve adherence to malaria treatment guidelines: a cluster-randomised trial in two areas of Cameroon. The Lancet Global Health 2014;2(6):e346-58. x-wiley/crsRef/17192924
123. McCabe MP, Karantzas GC, Mrkic D, Mellor D, Davison TE. A randomized control trial to evaluate the beyond blue depression training program: does it lead to better recognition of depression? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2013;28:221-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192926
124. McCabe MP, Bird M, Davison TE, Mellor D, MacPherson S, Hallford D, et al. An RCT to evaluate the utility of a clinical protocol for staff in the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in residential aged-care settings. Aging & Mental Health 2015;19(9):799-807. x-wiley/crsRef/17192928
125. McCluskey A, Ada L, Kelly PJ, Middleton S, Goodall S, Grimshaw JM, et al. A behavior change program to increase outings delivered during therapy to stroke survivors by community rehabilitation teams: the out-and-about trial. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11(4):425-37. x-wiley/crsRef/17192930
126. McNulty CA, Thomas M, Bowen J, Buckley C, Charlett A, Gelb D, et al. Interactive workshops increase chlamydia testing in primary care: a controlled study. Family Practice 2008;25(4):279-86. x-wiley/crsRef/17192932
127. McRobbie H, Hajek P, Feder G, Eldridge S. A cluster-randomised controlled trial of a brief training session to facilitate general practitioner referral to smoking cessation treatment. Tobacco Control 2008;17(3):173-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192934
128. Metlay, JP, Camargo CA, MacKenzie T, McCulloch C, Maselli J, Levin SK, et al. Cluster-randomized trial to improve antibiotic use for adults with acute respiratory infections treated in emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007;50(3):221-30. x-wiley/crsRef/17192936
129. Mettes TG, van der Sanden WJ, Bronkhorst E, Grol RP, Wensing M, Plasschaert AJ. Impact of guideline implementation on patient care: a cluster RCT. Journal of Dental Research 2010;89(1):71-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192938
130. Meyer JC, Summers RS, Möller H. Randomized, controlled trial of prescribing training in a South African province. Medical Education 2001;35:833-40. x-wiley/crsRef/2740223
131. Meyer G, Warnke A, Bender R, Mühlhauser I. Effect on hip fractures of increased use of hip protectors in nursing homes: cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2003;326:76. x-wiley/crsRef/17192940
132. Miller WR, Yahne CE, Moyers TB, Martinez J, Pirritano M. A randomized trial of methods to help clinicians learn motivational interviewing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(6):1050-62. x-wiley/crsRef/17192942
133. Mohagheghi MA, Mosavi-Jarrahi A, Khatemi-Moghaddam M, Afhami S, Khodai S, Azemoodeh O. Community-based outpatient practice of antibiotics use in Tehran. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2005;14:135-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192944
134. Molander A, Caplan D, Bergenholtz G, Reit C. Improved quality of root fillings provided by general dental practitioners educated in nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation. International Endodontic Journal 2007;40(4):254-60. x-wiley/crsRef/2740443
135. Moore H, Greenwood D, Gill T, Waine C, Soutter J, Adamson A. A cluster randomised trial to evaluate a nutrition training programme. British Journal of General Practice 2003;53:271-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740225
136. Moore H, Summerbell CD, Greenwood DC, Tovey P, Grifffiths J, Henderson M, et al. Improving management of obesity in primary care: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2003;327:1085. x-wiley/crsRef/2740227
137. Morrison J, Carroll L, Twaddle S, Cameron I, Grimshaw J, Leyland A, et al. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate guidelines for the management of infertility across the primary care-secondary care interface. BMJ 2001;322:1282-4. x-wiley/crsRef/2740229
138. Morriss R, Dowrick C, Salmon P, Peters S, Dunn G, Rogers A, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trial of training practices in reattribution for medically unexplained symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007;191:536-42. x-wiley/crsRef/17192946
139. Murray A, Hall AM, Williams GC, McDonough SM, Ntoumanis N, Taylor IM, et al. Effect of a self-determination theory-based communication skills training program on physiotherapists' psychological support for their patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;96(5):809-16. x-wiley/crsRef/17192948
140. Nisar YB, Hafeez A, Zafar S, Southall DP. Impact of essential surgical skills with an emphasis on emergency maternal, neonatal and child health training on the practice of doctors: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Pakistan. Resuscitation 2011;82(8):1047-52. x-wiley/crsRef/17192950
141. O'Connor PJ, Desai J, Solberg LI, Reger LA, Crain AL, Asche SE, et al. Randomized trial of quality improvement intervention to improve diabetes care in primary care settings. Diabetes Care 2005;28(8):1890-7. x-wiley/crsRef/17192952
142. Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Merriam PA, Hurley TG, Saperia GM. Effect of training and a structured office practice on physician-delivered nutrition counseling: the Worcester-Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH). American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12:252-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740231
143. Olano-Espinosa E, Matilla-Pardo B, Minue C, Anton E, Gomez-Gascon T, Ayesta FJ. Effectiveness of a health professional training program for treatment of tobacco addiction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(10):1682-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192954
144. Pagaiya N, Garner P. Primary care nurses using guidelines in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2005;10(5):471-7. x-wiley/crsRef/17192956
145. Pekarik G. Effects of brief therapy training on practicing psychotherapists and their clients. Community Mental Health Journal 1994;30:135-44. x-wiley/crsRef/2740237
146. Pelto GH, Santos I, Gonçalves H, Victora C, Martines J, Habicht JP. Nutrition counseling training changes physician behavior and improves caregiver knowledge acquisition. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(2):357-62. x-wiley/crsRef/17192958
147. Perez J, Russo D, Jin H, Stochl J, Painter M, Graffy J, et al. Liaison with primary care to detect individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: the legs CRCT. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2015;41:S130. x-wiley/crsRef/17192960
148. Perria C, Mandolini D, Guerrera C, Jefferson T, Billi P, Calzini V, et al. Implementing a guideline for the treatment of type 2 diabetics: results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (C-RCT). BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:79. x-wiley/crsRef/17192962
149. Pettersson E, Vernby A, Mölstad S, Lundborg CS. Can a multifaceted educational intervention targeting both nursesand physicians change the prescribing of antibiotics to nursing home residents? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011;66:2659-66. x-wiley/crsRef/17192964
