The psychology of suicidal behaviour

The Lancet Psychiatry

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 73-85

  O'Connor, Rory C ^a   Nock, Matthew K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGITATION; ANALGESIA (SENSORY DYSFUNCTION); AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BORDERLINE STATE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; INDIVIDUALITY; MENTAL DISEASE; OPTIMISM; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84903850946     PISSN: 22150366     EISSN: 22150374     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Hawton K, van Heeringen K Suicide. Lancet 2009, 373:1372-1381.
2. Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 2012, 379:2373-2382.
3. Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 192:98-105.
4. Suicide: Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys 2012, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M.K. Nock, G. Borges, Y. Ono (Eds.).
5. Cavanagh JT, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, Lawrie SM Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2003, 33:395-405.
6. Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1925-1932.
7. Ellis TE, Rutherford B Cognition and suicide: two decades of progress. Int J Cogn Ther 2008, 1:47-68.
8. O'Connor RC Towards an integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. International handbook of suicide prevention: research, policy and practice 2011, 181-198. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. R.C. O'Connor, S. Platt, J. Gordon (Eds.).
9. Shneidman ES Definition of suicide 1985, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
10. Schotte DE, Clum GA Problem-solving skills in suicidal psychiatric patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987, 55:49-54.
11. Baumeister RF Suicide as escape from self. Psychol Rev 1990, 97:90-113.
12. Mann JJ, Waternaux C, Haas GL, Malone KM Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:181-189.
13. Rudd MD, Joiner T, Rajab MH Treating suicidal behavior: an effective, time-limited approach 2001, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
14. Williams JMG The cry of pain 2001, Penguin, London.
15. Joiner TE Why people die by suicide 2005, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA.
16. Johnson J, Gooding P, Tarrier N Suicide risk in schizophrenia: explanatory models and clinical implications, The Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide (SAMS). Psychol Psychother 2008, 81:55-77.
17. Wenzel A, Beck AT A cognitive model of suicidal behavior: theory and treatment. Appl Prev Psychol 2008, 12:189-201.
18. Williams JMG, Van der Does AJW, Barnhofer T, Crane C, Segal ZS Cognitive reactivity, suicidal ideation and future fluency: preliminary investigation of a differential activation theory of hopelessness/suicidality. Cognit Ther Res 2008, 32:83-104.
19. Rudd MD Fluid vulnerability theory: a cognitive approach to understanding the process of acute and chronic suicide risk. Cognition and suicide: theory, research and therapy 2006, 355-368. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. P.T. Ellis (Ed.).
20. Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, Linehan MM A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. Psychol Bull 2009, 135:495-510.
21. Shneidman ES The suicidal mind 1996, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev 2010, 117:575-600.
23. Price J, Sloman L, Gardner R, Gilbert P, Rohde P The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br J Psychiatry 1994, 164:309-315.
24. Gilbert P, Allan S The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychol Med 1998, 28:585-598.
25. O'Connor RC Suicidal behaviour as a cry of pain: test of a psychological model. Arch Suicide Res 2003, 7:297-308.
26. Young MA, Fogg LF, Scheftner W, Fawcett J, Akiskal H, Maser J Stable trait components of hopelessness: baseline and sensitivity to depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1996, 105:155-165.
27. Beevers CG, Miller IW Perfectionism, cognitive bias, and hopelessness as prospective predictors of suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2004, 34:126-137.
28. Brezo J, Paris J, Turecki G Personality traits as correlates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completions: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006, 113:180-206.
29. Nock MK, Kazdin AE Examination of affective, cognitive, and behavioral factors and suicide-related outcomes in children and young adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2002, 31:48-58.
30. Joiner TE, Brown JS, Wingate LR The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 2005, 56:287-314.
31. Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, Sinclair J, Harriss L Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:693-704.
32. Beck AT, Steer RA, Kovacs M, Garrison B Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am J Psychiatry 1985, 142:559-563.
33. Suominen K, Isometsä E, Ostamo A, Lönnqvist J Level of suicidal intent predicts overall mortality and suicide after attempted suicide: a 12-year follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry 2004, 4:11.
34. O'Connor RC, Smyth R, Ferguson E, Ryan C, Williams JMG Psychological processes and repeat suicidal behavior: a four-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013, 81:1137-1143.
35. Watkins HB, Meyer TD Is there an empirical link between impulsivity and suicidality in bipolar disorders? A review of the current literature and the potential psychological implications of the relationship. Bipolar Disord 2013, 15:542-558.
