Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

The Lancet Psychiatry

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2020, Pages 547-560

  Holmes, Emily A ^a,b   O'Connor, Rory C ^c   Perry, V Hugh ^d   Tracey, Irene ^f   Wessely, Simon ^h   Arseneault, Louise ^h   Ballard, Clive ^j   Christensen, Helen ^k   Cohen Silver, Roxane ^l   Everall, Ian ^h   Ford, Tamsin ^m   John, Ann ^o   Kabir, Thomas ^p   King, Kate ^q   Madan, Ira ^r   Michie, Susan ^d   Przybylski, Andrew K ^g   Shafran, Roz ^e   Sweeney, Angela ^s   Worthman, Carol M ^t   Yardley, Lucy ^u   Cowan, Katherine ^v   Cope, Claire ^w   Hotopf, Matthew ^h,i   Bullmore, Ed ^m,n   more..

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^h KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITY OF EXETER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^k BLACK DOG INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND PETERBOROUGH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^o SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^p Faculty of ArtsThe McPin Foundation   (United Kingdom)

^q Independent Researcher   (United Kingdom)

^r GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^s ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^t EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^u UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^v Katherine Cowan Consulting Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^w Academy of Medical Sciences   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019; HUMAN; INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL HEALTH; PANDEMIC; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; COMPLICATION; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PANDEMICS; PNEUMONIA, VIRAL; RESEARCH;

EID: 85083526023     PISSN: 22150366     EISSN: 22150374     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. McManus, S, Bebbington, P, Jenkins, R, Brugha, T, Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/pdf/q/3/mental_health_and_wellbeing_in_england_full_report.pdf, 2016. (Accessed 11 April 2020)
2. Ford, T, Vizard, T, Sadler, K, et al. Data resource profile: the mental health of children and young people surveys (MHCYP). Int J Epidemiol, 2020 published online Jan 18. DOI:10.1093/ije/dyz259.
3. Holmes, EA, Craske, MG, Graybiel, AM, Psychological treatments: a call for mental-health science. Nature 511 (2014), 287–289.
4. The Academy of Medical Sciences. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/COVIDmentalhealthsurveys, 2020. (Accessed 15 April 2020)
5. Ipsos, MORI, Covid-19 and mental wellbeing. https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/Covid-19-and-mental-wellbeing, 2020. (Accessed 7 April 2020)
6. Lorenc, T, Khouja, C, Raine, G, et al. COVID-19: a living systematic map of the evidence. http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Projects/DepartmentofHealthandSocialCare/Publishedreviews/COVID-19Livingsystematicmapoftheevidence/tabid/3765/Default.aspx, 2020. (Accessed 5 April 2020)
7. Qiu, J, Shen, B, Zhao, M, Wang, Z, Xie, B, Xu, Y, A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry, 33, 2020, e100213.
8. Lai, J, Ma, S, Wang, Y, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open, 3, 2020, e203976.
9. Wang, C, Pan, R, Wan, X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17 (2020), 1–25.
10. Liu, S, Yang, L, Zhang, C, et al. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 7 (2020), e17–e18.
11. Bo, H-X, Li, W, Yang, Y, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med, 2020 published online March 27. DOI:10.1017/S0033291720000999.
12. Xiao, H, Zhang, Y, Kong, D, Li, S, Yang, N, The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit, 26, 2020, e923549.
13. Li, S, Wang, Y, Xue, J, Zhao, N, Zhu, T, The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 2020, 2032.
14. Brooks, SK, Webster, RK, Smith, LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395 (2020), 912–920.
15. Li, Z, Ge, J, Yang, M, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun, 2020 published online March 10. DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007.
16. Huang, JZ, Han, MF, Luo, TD, Ren, AK, Zhou, XP, Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 38, 2020, e001.
17. Gunnell D, Appleby L, Arensman E, et al. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry (in press).
18. Yip, PS, Cheung, YT, Chau, PH, Law, YW, The impact of epidemic outbreak: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and suicide among older adults in Hong Kong. Crisis 31 (2010), 86–92.
19. Tsang, HW, Scudds, RJ, Chan, EY, Psychosocial impact of SARS. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (2004), 1326–1327.
20. Nickell, LA, Crighton, EJ, Tracy, CS, et al. Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution. CMAJ 170 (2004), 793–798.