150. Piña IL, Bruckman D, Lance C, Hitch J, Gee J, Schaub K, et al. Quality improvement in heart failure: a randomized educational intervention to change provider behavior. Congestive Heart Failure 2012;18(5):245-53. x-wiley/crsRef/17192966
151. Pitkala KH, Juola AL, Kautiainen H, Soini H, Finne-Soveri UH, Bell JS, et al. Education to reduce potentially harmful medication use among residents of assisted living facilities: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014;15(12):892-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192968
152. Plet HT, Kjeldsen LJ, Christensen RdP, Nielsen GS, Hallas J. Do educational meetings and group detailing change adherence to drug formularies in hospitals: a cluster randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2014;70:109-16. x-wiley/crsRef/17192970
153. Power P, Iacoponi E, Reynolds N, Fisher H, Russell M, Garety P, et al. The Lambeth Early Onset Crisis Assessment Team Study: general practitioner education and access to an early detection team in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement 2007;51:s133-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17192972
154. Prokhorov AV, Hudmon KS, Marani S, Foxhall L, Ford KH, Luca NS, et al. Engaging physicians and pharmacists in providing smoking cessation counseling. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(18):1640-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192974
155. Ravaud P, Keïta H, Porcher R, Durand-Stocco C, Desmonts JM, Mantz J. Randomized clinical trial to assess the effect of an educational programme designed to improve nurses' assessment and recording of postoperative pain. British Journal of Surgery 2004;91(6):692-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192976
156. Ray WA, Taylor JA, Brown AK, Gideon P, Hall K, Arbogast P, Meredith S. Prevention of fall-related injuries in long-term care: a randomized controlled trial of staff education. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(19):2293-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192978
157. Liénard A, Merkaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Boniver J, et al. Factors that influence cancer patients’ anxiety following a medical consultation: impact of a communication skills training programme for physicians. Annals of Oncology 2006;17:1450-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192979
158. Razavi D, Merckaert I, Marchal S, Libert Y, Conradt S, Boniver J, et al. How to optimize physicians' communication skills in cancer care: results of a randomized study assessing the usefulness of posttraining consolidation workshops. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(16):3141-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740463
159. Regev-Yochay G, Raz M, Dagan R, Roizin H, Morag B, Hetman S, et al. Reduction in antibiotic use following a cluster randomized controlled multifaceted intervention: the Israeli judicious antibiotic prescription study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;53(1):33-41. x-wiley/crsRef/17192981
160. Reutens AT, Hutchinson R, Van Binh T, Cockram C, Deerochanawong C, Ho LT, et al. The GIANT study, a cluster-randomised controlled trial of efficacy of education of doctors about type 2 diabetes mellitus management guidelines in primary care practice. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2012;98(1):38-45. x-wiley/crsRef/17192983
161. Reynolds HW, Toroitich-Ruto C, Nasution M, Beaston-Blaakman A, Janowitz B. Effectiveness of training supervisors to improve reproductive health quality of care: a cluster-randomized trial in Kenya. Health Policy & Planning 2008;23(1):56-66. x-wiley/crsRef/17192985
162. Riess H, Kelley JM, Bailey RW, Dunn EJ, Phillips M. Empathy training for resident physicians: a randomized controlled trial of a neuroscience-informed curriculum. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(10):1280-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17192987
163. Robbins AS, Kauss DR, Heinrich R, Abrass I, Dreyer J, Clyman B. Interpersonal skills training: evaluation in an internal medicine residency. Journal of Medical Education 1979;54(11):885-94. x-wiley/crsRef/17192989
164. Robling M, McNamara R, Bennert K, Butler CC, Channon S, Cohen D, et al. The effect of the Talking Diabetes consulting skills intervention on glycaemic control and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial (DEPICTED study). BMJ 2012;344:e2359. x-wiley/crsRef/17192991
165. Romero A, Alonso C, Marín I, Grimshaw J, Villar E, Rincón M, et al. [Effectiveness of a multifactorial strategy for implementing clinical guidelines on unstable angina: cluster randomized trial]. Revista Española de Cardiología 2005;58(6):640-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17192993
166. Roter DL, Hall JA, Kern DE, Barker LR, Cole KA, Roca RP. Improving physicians' interviewing skills and reducing patients' emotional distress. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995;155:1877-84. x-wiley/crsRef/2740241
167. Rowlands G, Sims J, Kerry S, Keene D, Hilton S. Within-practice educational meetings and GP referrals to secondary care: an aid to reflection and review of clinical practice. Education for Primary Care 2003;14:449-62. x-wiley/crsRef/2740243
168. Sanchez MA, Jimenez-Navarro M, Crespo M, Alonso-Pulpon L, de Teresa E, Castro-Beiras A, et al. Effect of a training program for primary care physicians on the pptimization of beta-blocker treatment in elderly patients with heart failure. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 2010;63(6):677-85. x-wiley/crsRef/17192995
169. Santos I, Victora CG, Martines J, Gonçalves H, Gigante DP, Valle NJ, Pelto G. Nutrition counseling increases weight gain among Brazilian children. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(11):2866-73. x-wiley/crsRef/17192997
170. Santoso B, Suryawati S, Prawaitasari JE. Small group intervention vs formal seminar for improving appropriate drug use. Social Science & Medicine 1996;42:1163-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740245
171. Schectman JM, Schroth WS, Verme D, Voss JD. Randomized controlled trial of education and feedback for implementation of guidelines for acute low back pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2003;18:773-80. x-wiley/crsRef/2740247
172. Scheel IB, Hagen KB, Herrin J, Oxman AD. A randomized controlled trial of two strategies to implement active sick leave for patients with low back pain. Spine 2002;27:561-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740249
173. Schroy PC, Glick JT, Geller AC, Jackson A, Heeren T, Prout M. A novel educational strategy to enhance internal medicine residents' familial colorectal cancer knowledge and risk assessment skills. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;100(3):677-84. x-wiley/crsRef/17192999
174. Searle J, Grover S, Santin A, Weideman P. Randomised trial of an integrated educational strategy to reduce investigation rates in young women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetric Gynaecology 2002;42(4):395-400. x-wiley/crsRef/17193001
175. Shah S, Sawyer SM, Toelle BG, Mellis CM, Peat JK, Lagleva M, et al. Improving paediatric asthma outcomes in primary health care: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australis 2011;195(7):405-9. x-wiley/crsRef/17193003