36. Giegling I, Olgiati P, Hartmann AM, et al. Personality and attempted suicide. Analysis of anger, aggression and impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43:1262-1271.
37. Gvion Y, Apter A Aggression, impulsivity, and suicide behavior: a review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 2011, 15:93-112.
38. Bagge CL, Littlefield AK, Rosellini AJ, Coffey SF Relations among behavioral and questionnaire measures of impulsivity in a sample of suicide attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2013, 43:460-467.
39. Baca-García E, Diaz-Sastre C, Basurte E, et al. A prospective study of the paradoxical relationship between impulsivity and lethality of suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:560-564.
40. Dumais A, Lesage AD, Lalovic A, et al. Is violent method of suicide a behavioral marker of lifetime aggression?. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:1375-1378.
41. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med 2008, 38:407-417.
42. O'Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm. Br J Psychiatry 2012, 200:330-335.
43. Boisseau CL, Yen S, Markowitz JC, et al. Individuals with single versus multiple suicide attempts over 10 years of prospective follow-up. Compr Psychiatry 2013, 54:238-242.
44. Anestis MD, Joiner TE Examining the role of emotion in suicidality: negative urgency as an amplifier of the relationship between components of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior and lifetime number of suicide attempts. J Affect Disord 2011, 129:261-269.
45. O'Connor RC The relations between perfectionism and suicidality: a systematic review. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007, 37:698-714.
46. Roxborough HM, Hewitt PL, Kaldas J, et al. Perfectionistic self-presentation, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicide in youth: a test of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012, 42:217-233.
47. Hewitt PL, Flett GL Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991, 60:456-470.
48. O'Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K Predicting depression, anxiety and self-harm in adolescents: the role of perfectionism and acute life stress. Behav Res Ther 2010, 48:52-59.
49. Blüml V, Kapusta ND, Doering S, Brähler E, Wagner B, Kersting A Personality factors and suicide risk in a representative sample of the German general population. PLoS One 2013, 8:e76646.
50. Batterham PJ, Christensen H Longitudinal risk profiling for suicidal thoughts and behaviours in a community cohort using decision trees. J Affect Disord 2012, 142:306-314.
51. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood. Psychol Med 2000, 30:23-39.
52. Lester D Extraversion and suicidal behavior. Adv Psychol Res 2010, 69:239-247.
53. Duggan CF, Sham P, Lee AS, Murray RM Can future suicidal behaviour in depressed patients be predicted?. J Affect Disord 1991, 22:111-118.
54. Fang L, Heisel MJ, Duberstein PR, Zhang J Combined effects of neuroticism and extraversion: findings from a matched case control study of suicide in rural China. J Nerv Ment Dis 2012, 200:598-602.
55. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Caine ED Age differences in the personality characteristics of suicide completers: preliminary findings from a psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry 1994, 57:213-224.
56. Hirsch JK, Wolford K, LaLonde SM, Brunk L, Parker Morris A Dispositional optimism as a moderator of the relationship between negative life events and suicide ideation and attempts. Cognit Ther Res 2007, 31:533-546.
57. O'Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Miles J, Hawton K Self-harm in adolescents: self-report survey in schools in Scotland. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 194:68-72.
58. Hirsch JK, Conner KR Dispositional and explanatory style optimism as potential moderators of the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2006, 36:661-669.
59. Chang EC, Yu EA, Lee JY, Hirsch JK, Kupfermann Y, Kahle ER An examination of optimism/pessimism and suicide risk in primary care patients: does belief in a changeable future make a difference?. Cognit Ther Res 2013, 37:796-804.
60. Connor KM, Davidson JRT Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 2003, 18:76-82.
61. Youssef NA, Green KT, Beckham JC, Elbogen EB A 3-year longitudinal study examining the effect of resilience on suicidality in veterans. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2013, 25:59-66.
62. Roy A, Carli V, Sarchiapone M Resilience mitigates the suicide risk associated with childhood trauma. J Affect Disord 2011, 133:591-594.
63. Gutierrez PM, Freedenthal S, Wong JL, Osman A, Norizuki T Validation of the Suicide Resilience Inventory-25 (SRI-25) in adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples. J Pers Assess 2012, 94:53-61.
64. Johnson J, Wood AM, Gooding P, Taylor PJ, Tarrier N Resilience to suicidality: the buffering hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2011, 31:563-591.
65. Neuringer C Rigid thinking in suicidal individuals. J Consult Psychol 1964, 28:54-58.
66. Marzuk PM, Hartwell N, Leon AC, Portera L Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005, 112:294-301.
67. Miranda R, Gallagher M, Bauchner B, Vaysman R, Marroquín B Cognitive inflexibility as a prospective predictor of suicidal ideation among young adults with a suicide attempt history. Depress Anxiety 2012, 29:180-186.