21. O'Connor, RC, Nock, MK, The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry 1 (2014), 73–85.
22. John, A, Glendenning, AC, Marchant, A, et al. Self-harm, suicidal behaviours, and cyberbullying in children and young people: systematic review. J Med Internet Res, 20, 2018, e129.
23. Turecki, G, Brent, DA, Gunnell, D, et al. Suicide and suicide risk. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 5, 2019, 74.
24. Elovainio, M, Hakulinen, C, Pulkki-Råback, L, et al. Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2 (2017), e260–e266.
25. Matthews, T, Danese, A, Caspi, A, et al. Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychol Med 49 (2019), 268–277.
26. O'Connor, RC, Kirtley, OJ, The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 373, 2018, 20170268.
27. Stack, S, Suicide: media impacts in war and peace, 1910–1920. Suicide Life Threat Behav 18 (1988), 342–357.
28. Barr, B, Taylor-Robinson, D, Scott-Samuel, A, McKee, M, Stuckler, D, Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis. BMJ, 345, 2012, e5142.
29. Frasquilho, D, Matos, MG, Salonna, F, et al. Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 16 (2016), 1–40.
30. Prieto, L, Sacristán, JA, Problems and solutions in calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1, 2003, 80.
31. Holmes, EA, Ghaderi, A, Harmer, CJ, et al. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on psychological treatments research in tomorrow's science. Lancet Psychiatry 5 (2018), 237–286.
32. Kazdin, AE, Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 3 (2007), 1–27.
33. Carl, E, Witcraft, SM, Kauffman, BY, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cogn Behav Ther 49 (2020), 1–21.
34. Hawton, K, Witt, KG, Salisbury, TLT, et al. Psychosocial interventions following self-harm in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 3 (2016), 740–750.
35. Cuijpers, P, Cristea, IA, Karyotaki, E, Reijnders, M, Hollon, SD, Component studies of psychological treatments of adult depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychother Res 29 (2019), 15–29.
36. Spinhoven, P, Cuijpers, P, Hollon, S, Cognitive-behavioural therapy and personalized treatment: an introduction to the special issue. Behav Res Ther, 2020 published online March 29. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103595.
37. Torok, M, Han, J, Baker, S, et al. Suicide prevention using self-guided digital interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Digital Health 2 (2020), e25–e36.
38. Garrido, S, Millington, C, Cheers, D, et al. What works and what doesn't work? A systematic review of digital mental health interventions for depression and anxiety in young people. Front Psychiatry, 10, 2019, 759.
39. Lattie, EG, Adkins, EC, Winquist, N, Stiles-Shields, C, Wafford, QE, Graham, AK, Digital mental health interventions for depression, anxiety and enhancement of psychological well-being among college students: systematic review. J Med Internet Res, 21, 2019, e12869.
40. Healthcare quality improvement partnership. National confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. www.hqip.org.www.bbmh.manchester.ac.uk/cmhs, 2017. (Accessed 1 April 2020)
41. Greer, B, Robotham, D, Simblett, S, Curtis, H, Griffiths, H, Wykes, T, Digital exclusion among mental health service users: qualitative investigation. J Med Internet Res, 21, 2019, e11696.
42. Huckvale, K, Venkatesh, S, Christensen, H, Toward clinical digital phenotyping: a timely opportunity to consider purpose, quality, and safety. NPJ Digit Med, 2, 2019, 88.
43. O'Connor, RC, Portzky, G, Looking to the future: a synthesis of new developments and challenges in suicide research and prevention. Front Psychol, 9, 2018, 2139.
44. Lazarus, RS, Folkman, S, Stress, appraisal, and coping. 1984, Springer Publishing Company, Berlin.
45. Folkman, S, Stress, health, and coping: synthesis, commentary, and future directions. Folkman, S, (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of stress, health, and coping, 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
46. Folkman, S, Moskowitz, JT, Coping: pitfalls and promise. Annu Rev Psychol 55 (2004), 745–774.
47. Sehmi, R, Maughan, B, Matthews, T, Arseneault, L, No man is an island: social resources, stress and mental health at mid-life. Br J Psychiatry 4 (2019), 1–7.
48. Duan, L, Zhu, G, Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 7 (2020), 300–302.
49. Alvaro, PK, Roberts, RM, Harris, JK, A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep (Basel) 36 (2013), 1059–1068.