176. Shirazi M, Lonka K, Parikh SV, Ristner G, Alaeddini F, Sadeghi M, et al. A tailored educational intervention improves doctor's performance in managing depression: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Evaluation of Clinical Practice 2013;19(1):16-24. x-wiley/crsRef/17193005
177. Simms AM, Li LC, Geddes EL, Brooks D, Hoens AM, Reid WD. Impact of a behavioral-based intervention on inspiratory muscle training prescription by a multidisciplinary team. Journal of Continuing Education of Health Professionals 2012;32(2):116-25. x-wiley/crsRef/17193007
178. Simons J, Reynolds J, Morison L. Randomised controlled trial of training health visitors to identify and help couples with relationship problems following a birth. British Journal of General Practice 2001;51:793-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740251
179. Smeele IJM, Grol RPTM, van Schayck CP, van den Bosch WJHM, van den Hoogen HJM, Muris JWM. Can small group education and peer review improve care for patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Quality in Health Care 1999;8:92-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740253
180. Smelt AF, Blom JW, Dekker F, van den Akker ME, Knuistingh Neven A, Zitman FG, et al. A proactive approach to migraine in primary care: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2012;184(4):E224-31. x-wiley/crsRef/17193009
181. Smith DK, Shaw RW, Slack J, Marteau TM. Training obstetricians and midwives to present screening tests: evaluation of two brief interventions. Prenatal Diagnosis 1995;15:317-24. x-wiley/crsRef/2740255
182. Sommers BD, Desai N, Fiskio J, Licurse A, Thorndike M, Katz JT, Bates DW. An educational intervention to improve cost-effective care among medicine housestaff: a randomized controlled trial. Academic Medicine 2012;87(6):719-28. x-wiley/crsRef/17193011
183. Stein CM, Griffin MR, Taylor JA, Pichert JW, Brandt KD, Ray WA. Educational program for nursing home physicians and staff to reduce use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. Medical Care 2001;39(5):436-45. x-wiley/crsRef/17193013
184. Steinemann S, Roytman T, Chang J, Holzman J, Hishinuma E, Nagoshi M, et al. Impact of education on smoking cessation counseling by surgical residents. American Journal of Surgery 2005;189(1):44-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740485
185. Stewart M, Brown JB, Hammerton J, Donner A, Gavin A, Holliday RL, et al. Improving communication between doctors and breast cancer patients. Annals of Family Medicine 2007;5(5):387-94. x-wiley/crsRef/17193015
186. Strasser DC, Falconer JA, Stevens AB, Uomoto JM, Herrin J, Bowen SE, et al. Team training and stroke rehabilitation outcomes: a cluster randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2008;89(1):10-5. x-wiley/crsRef/17193017
187. Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG, et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6:9-17. x-wiley/crsRef/2740259
188. Sulaiman ND, Barton CA, Liaw ST, Harris CA, Sawyer SM, Abramson MJ, et al. Do small group workshops and locally adapted guidelines improve asthma patients' health outcomes? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Family Practice 2010;27(3):246-54. x-wiley/crsRef/17193019
189. Teri L, Huda P, Gibbons L, Young H, van Leynseele J. STAR: a dementia-specific training program for staff in assisted living residences. Gerontologist 2005;45(5):686-93. x-wiley/crsRef/17193021
190. Testad I, Aasland AM, Aarsland D. The effect of staff training on the use of restraint in dementia: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(6):587-90. x-wiley/crsRef/17193023
191. Thom DH, Bloch DA, Segal ES, for the Stanford Trust Study Physician Group. An intervention to increase patients' trust in their physicians. Academic Medicine 1999;74:195-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740263
192. Thom DH, Tirado MD, Woon TL, McBride MR. Development and evaluation of a cultural competency training curriculum. BMC Medical Education 2006;6:38. x-wiley/crsRef/2740501
193. Thompson C, Kinmonth AL, Stevens L, Peveler RC, Stevens A, Ostler KJ, et al. Effects of a clinical-practice guideline and practice-based education on detection and outcome of depression in primary care: Hampshire Depression Project randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:185-91. x-wiley/crsRef/18688247
194. Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Barlow WE, Sugg NK, Maiuro RD, et al. Identification and management of domestic violence: a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000;19:253-63. x-wiley/crsRef/18688249
195. Toft T, Rosendal M, Ornbol E, Olesen F, Frostholm L, Fink P. Training general practitioners in the treatment of functional somatic symptoms: effects on patient health in a cluster-randomised controlled trial (the Functional Illness in Primary Care study). Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 2010;79(4):227-37. x-wiley/crsRef/17193025
196. Trivalle C, Cartier T, Verny C, Mathieu AM, Davrinche P, Agostini H, et al, the IMEPAG Group. Identifying and preventing adverse drug events in elderly hospitalised patients: a randomised trial of a program to reduce adverse drug effects. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2010;14(1):57-61. x-wiley/crsRef/17193027
197. Van der Weijden T, Grol R, Knottnerus JA. Feasibility of a national cholesterol guideline in daily practice: a randomized controlled trial in 20 general practices. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 1999;11:131-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740269
198. Van Riet EES, Hoes A, Limburg A, Landman MAJ, Zuithoff PNA, Rutten FH. Effect of training general practitioners in drug treatment of newly detected heart failure patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction: a cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2016;217:174-82. x-wiley/crsRef/17193029
199. Varroud-Vial M, Simon D, Attali J, Durand-Zaleski I, Bera L, Attali C, et al. Improving glycaemic control of patients with Type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting: a French application of the Staged Diabetes Management prorgramme. Diabetic Medicine 2004;21:592-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740271
200. Veninga CCM, Lagerløv P, Wahlström R, Muskova M, Denig P, Berkhof J, et al, Drug Education Project Group. Evaluating an educational intervention to improve the treatment of asthma in four European countries. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999;160:1254-62. x-wiley/crsRef/2740273
201. Verstappen WH, van der Weijden T, Sijbrandij J, Smeele I, Hermsen J, Grimshaw J, et al. Effect of a practice-based strategy on test ordering performance of primary care physicians: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:2407-12. x-wiley/crsRef/2740275
202. Walsh MM, Belek M, Prakash P, Grimes B, Heckman B, Kaufman N, et al. The effect of training on the use of tobacco-use cessation guidelines in dental settings. Journal of the American Dental Association 2012;143(6):602-13. x-wiley/crsRef/17193031
203. Wang X, Li WQ, Li X, An N, Chen H, Jan S, et al. Effects and cost-effectiveness of a guideline-oriented primary healthcare hypertension management program in Beijing, China: results from a 1-year controlled trial. Hypertension Res 2013;36:313-21. x-wiley/crsRef/17193033
204. Ward J, Sanson-Fisher R. Does a 3-day workshop for family medicine trainees improve preventive care? A randomized control trial. Preventive Medicine 1996;25:741-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740279