68. Jollant F, Bellivier F, Leboyer M, et al. Impaired decision making in suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:304-310.
69. Dombrovski AY, Clark L, Siegle GJ, et al. Reward/punishment reversal learning in older suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:699-707.
70. Morrison R, O'Connor RC A systematic review of the relationship between rumination and suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008, 38:523-538.
71. Miranda R, Nolen-Hoeksema S Brooding and reflection: rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behav Res Ther 2007, 45:3088-3095.
72. Grassia M, Gibb BE Rumination and lifetime history of suicide attempts. Int J Cogn Ther 2009, 2:400-406.
73. Wenzlaff RM, Wegner DM Thought suppression. Annu Rev Psychol 2000, 51:59-91.
74. Wegner DM, Schneider DJ, Carter SR, White TL Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987, 53:5-13.
75. Najmi S, Wegner DM, Nock MK Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behav Res Ther 2007, 45:1957-1965.
76. Pettit JW, Temple SR, Norton PJ, et al. Thought suppression and suicidal ideation: preliminary evidence in support of a robust association. Depress Anxiety 2009, 26:758-763.
77. Williams JM, Broadbent K Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. J Abnorm Psychol 1986, 95:144-149.
78. Arie M, Apter A, Orbach I, Yefet Y, Zalsman G Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2008, 49:22-29.
79. Pollock LR, Williams JM Effective problem solving in suicide attempters depends on specific autobiographical recall. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2001, 31:386-396.
80. Sinclair JM, Crane C, Hawton K, Williams JM The role of autobiographical memory specificity in deliberate self-harm: correlates and consequences. J Affect Disord 2007, 102:11-18.
81. Durkheim E Suicide: A study in sociology 1897, The Free Press, New York, NY.
82. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Gordon KH, Bender TW, Joiner TE Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008, 76:72-83.
83. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, James LM, et al. Suicidal ideation in college students varies across semesters: the mediating role of belongingness. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008, 38:427-435.
84. Fåssberg MM, van Orden KA, Duberstein P, et al. A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012, 9:722-745.
85. Hatcher S, Stubbersfield O Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry 2013, 58:432-436.
86. You S, Van Orden KA, Conner KR Social connections and suicidal thoughts and behavior. Psychol Addict Behav 2011, 25:180-184.
87. Cukrowicz KC, Cheavens JS, Van Orden KA, Ragain RM, Cook RL Perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in older adults. Psychol Aging 2011, 26:331-338.
88. Kanzler KE, Bryan CJ, McGeary DD, Morrow CE Suicidal ideation and perceived burdensomeness in patients with chronic pain. Pain Pract 2012, 12:602-609.
89. Rasmussen KA, Slish ML, Wingate LR, Davidson CL, Grant DM Can perceived burdensomeness explain the relationship between suicide and perfectionism?. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012, 42:121-128.
90. Joiner TE, Van Orden KA, Witte TK, et al. Main predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: empirical tests in two samples of young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 2009, 118:634-646.
91. Orbach I, Mikulincer M, King R, Cohen D, Stein D Thresholds and tolerance of physical pain in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997, 65:646-652.
92. Smith PN, Cukrowicz KC, Poindexter EK, Hobson V, Cohen LM The acquired capability for suicide: a comparison of suicide attempters, suicide ideators, and non-suicidal controls. Depress Anxiety 2010, 27:871-877.
93. Witte TK, Gordon KH, Smith PN, Van Orden KA Stoicism and sensation seeking: male vulnerabilities for the acquired capability for suicide. J Res Pers 2012, 46:384-392.
94. Pollock LR, Williams JM Problem-solving in suicide attempters. Psychol Med 2004, 34:163-167.
95. Guerreiro DF, Cruz D, Frasquilho D, Santos JC, Figueira ML, Sampaio D Association between deliberate self-harm and coping in adolescents: a critical review of the last 10 years' literature. Arch Suicide Res 2013, 17:91-105.
96. Speckens AE, Hawton K Social problem solving in adolescents with suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2005, 35:365-387.
97. Fawcett J, Busch KA, Jacobs D, Kravitz HM, Fogg L Suicide: a four-pathway clinical-biochemical model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997, 836:288-301.
98. Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:14-19.
99. Bostwick JM, Rackley SJ Completed suicide in medical/surgical patients: who is at risk?. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007, 9:242-246.