50. O'Connor, DB, Gartland, N, O'Connor, RC, Stress, cortisol and suicide risk. Int Rev Neurobiol, 2020 published online Jan 27. DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.006.
51. Dawson, KS, Bryant, RA, Harper, M, et al. Problem Management Plus (PM+): a WHO transdiagnostic psychological intervention for common mental health problems. World Psychiatry 14 (2015), 354–357.
52. Hogan, BE, Linden, W, Najarian, B, Social support interventions: do they work?. Clin Psychol Rev 22 (2002), 383–442.
53. Ashdown-Franks, G, Firth, J, Carney, R, et al. Exercise as medicine for mental and substance use disorders: a meta-review of the benefits for neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Sports Med 50 (2020), 151–170.
54. Solomonov, N, Bress, JN, Sirey, JA, et al. Engagement in socially and interpersonally rewarding activities as a predictor of outcome in “Engage” behavioral activation therapy for late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 27 (2019), 571–578.
55. Meunier, S, Roberge, C, Coulombe, S, Houle, J, Feeling better at work! Mental health self-management strategies for workers with depressive and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 254 (2019), 7–14.
56. Taubman, DS, Parikh, SV, Christensen, H, Scott, J, Using school-based interventions for depression education and prevention. Javed, A, Fountoulakis, K, (eds.) Advances in psychiatry, 2019, Springer, Berlin, 1–32.
57. Wasserman, D, Rutger van der, G, Wise, J, Terms ‘physical distancing’ and ‘emotional closeness’ should be used and not ‘social distancing’ when defeating the Covid-19 pandemic. Science, 367, 2020, 1282.
58. Swinburn, BA, Kraak, VI, Allender, S, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: The Lancet Commission report. Lancet 393 (2019), 791–846.
59. Rubin, GJ, Potts, HWW, Michie, S, The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technol Assess 14 (2010), 183–266.
60. Lau, JTF, Griffiths, S, Choi, KC, Tsui, HY, Avoidance behaviors and negative psychological responses in the general population in the initial stage of the H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong. BMC Infect Dis, 10, 2010, 139.
61. Wang, J, Lloyd-Evans, B, Giacco, D, et al. Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 52 (2017), 1451–1461.
62. Cacioppo, JT, Hughes, ME, Waite, LJ, Hawkley, LC, Thisted, RA, Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychol Aging 21 (2006), 140–151.
63. Yao, H, Chen, J-H, Xu, Y-F, Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 2020, e21.
64. Collishaw, S, Annual research review: secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56 (2015), 370–393.
65. Sellers, R, Warne, N, Pickles, A, Maughan, B, Thapar, A, Collishaw, S, Cross-cohort change in adolescent outcomes for children with mental health problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 60 (2019), 813–821.
66. Fazel, M, Hoagwood, K, Stephan, S, Ford, T, Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry 1 (2014), 377–387.
67. Schoneveld, EA, Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A, Granic, I, Preventing childhood anxiety disorders: is an applied game as effective as a cognitive behavioral therapy-based program?. Prev Sci 19 (2018), 220–232.
68. Armitage, R, Nellums, LB, COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. Lancet Public Health, 2020 published online March 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X.
69. Robotham, D, Sweeney, A, Perôt, C, Survivors' priority themes and questions for research. https://www.vamhn.co.uk/uploads/1/2/2/7/122741688/consultation_report_on_website.pdf, 2019. (Accessed 30 March 2020)
70. Sweeney, A, Beresford, P, Nettle, M, Faulkner, A, Rose, D, This is survivor research. 2009, PCCS Books https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257606229_This_Is_Survivor_Research. (Accessed 30 March 2020)
71. Wind, TR, Rijkeboer, M, Andersson, G, Riper, H, The COVID-19 pandemic: the ‘black swan’ for mental health care and a turning point for e-health. Internet Interv, 20, 2020, 100317.
72. Milton, AL, Holmes, EA, Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue and seeing further. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 373, 2018, 20170022.
73. Blank, G, Dutton, WH, Lefkowitz, J, OxIS 2019: Digital divides in Britain are narrowing but deepening. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3522083, 2020. (Accessed 4 April 2020)
74. Hirsch, CR, Krahé, C, Whyte, J, et al. Interpretation training to target repetitive negative thinking in generalized anxiety disorder and depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 86 (2018), 1017–1030.