205. Watson E, Clements A, Lucassen A, Yudkin P, Mackay J, Austoker J. Education improves general practitioner (GP) management of familial breast/ovarian cancer: findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Medical Genetics 2002;39(10):779-81. x-wiley/crsRef/18688251
206. Watson MC, Bond CM, Grimshaw JM, Mollison J, Ludbrook A, Walker AE. Educational strategies to promote evidence-based community pharmacy practice: a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). Family Practice 2002;19(5):529-536. x-wiley/crsRef/18688253
207. Watson J, Helliwell P, Morton V, Adebajo A, Dickson J, Russell I, et al. Shoulder acute pain in primary healthcare: is retraining effective for GP principals? SAPPHIRE--a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology 2008;47(12):1795-802. x-wiley/crsRef/18688255
208. Weaver MR, Pillay E, Jed SL, de Kadt J, Galagan S, Gilvydis J, et al. Three methods of delivering clinic-based training on syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases in South Africa: a pilot study. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016;92(2):135-41. x-wiley/crsRef/17193041
209. Weiland A, Blankenstein AH, Van Saase JL, Van der Molen HT, Jacobs ME, Abels DC, et al. Training medical specialists to communicate better with patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS): a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2015;10(9):e0138342. x-wiley/crsRef/17193043
210. Welschen I, Kuyvenhoven MM, Hoes AW, Verheij TJM. Effectiveness of a multiple intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract symptoms in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;329:431. x-wiley/crsRef/2740281
211. Weltermann B, Viehmann A, Kersting C. Improving management of resistant hypertension: rationale and protocol for a cluster randomized trial addressing physician managers in primary care. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;47:109-14. x-wiley/crsRef/17193045
212. Westphal MF, Taddei JAC, Venancio SI, Bogus CM. Breast-feeding training for health professionals and resultant institutional changes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995;73:461-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740283
213. White CW, Albanese MA, Brown DD, Caplan RM. The effectiveness of continuing medical education in changing the behavior of physicians caring for patients with acute myocardial infarction: a controlled randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1985;102:686-92. x-wiley/crsRef/2740285
214. Wiefferink CH, Reijneveld SA, de Wijs J, Swagerman M, Campman D, Paulussen TG. Screening for psychosocial problems in 5-6-year olds: a randomised controlled trial of routine health assessments. Patient Education & Counseling 2006;60(1):57-65. x-wiley/crsRef/17193047
215. Wilson DMC, Ciliska D, Singer J, Williams K, Alleyne J, Lindsay E. Family physicians and exercise counseling. Canadian Family Physician 1992;38:2003-10. x-wiley/crsRef/2740287
216. Wirtschafter DD, Sumners J, Jackson JR, Brooks M, Turner M. Continuing medical education using clinical algorithms: a controlled-trial assessment of effect on neonatal care. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1986;140:791-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740289
217. Worrall G, Angel J, Chaulk P, Clarke C, Robbins M. Effectiveness of an educational strategy to improve family physicians' detection and management of depression: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 1999;161:37-40. x-wiley/crsRef/2740293
218. Aakhus E, Granlund I, Odgaard-Jensen J, Oxman AD, Flottorp SA. A tailored intervention to implement guideline recommendations for elderly patients with depression in primary care: a pragmatic cluster randomised trial. Implementation Science 2016;11:32. x-wiley/crsRef/17193049
219. Althabe F, Buekens P, Bergel E, Belizan JM, Campbell MK, Moss N, et al. A behavioral intervention to improve obstetrical care. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(18):1929-40. x-wiley/crsRef/17193051
220. Amiel GE, Ungar L, Alperin M, Baharier Z, Cohen R, Reis S. Ability of primary care physician's to break bad news: a performance based assessment of an educational intervention. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;60(1):10-5. x-wiley/crsRef/17193053
221. Banting DW, Amaechi Bennett T, Bader JD, Blanchard P, Gilbert GH, Gillion CM, et al. Examiner training and reliability in two randomized clinical trials of adult dental caries. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2011;71(4):335-44. x-wiley/crsRef/17193055
222. Bloos F, Rüddel DT, Thomas-Rüddel D, Schwarzkopf D, Pausch C, Harbarth S, et al, for the MEDUSA Study Group. Effect of a multifaceted educational intervention for anti‑infectious measures on sepsis mortality: a cluster randomized trial. Intensive Care Medicine 2017;43(11):1602-12. x-wiley/crsRef/17193057
223. Bredesen IM, Bjøro K, Gunningberg L, Hofoss D. Effect of e-learning program on risk assessment and pressure ulcer classification: a randomized study. Nurse Education Today 2016;40:191-7. x-wiley/crsRef/17193059
224. Buchanan H, Siegfried N, Jelsma J, Lombard C. Comparison of an interactive with a didactic educational intervention for improving the evidence-based practice knowledge of occupational therapists in the public health sector in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2014;15:216. x-wiley/crsRef/17193061
225. Campbell HS, Fletcher SW, Pilgrim CA, Morgan TM, Lin S. Improving physicians' and nurses' clinical breast examination: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1991;7:1-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740295
226. Camp-Sorrell D, O'Sullivan P. Effects of continuing education: pain assessment and documentation. Cancer Nursing 1991;14:49-54. x-wiley/crsRef/2740297
227. Carlsson B, Gravgaard AM, Moller T, Wallin K, Lindholm LH. Teaching oncology and cancer care to general practice trainees in Sweden: a two-year prospective, randomized study. Journal of Cancer Education 1998;13:14-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740299
228. Casebeer LL, Klapow JC, Centor RM, Stafford MA, Renkl LA, Mallinger AP, et al. An intervention to increase physicians' use of adherence-enhancing strategies in managing hypercholesterolemic patients. Academic Medicine 1999;74(12):1334-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740301
229. Christensen MB, Christensen B, Mortensen JT, Olesen F. Intervention among frequent attenders of the out-of-hours service: a stratified cluster randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2004;22:180-6. x-wiley/crsRef/17193063
230. Clancy R, Taylor A. Engaging clinicians in motivational interviewing: comparing online with face-to-face post-training consolidation. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 2016;25(1):51-61. x-wiley/crsRef/17193065
231. Cortés-Sanabria L, Cabrera-Pivaral CE, Cueto-Manzano AM, Rojas-Campos E, Barragán G, Hernández-Anaya M, et al. Improving care of patients with diabetes and CKD: a pilot study for a cluster-randomized trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(5):777-88. x-wiley/crsRef/17193067
232. Davidoff F, Goodspeed R, Clive J. Changing test ordering behavior: a randomized controlled trial comparing probabilistic reasoning with cost-containment education. Medical Care 1989;27:45-58. x-wiley/crsRef/2740303