100. Henry C, Demotes-Mainard J SSRIs, suicide and violent behavior: is there a need for a better definition of the depressive state?. Curr Drug Saf 2006, 1:59-62.
101. Swann AC Activated depression: mixed bipolar disorder or agitated unipolar depression?. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013, 15:376.
102. Ribeiro JD, Bender TW, Buchman JM, et al. An investigation of the interactive effects of the capability for suicide and acute agitation on suicidality in a military sample. Depress Anxiety 2014, published online Feb 22. 10.1002/da.22240.
103. Nock MK, Park JM, Finn CT, Deliberto TL, Dour HJ, Banaji MR Measuring the suicidal mind: implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychol Sci 2010, 21:511-517.
104. Randall JR, Rowe BH, Dong KA, Nock MK, Colman I Assessment of self-harm risk using implicit thoughts. Psychol Assess 2013, 25:714-721.
105. Becker ES, Strohbach D, Rinck M A specific attentional bias in suicide attempters. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999, 187:730-735.
106. Cha CB, Najmi S, Park JM, Finn CT, Nock MK Attentional bias toward suicide-related stimuli predicts suicidal behavior. J Abnorm Psychol 2010, 119:616-622.
107. Williams JM, Broadbent K Distraction by emotional stimuli: use of a Stroop task with suicide attempters. Br J Clin Psychol 1986, 25(Pt 2):101-110.
108. MacLeod AK, Pankhania B, Lee M, Mitchell D Parasuicide, depression and the anticipation of positive and negative future experiences. Psychol Med 1997, 27:973-977.
109. Hunter EC, O'Connor RC Hopelessness and future thinking in parasuicide: the role of perfectionism. Br J Clin Psychol 2003, 42:355-365.
110. O'Connor RC, Fraser L, Whyte M-C, Machale S, Masterton G A comparison of specific positive future expectancies and global hopelessness as predictors of suicidal ideation in a prospective study of repeat self-harmers. J Affect Disord 2008, 110:207-214.
111. Crane C, Shah D, Barnhofer T, Holmes EA Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2012, 19:57-69.
112. Holmes EA, Crane C, Fennell MJV, Williams JMG Imagery about suicide in depression-"flash-forwards"?. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2007, 38:423-434.
113. Haase CM, Heckhausen J, Wrosch C Developmental regulation across the life span: toward a new synthesis. Dev Psychol 2013, 49:964-972.
114. O'Connor RC, O'Carroll RE, Ryan C, Smyth R Self-regulation of unattainable goals in suicide attempters: a two year prospective study. J Affect Disord 2012, 142:248-255.
115. Linehan MM, Goodstein JL, Nielsen SL, Chiles JA Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: the reasons for living inventory. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983, 51:276-286.
116. Malone KM, Oquendo MA, Haas GL, Ellis SP, Li S, Mann JJ Protective factors against suicidal acts in major depression: reasons for living. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1084-1088.
117. Zhang Y, Law CK, Yip PSF Psychological factors associated with the incidence and persistence of suicidal ideation. J Affect Disord 2011, 133:584-590.
118. Galfalvy H, Oquendo MA, Carballo JJ, et al. Clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression in bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord 2006, 8:586-595.
119. Brown GK, Steer RA, Henriques GR, Beck AT The internal struggle between the wish to die and the wish to live: a risk factor for suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:1977-1979.
120. Taylor PJ, Gooding P, Wood AM, Tarrier N The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide. Psychol Bull 2011, 137:391-420.
121. Rasmussen SA, Fraser L, Gotz M, et al. Elaborating the cry of pain model of suicidality: testing a psychological model in a sample of first-time and repeat self-harm patients. Br J Clin Psychol 2010, 49:15-30.
122. Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB Suicide risk in relation to family history of completed suicide and psychiatric disorders: a nested case-control study based on longitudinal registers. Lancet 2002, 360:1126-1130.
123. Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, et al. Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008, 49:667-677.
124. Nanayakkara S, Misch D, Chang L, Henry D Depression and exposure to suicide predict suicide attempt. Depress Anxiety 2013, 30:991-996.
125. O'Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K Predicting deliberate self-harm in adolescents: a six month prospective study. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009, 39:364-375.
126. Geulayov G, Gunnell D, Holmen TL, Metcalfe C The association of parental fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviour with offspring suicidal behaviour and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2012, 42:1567-1580.
127. Pitman A, Osborn D, King M, Erlangsen A Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk. Lancet Psychiatry 2014, published online May 2. 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70224-X.