75. Holt-Lunstad, J, Robles, TF, Sbarra, DA, Julianne Holt-Lunstad, N, Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. Am Psychol 72 (2017), 517–530.
76. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Addressing social isolation to improve the health of older adults: a rapid review. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/social-isolation/rapid-product, 2019. (Accessed 30 March 2020)
77. Fancourt, D, Finn, S, What is the evidence on the role of the arts in improving health and well-being? A scoping review. 2019, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
78. Anthes, E, Pocket psychiatry: mobile mental-health apps have exploded onto the market, but few have been thoroughly tested. Nature 532 (2016), 20–23.
79. Sell, TK, Boddie, C, McGinty, EE, et al. Media messages and perception of risk for Ebola virus infection, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 23 (2017), 108–111.
80. Wang, Y, McKee, M, Torbica, A, Stuckler, D, Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Soc Sci Med, 240, 2019, 112552.
81. Ng, YJ, Yang, ZJ, Vishwanath, A, To fear or not to fear? Applying the social amplification of risk framework on two environmental health risks in Singapore. J Risk Res 21 (2018), 1487–1501.
82. Thompson, RR, Garfin, DR, Holman, EA, Silver, RC, Distress, worry, and functioning following a global health crisis: a national study of Americans' responses to Ebola. Clin Psychol Sci 5 (2017), 513–521.
83. Thompson, RR, Jones, NM, Holman, EA, Silver, RC, Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Sci Adv, 5, 2019, eaav3502.
84. Garfin, DR, Silver, RC, Holman, EA, The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychol, 2020 published online March 23. DOI: 10.1037/hea0000875.
85. Michie, S, West, R, Amlot, R, Rubin, J, Slowing down the COVID-19 outbreak: changing behaviour by understanding it. BMJ, 2020 https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/03/11/slowing-down-the-covid-19-outbreak-changing-behaviour-by-understanding-it/. (Accessed 30 March 2020)
86. Michie, S, van Stralen, MM, West, R, The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci, 6, 2011, 42.
87. Freeman, D, Garety, PA, Bebbington, PE, et al. Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. Br J Psychiatry 186 (2005), 427–435.
88. Torres, AR, Fontenelle, LF, Shavitt, RG, Hoexter, MQ, Pittenger, C, Miguel, EC, Epidemiology, comorbidity, and burden of OCD. Pittenger, C, (eds.) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment, 2017, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
89. Abramowitz, JS, McKay, D, Storch, EA, The Wiley handbook of obsessive compulsive disorders. 2017, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
90. Peters, GJY, Ruiter, RAC, Kok, G, Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychol Rev 7:suppl 1 (2013), S8–S31.
91. Public Health England. A Century of public health marketing: enduring public health challenges and revolutions in communication. https://publichealthengland.exposure.co/100-years-of-public-health-marketing, 2017. (Accessed 7 April 2020)
92. Olival, KJ, Daszak, P, The ecology of emerging neurotropic viruses. J Neurovirol 11 (2005), 441–446.
93. Li, YC, Bai, WZ, Hirano, N, Hayashida, T, Hashikawa, T, Coronavirus infection of rat dorsal root ganglia: ultrastructural characterization of viral replication, transfer, and the early response of satellite cells. Virus Res 163 (2012), 628–635.
94. Xu, J, Zhong, S, Liu, J, et al. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005), 1089–1096.
95. Li, K, Wohlford-Lenane, C, Perlman, S, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. J Infect Dis 213 (2016), 712–722.
96. Lu, R, Zhao, X, Li, J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395 (2020), 565–574.
97. Mao, L, Wang, M, Chen, S, et al. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol, 2020 published online April 10. DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127.
98. Talan, J, COVID-19: Neurologists in Italy to colleagues in US: look for poorly-defined neurologic conditions in patients with the coronavirus. Neurology Today, 2020 https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/blog/breakingnews/pages/post.aspx?PostID=920. (Accessed 27 March 2020)
99. Li, YC, Bai, WZ, Hashikawa, T, The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may be at least partially responsible for the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol, 2020 published online Feb 27. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25728.