233. Dimeff LA, Harned MS, Woodcock EA, Skutch JM, Koerner K, Linehan MM. Investigating bang for your training buck: a randomized controlled trial comparing three methods of training clinicians in two core strategies of dialectical behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy 2015;46(3):283-95. x-wiley/crsRef/17193069
234. Doyne EO, Alfaro MP, Siegel RM, Atherton HD, Schoettker PJ, Bernier J, Kotagal UR. A randomized controlled trial to change antibiotic prescribing patterns in a community. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(6):577. x-wiley/crsRef/2740305
235. Dudzinski DM, Bhatia RS, Mi MY, Isselbacher EM, Picard MH, Weiner RB. Effect of educational intervention on the rate of rarely appropriate outpatient echocardiograms ordered by attending academic cardiologists: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiology 2016;1(7):805-12. x-wiley/crsRef/17193071
236. Dunn S, Niday P, Watters NE, McGrath P, Alcock D. The provision and evaluation of a neonatal resuscitation program. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 1992;23:118-26. x-wiley/crsRef/2740307
237. Ekstrom E, Hickam DH, Lessler DS, Buchner DM. Changing physician practice of physical activity counseling. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1999;14(6):376-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17193073
238. Feder G, Davies RA, Baird K, Dunne D, Eldridge S, Griffiths C, et al. Identification and Referral to Improve Safety (IRIS) of women experiencing domestic violence with a primary care training and support programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;378:1788-95. x-wiley/crsRef/17193075
239. Figueiras A, Sastre I, Tato F, Rodríguez C, Lado E, Caamaño F, Gestal-Otero JJ. One-to-one versus group sessions to improve prescription in primary care: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Medical Care 2001;39(2):158-67. x-wiley/crsRef/17193077
240. Foster JM, Smith L, Usherwood T, Sawyer SM, Reddel HK. General practitioner-delivered adherence counseling in asthma: feasibility and usefulness of skills, training and support tools. Journal of Asthma 2016;53(3):311–20. x-wiley/crsRef/17193079
241. Francke AL, Luiken JB, de Schepper AM, Abu-Saad HH, Grypdonck M. Effects of a continuing education program on nurses' pain assessment practices. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1997;13:90-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740311
242. Fu SS, Roth C, Battaglia CT, Nelson DB, Farmer MM, Do T, et al. Training primary care clinicians in motivational interviewing: a comparison of two models. Patient Education and Counseling 2015;98(1):61-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17193081
243. Gibon A, Merckaert I, Liénard A, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, et al. Is it possible to improve radiotherapy team members’ communication skills? A randomized study assessing the efficacy of a 38-h communication skills training program. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2013;109(1):170-7. x-wiley/crsRef/17193083
244. Gifford DR, Holloway RG, Frankel MR, Albright CL, Meyerson R, Griggs RC, et al. Improving adherence to dementia guidelines through education and opinion leaders: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999;131(4):237-46. x-wiley/crsRef/2740313
245. Heatley C, Ricketts T, Forrest J. Training general practitioners in cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder: randomized-controlled trial. Journal of Mental Health 2005;14(1):73-82. x-wiley/crsRef/17193085
246. Huang J, Jiang D, Wang X, Liu Y, Fennie K, Burgess J, Williams AB. Changing knowledge, behavior, and practice related to universal precautions among hospital nurses in China. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 2002;33(5):217-24. x-wiley/crsRef/2740315
247. Johnson SS, Castle PH, Van Marter D, Roc A, Neubauer D. The effect of physician continuing medical education on patient-reported outcomes for identifying and optimally managing obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2015;11(3):197-204. x-wiley/crsRef/17193087
248. Keeley RD, Burke BL, Brody D, Dimidjian S, Engel M, Emsermann C, et al. Training to use motivational interviewing techniques for depression: a cluster randomized trial. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2014;27(5):621-36. x-wiley/crsRef/17193089
249. Killaspy H, Marston L, Green N, Harrison I, Lean M, Cook S, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a staff training intervention in mental health inpatient rehabilitation units designed to increase patients' engagement in activities (the Rehabilitation Effectiveness for Activities for Life [REAL] study): single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(1):38-48. x-wiley/crsRef/17193091
250. Langewitz WA, Eich P, Kiss A, Wossmer B. Improving communication skills: a randomized controlled behaviorally oriented intervention study for residents in internal medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998;60:268-76. x-wiley/crsRef/2740317
251. Lopez-Gonzalez E, Herdeiro MT, Pineiro-Lamas M, Figueiras A, Group G. Effect of an educational intervention to improve adverse drug reaction reporting in physicians: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Drug Safety 2015;38(2):189-96. x-wiley/crsRef/17193093
252. Lundgren A, Wahren LK. Effect of education on evidence-based care and handling of peripheral intravenous lines. Journal of Clinical Nursing 1999;8(5):577-85. x-wiley/crsRef/2740319
253. Magrini N, Formoso G, Capelli O, Maestri E, Nonino F, Paltrinieri B, et al. Long term effectiveness on prescribing of two multifaceted educational interventions: results of two large scale randomized cluster trials. PLoS ONE 2014;9(10):e109915. x-wiley/crsRef/17193095
254. Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, Morrison T, Sibbald WJ. Multicentre, cluster-randomized clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). Canadian Medical Association Journal 2004;170(2):197-204. x-wiley/crsRef/2740321
255. Meador KG, Taylor JA, Thapa PB, Fought RL, Ray WA. Predictors of antipsychotic withdrawal or dose reduction in a randomized controlled trial of provider education. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997;45:207-10. x-wiley/crsRef/17193097
256. Middleton JF, McKinley RK, Gillies CL. Effect of patient completed agenda forms and doctor's education about the agenda on the outcome of conslutlations: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332(7552):1238-42. x-wiley/crsRef/17193099
257. O'Neill KL, Ross-Kerr JC. Impact of an instructional program on nurses' accuracy in capillary blood glucose monitoring. Clinical Nursing Research 1999;8(2):166-78. x-wiley/crsRef/2740325
258. Ockene JK, Ockene IS, Quirk ME, Hebert JR, Saperia GM, Luippold RS, et al. Physician training for patient-centered nutrition counseling in a lipid intervention trial. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:563-70. x-wiley/crsRef/18688257
259. Ornstein S, Jenkins RG, Nietert PJ, Feifer C, Roylance LF, Nemeth L, et al. A multimethod quality improvement intervention to improve preventive cardiovascular care: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;141(7):523-32. x-wiley/crsRef/17193101
