Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Implications for the Control of Severe Infectious Disease Threats

JAMA

Volumn 290, Issue 24, 2003, Pages 3229-3237

  Gostin, Lawrence O ^a,b   Bayer, Ronald ^c   Fairchild, Amy L ^c  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASE FINDING; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; INFECTION CONTROL; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT RIGHT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; TRAVEL;

EID: 0346876277     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.290.24.3229     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. World Health Organization. Revision of the International Health Regulations - severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Available at: http://www.who.int/gb /EB_WHA/PDF/WHA56/ea5648.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2003.
2. World Health Organization. Update 95-SARS: chronology of a serial killer. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2OO3_O7_O4/en/. Accessed September 3, 2003.
3. Bayer R, Levine C, Wolf SM. HIV antibody screening: an ethical framework for evaluating proposed programs, JAMA. 1986;256:1768-1774.
4. Fujiwara PI, Frieden TR. TB control in New York City: a recent history. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/notes/TBN_1_00/TBN2OOOFujiwara. Accessed July 14, 2003.
5. Gerberding JL. Faster . . . but fast enough? responding to the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2030.
6. World Health Organization. Cumulative number of reported probable cases of SARS. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_07_01/en/. Accessed September 3, 2003.
7. Masur H, Emanuel E, Lane HC. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: providing care in the face of uncertainty. JAMA. 2003;289:2861-2863.
8. Kuepper GJ. The Hong Kong experience. Available at: http://www .emergency-management.net/pdf/sars_gjk.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2003.
9. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome - worldwide, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:226-228.
10. World Health Organization. Guidance for mass gatherings: hosting persons arriving from an area with recent local transmission of SARS. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/guidelines/gathedngs/en/print.html/html. Accessed July 14, 2003.
11. World Health Organization. Case definitions for surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars /casedefinition/en/. Accessed July 14, 2003.
12. Rider D. SARS infects "protected" medical staff: gloves, gowns, masks didn't stop outbreak at Sunnybrook. Ottawa Citizen. April 20, 2003:A1.
13. World Health Organization. Update 70-Singapore removed from list of areas with local SARS transmission. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don /2003_05_30a/en/print.html. Accessed May 30, 2003.
14. Long S. Singapore at war. The Straits Times (Singapore). May 11, 2003. Available at: http://web.lexis-nexis.com. Accessed September 16, 2003.
15. Bradsher K, Altman L. Isolation, an old medical tool, has SARS fading. New York Times. June 21, 2003:A1.
16. Bradsher K. The SARS epidemic: Asia: to broad support, Hong Kong police take on an expanded role in fighting SARS. New York Times. April 25, 2003:A20.
17. Krauss C, 15 new cases of pneumonia near Toronto may be SARS. New York Times. June 10, 2003:A13.
18. Sternberg S. World health experts treat SARS as if it's the big one. USA Today. April 24, 2003:1A.
19. Battling a national crisis [extract of Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's May Day speech]. The Straits Times (Singapore). April 25, 2003. Available at: http://web.lexis-nexis.com. Accessed September 16, 2003.
20. Paddock R. A hotbed of SARS warfare: mass temperature testing is just one of the tools that the autocratic city-state of Singapore is wielding in its winning assault on the disease. Los Angeles Times. May 8, 2003:1 (Main News, Part 1, Foreign Desk).
21. Cohn M. No end in sight in Hong Kong. Toronto Star. April 21, 2003:A1.
22. Donovan K. Suspected cases reported in US, Ireland, Bulgaria. Toronto Star. April 25, 2003:A14.
23. Police system tracking virus sources. Available at: http://www.news.gov.hk /en/category/issues/030425/html/030425en08002.htm. Accessed July 14, 2003.
24. Perl T. A Report From Toronto: Ethical Challenges Posed by SARS. Toronto, Ontario: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University; June 18, 2003.
25. Sorensen C. Chinese Canadians feeling backlash. Toronto Star, April 4, 2003: A6.
26. Cheng M. Sorry for snub: New Jersey schools apologize for SARS episode. New York Newsday. May 17, 2003:A4.
27. Rider D. Fear of virus fuels racism: Ontario must do more to stop return to days of "yellow peril" Asian leaders say. Ottawa Citizen. April 4, 2003:A10.
28. Benenson AS, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1995.
29. Barbera J, Macintyre A, Gostin L, et al. Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences. JAMA. 2001;286:2711-2717.
30. Bloom BR. Lessons from SARS. Science. 2003;300:701.
31. Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Tokyo [press release]. Available at: http://www.hketotyo.or.jp/english/news_sars030605_e.html. Accessed July 14, 2003.
32. Kahn JB. Quarantine set in Beijing areas to fight SARS. New York Times. April 25, 2003:A1.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Singapore 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:40-41.
34. Bradsher K. The SARS epidemic; economy; outbreak of disease brings big drop-off in China's economy. New York Times. April 28, 2003:A1.
35. Wayne A. In Singapore, 1970s law becomes weapon against SARS. New York Times. June 10, 2003:F4.
36. Altman LK. The SARS epidemic: New York; public health fears cause New York officials to detain foreign tourist. New York Times. April 28, 2003:A1.