100. McCall, S, Vilensky, JA, Gilman, S, Taubenberger, JK, The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and influenza: a critical analysis. J Neurovirol 14 (2008), 177–185.
101. Desforges, M, Le Coupanec, A, Dubeau, P, et al. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?. Viruses 12 (2019), 1–28.
102. Dubé, M, Le Coupanec, A, Wong, AHM, Rini, JM, Desforges, M, Talbot, PJ, Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 92 (2018), e00404–e00418.
103. Andries, K, Pensaert, MB, Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation. Am J Vet Res 41 (1980), 1372–1378.
104. Wrapp, D, Wang, N, Corbett, KS, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367 (2020), 1260–1263.
105. Zhang, H, Penninger, JM, Li, Y, Zhong, N, Slutsky, AS, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med 46 (2020), 586–590.
106. Netland, J, Meyerholz, DK, Moore, S, Cassell, M, Perlman, S, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82 (2008), 7264–7275.
107. Brann, DH, Tsukahara, T, Weinreb, C, Logan, DW, Datta, SR, Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients. bioRxiv, 2020 published online March 28. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.25.009084 (preprint).
108. Baig, AM, Khaleeq, A, Ali, U, Syeda, H, Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11 (2020), 995–998.
109. Hamming, I, Timens, W, Bulthuis, MLC, Lely, AT, Navis, G, van Goor, H, Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203 (2004), 631–637.
110. Desforges, M, Miletti, TC, Gagnon, M, Talbot, PJ, Activation of human monocytes after infection by human coronavirus 229E. Virus Res 130 (2007), 228–240.
111. Chen, G, Wu, D, Guo, W, et al. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest, 2020 published online March 27. DOI:10.1172/JCI137244.
112. Dantzer, R, O'Connor, JC, Freund, GG, Johnson, RW, Kelley, KW, From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9 (2008), 46–56.
113. Arabi, YM, Harthi, A, Hussein, J, et al. Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection 43 (2015), 495–501.
114. Bender, SJ, Weiss, SR, Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5 (2010), 336–354.
115. Wessely, S, History of postviral fatigue syndrome. Br Med Bull 47 (1991), 919–941.
116. White, PD, Thomas, JM, Amess, J, et al. Incidence, risk and prognosis of acute and chronic fatigue syndromes and psychiatric disorders after glandular fever. Br J Psychiatry 173 (1998), 475–481.
117. Wessely, S, Chalder, T, Hirsch, S, Pawlikowska, T, Wallace, P, Wright, DJM, Postinfectious fatigue: prospective cohort study in primary care. Lancet 345 (1995), 1333–1338.
118. Faull, OK, Jenkinson, M, Clare, S, Pattinson, KTS, Functional subdivision of the human periaqueductal grey in respiratory control using 7 tesla fMRI. Neuroimage 113 (2015), 356–364.
119. Hoffmann, M, Kleine-Weber, H, Schroeder, S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181 (2020), 1–10.
120. Nabirotchkin, S, Peluffo, AE, Bouaziz, J, Cohen, D, Focusing on the unfolded protein response and autophagy related pathways to reposition common approved drugs against COVID-19. Preprints, 2020 published online March 20. DOI:10.20944/preprints202003.0302.v1.
121. Herrett, E, Gallagher, AM, Bhaskaran, K, et al. Data resource profile: clinical practice research datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol 44 (2015), 827–836.
122. Stewart, R, Soremekun, M, Perera, G, et al. The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) case register: development and descriptive data. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 2009, 51.
123. Jackson, R, Kartoglu, I, Stringer, C, et al. CogStack - experiences of deploying integrated information retrieval and extraction services in a large National Health Service Foundation Trust hospital. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 18, 2018, 47.
124. Gostin, LO, Bayer, R, Fairchild, AL, Ethical and legal challenges posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome: implications for the control of severe infectious disease threats. JAMA 290 (2003), 3229–3237.
125. Townsend, E, Nielsen, E, Allister, A, Cassidy, SA, Key ethical questions for research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 2020, 381.
126. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Rapid policy briefing: ethical considerations in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/covid-19, 2020. (Accessed 7 April 2020)
127. Chambers, C, What's next for registered reports?. Nature 573 (2019), 187–189.
128. Raguin, G, Girard, PM, Toward a global health approach: lessons from the HIV and Ebola epidemics. Global Health, 14, 2018, 114.