260. Parker MT, Leggett-Frazier N, Vincent PA, Swanson MS. The impact of an educational program on improving diabetes knowledge and changing behaviors of nurses in long-term care facilities. The Diabetes Educator 1995;21:541-5. x-wiley/crsRef/17193103
261. Perera DR, LoGerfo JP, Shulenberger E, Ylvisaker JT, Kirz HL. Teaching sigmoidoscopy to primary care physicians: a controlled study of continuing medical education. Journal of Family Practice 1983;16:785-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17193105
262. Pinkerton RE, Tinanoff N, Willms JL, Tapp JT. Resident physician performance in a continuing education format: does newly acquired knowledge improve patient care. JAMA 1980;244:2183-5. x-wiley/crsRef/2740329
263. Premaratne UN, Sterne JA, Marks GB, Webb JR, Azima H, Burney PG. Clustered randomised trial of an intervention to improve the management of asthma: Greenwich asthma study. BMJ 1999;318(7193):1251-5. x-wiley/crsRef/2740331
264. Price-Haywood EG, Harden-Barrios J, Cooper LA. Comparative effectiveness of audit-feedback versus additional physician communication training to improve cancer screening for patients with limited health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(8):1113-21. x-wiley/crsRef/17193107
265. Proctor R, Burns A, Powell HS, Tarrier N, Faragher B, Richardson G, et al. Behavioural management in nursing and residential homes: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354(9172):26-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740333
266. Quirk M, Ockene J, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Donnelly G, Amick T, et al. Training family practice and internal medicine residents to counsel patients who smoke: improvement and retention of counseling skills. Family Medicine 1991;23:108-11. x-wiley/crsRef/2740335
267. Ratanajamit C, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater AF. A randomized controlled educational intervention on emergency contraception among drugstore personnel in southern Thailand. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 2002;57(4):196-9. x-wiley/crsRef/2740337
268. Roque F, Teixeira-Rodrigues A, Breitenfeld L, Pineiro-Lamas M, Figueiras A, Herdeiro MT. Decreasing antibiotic use through a joint intervention targeting physicians and pharmacists. Future of Microbiology 2016;11:877-86. x-wiley/crsRef/17193109
269. Roter DL, Cole KA, Kern DE, Barker LR, Grayson M. An evaluation of residency training in interviewing skills and the psychosocial domain of medical practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1990;5:347-54. x-wiley/crsRef/2740341
270. Saturno PJ. Training health professionals to implement quality improvement activities: results of a randomized controlled trial after one year of follow-up. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 1995;7:119-26. x-wiley/crsRef/2740345
271. Sibley JC, Sackett DL, Neufeld V, Gerrard B, Rudnick V, Fraser W. A randomized trial of continuing medical education. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306:511-5. x-wiley/crsRef/2740347
272. Solomon DH, Katz JN, La Tourette AM, Coblyn J. Multifaceted intervention to improve rheumatologists' management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;51:383-7. x-wiley/crsRef/2740257
273. Stross JK. Maintaining competency in advanced cardiac life support skills. JAMA 1983;249:3339-41. x-wiley/crsRef/2740349
274. Sulmasy DP, Geller G, Faden R, Levine DM. The quality of mercy: caring for patients with 'do not resuscitate' orders. JAMA 1992;267:682-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740351
275. Sulmasy DP, Song KY, Marx ES, Mitchell JM. Strategies to promote the use of advance directives in a residency outpatient practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1996;11:657-63. x-wiley/crsRef/17193111
276. Terry PB, Wang VL, Flynn BS, Cuthie J, Salim JH, Windsor RA, et al. A continuing medical education program in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: design and outcome. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1981;123:42-6. x-wiley/crsRef/2740353
277. Thoonsen B, Vissers K, Verhagen S, Prins J, Bor H, van Weel C, et al. Training general practitioners in early identification and anticipatory palliative care planning: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2015;16:126. x-wiley/crsRef/17193113
278. Town K, McNulty CA, Ricketts EJ, Hartney T, Nardone A, Folkard KA, et al. Service evaluation of an educational intervention to improve sexual health services in primary care implemented using a step-wedge design: analysis of chlamydia testing and diagnosis rate changes. BMC Public Health 2016;16:686. x-wiley/crsRef/17193115
279. Tziraki C, Graubard BI, Manley M, Kosary C, Moler JE, Edwards BK. Effect of training on adoption of cancer prevention nutrition-related activities by primary care practices: results of a randomized, controlled study. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2000;15(3):155-62. x-wiley/crsRef/2740355
280. Verstappen WH, van der Weijden T, Dubois WI, Smeele I, Hermsen J, Tan FE, Grol RP. Improving test ordering in primary care: the added value of a small-group quality improvement strategy compared with classic feedback only. Annals of Family Medicine 2004;2:569-75. x-wiley/crsRef/2740277
281. Vidal-Pardo JI, Perez-Castro TR, Lopez-Alvarez XL, Santiago-Perez MI, Garcia-Soidan FJ, Muniz J. Effect of an educational intervention in primary care physicians on the compliance of indicators of good clinical practice in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus [OBTEDIGA project]. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2013;67(8):750-8. x-wiley/crsRef/17193117
282. Vitolo MR, Louzada ML, Rauber F. Positive impact of child feeding training program for primary care health professionals: a cluster randomized field trial. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 2014;17(4):873-86. x-wiley/crsRef/17193119
283. Wedge C, Gosney M. Pressure-relieving equipment: promoting its correct use amongst nurses via differing modes of educational delivery. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005;14(4):473-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740357
284. Wong SY, Cheung AK, Lee A, Cheung N, Leung A, Wong W, et al. Improving general practitioners' interviewing skills in managing patients with depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Medical Teacher 2007;29(6):e175-e83. x-wiley/crsRef/17193121
285. Woodcock AJ, Kinmonth AL, Campbell MJ, Griffin SJ, Spiegal NM. Diabetes care from diagnosis: effects of training in patient-centred care on beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of primary care professionals. Patient Education and Counseling 1999;37:65-79. x-wiley/crsRef/2740291
286. Yazdani M, Sabetian G, Ra'ofi S, Roudgari A, Feizi M. A comparative study of teaching clinical guideline for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in two ways: face-to-face and workshop training on the knowledge and practice of nurses in the intensive care unit. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism 2015;3(2):68-71. x-wiley/crsRef/17193123
287. Zwar NA, Gordon JJ, Sanson-Fisher RW. Evaluation of an educational program in rational prescribing for GP trainees. Australian Family Physician 1995;24:833-8. x-wiley/crsRef/2740359
288. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology 2008;27:379-87.