37. McNeil DG Jr. A respiratory illness: tracking disease; worries over respiratory illness prompt quarantine of jet in California. New York Times. April 2, 2003:A1.
38. Cooper MH. Fighting SARS. CQ Researcher. June 20, 2003.
39. World Health Organization. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Singapore, 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:161.
40. World Health Organization. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Status of the Outbreak and Lessons for the Immediate Future. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
41. Brown DL. Sick of quarantine in Toronto; after school's SARS scare, teens bored by week in isolation. Washington Post. June 3, 2003:A20.
42. World Health Organization. Update 95 - chronology of travel recommendations, areas of local transmission. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don /2003_07_01/en/. Accessed July 1, 2003.
43. World Health Organization. WHO recommended measures for persons undertaking international travel from areas affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:98.
44. Nakashima E. Vietnamese cautiously hail progress on SARS: strict measures planned to prevent new cases. Washington Post. May 1, 2003:A11.
45. Cohn MR. No end in sight in Hong Kong. Toronto Star. April 21, 2003:A1.
46. Marshall T, Paddock RC, Kuhn A. Vietnam first to contain SARS. Los Angeles Times. April 28, 2003:1 (Main News, Part 1, Foreign Desk).
47. Garrett L. Masks off-for now. Newsday. June 29, 2003:A5.
48. Maynard M. Passport, mask, thermometer. New York Times. May 11, 2003;5:6.
49. Public Health Service Act, 42 USC 264 (2003); Executive Order, signed April 4, 2003.
50. Sheldon P. US approves force in detaining possible SARS carriers. New York Times. May 7, 2003:A10.
51. Murphy DE, Arenson KW. Students in SARS countries banned for Berkeley session. New York Times. May 6, 2003:A12.
52. Harvard University Health Services. University announces policies regarding visitors, summer residency at Harvard. Available at: http://www.uhs.harvard.edu/NewsFlash/SARSinfo.htm. Accessed July 7, 2003.
53. Centers for Disease Control. Update: severe acute respiratory syndrome - United States, May 14, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:436.
54. World Health Organization. Update 58-first global consultation on SARS epidemiology, travel recommendations for Hebei Province (China), situation in Singapore. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/archive/2003_05_17.html. Accessed July 7, 2003.
55. Applegate J. The precautionary preference: an American perspective on the precautionary principle. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2000;6:413-443.
56. Morris J. Definingthe precautionary principle. In: Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle. Boston, Mass: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000:1-21.
57. Gostin LO, Ward JW, Baker AC. National HIV case reporting for the United States: a defining moment in the history of the epidemic. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1162-1167.
58. Whalen v Roe, 429 US 589 (1977).
59. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. International guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies. Law Med Health Care. 1991;19:247-258.
60. World Health Organization. Current International Health Regulations (IHR). Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/current/en/. Accessed July 14, 2003.
61. Fidler DP. Emerging trends in international law concerning global infectious disease control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:285-290.
62. Gostin LO. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. Berkeley, Calif, and New York, NY: University of California Press and Milbank Memorial Fund; 2000.
63. Jew Ho v Williamson, 103 F 10 (CCND Cal 1900).
64. Gostin LO. Public health law in an age of terrorism: rethinking individual rights and common goods. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21:79-93.
65. United Nations Economic and Social Council. The Siracusa Principles on the Limitations and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. UN Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex. Available at: http://www1.umn .edu/humanrts/instree/siracusaprinciples.html. Accessed July 7, 2003.
66. Feinberg J. The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. 4 vols. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1987-1990
67. Wynia MK, Gostin L. The bioterrorist threat and access to health care. Science. 2002;296:1613.
68. Sheltering in place. Available at: http://www.avertdisasters.org/html /shelterinplace.html. Accessed July 14, 2003.
69. Use of quarantine to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-Taiwan, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:680-683.
70. Addington v Texas, 441 US 418, 426 (1979).
71. Shapiro v Thompson, 394 US 618 (1969).
72. EC Commission v Netherlands, 1993 2 CMLR 389 (1991).
73. Peirmont v France, 20 ECHR 301 (1995).
74. Freedom of movement and transnational migrations: a legal survey. Available at: http://heiwww.unige.ch/cont/psio_230502/files/chetail.doc. Accessed July 7, 2003.
75. Edwards v California, 314 US 160 (1941).
76. Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 27 to Article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, NY: United Nations; 1999.
77. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, NY: United Nations; 1999:article 12, §1..
78. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, NY: United Nations; 1999:article 12, §§2 and 4.
79. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, NY: United Nations; 1999:article 12, S 3.
80. Zemel v Rusk, 381 US 1 (1965).
81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-worldwide, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:270.