128. Pirkis J, Nordentoft M Media influences on suicide and attempted suicide. International handbook of suicide prevention: research, policy and practice 2011, 531-544. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. R.C. O'Connor, S. Platt, J. Gordon (Eds.).
129. Daine K, Hawton K, Singaravelu V, Stewart A, Simkin S, Montgomery P The power of the web: a systematic review of studies of the influence of the internet on self-harm and suicide in young people. PLoS One 2013, 8:e77555.
130. O'Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K Adolescent self-harm: a school-based study in Northern Ireland. J Affect Disord 2014, 159:46-52.
131. Haw C, Hawton K, Niedzwiedz C, Platt S Suicide clusters: a review of risk factors and mechanisms. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2013, 43:97-108.
132. Appleby L, Cooper J, Amos T, Faragher B Psychological autopsy study of suicides by people aged under 35. Br J Psychiatry 1999, 175:168-174.
133. Haw C, Hawton K Living alone and deliberate self-harm: a case-control study of characteristics and risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011, 46:1115-1125.
134. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Williamson DF, Giles WH Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA 2001, 286:3089-3096.
135. Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Borges G, et al. Childhood adversities as risk factors for onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 2010, 197:20-27.
136. Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Hwang I, et al. Cross-national analysis of the associations between traumatic events and suicidal behavior: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10574.
137. McLaughlin J, O'Carroll RE, O'Connor RC Intimate partner abuse and suicidality: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2012, 32:677-689.
138. Scott KM, Hwang I, Chiu WT, et al. Chronic physical conditions and their association with first onset of suicidal behavior in the world mental health surveys. Psychosom Med 2010, 72:712-719.
139. Webb RT, Kontopantelis E, Doran T, Qin P, Creed F, Kapur N Suicide risk in primary care patients with major physical diseases: a case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012, 69:256-264.
140. Waern M, Rubenowitz E, Runeson B, Skoog I, Wilhelmson K, Allebeck P Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study. BMJ 2002, 324:1355.
141. Foster T Adverse life events proximal to adult suicide: a synthesis of findings from psychological autopsy studies. Arch Suicide Res 2011, 15:1-15.
142. Yen S, Pagano ME, Shea MT, et al. Recent life events preceding suicide attempts in a personality disorder sample: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005, 73:99-105.
143. Agerbo E High income, employment, postgraduate education, and marriage: a suicidal cocktail among psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:1377-1384.
144. King M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, et al. A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:70.
145. Russell ST, Joyner K Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: evidence from a national study. Am J Public Health 2001, 91:1276-1281.
146. Klomek AB, Sourander A, Niemelä S, et al. Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48:254-261.
147. Pompili M, Serafini G, Innamorati M, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonin abnormalities: a selective overview for the implications of suicide prevention. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010, 260:583-600.
148. Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Hwang I, et al. Treatment of suicidal people around the world. Br J Psychiatry 2011, 199:64-70.
149. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA 2005, 294:2064-2074.
150. Khan A, Khan S, Kolts R, Brown WA Suicide rates in clinical trials of SSRIs, other antidepressants, and placebo: analysis of FDA reports. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:790-792.
151. Crawford MJ, Thomas O, Khan N, Kulinskaya E Psychosocial interventions following self-harm: systematic review of their efficacy in preventing suicide. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190:11-17.
152. Cuijpers P, de Beurs DP, van Spijker BA, Berking M, Andersson G, Kerkhof AJ The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression on suicidality and hopelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2013, 144:183-190.
153. Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, et al. Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:757-766.
154. Brown GK, Ten Have T, Henriques GR, Xie SX, Hollander JE, Beck AT Cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide attempts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 294:563-570.
155. Tarrier N, Taylor K, Gooding P Cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce suicide behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Modif 2008, 32:77-108.
156. Jobes DA The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): an evolving evidence-based clinical approach to suicidal risk. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012, 42:640-653.
157. Stanley B, Brown GK Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognit Behav Pract 2012, 19:256-264.
158. Rossouw TI, Fonagy P Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012, 51:1304-1313. e3.
159. Isometså ET Psychological autopsy studies-a review. Eur Psychiatry 2001, 16:379-385.
160. Thomas KH, Beech E, Gunnell D Changes in commonly used methods of suicide in England and Wales from 1901-1907 to 2001-2007. J Affect Disord 2013, 144:235-239.
161. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Borges G, Nock M, Wang PS Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. JAMA 2005, 293:2487-2495.
162. Hegerl U, Rummel-Kluge C, Värnik A, Arensman E, Koburger N Alliances against depression: a community based approach to target depression and to prevent suicidal behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013, 37:2404-2409.