289. American Medical Association. The Physician’s Recognition Award and credit system Information for accredited providers and physicians. Revision edition. Chicago: American Medical Association, 2006.
290. Arditi C, Rège-Walther M, Durieux P, Burnand B. Computer-generated reminders delivered on paper to healthcare professionals: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. Art. No: CD001175. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001175.pub4]
291. Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology 2001;40:471-99.
292. Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O'Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, et al. A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implementation Science 2017;12:77.
293. Baker R, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Gillies C, Shaw EJ, Cheater F, Flottorp S, et al. Tailored interventions to address determinants of practice. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 4. Art. No: CD005470. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005470.pub3]
294. Balas EA, Boren SA. Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement. In: Bemmel J, McCray AT, editors(s). Yearbook of Medical Informatics: Patient-Centered Systems. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000:65-70.
295. Bero L, Grilli R, Grimshaw J, Harvey E, Oxman AD, Thomson MA. Getting research findings into practice: closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. BMJ 1998;317:465-8.
296. Bloom BS. Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. International Journal of Technological Assessment of Health Care 2005;21(3):380-5.
297. Boonyasai RT, Windish DM, Chakraborti C, Feldman LS, Rubin HR, Bass EB. Effectiveness of teaching quality improvement to clinicians: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298(9):1023-37.
298. Borrelli B, Sepinwall D, Ernst D, Bellg AJ, Czajkowski S, Breger R, et al. A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behavior research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005;73(5):852-60.
299. Brown CA, Belfield CR, Field SJ. Cost effectiveness of continuing professional development in health care: a critical review of the evidence. BMJ 2002;324:652-5.
300. Campbell S, Reeves D, Kontopantelis E, Middleton E, Sibbald B, Roland M. Quality of primary care in England with the introduction of pay for performance. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357:181-90.
301. Campbell MK, Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG, for the CONSORT Group. Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ 2012;345:e5661.
302. Colquhoun HL, Squires JE, Kolemainen N, Fraser C, Grimshaw JM. Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review. Implementation Science 2017;12:30.
303. Davis DA, Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes B. Evidence for the effectiveness of CME. JAMA 1992;268:1111-7.
304. Davis DA, Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes RB. Changing physician performance: a systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA 1995;274(9):700-5.
305. Davis D, O'Brien MAT, Freemantle N, Wolf FM, Mazmanian P, Taylor-Vaisey A. Impact of formal continuing medical education. Do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA 1999;282:867-74. [DOI]
306. Durlak JA. Why program implementation is important. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 1998;17(2):5-18.
307. Eccles MP, Hrisos S, Francis J, Kaner EF, Dickinson HO, Beyer F, et al. Do self-reported intentions predict clinicians' behaviour: a systematic review. Implement Science 2006;1:28.
308. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). Suggested risk of bias criteria for EPOC reviews. EPOC Resources for review authors, 2017. epoc.cochrane.org/resources/epoc-resources-review-authors.
309. Flodgren G, O'Brien MA, Parmelli, E, Grimshaw JM. Local opinion leaders: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 6. Art. No: CD000125. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000125.pub5]
310. Flottorp SA, Oxman AD, Krause J, Musila NR, Wensing M, Godycki-Cwirko M, et al. A checklist for identifying determinants of practice: a systematic review and synthesis of frameworks and taxonomies of factors that prevent or enable improvements in healthcare professional practice. Implementation Science 2013;8:35.
311. Gearing RE, El-Bassel N, Ghesquiere A, Baldwin S, Gillies J, Ngeow E. Major ingredients of fidelity: a review and scientific guide to improving quality of intervention research implementation. Clinical Psychology Review 2011;31(1):79-88.
312. McMaster University GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. McMaster University, 2020. Available from gradepro.org.
313. Grimshaw JM, Shirran L, Thomas R, Mowatt G, Fraser C, Bero L, et al. Changing provider behavior: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions. Medical Care 2001;39(Suppl 2):II-2-45.
314. Grimshaw J, McAuley LM, Bero LA, Grilli R, Oxman AD, Ramsay C, et al. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies and programmes. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2003;12(4):298-303.
315. Grimshaw JM, Thomas RE, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Ramsay CR, Vale L, et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. Health Technology Assessment 2004;8((6):iii-iv):1-72.
316. Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice; about effective implementation of change in patient care. Lancet 2003;362:1225-30.
317. Grol RPTM, Bosch MC, Hulscher MEJL, Eccles MP, Wensing M. Planning and studying improvement in patient care: the use of theoretical perspectives. Milbank Q 2007;85:93-138.
318. Hardeman W, Johnston M, Johnston DW, Bonetti D, Wareham NJ, Kinmonth AL. Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: a systematic review. Psychology and Health 2002;17(2):123-58.
319. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Cochrane, 2019.
320. Hoffmann T, Glasziou P, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687.
321. Horsley T, Lockyer J, Cogo E, Zeiter J, Bursey F, Campbell C. National programmes for validating physician competence and fitness for practice: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010368. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2015-010368.
322. Horsley T, Regehr G. When are two interventions the same? Implications for reporting guidelines in education. Medical Education 2018;52(2):141-3.
323. Institute of Medicine. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington: National Academy Press, 2001.
324. Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, Young JM, Odgaard-Jensen J, French SD, et al. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. Art. No: CD000259. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000259.pub3]
325. Knowles MS, Holton EF, Swanson RA. The Adult Learner: The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. 6th edition. London: Elsevier, 2005.
326. Lloyd JS, Abrahamson S. Effectiveness of continuing medical education: a review of evidence. Evaluation of the Health Professions 1979;2:251-80.
327. Locke EA, Latham GP. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist 2002;57(9):705–17.
328. Mansouri M, Lockyer J. A meta-analysis of continuing medical education effectiveness. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2007;27:6-15.
329. Marinopoulos SS, Dorman T, Ratanawongsa N, Wilson LM, Ashar BH, Magaziner JL, et al Effectiveness of continuing medical education. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E006. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2007.
330. Mays N. Reducing unwarranted variations in healthcare in the English NHS. BMJ 2011;342:d1849.
331. Mazmanian PE. Commerical support of continuing medical education in the United States: the politics of doubt, the value of studies. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2009;29:81-3.
332. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, et al. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348:2635-45.
333. Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A, et al. Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach. Quality and Safety in Health Care 2005;14:26-33.
334. Michie S, Johnston M, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles M. From theory to intervention: mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2008;57:660-80.
335. Michie S, Prestwich A. Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology 2010;29:1-8.
336. Miller SH, Thompson JN, Mazmanian PE, Aparicio A, Davis DA, Spivey BE, et al. Continuing medical education, professional development and requirements for medical licensure: a white paper of the conjoint committee on continuing medical education. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2008;28:95-8.
337. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c869.
338. O'Brien Thomson MA, Freemantle N, Oxman AD, Wolf F, Davis DA, Herrin J. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003030. Art. No: CD003030. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003030]
339. O'Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, et al. Educational outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No: CD000409. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000409.pub2]
340. O'Neil KM, Addrizzo-Harris DJ. Continuing medical education effect on physician knowledge application and psychomotor skills. Chest 2009;135:37S-41S.
341. Pantoja T, Grimshaw JM, Colomer N, Castañon C, Leniz Martelli J. Manually-generated reminders delivered on paper: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 12. Art. No: CD001174. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001174.pub4]
342. Peck C, McCall M, McLaren B, Rotem T. Continuing medical education and continuing professional development: international comparisons. BMJ 2000;320:432-5.
343. Plsek PE, Greenhalgh T. Complexity science: the challenge of complexity in health care. BMJ 2001;323(7313):625-8.
344. Powell BJ, Beidas RS, Lewis C, Aarons GA, McMillen JC, Proctor EK, et al. Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 2017;44(2):177-94.
345. Preston NJ, Farquhar MC, Walshe CE, Stevinson C, Ewing G, Calman LA, et al. Strategies designed to help healthcare professionals to recruit participants to research studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 2. Art. No: MR000036. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000036.pub2]
346. Proctor EK, Powell BJ, McMillen JC. Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting. Implementation Science 2013;8:139.
347. Rabe KF, Vermeire PA, Soriano JB, Majer WC. Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16:802-7.
348. Reeves S, Perrier L, Goldman J, Freeth D, Zwarenstein M. Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013;Issue 3:Art. No.: CD002213. DOI: 10.1002/14651858 CD002213.pub3.
349. Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovation. 4th edition. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
350. Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Peters DH, Holloway KA, Chalker J, Ross-Degnan D. Effectiveness of strategies to improve health-care provider practices in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Global Health 2018;6(11):e1163-75.
351. Shrank WH, Rogstad TL, Parekh N. Waste in the US health care system: estimated costs and potential for savings. JAMA 2019;322(15):1501-9.
352. Siddiqi K, Newell J, Robinson M. Getting evidence into practice: what works in developing countries? International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2005;17(5):447-54.
353. Sniehotta FF. Towards a theory of intentional behaviour change: plans, planning, and self-regulation. British Journal of Health Psychology 2009;14:261-73.
354. Squires JE, Sullivan K, Eccles MP, Worswick J, Grimshaw J. Are multifaceted interventions more effective than single-component interventions in changing health-care professionals’ behaviours? An overview of systematic reviews. Implementation Science 2014 2014;9:152.
355. Tian J, Atkinson NL, Portnoy B, Gold RS. A systematic review of evaluation in formal continuing medical education. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2007;27:16-27.
356. Treweek S, Pitkethly M, Cook J, Fraser C, Mitchell E, Sullivan F, et al. Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 2. Art. No: MR000013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000013.pub6]
357. Umble KE, Cervero RM. Impact studies in continuing education for health professionals: a critique of the research syntheses. Evaluation of the Health Professions 1996;19(2):148-74.
358. Vaughn HT, Rogers J, Freeman JK. Does requiring continuing education units for professional licensing renewal assure quality patient care. Health Care Management 2006;25:78-84.
359. Walker AE, Grimshaw J, Johnston, Pitts N, Steen N, Eccles M. PRIME: process modelling in implementation research: selecting a theoretical basis for interventions to change clinical practice. BMC Health Services Research 2003;3:22doi:10.1186/1472-6963-3-22.
360. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(1):e4. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1376]
361. Wennberg JE, Thomson PY. Time to tackle unwarranted variations in practice. BMJ 2011;342:d1513.
362. Wensing M, Bosch M, Foy R, van der Weijden T, Eccles M, Grol R. Factors in Theories on Behaviour Change to Guide Implementation and Quality Improvement in Healthcare. Nijmegen: Centre for Quality of Care Research (WOK), 2005.
363. Wensing M, Fluit C, Grimshaw J, Grol R. Educational implementation strategies. In: Wensing M, Fluit C, Grimshaw J, Grol R, editors(s). Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. New Jersey: Wiley & Sons, 2020.
364. World Health Organization. Improving health care in developing countries using quality assurance: report of a World Health Organization pre-ISQUA joint review meeting, Budapest, Hungary, 5-6 October 1998. In: World Health Organization. 1998.
365. Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier JJ, Altman DG, Tunis S, Haynes B, Oxman AD, Moher D for the CONSORT and Pragmatic Trials in Healthcare (Practihc) group. Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. BMJ 2008;337:a2390.
366. Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O'Brien MA, Wolf F, et al. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No: CD003030. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003030.pub2]